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  • 1995-1999
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  • 1
    Call number: ZSP-202-346
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 346
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - USA CRREL project and personnel involvement. - Part I. Introduction. - Background. - Literature review. - Part II. CRREL investigations from 1970 - 1974. - Initial literature survey (1970). - Oil detection kit development. - Survey of Cape Simpson, Alaska, natural crude oil seepages (1970). - Haines-Fairbanks military pipeline investigations (1971-1973). - Barrow investigations (1970-1974). - Fairbanks and Fox investigations. - Germination studies. - Physiological studies. - Dispersant studies. - Microbiological investigations. - Field investigations of accidental petroleum losses. - Part III. Recent related literature. - Part IV. Conclusions and recommendations. - USA CRREL reports, publications and presentations on Alaska oil spill research. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge concerning the biological effects of oil pollution on arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems is limited. USA CRREL research personnel conducted investigations from 1970 through 1974 to expand information in this field. Objectives were to: 1) define the ecosystems most sensitive to the presence of crude oil or its refined products, 2) quantify and understand the injury response, and 3) establish time frames for manifestation of damage and natural restorative processes in arctic and subarctic regions. This was accomplished through: 1) surveys of natural oil seepages and past accidential spills in the Arctic and Subarctic, 2) initiation of controlled oil spills and 3) detailed laboratory investigations. Results demonstrated that terrestrial oil spills will to some degree be detrimental to both arctic and subarctic plant communities. Degree and longevity of damage will be influenced primarily by the magnitude of the spill, season of occurrence and existing soil moisture content. Rapid recovery of plant communities subjected to spills will occur only if root systems remain relatively unaffected. Damage will be more extensive and long-term when root systems are saturated with oil. Effects of damage will be manifested gradually over several seasons being influenced by winter stresses. Variation does exist in plant species susceptibility. Carex aquatilis, a predominant sedge of the arctic, is markedly resistant to crude oil damage. In the taiga Picea mariana is very susceptible. Plant recovery can be enhanced through the application of fertilizer. Fertilization, in addition to its direct effect on plant nutrition, will stimulate microbial decomposition of crude oil.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 66 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 346
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-345
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 345
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - List of symbols. - Introduction. - Previous work. - Experimental design. - The radioisotope 22Na. - Description of apparatus. - Experimental procedure. - Correction of profiles. - Assumptions. - Decay correction. - Boundary correction. - Error analysis. - Results. - Salinity data. - Temperature data. - Growth velocity. - Discussion. - Brine and ice properties. - Brine salinity. - Brine density. - Brine volume. - Brine latent heat of freezing. - Brine viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. - Ice properties. - Theoretical brine expulsion model. - Continuity equations. - Thermal energy equation. - Simplified brine expulsion equations. - Brine expulsion in NaCl ice. - Results. - Discussion. - Gravity drainage in NaCl ice. - Application of results to natural sea ice. - Effective distribution coefficient. - Previous work. - Experimental procedure and results. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Profile correction data. - Appendix B: Program "correct" and sample output. - Appendix C: Tabulation of salinity data. - Appendix D: Tabulation of profile data. - Appendix E: Time-ice thickness equations (Runs 2 and 3). - Appendix F: Tabulation of distribution coefficient data.
