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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-350
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 350
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 350
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Sample preparation. - Apparatus and testing procedure. - Test results. - Uniaxial strength. - Initial tangent and 50% strength moduli. - Specific energy. - Discussion. - Testing method. - Compressive strength. - Tensile strength. - Ductile and brittle fracture.. - Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli. - Specific energy. - Conclusions and recommendations. - References. - Appendix A: Description of soil and calculations. - Appendix B: Description of the LVDT and averaging circuits. - Appendix C: Determination of strain in the neck section of a dumbbell specimen.
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  • 2
    Call number: ZSP-202-338
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography / R.H. Munis, S.J. Marshall and M.A. Bush, Part II
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 338
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Discussion of heat loss survey of six housing units. - Survey of base facilities. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973-74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey housing units and base facilities at Pease Air Force Base, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. This report provides both qualitative and quantitative evidence regarding heat flow out of the eave vents of these housing units. Calculations indicate that a significant amount of heat is being lost in this manner due to inadequate attic (cap) insulation. Possible evidence of incomplete ventilation could explain the presence of condensation in the housing units. Analyses of thermograms are presented to show the possible existence of low and high pressure areas around a structure and how they relate to heat loss.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 338
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-349
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 349
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Test locations. - Post Pond. - Mascoma Lake. - Winter freeze-up. - Ice cover properties. - Stratigraphy. - Microstructure. - Porosity. - Impurity content. - Flexural strength. - Test sites. - Beam test procedure. - Beam dimensions. - Beam temperatures. - Beam strengths. - Results. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 February 1974. - Post Pond, Site PC, 21 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 25 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 26 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 1 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 4 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 7 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 8 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PB and PC, 15 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 26 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 29 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 3 April 1974. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: In-place cantilever beam tests on Post Pond and Mascoma Lake ice yielded a maximum flexural strength of 7.1 kg/cm^2. The minimum strength, unrelated to failure along pre-existing cracks in the ice, was 2.9 kg/cm^2. The majority of tests were performed in the push-down mode after it was discovered that beams tested in the pull-up mode, which places the bottom surface in tension, frequently broke prematurely along cracks in the bottom of the ice. Premature failures of this kind usually occurred at stresses of 2-3 kg/cm^2. Data further demonstrate that the intrinsic strength of lake ice decreases significantly as the surface air temperature goes to 0°C. Ice that has just become isothermal, but has not yet begun to candle, has a strength of about 4 kg/cm^2; ice that has been subjected to prolonged periods of above-freezing air temperatures generally fails at about 3 kg/cm^2. Tests also show that cold unrecrystallized snow-ice is as strong as the underlying lake ice. Tests of the effect of crystalline structure indicate that ice composed of crystals with their c-axes horizontal is measurably stronger than ice in which the crystals are oriented with their c-axes vertical.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 349
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-345
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 345
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - List of symbols. - Introduction. - Previous work. - Experimental design. - The radioisotope 22Na. - Description of apparatus. - Experimental procedure. - Correction of profiles. - Assumptions. - Decay correction. - Boundary correction. - Error analysis. - Results. - Salinity data. - Temperature data. - Growth velocity. - Discussion. - Brine and ice properties. - Brine salinity. - Brine density. - Brine volume. - Brine latent heat of freezing. - Brine viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. - Ice properties. - Theoretical brine expulsion model. - Continuity equations. - Thermal energy equation. - Simplified brine expulsion equations. - Brine expulsion in NaCl ice. - Results. - Discussion. - Gravity drainage in NaCl ice. - Application of results to natural sea ice. - Effective distribution coefficient. - Previous work. - Experimental procedure and results. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Profile correction data. - Appendix B: Program "correct" and sample output. - Appendix C: Tabulation of salinity data. - Appendix D: Tabulation of profile data. - Appendix E: Time-ice thickness equations (Runs 2 and 3). - Appendix F: Tabulation of distribution coefficient data.
