ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART I. GEOLOGICAL AND P ALEOECOLOGICAL EVENTS OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE IN THE NORTHERN EURASIA Chapter 1. Geological and paleoecological events of the late Pleistocene along Eurasian coastal areas of the Arctic Ocean Chapter 2. Late Pleistocene geologic-paleoecological events on the North of European part of Russia Chapter 3. Main geologic-paleoecological events of the late Pleistocene on the North of Western Siberia Chapter 4. Geologic-paleoecological events of the late Pleistocene on the territory of Northern-Siberian lowland and Taimyr Peninsula Chapter 5. Late glacial time and Holocene of the Northern Eurasia Chapter 6. Base of the late Pleistocene and Holocene history of the East Arctic Seas Chapter 7. Deglaciation and Holocene of the Northern Eurasia PART II. MARINE SEDIMENTATION IN THE SUBARCTIC BASINS AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN Chapter 1. Western Subarctic Seas 1.1. Recent environment 1.2. Sedimentation history 1.2.1. History of sedimentation rates 1.2.2. Sedimentation history on the Vering Plateau for the last 25 ky 1.2.3. Sedimentation history on the continental margin of the Eastern and South-Eastern Greenland for the last 130 ky Chapter 2. The Arctic Ocean 2.1. Recent environment 2.1.1. Morphostructure, physical oceanography and ice conditions, Recent sediments and their mineral composition 2.1.2. Facies variability of the Yermak Plateau Holocene sediments (on data of fraction 〉63 mkm study) 2.2. Sedimentation history 2.2.1. History of sedimentation rates during the last 130 ky 2.2.2. Sedimentation history of the Yermak Plateau during the last 190 ky 2.2.3. Organic geochemical studies of the eastern central Arctic sediments Chapter 3. Western Arctic Seas 3.1. Recent environment 3.1.1. Surface-layer sediments of the Pechora Sea 3.1.2. Surface-layer sediments of the St. Anna Trough 3.1.3. Facies zonality of the Recent sedimentation in the eastern Kara Sea 3.2. Sedimentation history 3.2.1. Late- and postglacial sedimentation history in the eastern Barents Sea 3.2.2. Holocene sedimentation history in the South Novaya Zemlya Trough 3.2.3. Sedimentation history in the Pechora Sea in the late Pleistocene and Holocene 3.2.4. Mineral composition of the light fraction of Upper Quaternary sediments of the St. Anna Trough and its paleoceanographic interpretation 3.2.5. Holocene history of the Yenisey riverine discharge 3.2.6. Holocene history of the Ob riverine discharge Chapter 4. Eastern Arctic Seas 4.1. Recent environment 4.2. Sedimentation history 4.2.1. Sedimentation history in the Laptev Sea during the late Valdai-Holocene (on geophysical-geochemical data) 4.2.2. Holocene history of the Lena and other rivers riverine discharge in the Laptev Sea 4.2.3. Organic geochemical data about sedimentation history along continental slope of the East Siberian Sea during the last climatic cycle 4.2.4. Preliminary data about accumulation of diatom muds on the Chuckchi Sea shelf Chapter 5. Eastern Subarctic Seas 5.1. Recent environment 5.2. Sedimentation history 5.2.1. Sedimentation history of the deep-sea part of Shirshov Ridge during the last three marine isotope stages 5.2.2. Sedimentation history of the center of the northern Okhotsk Sea during the last 1,1 my PART III. CORRELATION OF GEOLOGIC-PALEOECOLOGICAL EVENTS OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE OF THE NORTHERN HALF OF EURASIA AND SEDIMENTATION HISTORY IN THE SUBARCTIC SEAS AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN IN CONNECTION WITH GLACIATION HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DURING THE LAST CLIMATIC CYCLE Chapter 1. Characteristic features of Mikulino paleolandscapes Chapter 2. Results ofpaleoclimate studies Chapter 3. Specifics of sedimentation processes within continental blocks and marine sedimentation basins REFERENCIES , In kyrillischer Schrift , Inhaltsverzeichis in russischer Sprache S. 398-400 sowie in englischer Sprache S.401- 403

Note: In kyrill. Schr. - Mit engl. Zsfassung

Note: CONTENTS: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1 The Atmosphere. - 1.1 History and Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere. - 1.2 Climate. - 1.3 The Layers of the Atmosphere. - 1.4 Pressure in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.1 Units of Pressure. - 1.4.2 Variation of Pressure with Height in the Atmosphere. - 1.5 Temperature in the Atmosphere. - 1.6 Expressing the Amount of a Substance in the Atmosphere. - 1.7 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Processes. - Problems. - References. - 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents. - 2.1 Atmospheric Lifetime. - 2.2 Sulfur-Containing Compounds. - 2.2.1 Dimethyl Sulfide (CH3SCH3). - 2.2.2 Carbonyl Sulfide (OCS). - 2.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). - 2.3 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds. - 2.3.1 Nitrous Oxide (N2O). - 2.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides (NO* = NO + NO2). - 2.3.3 Reactive Odd Nitrogen (NOy). - 2.3.4 Ammonia (NH3). - 2.4 Carbon-Containing Compounds. - 2.4.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons. - 2.4.2 Methane. - 2.4.3 Volatile Organic Compounds. - 2.4.4 Biogenic Hydrocarbons. - 2.4.5 Carbon Monoxide. - 2.4.6 Carbon Dioxide. - 2.5 Halogen-Containing Compounds. - 2.5.1 Methyl Chloride (CH3C1). - 2.5.2 Methyl Bromide (CH3Br). - 2.6 Atmospheric Ozone. - 2.7 Particulate Matter (Aerosols). - 2.7.1 Stratospheric Aerosol. - 2.7.2 Chemical Components of Tropospheric Aerosol. - 2.7.3 Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). - 2.7.4 Sizes of Atmospheric Particles. - 2.7.5 Sources of Atmospheric Paniculate. - 2.7.6 Carbonaceous Particles. - 2.7.7 Mineral Dust. - 2.8 Emission Inventories. - 2.9 Biomass Burning. - Appendix 2.1 Air Pollution Legislation. - Appendix 2.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics). - Problems. - References. - 3 Chemical Kinetics. - 3.1 Order of Reaction. - 3.2 Theories of Chemical Kinetics. - 3.2.1 Collision Theory. - 3.2.2 Transition State Theory. - 3.2.3 Potential Energy Surface for a Bimolecular Reaction. - 3.3 The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation. - 3.4 Reactions of Excited Species. - 3.5 Termolecular Reactions. - 3.6 Chemical Families. - 3.7 Gas-Surface Reactions. - Appendix 3 Free Radicals. - Problems. - References. - 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry. - 4.1 Radiation. - 4.1.1 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation. - 4.1.2 Energy Balance for Earth and Atmosphere. - 4.1.3 Solar Variability. - 4.2 Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere. - 4.3 Beer-Lambert Law and Optical Depth. - 4.4 Actinic Flux. - 4.5 Atmospheric Photochemistry. - 4.6 Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases. - 4.7 Absorption by O2 and O3 122. - 4.8 Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude. - 4.9 Photodissociation of O3 to Produce O and O(1D). - 4.10 Photodissociation of NO2. - Problems. - References. - 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere. - 5.1 Overview of Stratospheric Chemistry. - 5.2 Chapman Mechanism. - 5.3 Nitrogen Oxide Cycles. - 5.3.1 Stratospheric Source of NO* from N2O. - 5.3.2 NO* Cycles. - 5.4 HO* Cycles. - 5.5 Halogen Cycles. - 5.5.1 Chlorine Cycles. - 5.5.2 Bromine Cycles. - 5.6 Reservoir Species and Coupling of the Cycles. - 5.7 Ozone Hole. - 5.7.1 Polar Stratospheric Clouds. - 5.7.2 PSCs and the Ozone Hole. - 5.7.3 Arctic Ozone Hole. - 5.8 Heterogeneous (Nonpolar) Stratospheric Chemistry. - 5.8.1 The Stratospheric Aerosol Layer. - 5.8.2 Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of N2O5. - 5.8.3 Effect of Volcanoes on Stratospheric Ozone. - 5.9 Summary of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 5.10 Transport and Mixing in the Stratosphere. - 5.11 Ozone Depletion Potential. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere. - 6.1 Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere. - 6.2 Basic Photochemical Cycle of NO2, NO, and O3. - 6.3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Carbon Monoxide. - 6.3.1 Low NO* Limit. - 6.3.2 High NO* Limit. - 6.3.3 Ozone Production Efficiency. - 6.3.4 Theoretical Maximum Yield of Ozone from CO Oxidation. - 6.4 Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane. - 6.5 The NO* and NOy, Families. - 6.5.1 Daytime Behavior. - 6.5.2 Nighttime Behavior. - 6.6 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere and Role of NO*. - 6.6.1 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere. - 6.6.2 Role of NO*. - 6.7 Tropospheric Reservoir Molecules. - 6.7.1 H2O2, CH3OOH, and HONO. - 6.7.2 Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs). - 6.8 Relative Roles of VOC and NOx in Ozone Formation. - 6.8.1 Importance of the VOC/NOx Ratio. - 6.8.2 Ozone Isopleth Plot. - 6.9 Simplified Organic/NOx Chemistry. - 6.10 Chemistry of Nonmethane Organic Compounds in the Troposphere. - 6.10.1 Alkanes. - 6.10.2 Alkenes. - 6.10.3 Aromatics. - 6.10.4 Aldehydes. - 6.10.5 Ketones. - 6.10.6 α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyls. - 6.10.7 Ethers. - 6.10.8 Alcohols. - 6.11 Atmospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Hydrocarbons. - 6.12 Atmospheric Chemistry of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds. - 6.12.1 Amines. - 6.12.2 Nitriles. - 6.12.3 Nitrites. - 6.13 Atmospheric Chemistry (Gas Phase) of Sulfur Compounds. - 6.13.1 Sulfur Oxides. - 6.13.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds (Dimethyl Sulfide). - 6.14 Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogen Compounds. - 6.14.1 Chemical Cycles of Halogen Species. - 6.14.2 Tropospheric Chemistry of CFC Replacements: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). - Problems. - References. - 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase. - 7.1 Liquid Water in the Atmosphere. - 7.2 Absorption Equilibria and Henry's Law. - 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Chemical Equilibria. - 7.3.1 Water. - 7.3.2 Carbon Dioxide-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.3 Sulfur Dioxide-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.4 Ammonia-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.5 Nitric Acid-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.6 Equilibria of Other Important Atmospheric Gases. - 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Reaction Rates. - 7.5 S(IV)-S(VI) Transformation and Sulfur Chemistry. - 7.5.1 Oxidation of S(IV) by Dissolved O3. - 7.5.2 Oxidation of S(IV) by Hydrogen Peroxide. - 7.5.3 Oxidation of S(IV) by Organic Peroxides. - 7.5.4 Uncatalyzed Oxidation of S(IV) by O2. - 7.5.5 Oxidation of S(IV) by O2 Catalyzed by Iron and Manganese. - 7.5.6 Comparison of Aqueous-Phase S(IV) Oxidation Paths. - 7.6 Dynamic Behavior of Solutions with Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions. - 7.6.1 Closed System. - 7.6.2 Calculation of Concentration Changes in a Droplet with Aqueous-Phase Reactions. - Appendix 7.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data. - Appendix 7.2 Additional Aqueous-Phase Sulfur Chemistry. - 7.A.1 S(IV) Oxidation by the OH Radical. - 7.A.2 Oxidation of S(IV) by Oxides of Nitrogen. - 7.A.3 Reaction of Dissolved SO2 with HCHO. - Appendix 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Nitrite and Nitrate Chemistry. - 7.A.4 NOx Oxidation. - 7.A.5 Nitrogen Radicals. - Appendix 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Organic Chemistry. - Appendix 7.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Chemistry. - Problems. - References. - 8 Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol. - 8.1 The Size Distribution Function. - 8.1.1 The Number Distribution nN(Dp). - 8.1.2 The Surface Area, Volume, and Mass Distributions. - 8.1.3 Distributions Based on In Dp and log Dp. - 8.1.4 Relating Size Distributions Based on Different Independent Variables. - 8.1.5 Properties of Size Distributions. - 8.1.6 The Lognormal Distribution. - 8.1.7 Plotting the Lognormal Distribution. - 8.1.8 Properties of the Lognormal Distribution. - 8.2 Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions. - 8.2.1 Urban Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Marine Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Rural Continental Aerosols. - 8.2.4 Remote Continental Aerosols. - 8.2.5 Free Tropospheric Aerosols. - 8.2.6 Polar Aerosols. - 8.2.7 Desert Aerosols. - 8.3 Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 8.4 Spatial and Temporal Variation. - 8.5 Vertical Variation. - Problems. - References. - 9 Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles. - 9.1 Continuum and Noncontinuum Dynamics: The Mean Free Path. - 9.2 The Drag on a Single Particle: Stokes' Law. - 9.2.1 Corrections to Stokes' Law: The Drag Coefficient. - 9.2.2 Stokes' Law and Noncontinuum Effects: Slip Correction Factor. - 9.3 Gravitational Settling of an Aerosol Particle. - 9.4 Motion of an Aerosol Particle in an External Force Field. - 9.5 Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles. - 9.5.1 Particle Diffusion. - 9.5.2 Aerosol Mobility and Drift Velocity. - 9.5.3 Mean Free Path of an Aerosol Particle. - 9.6 Aer

Note: Fairbanks, Univ., Diss. 1991 , Contents: Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction and Literature Review. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Literature Review. - 1.2.1 Solute Redistribution and Heat Flow During the Solidification of Metals. - 1.2.2 Brine Movement in Ice Grown from a Saline Solution. - 1.2.2.1 Summary of Solute Movement in Ice Grown from a Saline Solution. - 1.2.3 Solute Movement and Heat Flow in Freezing Coarse-Grained Saline Soils. - 1.2.3.1 Experimental Studies. - 1.2.3.2 Theoretical Studies. - 1.2.3.3 Summary of Solute Movement and Heat Flow During Freezing in Coarse-Grained Saline Soils. - 1.3 Summary of Solute Redistribution During a Change in Phase. - 1.4 Dissertation Objective. - 2 Experimental Methods. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Literature Review. - 2.3 Design and Construction of the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.3.1 Environmental Chamber. - 2.3.2 Sand Filled Box Construction. - 2.3.3 Measurement of Temperature Within the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.4 Preparation and Operation of the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.4.1 Preparation of the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.4.1.1 Preparation of the Sand Box. - 2.4.1.2 Preparation of the Sand Columns. - 2.4.2 Operation of the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.4.2.1 Equilibration of the Freezing apparatus. - 2.4.2.2 Start of a Freezing Experiment . - 2.4.2.3 Monitoring the Freezing Experiment. - 2.5 Salt Fingering Experiment. - 2.6 Summar. - 3 Analytical Methods. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Labaratory Analysis. - 3.3 Data Reduction. - 3.3.1 Bulk Salinity. - 3.3.2 Gravimetric Water Content. - 3.3.3 Physical Properties of the Unfrozen Solution. - 3.4 Summary. - 4 Results. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Soil Description and Freezing Test Summary. - 4.2.1 Soil Description. - 4.2.2 Freezing Test Summary. - 4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion. - 4.3.1 Measured Results. - 4.3.2 Calculated Results. - 4.3.3 Salt Fingering Experiment. - 4.4 Summary. - 5 Interpretation. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Interpretation of the Experimental Results. - 5.2.1 Conditions Prior to the Onset of Convection. - 5.2.2 Conditions After the Onset of Convection. - 5.3 Stability of a Freezing Viscous Fluid in a Vertical Tube. - 5.3.1 Effect of Throughfiow on the Fluid Stability. - 5.4 Solute Redistribution During Freezing. - 5.4.1 Development . - 5.4.2 Maximum Amount of Solute Redistribution During Freezing. - 5.5 Pore Fluid Velocity During Convection. - 5.5.1 Bounds on the Pore Fluid Velocities. - 5.5.2 Pore Fluid Velocity Based on Solute Movement. - 5.5.3 Interpretation of Pore Fluid Velocities. - 5.6 Summary. - 6 Conclusions, Potential Applications and Areas of Future Research Needs. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Interpretation Summary. - 6.2.1 Experimental Observations. - 6.2.2 Results. - 6.2.2.1 Results Prior to the Onset of Convection. - 6.2.2.2 Conditions After the Onset of Convection. - 6.2.2.3 Theoretical Results. - 6.2.3 Summary. - 6.3 Potential Applications to Natural Freezing. - 6.3.1 Limitations of the Experimental Apparatus. - 6.3.2 Application of the Experimental Results to Natural Freezing Situations. - 6.3.3 Summary. - 6.4 Recommendation for Areas of Additional Research. - 6.4.1 The lnfluence of the Thawed Region on the Stability of the Pore Fluid. - 6.4.2 Dynamics of Finger Growth in Freezing Sand. - 6.4.3 Permeability of Partially Frozen Sand. - 6.4.4 Summary. - Bibliography. - A Stability Theory. - A.1 Introduction. - A.2 Permeability of Partially Frozen Sand. - A.3 Base State Conditions. - A.4 Linear Stability Analysis. - B Estimation of Parameter Uncertainty. - B.1 Introduction. - B.2 Uncertainty of the Measured Parameters. - B.3 Uncertainty of the Calculated Parameters. - B.4 Summary. - C Measurement of Permeability. - D Sensor Spacing and Probe Spacing. - E Data Acquisition. - F Definition of Terms and List of Notation.