    Description / Table of Contents: To obtain a better understanding of the desalination of natural sea ice, an experimental technique was developed to measure sequential salinity profiles of a growing sodium chloride ice sheet. Using radioactive 22Na as a tracer, it was possible to determine both the concentration and movement of the brine within the ice without destroying the sample. A detailed temperature and growth history of the ice was also maintained so that the variation of the salinity profiles could be properly interpreted. Since the experimental salinity profile represented a smoothed, rather than a true salinity distribution, a deconvolution method was devised to restore the true salinity profile. This was achieved without any significant loss of end points. In all respects, the salinity profiles are similar to those of natural sea ice. They have a characteristic C-shape, and clearly exhibit the effects of brine drainage. Not knowing the rates of brine expulsion or gravity drainage, the variation of the salinity profiles during the period of ice growth could be explained by either process. To determine the relative importance of the desalination mechanisms, a theoretical brine expulsion model was derived and compared to the experimental data. As input for the model, equations describing the variation of some properties of NaCl brine with temperature were derived. These included the brine salinity, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and latent heat of freezing. The theoretical brine expulsion model was derived by performing mass and energy balances over a control volume of NaCl ice. A simplified form of the model, when compared to the experimental results, indicated that brine expulsion was only important during the first several hours of ice growth, and later became a minor desalination process relative to gravity drainage which continued to be the dominant mechanism for the remainder of the study period (up to 6 weeks). The rate of gravity drainage was found to be dependent on the brine volume and the temperature gradient of the ice. As either the brine volume or temperature gradient was increased, the rate of change of salinity due to gravity drainage increased. The equation commonly used to calculate the effective distribution coefficient (Weeks and Lofgren 1967) was modified and improved by taking brine drainage into account. An expression was also derived to give the distribution coefficient at very low growth velocities.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 345
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Call number: ZSP-202-338
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography / R.H. Munis, S.J. Marshall and M.A. Bush, Part II
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 338
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Discussion of heat loss survey of six housing units. - Survey of base facilities. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973-74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey housing units and base facilities at Pease Air Force Base, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. This report provides both qualitative and quantitative evidence regarding heat flow out of the eave vents of these housing units. Calculations indicate that a significant amount of heat is being lost in this manner due to inadequate attic (cap) insulation. Possible evidence of incomplete ventilation could explain the presence of condensation in the housing units. Analyses of thermograms are presented to show the possible existence of low and high pressure areas around a structure and how they relate to heat loss.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 338
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Call number: ZSP-202-347
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 347
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental. - Results and discussion. - Applications. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of century-old ice from continuous 5 to 7 year intervals of three ice cores from south and central Greenland (Dye 3, Milcent and Crete) show maximum concentrations of Na, Mg,Ca, K, and Al during early spring and minimum concentrations during late summer and early fall. Peak spring values are as much as 10 times greater than fall values. Because of the large seasonal chemical variations, samples used for depth-age or annual deposition rate studies must represent accumulation from exactly one year or whole multiples of a year. The seasonal chemical variations seem promising as a new method of defining annual layers and thus dating old ice cores.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 347
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-350
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 350
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 350
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Sample preparation. - Apparatus and testing procedure. - Test results. - Uniaxial strength. - Initial tangent and 50% strength moduli. - Specific energy. - Discussion. - Testing method. - Compressive strength. - Tensile strength. - Ductile and brittle fracture.. - Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli. - Specific energy. - Conclusions and recommendations. - References. - Appendix A: Description of soil and calculations. - Appendix B: Description of the LVDT and averaging circuits. - Appendix C: Determination of strain in the neck section of a dumbbell specimen.
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  • 6
    Call number: ZSP-202-348
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography, Part III
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 348
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973 - 74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey the USA CRREL building at Hanover, New Hampshire. This report provides a description of excessive heat losses at several locations around the building. This report also discusses the need to carefully monitor meteorological conditions before starting a survey of a building exterior to determine if solar radiation decay from the building surface might interfere with thermographic analysis by masking the heat emanating from within the building.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 9 S. : Ill.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 348
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-349
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 349