    Description / Table of Contents: To obtain a better understanding of the desalination of natural sea ice, an experimental technique was developed to measure sequential salinity profiles of a growing sodium chloride ice sheet. Using radioactive 22Na as a tracer, it was possible to determine both the concentration and movement of the brine within the ice without destroying the sample. A detailed temperature and growth history of the ice was also maintained so that the variation of the salinity profiles could be properly interpreted. Since the experimental salinity profile represented a smoothed, rather than a true salinity distribution, a deconvolution method was devised to restore the true salinity profile. This was achieved without any significant loss of end points. In all respects, the salinity profiles are similar to those of natural sea ice. They have a characteristic C-shape, and clearly exhibit the effects of brine drainage. Not knowing the rates of brine expulsion or gravity drainage, the variation of the salinity profiles during the period of ice growth could be explained by either process. To determine the relative importance of the desalination mechanisms, a theoretical brine expulsion model was derived and compared to the experimental data. As input for the model, equations describing the variation of some properties of NaCl brine with temperature were derived. These included the brine salinity, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and latent heat of freezing. The theoretical brine expulsion model was derived by performing mass and energy balances over a control volume of NaCl ice. A simplified form of the model, when compared to the experimental results, indicated that brine expulsion was only important during the first several hours of ice growth, and later became a minor desalination process relative to gravity drainage which continued to be the dominant mechanism for the remainder of the study period (up to 6 weeks). The rate of gravity drainage was found to be dependent on the brine volume and the temperature gradient of the ice. As either the brine volume or temperature gradient was increased, the rate of change of salinity due to gravity drainage increased. The equation commonly used to calculate the effective distribution coefficient (Weeks and Lofgren 1967) was modified and improved by taking brine drainage into account. An expression was also derived to give the distribution coefficient at very low growth velocities.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 345
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Call number: ZSP-202-348
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography, Part III
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 348
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973 - 74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey the USA CRREL building at Hanover, New Hampshire. This report provides a description of excessive heat losses at several locations around the building. This report also discusses the need to carefully monitor meteorological conditions before starting a survey of a building exterior to determine if solar radiation decay from the building surface might interfere with thermographic analysis by masking the heat emanating from within the building.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 9 S. : Ill.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 348
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Call number: ZSP-202-346
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 346
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - USA CRREL project and personnel involvement. - Part I. Introduction. - Background. - Literature review. - Part II. CRREL investigations from 1970 - 1974. - Initial literature survey (1970). - Oil detection kit development. - Survey of Cape Simpson, Alaska, natural crude oil seepages (1970). - Haines-Fairbanks military pipeline investigations (1971-1973). - Barrow investigations (1970-1974). - Fairbanks and Fox investigations. - Germination studies. - Physiological studies. - Dispersant studies. - Microbiological investigations. - Field investigations of accidental petroleum losses. - Part III. Recent related literature. - Part IV. Conclusions and recommendations. - USA CRREL reports, publications and presentations on Alaska oil spill research. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge concerning the biological effects of oil pollution on arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems is limited. USA CRREL research personnel conducted investigations from 1970 through 1974 to expand information in this field. Objectives were to: 1) define the ecosystems most sensitive to the presence of crude oil or its refined products, 2) quantify and understand the injury response, and 3) establish time frames for manifestation of damage and natural restorative processes in arctic and subarctic regions. This was accomplished through: 1) surveys of natural oil seepages and past accidential spills in the Arctic and Subarctic, 2) initiation of controlled oil spills and 3) detailed laboratory investigations. Results demonstrated that terrestrial oil spills will to some degree be detrimental to both arctic and subarctic plant communities. Degree and longevity of damage will be influenced primarily by the magnitude of the spill, season of occurrence and existing soil moisture content. Rapid recovery of plant communities subjected to spills will occur only if root systems remain relatively unaffected. Damage will be more extensive and long-term when root systems are saturated with oil. Effects of damage will be manifested gradually over several seasons being influenced by winter stresses. Variation does exist in plant species susceptibility. Carex aquatilis, a predominant sedge of the arctic, is markedly resistant to crude oil damage. In the taiga Picea mariana is very susceptible. Plant recovery can be enhanced through the application of fertilizer. Fertilization, in addition to its direct effect on plant nutrition, will stimulate microbial decomposition of crude oil.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 66 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 346