Note: Contents: Part 1: Data, Models, and Algorithms. - 1. Overture. - 2. Overview. - 3. Three-way and multiway data. - 4. Component models for fully-crossed designs. - 5. Algorithms for multiway models. - Part 2: Data Handling, Model Selection, and Interpertation. - 6. Preprocessing. - 7. Missing data in multiway analysis. - 8. Model and dimensionality selection. - 9. Interpreting component models. - 10. Improving interpretation through rotations. - 11. Graphical displays for components. - 12. Residuals, outliers, and robustness. - Part 3: Multiway Data and Their Analysis. - 13. Modeling multiway profile data. - 14. Modeling multiway rating scale data. - 15. Exploratory multivariate longitudinal analysis. - 16. Three-mode clustering. - 17. Multiway contingency tables. - 18. Three-way binary data. - 19. From three-way to four-way data and beyond. - Appendix A: Standard notation for mulitway analysis. - Appendix B: Biplots and their interpretation.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Was ist Statistische Datenanalyse? 1.2 Ziele 1.3 Hinweise 1.4 Literatur zur angewandten Statistik 1 Beschreibende Statistik 2 Beschreibung eindimensionaler Stichproben 2.1 Histogramme 2.2 Einige Bezeichnungen und Begriffe 2.3 Kennzahlen für eine quantitative Stichprobe 2.4 Klassierte Daten 2.5 Mehrere Stichproben 2.6 Transformationen von beobachteten Werten 2.7 Wertebereiche, Datensorten 2.8 Transformationen und Unterschiede zwischen Beobachtungen 3 Beschreibende Statistik mehrdimensionaler Daten 3.1 Grafische Darstellungen fur zwei zusammenhangende Grossen 3.2 Die Produktmomenten-Korrelation 3.3 Rangkorrelation 3.4 Zur Interpretation von Korrelationen 3.5 Regression 3.6 Multivariate Beobachtungen 3.7 Zeitreihen und räumliche Daten 3.8 Allgemeines zu grafischen Darstellungen 3.9 Wie weiter? Literatur zu Teil I II Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung 4 Wahrscheinlichkeit 4.1 Einleitung 4.2 Grundbegriffe und Grundeigenschaften 4.3 Zufallsvariable 4.4 Zufallszahlen 4.5 Zwei Zufallsvariable, gemeinsame Verteilung 4.6 Unabhangige Ereignisse und Zufallsvariable 4.7 Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit 4.8 Bedingte Verteilung 4.9 Der Satz von Bayes 4.10 Was ist eine Wahrscheinlichkeit? 4.11 Wie weiter? 5 Diskrete Verteilungen 5.1 Binomial-Verteilung 5.2 Die Poisson-Verteilung 5.3 Kennzahlen 5.4 Verteilungsfamilien 5.5 Die multinomiale Verteilung 5.6 Summen von Zufallsvariablen 5.7 Zufalls-Stichproben 5.8 Gesetze der grossen Zahl 5.9 Stochastische Prozesse 6 Stetige Verteilungen 6.1 Grundlagen 6.2 Grundbegriffe, Exponential-und uniforme Verteilung 6.3 Kennzahlen für stetige Verteilungen 6.4 Transformationen von Zufallsvariablen 6.5 Die Normalverteilung 6.6 Die Lognormal- Verteilung 6.7 Weitere stetige Verteilungsfamilien 6.8 Gemeinsame und bedingte Verteilung 6.9 Unabhangige Zufallsvariable und Correlation 6.10 Funktionen von mehreren Zufallsvariablen 6.11 Gausssche Fehler-Fortpflanzung 6.12 Der Zentrale Grenzwertsatz 6.13 Rückblick Literatur zu Teil II III Schliessende Statistik 7 Schätzungen 7.1 Drei Grundfragen der schliessenden Statistik 7.2 Schätzungen für B, V und M 7.3 Eigenschaften von Schätzungen 7.4 Die Maximum-Likelihood-Methode 7.5 Robuste Schätzungen 8 Tests 8.1 Einführende Beispiele und Begriffe 8.2 Test fiir eine Wahrscheinlichkeit 8.3 Die Teststatistik 8.4 Vorgehen bei einem statistischen Test 8.5 Tests für eine Stichprobe oder zwei gepaarte Stichproben 8.6 Interpretation von Testergebnissen 8.7 Bemerkungen zum P-Wert 8.8 Vergleich von zwei quantitativen Stichproben 8.9 Macht 8.10 Asymptotische Tests und Randomisierungs-Tests 8.11 Sinn und Unsinn statistischer Tests 9 Vertrauensintervalle 9.1 Vertrauensintervalle für Binomial-und Poisson-Verteilung 9.2 Die Grundeigenschaft von Vertrauensintervallen 9.3 Vertrauensintervalle für Lageparameter 9.4 Bootstrap und andere Resampling-Methoden 9.5 Vertrauens- und andere Intervalle 9.6 Schätzungen, Tests und Vertrauensintervalle im Vergleich 9.7 Wo stehen wir? Literatur zu Teil III IV Methoden der Datenanalyse 10 Nominate Daten 10.1 Multinomiale Verteilung und Chiquadrat-Test 10.2 Der Chiquadrat-Anpassungstest 10.3 Der Chiquadrat-Test in Kontingenztafeln 10.4 Die häufigsten Fehler beim Chiquadrat-Test 11 Überprüfung von Voraussetzungen 11.1 Problemstellung 11.2 Quantil-Quantil-Diagramme 11.3 Anpassungstests 11.4 Bedeutung von Tests zur Prüfung von Voraussetzungen 11.5 Unabhiingigkeit 12 Varianzanalyse 12.1 Vergleich mehrerer Stichproben, einfache Varianzanalyse 12.2 Multiple Vergleiche, multiple Tests 12.3 Mehrere verbundene Stichproben 12.4 Zweiweg-Varianzanalyse 12.5 Zufallige Effekte, Varianz-Komponenten 12.6 Ausblick Literatur 13 Regression 13.1 Das Modell der einfachen linearen Regression 13.2 Schätzung der Parameter 13.3 Tests und Vertrauensintervalle für die Koeffizienten 13.4 Vertrauens-und Vorhersage-Bereiche 13.5 Multiple lineare Regression 13.6 Vielfalt der Modelle der multiplen linearen Regression 13.7 Interpretation von Regressionskoeffizienten 13.8 Residuen-Analyse 13.9 Einflussreiche Beobachtungen 13.10 Modellwahl 13.11 Allgemeinere Modelle für stetige Zielgrossen 13.12 Verallgemeinerte lineare Modelle Literatur 14 Versuchsplanung 14.1 Einleitung 14.2 Allgemeine Überlegungen 14.3 Versuchsplane 14.4 Eine Checkliste Literatur 15 Multivariate Statistik 15.1 Mehrdimensionale Zufallsvariable 15.2 Schatzung von Erwartungswert und Kovarianz-Matrix 15.3 Die mehrdimensionale Normalverteilung 15.4 Statistik der Normalverteilung 15.5 Hauptkomponenten 15.6 Diskriminanz- Analyse Literatur 16 Zeitreihen 16.1 Fragestellungen 16.2 Auto-Korrelation 16.3 ARMA-Modelle 16.4 Statistik von Zeitreihen 16.5 Vorhersage 16.6 Zustandsraum-Modelle 16.7 Spektralanalyse 16.8 Raumliche Korrelation 16.9 Regression mit Zeitreihen Literatur 17 Stichproben-Erhebungen 17.1 Einleitung 17.2 Einfache Zufalls-Stichprobe 17.3 Geschichtete Stichproben 17.4 Weitere Stichproben-Plane 17.5 Weitere Schatzmethoden 17.6 Auswertung von Umfragen 17.7 Eine Checkliste Literatur 18 Ausblick 18.1 Bedeutung von Wahrscheinlichkeit-Modellen 18.2 Grosse Datensatze, beschreibende Modelle 18.3 Die Statistik und ihre Anwendungen Nachwort A Anhang: Kurzfassung des wichtigsten Stoffes Literaturverzeichnis Sachwortverzeichnis

Note: Contents Foreword xi OPENING ADDRESSES Professor G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, World Meteorological Organization Dr M.K. Tolba, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme Dr F. Mayor, Director General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Professor M.G.K. Menon, President, International Council of Scientific Unions Dr H. de Haen, Assistant Director General, Food and Agriculture Organization SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SESSIONS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE IPCC ASSESSMENT The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) / B. Bolin Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: Summary of the IPCC Working Group I Report / J.T. Houghton Greenhouse Gases and Other Climate Forcing Agents / U. Siegenthaler and E. Sanhueza Climate Change Prediction / J. F. B. Mitchell and Zeng Qingcun Climate Trends and Variability / M. Coughian and B.S. Nyenzi Climate Change Impact Studies: The IPCC Working Group II Report / Yu. Izrael Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources / H.E. Lins, I.A. Shiklomanov and E.Z. Stakhiv Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture, A Critical Assessment / S.K. Sinha Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Human Settlements, the Energy, Transport and Industrial Sectors; Human Health and Air Quality / M. Hashimoto and S. Nishioka The Response Strategies Working Group of the IPCC / F. Bernthal The Greenhouse Marathon: Proposal for a Global Strategy / P. Vellinga and R.J. Swart Adaptation Measures / K.M. Sarma Limitation Strategies / K. Yokobori Report of the IPCC Special Committee on the Participation of Developing Countries / J. Ripert OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME The World Climate Programme: Achievements and Challenges / J.P, Bruce Modern Data and Applications: World Climate Data Programme, World Climate Applications Programme / V.G. Boldirev Overview of the World Climate Research Programme / P. Morel World Climate Impact Studies Programme / J.C.I. Dooge CLIMATE RESEARCH Global Climate, Energy and Water Cycle / G.A. McBean Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change: Water Cycle and Energy Budget / H. Grassl World Ocean Circulation and Climate Change: Research Programmes and a Global Observing System / D.J. Baker Short Term Climate Variability and Predictions / J. Shukia Paleodata, Paleoclimates and the Greenhouse Effect / H. Oeschger Climate Prediction Based on Past and Current Analogues / M.I. Budyko Detection of the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect on Climate / T.M.L. Wigley and S.C.B. Raper CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Water Climate, Water and Development / J. Sircoulon Drought Issues for the 1990s / M.H. Glantz and W. Degefu Agriculture and Food Agriculture and Food Systems / M.S. Swaminathan The Potential Effect of Climate Changes on Agriculture / M. Parry and Zhang Jiachen Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Effects of Global Climatic Change on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries / T. Kawasaki Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zone Management / E.M. Eid and C.H. Huisbergen Energy Beginning to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions need not be Expensive: Examples from the Energy Sector / E. Mills, D. Wilson and TB. Johansson Land Use and Urban Planning Climate and Land Use in North Africa / M. Kassas Climate and Urban Planning / R. Taesler Human Dimensions Human Well-being, Diseases and Climate / W.H. Weihe and R. Mertens Population and Global Climate Change / D. Norse Public Information and Attitudes / R. Lamb Environment and Development Climate, Environment and Ecology / W.H. Schlesinger Climate, Tropical Ecosystems and the Survivability of Species / P. Olindo Some Possible Impacts of Climate Change on African Ecosystems / C.H.D. Magadza Forests Forests: Their Role in Global Change, with Special Reference to the Brazilian Amazon / E. Salati, R.L. Victoria, L.A. Martinelli and J. E. Richey Integrated Studies Climate Change and Risk Management / K. Turner, T. ORiordan and R. Kemp Climate, Climate Change, and the Economy / N.S. Jodha and W.J. Maunder Assessing the Regional Implications of Climate Variability and Change / W.E. Riebsame and A. Magalhaes SPECIAL PRESENTATION Climate Change and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development / M.F. Strong TASK GROUPS AND CONSULTATION GROUP REPORTS Task Group I Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources Task Group 2 Agriculture and Food Task Group 3 Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Task Group 4 Energy Task Group 5 Land Use and Urban Planning Task Group 6 Human Dimensions of Climate Change Task Group 7 Environment and Development Task Group 8 Forests Task Group 9 WCP Overview Task Group 10 The World Climate Programme: Overview and Future Task Group 11 Scientific Components of International Agreements Task Group 12 Synthesis Consultation Group on the Special Needs of Developing Countries SUMMARIES OF PANEL DISCUSSIONS Global Climate Analogues and Global Climate Models Climate and Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development Industry's Response Co-operation in International Research Programmes CONFERENCE STATEMENT MINISTERIAL SESSIONS OPENING CEREMONY Introduction by Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, WMO H.E. Mr. Arnold Koller, President of the Swiss Confederation His Majesty King Hussein Bin Talal, of the Royal Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland H.E. Mr. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France The Rt. Hon. Edward Fenech-Adami, Prime Minister of Malta The Rt. Hon. Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu Statement by Dr. E. Saouma, Director General, FAO CLOSING CEREMONY Statement by Dr. F. Mayor, Director General, UNESCO MINISTERIAL DECLARATION Appendix 1 SWCC Inter-Agency Committees Appendix 2 Poster Session Papers Appendix 3 Statement by Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 4 Participants at the Scientific/Technical Sessions Appendix 5 Countries and Organizations Represented at the Ministerial Sessions Appendix 6 Participating Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 7 Acronyms Appendix 8 Units