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Test locations. - Post Pond. - Mascoma Lake. - Winter freeze-up. - Ice cover properties. - Stratigraphy. - Microstructure. - Porosity. - Impurity content. - Flexural strength. - Test sites. - Beam test procedure. - Beam dimensions. - Beam temperatures. - Beam strengths. - Results. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 February 1974. - Post Pond, Site PC, 21 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 25 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 26 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 1 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 4 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 7 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 8 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PB and PC, 15 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 26 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 29 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 3 April 1974. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: In-place cantilever beam tests on Post Pond and Mascoma Lake ice yielded a maximum flexural strength of 7.1 kg/cm^2. The minimum strength, unrelated to failure along pre-existing cracks in the ice, was 2.9 kg/cm^2. The majority of tests were performed in the push-down mode after it was discovered that beams tested in the pull-up mode, which places the bottom surface in tension, frequently broke prematurely along cracks in the bottom of the ice. Premature failures of this kind usually occurred at stresses of 2-3 kg/cm^2. Data further demonstrate that the intrinsic strength of lake ice decreases significantly as the surface air temperature goes to 0°C. Ice that has just become isothermal, but has not yet begun to candle, has a strength of about 4 kg/cm^2; ice that has been subjected to prolonged periods of above-freezing air temperatures generally fails at about 3 kg/cm^2. Tests also show that cold unrecrystallized snow-ice is as strong as the underlying lake ice. Tests of the effect of crystalline structure indicate that ice composed of crystals with their c-axes horizontal is measurably stronger than ice in which the crystals are oriented with their c-axes vertical.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 349
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Call number: ZSP-799-326
    In: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 326
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 228 Seiten , Illustrationen , 23 cm
    Series Statement: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta 326
    Language: Russian
    Note: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Radio physical methods of ice and snow studies / V. V. Bogorodsky. - Radar frequency-modulated signals reflected from ice surfaces and the possibility of their modelling / A. B. Babayev, V. P. Logachev, V. N. Parfentyev, V. A. Fedorov, G. P. Shelomanova. - Ice structure and its effect on ice SHF emissivity / A. Ye. Basharinov, A. A. Kurskaya. - Radio wave propagation in glaciers / V. V. Bogorodsky, G. V. Trepov, B. A. Fedorov. - Radio echo sounding of sea ice / V. V. Bogorodsky, V. P. Tripolnikov. - Emissivity of ice, land and sea surfaces modelled by layered heterogeneous structures / V. V. Bogorodsky, A. I. Kozlov, L. T. Tuchkov. . - Radio sounding wide angle reflection measurements / J. W. Clough. - Depolarization of radio echo returns / J. W. Clough. - Remote radar measurements of sea ice thicknesses / M. I. Finkelshtein, V. A. Kutev, V. G. Glushnev, E. I. Lazarev. - Electrical properties of the vacuum-formed ice and their dependence on structure / A. K. Zhebrovsky, G. M. Strakhovsky, V. N. Nedostayev, V. I. Stebin. - Ice forces on separate supporting structures by laboratory and field tests / S. A. Vershinin, Ye. M. Kopaygorodsky, V. V. Panov, Z. I. Shvaishtein. - Correlation between the salinity of sea ice and extinction coefficient at 6328 Å / H. Davis, R. Munis. - Optical characteristics of some vanehes of natural ice / B. Ya. Gaitskhoki. - Instruments for the investigation of spectral reflection of liquid water on 1-50 Mm wave lengths / M. A. Kropotkin. - On the study of the process of charge generation at the phase interface of 10-3 molar solution of natrium chlorirde, freezing oriented / V. Petera. - The behavior of ice in rapidly variable electromagnetic fields of high intensity / L. B. Nekrasov. - Magnetic survey of ice wedges / B. V. Volodko, V. S. Yakupov, E. N. Akhmedzyanov, V. M. Kalinin, V. O. Papitashvili, G. A. Sereda. - Low frequency polarization of ice and frozen coarse-disperse formations / V. P. Melnikov, A. M. Snegiryev. - Coastal ice dynamics by SLAR observations / S. M. Losev, Yu. A. Gorbunov. - Surface water temperature observations by airborne radiation thermometer / A. I. Paramonov, Yu. A. Gorbunov, S. M. Losev. - Acoustic techniques in snow and ice studies / V. P. Gavrilo, A. V. Gusev. - Attenuation and scattering of sound waves by sea ice / V. V. Bogorodsky, G. E. Smirnov, S. A. Smirnov. - A study of sound attenuation in natural ice / N. A. Grubnik, O. V. Kudryavtsev. - Ice cover studies by seismic and tiltmeter methods / V. N. Smirnov, Ye. M. Linkov. - Glacier dynamics studies by laser deformograph / I. M. Belousova, I. P. Ivanov, N. G. Firsov. - An expenmental study of ice adhesion by laboratory and field tests / V. V. Panov, A. V. Panyushkin, Yu. D. Sinochkin, Z. I. Shvaishtein. - A study of ice layer destruction process / N. A. Grubnik, V. I. Fomin, A. B. Shemyakin. - Mechanical propterties of snow related to its use as a construction material / A. F. Wuori. - Arctic snow cover / I. M. Dolgin, N. N. Bryazgin, L. S. Petrov. - A technique to measure large moisture content in the snow by cosmic radiation / S. I. Avdyushin, Y. F. Barabantshchikov, R. M. Kogan, Y. M. Kulagin, I. M. Nazarov, Sh. D. Fridman, I. S. Yudkevich. - Techniques for measuring the strength characteristics of natural and processed snow / G. Abele. - Statistic evaluation of spatial distribution of the main parameters of the ice cover / A. Ya. Buzuyev. - Study of mechanical properties of fresh-water ice with slowly variable load / K. N. Korzhavin, A. B. Ivchenko. - On the short-term ice creep and micro crack kinetics of new formations / Yu. K. Zaretsky, A. M. Fish, V. P. Gavrilo, A. V. Gusev. - Field tests of physical and mechanical properties of the ice cover / A. Ya. Ryvlin. - Determination of specific failure energy and impact pressure values of ice / D. Ye. Kheisin, V. A. Likhomanov, V. A. Kurdyumov. - Radio hydro/acoustical method to study meso-scale characteristics of sea ice dynamics / V. V. Bogorodsky, V. P. Gavrilo, A. P. Polyakov. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Mit englischem Inhaltsverzeichnis
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