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Call number: ZSP-202-347
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 347
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental. - Results and discussion. - Applications. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of century-old ice from continuous 5 to 7 year intervals of three ice cores from south and central Greenland (Dye 3, Milcent and Crete) show maximum concentrations of Na, Mg,Ca, K, and Al during early spring and minimum concentrations during late summer and early fall. Peak spring values are as much as 10 times greater than fall values. Because of the large seasonal chemical variations, samples used for depth-age or annual deposition rate studies must represent accumulation from exactly one year or whole multiples of a year. The seasonal chemical variations seem promising as a new method of defining annual layers and thus dating old ice cores.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 347
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/20
    In: CRREL Report, 78-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Measurements of the concentrations of Aitken nuclei in maritime air were made near Barrow, Alaska, in June 1975 with a modified Nolan-Pollack small-particle detector. The concentrations varied from 50 to 300 particles cm^-3 depending upon meteorological conditions. The mean Aitken nuclei count was 100 particles cm^-3 for diameters greater than 2 x 10^-3 μm. Transmission electron micrographs of aerosols in maritime air near Barrow were taken. The size range was measured to be 0.01 to 2.5 μm in diameter with the most frequently observed diameter being 0.04 μm. The volume of the maritime air and the collection efficiency of aerosol particles on filmed grids for electron microscopy were measured. The aerosol concentrations were found to be 76 to 101 particles cm^-3 ; the mean concentration was calculated to be 87 particles cm^-3. The aerosol particles in the maritime air were identified by electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction analysis. About 20% of the aerosol particles were identified, and 80% of the particles were too small for electron diffraction analysis. Sea salt particles constituted 2% of the total, and clay minerals 3%; these particles were considered to be of natural origin. Solid combustion by-products such as coagulated carbon particles and fly ash particles constituted 16%. Despite the comparative remoteness of the sampling site, the measurements indicate that many anthropogenic aerosols were found using an electron microscope.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-20
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/19
    In: CRREL Report, 78-19
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column
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  • 10
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/17
    In: CRREL Report, 78-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: This investigation utilized historical and recent aerial photographs and satellite imagery in 1) estimating changes in positions of the high-water line and sea cliff break and base, in rates of accretion and/or erosion, and in volumes of transported sediment, and 2) providing a preliminary evaluation of the direction of littoral transport along the outer Cape Cod coast. Using aerial photographs acquired in 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 with manual photointerpretation techniques, changes in the distances from selected reference points to the cliff break, cliff base and the high-water line were measured. LANDSAT-1 and -2 imagery acquired from 1 September 1972 to 28 May 1975 was evaluated for use in determining the directions of littoral transport that are active the predominant amount of time. Although the imagery has been very useful for this purpose at other locations, it proved to be useless along the outer shore of Cape Cod. Largest net migrations of the high water line from 1938 to 1974 occurred in the northern and southern portions of this coast. The northern maximum high water line was 321.4 ft, the southern was 1794.6 ft. The central portion of the coast was generally more stable with changes varying from 6.8 to 157.6 ft. Cliff-base recession rates varied from 0.4 to 7.3 ft/yr. Maximum estimated net volume of sediment deposited per linear foot of beach from 1938 to 1974 was 334 yd^3 (based on 2 yd^3/ft of recession or accretion); maximum eroded was 914 yd^3. Changes in the configuration of spits were used to evaluate directions of littoral transport since suspended sediment concentrations were generally not sufficient to act as natural tracers of surface currents. Based on the literature and a determination of the portion of the coast perpendicular to the direction of dominant wave approach, the location of the nodal zone for predominant littoral directions of drift probably shifts between the area near Spectacle Pond and North Truro Air Force Station. This investigation has illustrated a photo interpretation technique that is useful in performing a reconnaissance of coastal change. The data obtained from this method can be used to supplement those acquired by ground surveys and are valid as first approximations for planning subsequent, more detailed surveys.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change
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