Note: Contents Preface PART I Framework of Climate Science CHAPTER 1 Overview of Climate Science Climate and Climate Change 1-1 Geologic Time Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales 1-2 How This Book Is Organized Development of Climate Science 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change Overview of the Climate System 1-4 Components of the Climate System 1-5 Climate Forcing 1-6 Climate System Responses 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response 1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks CHAPTER 2 Climate Archives, Data, and Models Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution 2-1 Types of Archives 2-2 Dating Climate Records 2-3 Climatic Resolution Climatic Data 2-4 Biotic Data 2-5 Geological and Geochemical Data Climate Models 2-6 Physical Climate Models 2-7 Geochemical Models PART II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 3 CO2and Long-Term Climate Greenhouse Worlds Faint Young Sun Paradox Carbon Exchanges Between Rocks and the Atmosphere 3-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere 3-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat? 3-3 Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat? 3-4 Gaia Hypothesis Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon Subcycle Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”? A Snowball Earth? CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate Plate Tectonics 4-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates 4-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions Polar Position Hypothesis 4-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions Since 500 Myr Ago Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea 4-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago 4-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis 4-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading 4-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis 4-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering 4-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming 4-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering 4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin 4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback? CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse 5-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch? 5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future Sea Level Changes and Climate 5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level 5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level Asteroid Impact Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago 6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation 6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements 6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling? 6-4 Gateway Hypothesis 6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO2 6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis 6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis Climate DebateTiming of the Uplift in Western North America Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation Earth’s Orbit Today 7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons 7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit 7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation 7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time 7-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season 7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records 7-8 Time Series Analysis 7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records 7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons Monsoon Circulations 8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons 8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean 8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic 8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment 8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil 8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago 8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size 9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing 9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation 9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay 9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence 9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Ice Cores 10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores 10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air 10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2 10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go? 10-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean? 10-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater 10-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters A Closer Look at Climate Science: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping 10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4 Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO2and CH4 CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World 11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly at 41,000 Years? 11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses? 11-3 CO2 Feedback at 41,000 Years? Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World 11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South? Why did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at ~100,000 Years? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response 11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock 11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local Environment 11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases PART IV Deglacial Climate Change CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas 12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum 12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets? 12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons 12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the Continents 12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern Ice Sheets 12-9 Climate Changes far from the Northern Ice Sheets How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling 12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling 12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power 13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt? 13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level 13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial Two-Step To

Note: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Rinnen im Meereis: Heizung für die Atmosphäre? = Leads in Sea Ice: Heating the Atmosphere? / Christof Lüpkes, Vladimir Gryanik, Anna Barbara Herold, Gerit Birnbaum, Ulrike Wacker, Jörg Hartmann Die polaren Ozeane vor dem Hintergrund der Klimaänderung – Ein Vergleich = The Polar Oceans in the context of climate change – commons and contrasts / Eberhard Fahrbach, Christian Haas und Ursula Schauer Wissenschaftliches Rechnen und Ozeanographie für das Krisenmanagement: Der Beitrag des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts zum Deutsch-Indonesischen Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem = Scientific computing and oceanography for hazard management: The contribution of the Alfred Wegener Institute to the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System / Jörn Behrens, Wolfgang Hiller, Jens Schröter Klimaarchiv Eis – Das European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) = Climate archive in ice - the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) / Hubertus Fischer, Frank Wilhelms, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Hans Oerter, Hanno Meyer, Peter Köhler, Rainer Gersonde & Heinz Miller Schwarzschiefer vom Nordpol entschlüsseln Klimageschichte: Der Arktische Ozean war vor 45 Millionen Jahren so warm wie die Ostsee heute = Black shales near the North Pole decipher climate history: The Arctic Ocean at 45 Ma was as warm as the modern Baltic Sea / Ruediger Stein, Petra Weller, Bettina Boucsein und Jens Matthiessen Leben auf dem Mars? Methan-bildende Mikroorganismen aus sibirischen Permafrost-böden als Studienobjekte = Life on Mars? Methane-forming micro-organisms from Siberian permafrost soils as study objects / Dirk Wagner und Daria Morozova Seeelefanten helfen Südozeanmodellierern = Elephant Seals help validate Finite Element Ice-Ocean Model / Ralph Timmermann Neuigkeiten in der Krillforschung: Licht kontrolliert Lebensfunktionen des Krills = News in Krill research: Light controls life functions of krill / Mathias Teschke, Bettina Meyer, Carsten Pape, Susanne Spahic Wie wird man 400 Jahre alt? Altersvorsorge der Islandmuschel (Arctica islandica) = Living 400 years – what is the secret of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)? / Doris Abele, Eva Philipp, Julia Strahl, Thomas Brey Langzeitforschung auf Helgoland und Sylt: Ein Finger am Puls der Nordsee = Long-Term Ecological Research at Helgoland and Sylt: Keeping a Finger at the Pulse of the North Sea / Justus E.E. van Beusekom, Maarten Boersma, Karsten Reise and Karen H. Wiltshire 3. Forschung = Research MARCOPOLI 3.1 MARINE 3.2 COAST 3.3 POLAR 3.4 Neue Themen = Additional funding 4. Helmholtz-Nachwuchsgruppen = Helmholtz Young Investigator Groups 5. Entwicklungen in den Fachbereichen = Progresses in the Scientific Divisions 6. Neue Technologien = New technologies 7. Logistik und Forschungsplattformen = Logistics and research platforms 8. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 9. Mariner Umweltschutz = Marine environmental protection 10. Wissenschaftliches Rechenzentrum = Scientific data processing centre 11. Bibliothek = Library 12. Technologietransfer = Technology transfer 13. Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 14. Schulprojekt = School project 15. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 16. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex , Text in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Internetausg.: Proceedings of the integrated ocean drilling program , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:2005- , 211 - 300 nicht ersch.

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2008

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 The meteorology of monsoons. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Meteorology of the tropics. - 1.3 The Indian Ocean monsoon system. - 1.4 Theory of monsoons. - 2 Controls on the Asian monsoon over tectonic timescales. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 The influence of Tibet. - 2.3 Oceanic controls on monsoon intensity. - 2.4 Summary. - 3 Monsoon evolution on tectonic timescales. - 3.1 Proxies for monsoon intensity. - 3.2 Monsoon reconstruction by oceanic upwelling. - 3.3 Continental climate records. - 3.4 Eolian dust records. - 3.5 Evolving flora of East Asia. - 3.6 History of Western Pacific Warm Pool and the Monsoon. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 Monsoon evolution on orbital timescales. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Orbital controls on monsoon strength. - 4.3 Eolian records in North-east Asia. - 4.4 Monsoon records from cave deposits. - 4.5 Monsoon variability recorded in ice caps. - 4.6 Monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments. - 4.7 Salinity records in marine sediments. - 4.8 Pollen records in marine sediments. - 4.9 Paleoproductivity as an indicator of monsoon strength. - 4.10 The Early Holocene monsoon. - 4.11 Mid–Late Holocene monsoon. - 4.12 Summary. - 5 Erosional impact of the Asian monsoon. - 5.1 Monsoon and oceanic strontium. - 5.2 Reconstructing erosion records. - 5.3 Reconstructing exhumation. - 5.4 Estimating marine sediment budgets. - 5.5 Erosion in Indochina. - 5.6 Erosion in other regions. - 5.7 Monsoon rains in Oman. - 5.8 Changes in monsoon-driven erosion on orbital timescales. - 5.9 Tectonic impact of monsoon strengthening. - 5.10 Climatic control over Himalaya exhumation. - 5.11 Summary. - 6 The Late Holocene monsoon and human society. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Holocene climate change and the Fertile Crescent. - 6.3 Holocene climate change and the Indus Valley. - 6.4 Holocene climate change and early Chinese cultures. - 6.5 Monsoon developments since 1000 AD. - 6.6 Monsoon and religion. - 6.7 Impacts of future monsoon evolution. - 6.8 Summary. - References. - Further reading. - Index.

Note: Zugl.: Marburg, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Contents: 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles. - 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere. - 1.4 Energy Interactions with Earth Surface Features. - 1.5 Data Acquisition and Interpretation. - 1.6 Reference Data. - 1.7 The Global Positioning System. - 1.8 Characteristics of Remote Sensing System. - 1.9 Successful Application of Remote Sensing. - 1.10 Geographic Information Systems. - 1.11 Organization of the Book. - Works Cited. - 2 Elements of Photographic Systems. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography. - 2.3 Photographic Basics. - 2.4 Film Photography. - 2.5 Digital Photography. - 2.6 Aerial Cameras. - 2.7 Spatial Resolution of Camera Systems. - 2.8 Aerial Videography. - 2.9 Multiband Imaging. - 2.10 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs. - 3.3 Photographic Scale. - 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs. - 3.5 Area Measurement. - 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features. - 3.7 Image Parallax. - 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography. - 3.9 Production of Maps and Orthophotos. - 3.10 Flight Planning. - 3.11 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 4 Introduction to Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.3 Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment. - 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping. - 4.5 Geologic and Soil Mapping. - 4.6 Agricultural Applications. - 4.7 Forestry Applications. - 4.8 Rangeland Applications. - 4.9 Water Resource Applications. - 4.10 Urban and Regional Planning Applications. - 4.11 Wetland Mapping. - 4.12 Wildlife Ecology Applications. - 4.13 Archaeological Applications. - 4.14 Environmental Assessment. - 4.15 Natural Disaster Assessment. - 4.16 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation. - Works Cited. - 5 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Across-Track Scanning. - 5.3 Along-Track Scanning. - 5.4 Example Across-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery. - 5.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery. - 5.6 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.7 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.8 Thermal Scanning. - 5.9 Thermal Radiation Principles. - 5.10 Interpreting Thermal Scanner Imagery. - 5.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Scanners. - 5.12 Temperature Mapping with Thermal Scanner Data. - 5.13 FLIR Systems. - 5.14 Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.15 Conclusion . - Works Cited. - 6 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Early History of Space Imaging. - 6.3 Landsat Satellite Program Overview. - 6.4 Landsat-1,-2, and-3. - 6.5 Landsat-4 and -5. - 6.6 Landsat-6 Planned Mission. - 6.7 Landsat-7. - 6.8 Landsat Image Examples. - 6.9 Landsat Data Continuity Mission. - 6.10 Long-Term Future of the Landsat Program and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. - 6.11 SPOT Satellite Program. - 6.12 SPOT-1,-2, and-3. - 6.13 SPOT-4. - 6.14 SPOT-5. - 6.15 SPOT Image Examples. - 6.16 Other Earth Resource Satellites. - 6.17 Meteorological Satellites Frequently Applied to Earth Surface Feature Observation. - 6.18 Ocean Monitoring Satellites. - 6.19 Earth Observing System. - 6.20 Space Station Remote Sensing . - Works Cited. - 7 Digital Image Interpretation and Analysis. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Image Rectification and Restoration. - 7.3 Image Enhancement. - 7.4 Contrast Manipulation. - 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation. - 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation. - 7.7 Image Classification. - 7.8 Supervised Classification. - 7.9 The Classification Stage. - 7.10 The Training Stage. - 7.11 Unsupervised Classification. - 7.12 Hybrid Classification. - 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels. - 7.14 The Output Stage. - 7.15 Postclassification Smoothing. - 7.16 Object-Oriented Classification. - 7.17 Classification Accuracy Assessment. - 7.18 Data Merging and GIS Integration. - 7.19 Hyperspectral Image Analysis. - 7.20 Biophysical Modeling. - 7.21 Scale Effects. - 7.22 Image Transmission and Compression. - 7.23 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 8 Microwave and Lidar Sensing. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Radar Development. - 8.3 Side-Looking Radar System Operation. - 8.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar. - 8.5 Geometric Characteristics of Radar Imagery. - 8.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals. - 8.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics. - 8.8 Radar Image Interpretation. - 8.9 Interferometric Radar. - 8.10 Radar Remote Sensing from Space. - 8.11 Seasat-1. - 8.12 Shuttle Imaging Radar. - 8.13 Almaz-1. - 8.14 ERS-1 and ERS-2. - 8.15 Envisat. - 8.16 JERS-1. - 8.17 ALOS. - 8.18 Radarsat. - 8.19 High Resolution Spaceborne Radar Systems. - 8.20 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. - 8.21 Spaceborne Radar System Summary. - 8.22 Passive Microwave Sensing. - 8.23 Lidar. - Works Cited. - Appendix A Radiometric Concepts,Terminology, and Units. - Geometric Characteristics of Radiation Measurement. - Radiometric Terminology and Units. - Appendix B Remote Sensing Data and Information Resources. - Sources of Remote Sensing Data and Information. - Remote Sensing Periodicals. - Remote Sensing Glossaries. - Online Remote Sensing Courses and Tutorials. - Appendix C Sample Coordinate Transformation and Resampling Procedures. - Two-Dimensional Affine Coordinate Transformation. - Resampling Procedures . - Appendix D Radar Signal Concepts, Terminology,and Units. - Signal Power and Radar Cross Section. - Complex Amplitude of Radar Signals. - Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: TEIL I - PHYSIK DER ATMOSPHÄRISCHEN GRENZSCHICHT. - 1 Der Grenzschicht-Begriff. - 1.1 Die Atmosphärische Grenzschicht, der unterste Teil der Troposphäre. - 1.2 Der Grenzschicht-Begriff in der allgemeinen Strömungslehre. - 1.3 Anwendung der Bewegungsgleichung. - 1.4 Gedanklicher Übergang zur Atmosphärischen Grenzschicht. - 1.5 Skalenanalyse. - 1.5.1 Beispiel 1: Thermische Diffusion bei vorgegebener charakteristischer Länge. - 1.5.2 Beispiel 2: Höhe einer stationären Laborgrenzschicht. - 1.5.3 Beispiel 3: Höhe einer stationären Atmosphärischen Grenzschicht. - 1.6 Dimensionsanalyse. - 1.7 Unterschiedliche Definitionen der Grenzschichthöhe aus dem Profilverlauf. - 1.8 Typen der Atmosphärischen Grenzschicht. - 2 Flussdichten. - 2.1 Turbulenz. - 2.2 Formulierung von Flussdichten. - 2.2.1 Die transportierte Eigenschaft ist ein Skalar. - 2.2.2 Die transportierte Eigenschaft ist die Komponente eines Vektors. - 2.2.3 Der molekulare Impulstransport. - 3 Die hydrodynamischen Grundgleichungen. - 3.1 Die Komponentenschreibweise. - 3.2 Die Kontinuitätsgleichung. - 3.3 Die Gasgleichung. - 3.4 Skalenanalyse von mit Fluktuationsgrößen gebildeten Termen. - 3.5 Die Bewegungsgleichung. - 3.6 Die Haushaltsgleichungen für die fühlbare Wärme und den Wasserdampf. - 3.7 Die Randbedingungen. - 4 Haushaltsgleichungen von Größen, die dieTurbulenz beschreiben. - 4.1 Die Haushaltsgleichung für die turbulente kinetische Energie. - 4.2 Weitere Gleichungen fur kinetische Energien. - 4.3 Allgemeines über Haushaltsgleichungen für Momente zweiter Ordnung. - 4.4 Spektraler Transfer. - 4.5 Quantitative Beispiele. - 5 Die Parametrisierung. - 5.1 Das Problem. - 5.2 Die Schließung erster Ordnung. - 5.2.1 Der K-Ansatz und die Theorie des Mischungsweges. - 5.2.2 Der Differenzen-Ansatz. - 5.3 Schließungen höherer Ordnung. - 6 Dynamik der Ekman-Schicht. - 6.1 Die Ekman-Spirale in der Atmosphäre. - 6.1.1 Die Ekman-Gleichungen. - 6.1.2 Lösung der Ekman-Gleichungen mit KM = const. - 6.1.3 Lösung der Ekman-Gleichungen mit höhenabhängigem KM. - 6.1.4 Darstellung und Interpretation der Lösungen. - 6.2 Die vertikale Struktur der Atmosphärischen Grenzschicht. - 6.2.1 Die Höhe der Prandtl-Schicht. - 6.2.2 Die Höhe der dynamischen Grenzschicht. - 6.2.3 Das Gesamtbild der Struktur der horizontal homogenen dynamischen Grenzschicht. - 6.3 Die Ekman-Spirale im Ozean. - 7 Die Prandtl-Schicht. - 7.1 Das logarithmische Windprofil bei neutraler Schichtung. - 7.2 Überlegungen zum diabatischen Windprofil. - 7.3 Stabilitätsbetrachtungen. - 7.4 Das Turbulenzkriterium von L.F. Richardson. - 7.5 Die Ähnlichkeitstheorie von Monin und Obukhov. - 7.6 Das aus der Ähnlichkeitstheorie folgende Windprofil. - 7.7 Allgemeine Formulierung der Profilbeziehungen. - 7.8 Die Bestimmung der Funktionen φ (ζ) und j (ζ). - 7.9 Die Bulk-Transportkoeffizienten oder -widerstände. - 7.10 Weitere Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Prandtl-Schicht. - 8 Die Rossby-Zahl-Ähnlichkeitstheorie. - 8.1 Grundlagen. - 8.2 Die Widerstandsgesetze der AGS. - 8.3 Einfache Modelle für die gesamte AGS. - 9 Die konvektive Grenzschicht. - 9.1 Einordnung in die Grundtypen der AGS. - 9.2 Ähnlichkeitsbetrachtungen. - 9.3 Die beobachtete Struktur der konvektiven Grenzschicht. - 9.4 Konzeptionelle Modelle. - 9.4.1 Die Grundstruktur der konvektiven Grenzschicht. - 9.4.2 Die trockene konvektive Grenzschicht. - 9.4.3 Die konvektive Grenzschicht mit Wolken (feuchte CBL). - 10 Die stabile Grenzschicht. - 10.1 Das Phänomen. - 10.2 Der nächtliche Grenzschicht-Strahlstrom. - TEIL II - MIKROMETEOROLOGIE. - 11 Die Energiebilanz an der Erdoberfläche. - 11.1 Die Strahlungsbilanz. - 11.2 Der Bodenwärmestrom. - 11.3 Die Energiebilanzterme über wirklichen Oberflächen. - 11.4 Zusammenhänge zwischen den Energiebilanztermen. - 11.5 Messung der Energiebilanzterme. - 11.6 Beispiele. - 12 Mikroklimate. - 12.1 Definition. - 12.2 Beispiele. - 12.3 Interne Grenzschichten. - 13 Das Bestandsklima. - 13.1 Eigenschaften einer Vegetationsdecke. - 13.2 Die Verdunstung. - 13.2.1 Photosynthese und Respiration. - 13.2.2 Die potentielle Verdunstung. - 13.2.3 Die aktuelle Verdunstung. - 13.3 Boden-Vegetation-Atmosphäre-Wechselwirkung (SVAT). - 14 Mikrometeorologie über Schnee- und Eisoberflächen. - 14.1 Problematik und einige Phänomene. - 14.2 Freie und bedeckte Ablation. - 14.2.1 Grundlagen für ein einfaches Modell. - 14.2.2 Freie Ablation. - 14.2.3 Bedeckte Ablation. - 14.2.4 Ablationsdiagramme. - Anhang - Zur Geschichte der Grenzschicht-Meteorologie. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Sachverzeichnis.

Note: CONTENTS: PREFACE. - FOREWORD. - CONTENTS. - REVIEW. - 1. Arctic Sea Ice Thickness – A Review of Current Techniques and Future Possibilities / Peter Wadhams. - PART 1. HOW WE MEASURE SEA ICE THICKNESS. - 2. Ice Mass Balance Buoy: An Instrument to Measure and Attribute Changes in Ice Thickness / Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge, Donald K. Perovich, Cathleen Geiger, Bruce C. Elder and Kerry Claffey. - 3. A Review of the Use of Sonar on Underwater Vehicles to Obtain Information on Sea Ice Draft / Jeremy P. Wilkinson, Peter Wadhams and Nick E. Hughes. - 4. Key Characteristics of Helicopter Electromagnetic Sea Ice Thickness Mapping Resolution, Accuracy and Footprint / Andreas Pfaffling, Christian Haas and James E. Reid. - 5. The Simulated Seasonal Variability of the Ku-band Radar Altimeter Effective Scattering Surface Depth in Sea Ice / Rasmus T. Tonboe, Søren Andersen, Rashpal S. Gill and Leif Toudal Pedersen. - 6. SAR Motion Products: Tools for Monitoring Changes in Sea Ice Mass Balance and Thickness Distribution / Cathleen A. Geiger, Mani V. Thomas, and Chandra Kambhamettu. - 7. Classification of GreenICE SAR Data Using Fuzzy Screening Method / Rashpal S. Gill and Rasmus T. Tonboe. - 8. Sea Ice Freeboard from ICESat – A Comparison with Airborne Lidar Measurements / Henriette Skourup and Rene Forsberg. - 9. On the use of helicopter-borne Radar Backscatter Polarization Ratio measurements at L-Band to estimate the ice thickness / Stefan Kern, Martin Gade, Christian Haas, Andreas Pfaffling, and Gerd Müller. - 10. Satellite Thermal Microwave Sea Ice Concentration Algorithm Comparison / Søren Andersen, Rasmus T. Tonboe and Lars Kaleschke. - PART 2. WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THICKNESS CHANGES?. - 11. GreenICE Sediment Cores Reveal Reduced Last Interglacial Arctic Sea Ice Cover / Niels Nørgaard-Pedersen, Naja Mikkelsen, Susanne J. Lassen, Emma Sheldon, Yngve Kristoffersen. - 12. Airborne Electromagnetic Measurements of Sea Ice Thickness: Methods and Applications / Christian Haas, Sibylle Goebell, Stefan Hendricks, Torge Martin, Andreas Pfaffling, Carola von Saldern. - 13. Recent Changes in the Sea Ice Thickness Distribution in the Russian Arctic / João Rodrigues. - 14. Spring Sea Ice Thickness in the Western Fram Strait: Preliminary Results / Sebastien Gerland, Christian Haas, Richard Hall, Jürgen Holfort, Edmond Hansen, Terje Brink Løyning, and Angelika Renner. - 15. Sea Ice Thickness, Geoid and Ocean Topography in the Arctic Ocean from ICESat and GRACE / Rene Forsberg, Henriette Skourup. - 16. Utilization of Multiple Satellite Sensors to Estimate Sea Ice Volume Flux through Fram Strait / Gunnar Spreen, Stefan Kern, and Detlef Stammer. - 17. Sea ice Thickness Estimates from Airborne Laser Scanning / Sine M. Hvidegaard, Rene Forsberg, and Henriette Skourup. - 18. Effect of the Physical Description of Sea Ice on the Modelled Mean Sea Ice Thickness on the Arctic Ocean / Jari Haapala. - PART 3. SEA ICE EXTENT CHANGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIETY. - 19. The Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment: Changing Marine Access and a Critical Need for Improved Sea Ice Thickness Information / Lawson W. Brigham. - 20. Arctic Sea Ice Thickness: Implications for Arctic Tourism / John M. Snyder. - 21. Recent Changes in the Sea Ice Distribution in the Russian Arctic: Ice Extent, Area and Length of the Ice-free Season / João Rodrigues.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort und Dank Zusammenfassung Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis 1. Einführung 1.1. Allgemeinwissenschaftliche Methodologie 1.1.1. Wissenschaftliche Begriffe: Erklärungen und Definitionen 1.1.2. Einige Bemerkungen zu den allgemeinwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen 1.2. Vergleichsanalyse der Naturwissenschaften 1.3. Über den Forschungsstand und die Hauptprobleme der Geomorphologie 1.4. Ziel und Problemstellung 2. Einführung in die Geomorphologie 2.1. Geomorphologische Primärbegriffe: Erdoberfläche und Georelief 2.1.1. Oberfläche, Erdoberfläche 2.1.2. Relief, Georelief 2.2. Geomorphologie als Lehre über das Relief der Erdoberfläche 3. Geomorphographie (Bestandteile des Georeliefs) 3.1. Fazette (Hang) als elementare Einheit des Georeliefs und ihre Parameter 3.1.1. Fazette (Hang) als "energetische" Homogenität 3.2.Reliefformen 3.3. Ranggrößen des Georeliefs 4. Geomorphogenese (Kinematik und Dynamik der Georeliefentstehung und -entwicklung) 4.1. Begriffe "Genesis" des Georeliefs und "geomorphologische Grenze" 4.1.1. Genetische Aufteilung des Georeliefs 4.1.2. Geomorphologische Grenzen und Verhältnisse zwischen Hängen 4.2. Entstehung und Entwicklung des Disjunktivreliefs (DR) 4.2.1. Definition und Axiome des Disjunktivreliefs 4.2.2. "Bewegliche Schicht" (Verwitterungsschicht) auf den Hängen des DR 4.2.3. Gesetze der Denudation (Entwicklung des DR) und ihre Beweisführung 4.2.4. Realer Verlauf und empirische Beweise der Gesetze der Entwicklung des DR 4.2.5. Einwirkung der Umwelt und die Gesetze der Entwicklung des DR 4.2.6. Gesetze und Mechanismus der Entstehung der Disjunktivhänge 4.2.6.1. Entstehung der Disjunktivhänge (Abbruchwand und ihre Transformation) 4.2.6.2. Kurze Analyse der Fehler des Modells von W. PENCK 4.2.7. Übergang zur denudativen Entwicklung der Disjunktivhänge 4.2.8. Empirische Bestätigungen des Modells der Entstehung von Disjunktivhängen 4.3. Entstehung und Entwicklung des Sedimentationsreliefs (SR) 4.3.1. Definition und Axiome des Sedimentationsreliefs 4.3.2. Gesetze der Entwicklung des SR und ihre Beweisführung 4.3.3. Empirische Beweise der Gesetze der Akkumulation 4.3.4. Theoretische Folgen der Gesetze der Akkumulation 4.4. Geologische Prozesse und Erscheinungen 4.4.1. Disjunktive geologische Erscheinungen (Prozesse) 4.4.2. Denudative geologische Prozesse und ihre geomorphologische Äußerung 4.4.2.1. Denudation durch die äußeren beweglichen Medien 4.4.2.2. Gravitative geologische Denudationsprozesse und Verwitterung der Gesteine 4.4.2.3. Empirische Daten zu den gravitativen Denudationsprozessen 4.4.3. Akkumulative geologische Prozesse und ihre geomorphologische Äußerung 5. Historische Geomorphologie (Geomorphostratigraphie) 5.1. Raum und Zeit (Struktur und Alter) in der Geomorphologie 5.2. Chronologische Verhältnisse zwischen Disjunktivhängen 5.2.1. Chronologische Eigenschaften des SR 5.3. Geomorphostratigraphie und morphestratigraphische Modeliierung 5.3.1. Morphestratigraphische Einheiten des DR und Prinzipien der Geomorphostratigraphie 5.3.2. Denudationsbasis als Grundlage der morphestratigraphischen Modelle 5.3.3. Grundlage der Erstellung eines morphestratigraphischen Modells des Georeliefs 5.3.4. Deformationen der Geomorphostruktur 5.3.5. Empirische Bestätigung der Anwendbarkeit des morphestratigraphischen Modells 5.4. Genetische Eigenschaften, Dynamik und Entwicklung des Georeliefs 5.4.1. Genesis des Georeliefs als eine Grundlage paläogeographischer Rekonstruktionen 5.4.2. Über Dynamik und Entwicklung des Georeliefs 6. Hauptklassifikationen der Georeliefeinheiten und geologischen Prozesse 6.1. Rangierung des Georeliefs 6.2. Allgemeine morphologische Klassifikation des Georeliefs 6.3. Allgemeine genetische Klassifikation des Mikroreliefs 6.4. Allgemeine Klassifikationen der geologischen Prozesse 6.4.1. Klassifizierung der Reliefformen und geologischer Prozesse für das Makro- und Mesoreliefs 6.5. Klassifikation chronologischer Georeliefeinheiten und ihre empirische Grundlage Schlussteil Literatur Anlage Autor Kartographische Bausteine , Zusammenfassung in deutscher, englischer und russischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Preface to First Edition. - Preface to Second Edition. - Preface to Third Edition. - Acknowledgments. - Part I The Periglacial Domain. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Periglacial Concept. - 1.2 Disciplinary Considerations. - 1.2.1 The Growth of Geocryology. - 1.2.2 The Changing Nature of Quaternary Science. - 1.2.3 Modern Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.3 The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge. - 1.4 The Periglacial Domain. - 1.5 The Scope of Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.5.1 Permafrost-Related Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.2 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.3 Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction. - 1.5.4 Applied Periglacial Geomorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 2 Periglacial Landscapes?. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Proglacial, Paraglacial or Periglacial?. - 2.3 Unglaciated Periglacial Terrain. - 2.3.1 Beaufort Plain, Northwest Banks Island, Arctic Canada. - 2.3.2 Barn Mountains, Northern Interior Yukon Territory, Canada. - 2.4 Relict Periglacial Landscapes. - 2.4.1 Chalk Uplands, Southern England and Northern France. - 2.4.2 Pine Barrens, Southern New Jersey, Eastern USA. - 2.5 Conclusions. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 3 Periglacial Climates. - 3.1 Boundary Conditions. - 3.2 Periglacial Climates. - 3.2.1 High Arctic Climates. - 3.2.2 Continental Climates. - 3.2.3 Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. - 3.2.4 Alpine Climates. - 3.2.5 Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range. - 3.2.6 Antarctica: A Special Case. - 3.3 Ground Climates. - 3.3.1 The n-Factor. - 3.3.2 The Thermal Offset. - 3.4 Periglacial Climates and the Cryosphere. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - Part II Present-Day Periglacial Environments. - 4 Cold-Climate Weathering. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Ground Freezing. - 4.2.1 The Freezing Process. - 4.2.2 Ice Segregation. - 4.2.3 The Frozen Fringe. - 4.2.4 Frost Heave. - 4.3 Freezing and Thawing. - 4.4 The Ground-Temperature Regime. - 4.4.1 The Seasonal Regime. - 4.4.2 Short-Term Fluctuations. - 4.5 Rock (Frost?) Shattering. - 4.5.1 Frost Action and Ice Segregation. - 4.5.2 Frost Weathering Models. - 4.5.3 Insolation Weathering and Thermal Shock. - 4.5.4 Discussion and Perspective. - 4.6 Chemical Weathering. - 4.6.1 General. - 4.6.2 Solution and Karstification. - 4.6.3 Salt Weathering. - 4.7 Cryogenic Weathering. - 4.8 Cryobiological Weathering. - 4.9 Cryopedology. - 4.9.1 Cryosols. - 4.9.2 Soil Micromorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 5 Permafrost. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.1.1 Definition. - 5.1.2 Moisture and Ice within Permafrost. - 5.2 Thermal and Physical Properties. - 5.2.1 The Geothermal Regime. - 5.2.2 Physical Properties. - 5.2.3 Thermal Properties. - 5.3 How Does Permafrost Aggrade?. - 5.3.1 General Principles. - 5.3.2 The Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment. - 5.4 Distribution of Permafrost. - 5.4.1 Latitudinal Permafrost. - 5.4.2 Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost. - 5.4.3 Montane Permafrost of Central Asia and China. - 5.5 Relict Permafrost. - 5.5.1 Sub-Sea Permafrost. - 5.5.2 Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost. - 5.6 Permafrost Hydrology. - 5.6.1 Aquifers. - 5.6.2 Hydrochemistry. - 5.6.3 Groundwater Icings. - 5.7 Permafrost and Terrain Conditions. - 5.7.1 Relief and Aspect. - 5.7.2 Rock Type. - 5.7.3 Vegetation. - 5.7.4 Snow Cover. - 5.7.5 Fire. - 5.7.6 Lakes and Surface Water Bodies. - 5.8 The Active Layer. - 5.8.1 The Transient Layer. - 5.8.2 The Stefan Equation. - 5.8.3 Active-Layer Thermal Regime. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 6 Surface Features of Permafrost. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons. - 6.2.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Contraction. - 6.2.2 Ice, Sand, and Soil Wedges. - 6.2.3 Development of the Polygon Net. - 6.2.4 Polygon Morphology. - 6.2.5 Controls Over Cracking. - 6.2.6 Climatic Significance. - 6.3 Organic Terrain. - 6.3.1 Palsas. - 6.3.2 Peat Plateaus. - 6.4 Rock Glaciers. - 6.4.1 Creeping Permafrost. - 6.4.2 Types and Distribution. - 6.4.3 Origin. - 6.5 Frost Mounds. - 6.5.1 Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.2 Hydraulic (Open) System Pingos. - 6.5.3 Hydrostatic (Closed) System Pingos. - 6.5.4 Other Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.5 Seasonal-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.6 Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds. - 6.6 Active-Layer Phenomena. - 6.6.1 Bedrock Heave. - 6.6.2 Needle Ice. - 6.6.3 Cryoturbation and Frost Heave. - 6.6.4 Frost Sorting. - 6.6.5 Patterned Ground. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 7 Ground lce. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Classification. - 7.2.1 Pore Ice. - 7.2.2 Segregated Ice. - 7.2.3 Intrusive Ice. - 7.2.4 Vein Ice. - 7.2.5 Other Types of Ice. - 7.3 Ice Distribution. - 7.3.1 Amounts. - 7.3.2 Distribution with Depth. - 7.3.3 Ice in Bedrock. - 7.3.4 Ice in Unconsolidated Sediments. - 7.4 Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology. - 7.4.1 Cryostructures, Cryotextures, and Cryofacies. - 7.4.2 Epigenetic and Syngenetic Cryostructures. - 7.4.3 Thaw Unconformities. - 7.4.4 Ice Crystallography. - 7.4.5 Ice Geochemistry. - 7.4.6 Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments. - 7.5 Ice Wedges. - 7.5.1 Epigenetic Wedges. - 7.5.2 Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.5.3 Anti-Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.6 Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies. - 7.6.1 Nature and Extent. - 7.6.2 Intra-Sedimental Ice. - 7.6.3 Buried Glacier Ice. - 7.6.4 Other Mechanisms. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 8 Thermokarst. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Causes of Thermokarst. - 8.2.1 General. - 8.2.2 Specific. - 8.3 Thaw-Related Processes. - 8.3.1 Thermokarst Subsidence. - 8.3.2 Thermal Erosion. - 8.3.3 Other Processes. - 8.4 Thermokarst Sediments and Structures. - 8.4.1 Involuted Sediments. - 8.4.2 Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow Deposits. - 8.4.3 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge Casts. - 8.4.4 Ice, Silt, Sand, and Gravel Pseudomorphs. - 8.5 Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief. - 8.5.1 Low-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.2 High-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.3 Badland Thermokarst Relief. - 8.6 Thaw Lakes and Depressions. - 8.6.1 Morphology. - 8.6.2 Growth and Drainage. - 8.6.3 Oriented Thaw Lakes. - 8.7 Thermokarst-Affected Terrain. - 8.7.1 The Lowlands of Central and Northern Siberia. - 8.7.2 The Western North American Arctic. - 8.8 Human-Induced Thermokarst. - 8.8.1 Causes. - 8.8.2 Case Studies. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 9 Hillslope Processes and Slope Evolution. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Slope Morphology. - 9.2.1 The Free-Face Model. - 9.2.2 Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.3 Convexo-Concavo Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.4 Pediment-Like Slopes. - 9.2.5 Stepped Profiles. - 9.3 Mass Wasting. - 9.4 Slow Mass-Wasting Processes. - 9.4.1 Solifluction. - 9.4.2 Frost Creep. - 9.4.3 Gelifluction. - 9.4.4 Solifluction Deposits and Phenomena. - 9.5 Rapid Mass Wasting. - 9.5.1 Active-Layer-Detachment Slides. - 9.5.2 Debris Flows, Slushflows, and Avalanches. - 9.5.3 Rockfall. - 9.6 Slopewash. - 9.6.1 Snow-Bank Hydrology. - 9.6.2 Surface and Subsurface Wash. - 9.7 Frozen and Thawing Slopes. - 9.7.1 Permafrost Creep. - 9.7.2 Thermokarst and Thaw Consolidation. - 9.7.3 Stability of Thawing Slopes. - 9.8 Cold-Climate Slope Evolution. - 9.8.1 Cryoplanation. - 9.8.2 Slope Replacement and Richter Denudation Slopes. - 9.8.3 Rapidity of Profile Change. - 9.8.4 Summary. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 10 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Fluvial Processes and Landforms. - 10.2.1 Major Rivers. - 10.2.2 Freeze-Up and Break-Up. - 10.2.3 Basin Hydrology. - 10.2.4 Sediment Flow, Surface Transport, and Denudation. - 10.2.5 Fluvio-Thermal Erosion. - 10.2.6 Channel Morphology. - 10.2.7 Valley Asymmetry. - 10.3 Eolian Processes and Sediments. - 10.3.1 Wind Abrasion. - 10.3.2 Wind Deflation. - 10.3.3 Niveo-Eolian Sediments. - 10.3.4 Loess-Like Silt. - 10.3.5 Sand Dunes and San

Note: CONTENTS COMPOSITION OF THE OFFICE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. THE POLAR REGIONS: AN URGENT NEED FOR PROTECTION A. EXTREME BUT FRAGILE REGIONS 1. The Arctic Ocean 2. Antarctica B. FRANCE'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ANTARCTICA TREATY 1. The origins of the treaty and the Antarctic system 2. Mining a suspended issue 3. Tourism: a new peaceful threat? II. THE POLES: THEIR KEY ROLE IN UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE A. UNDERSTANDING PAST CLIMATES TO UNDERSTAND THE FUTURE CLIMATE 1. Recent ice cores from Greenland 2. lce cores from Antarctica 3. Ocean core samples: the transpolar link 4. The future of glacial core sampling B. THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION 1. The general circulation system 2. The importance of the creation of cold, deep waters 3. The Antarctic Ocean, a carbon sink C. THE POLAR REGIONS AT THE HEART OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 1. Will the Arctic ice shelf disappear in the summer? 2. Will Greenland melt completely? 3. Can a diagnosis be made concerning the assessment of Antarctica's mass? III. FRANCE'S FIRST-CLASS BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH A. AN EXCEPTIONAL HERITAGE 1. A unique geographic situation 2. 40 to 50 years of continuous observations B. ADAPTING TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 1. Adapting to climate change 2. Understanding the adaptation to extreme environments C. INNOVATIVE RESEARCH 1. The equipment of animals 2. Hormonal, molecular and genetic research 3. The implications for the organization of research IV. OBSERVING THE EARTH, OBSERVING THE UNIVERSE A. OBSERVATORIES FOR THE EARTH AND THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE 1. Seismology 2. Measuring gravity and terrestrial magnetism 3. Studying the stratosphere and monitoring the ozone layer '1. Observing the ionosphere B. ANTARCTIC ASTRONOMY: A NEW FIELD 1. Recognizing this fast-growing discipline 2. Concordia: the best site in the world/or astronomic observations? 3. Searching for meteorites in Antarctica 4. Measuring cosmic radiation V. PREPARING THE SPACE MISSIONS IN ANTARCTICA A. PREPARING AND VALIDATING THE SATELLITE MISSIONS 1. Space and the polar regions: preparation complementarity 2. Validating on the ground observations made from space B. PREPARING MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS AND MOON OR MARS-BASED STATIONS 1. Concordia - a unique research site 2. Studying behaviour in an extreme environment 3. Physiological studies C. TESTING EXPLORATION MATERIAL 1. American examples and projects 2. European perspectives VI. FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE POLAR REGIONS A. DEVELOPING FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC, STRENGTHENING ITS PRESENCE IN ANTARCTICA 1. Developing France's Arctic presence 2. Strengthening our presence in the southern regions B. IPEV (THE FRENCH PAUL-EMILE VICTOR INSTITUTE), AN AGENCY OF MEANS VII. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: A NECESSITY AND A GOAL A. HOW TO ENCOURAGE A EUROPEAN PROCESS? 1. The European Union: a sufficient framework? 2. The practical and political limitations of cooperation 3. Towards an Italian-German-French engine? B. WHAT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR FRANCE ON THE EVE OF THE IPY? 1. Excellence, proximity and longevity: three key criteria for cooperation 2. Developing a network for the stations VIII. THE RAPPORTEUR'S CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS 1. Strategic regions 2. Regions to protect 3. Essential regions for understanding climate change 4. Life in the polar regions: of great value to humanity 5. The polar regions: an observatory for the Earth 6. Strongly support the development of astronomy at Concordia 7. Take advantage of the polar regions' complementarity with the space missions 8. Strengthen France's presence in the polar regions 9. Reorganize France's presence in the polar regions 10. Better coordinate polar research 11. Solve the problem of insufficient funding for polar-research logistics 12. Define a French strategy for European and international cooperation APPENDICES SPEAKERS PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1 MARCH 2007 SEMINAR: "OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE" PART ONE: LUNCH-DEBATE I. MR. HENRI REVOL, PRESIDENT OF THE OPECST II. MR. JEAN-LOUIS ETIENNE PART TWO: OFFICIAL OPENING SESSION I. INTRODUCTION A. MR. CHRISTIAN GAUDIN, SENATOR, RAPPORTEUR FOR THE OPECST B. MS. CATHERINE BRECHIGNAC, PRESIDENT OF THE CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) C. MR. MICHEL JARRAUD, SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION D. MR. CHRISTIAN COINTAT, SENATOR, PRESIDENT OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ARTIC STUDY GROUP II. OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE BY MR. CHRISTIAN PONCELET, PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE III. THEMATIC DEBATE-THE POLES: INDICATORS AND EVIDENCE FOR MANKIND A. MS. NELLY OLIN, MINISTER OF ECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT B. MS. VALERIE MASSON-DELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST, CEA C. MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST, CNRS D. MS. JOELLE ROBERT-LAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST, CNRS E. DEBATE IV. CLOSING SPEECHES A. MR. FRAN〈;:OIS GOULARD, MINISTER FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH B. HIS SERENE HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT II OF MONACO APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. VALERIE MASSONDELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST - CEA APPENDIX 2: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. JOELLE ROBERTLAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST - CNRS APPENDIX 3: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST- CNRS