ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - References. - 2 Oceanographical and Geological Background / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - Introduction. - 2.1 Bathymetry and Geomorphology. - 2.2 Oceanography. - Monsoon. - Surface Circulation. - Surface Temperature and Salinity. - Thermocline and Upwelling. - Water Exchange with Pacific and Kuroshio Intrusion. - Deep Water Circulation. - Other Oceanographic Features. - Oceanographic Summary. - 2.3 Tectonic History and Sedimentary Basins. - Prior Terrains and Opening of the SCS. - Step-Wise Closure of the Sea Basin. - Formation of Shelf-Slope Sedimentary Basins. - Sediments of the SCS Shelf-Slope Basins: An Overview. - Summary of Tectonics and Basin Formation. - References. - 3 Stratigraphy and Sea Level Changes. - Introduction. - 3.1 Lithostratigraphic Overview / (Li Q. and Zhong G.). - Pre-Cenozoic Basement. - Lithostratigraphy of Syn-Rift Sediments. - Post-Rift Sediments in Shelf-Slope Basins. - Deep Water Lithostratigraphy. - 3.2 Biostratigraphic Framework / (Li Q.). - Floral and Shallow-Water Faunal Assemblages. - Planktonic Foraminiferal and Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. - Quaternary Lithobiostratigraphic Events. - 3.3 Isotopic and Astronomical Stratigraphy / (Tian J. and Li Q.). - Neogene Isotopic Records at Site 1148. - Pliocene–Pleistocene Isotopic Records at Site 1143. - 3.4 Stratigraphy of Major Shelf and Slope Basins / (Zhong G. and Li Q.). - Northern South China Sea Basins. - Southern South China Sea Basins. - 3.5 Regional Sea Level Changes / (Zhong G. and Li Q.). - Late Quaternary Sea Level Changes. - Long-Term Sea Level Changes Since the Oligocene. - New Approach Toward Fine-Scale Sea Level Magnitude. - Summary of South China Sea stratigraphy. - References. - 4 Sedimentology. - Introduction. - 4.1 Surface Deposition Patterns / (Liu Z.). - Deposit Distribution Patterns. - Sediment Transport. - 4.2 Terrigenous Deposition / (Liu Z.). - Clay Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Source Areas. - Clay Minerals. - Geochemistry. - Terrigenous Sediment Supply in Glacial Cycles. - Long-Term Changes of Terrigenous Sediment Supply. - 4.3 Biogenic Deposition. - Carbonate / (Li J. and Wang P.). - Opal / (Wang R.). - 4.4 Coral Reefs / (Yu K. and Zhao J.). - Modern Coral Reef Distribution. - Carbonate Platform Sediments and Calcium Carbonate Production. - Reef History. - 4.5 Volcanic Deposition / (Liu Z.). - Volcanic Rock Distribution. - Volcanic Ash Records. - Case Studies: Pinatubo, Toba. - 4.6 Estimation of Deposit Mass Since the Oligocene / (Huang W. and Wang P.). - Data Sources and Analyses. - Sediment Distribution and Mass. - Estimation of Terrigenous and Carbonate Masses. - Depositional Patterns. - Major Characteristics of SCS Sedimentation. - References. - 5 Upper Water Structure and Paleo-Monsoon. - Introduction. - 5.1 Sea Surface Temperature History / (Jian Z. and Tian J.). - SST Proxies. - Paleo-SST Reconstruction. - Paleo-SST Patterns. - 5.2 Thermocline Depth History / (Tian J. and Jian Z.). - Proxies of Thermocline Depth. - Paleo-Thermocline Depth. - 5.3 Vegetation History in Deep-Sea Record / (Sun X.). - Pollen Distribution in Surface Sediments. - Long-Term Evolution. - Last Glacial Pollen Records: North-South Differences. - North-South Comparison of the Vegetation During the LGM. - 5.4 Monsoon History / (Jian Z. and Tian J.). - Monsoon Proxies. - Tectonic-Scale Long-Term Evolution. - Orbital-Scale Variability. - Suborbital-Scale Variability. - Summary. - References. - 6 Deep Waters and Oceanic Connection / Quanhong Zhao, Qianyu Li and Zhimin Jian. - Introduction. - 6.1 Modern Deep Waters and Their Faunal Features. - Marginal Seas in the Western Pacific. - Modern Intermediate and Deep Waters in the South China Sea. - Modern Deep-Sea Benthic Foraminifera and Ostracods. - 6.2 Late Quaternary Deep-Water Faunas and Stable Isotopes. - 6.3 Neogene and Oligocene Deep-Water Benthic Faunas from ODP Leg 184 Sites. - Site 1148 Benthic Foraminifera. - Site 1148 Ostracods. - Faunal Indication of Deep-Water Mass Changes. - 6.4 Deep Water Evolution: Evidence from Carbonate. - Preservation and Isotopes. - Carbonate Dissolution. - Isotopic Records. - 6.5 Oceanic Connection. - Summary. - References. - 7 Biogeochemistry and the Carbon Reservoir. - Introduction. - 7.1 Productivity and Nutrient Dynamics in the Modern South China Sea / (Zhao M.). - Primary Productivity. - Nutrient Supplies. - Community Structure, Export Productivity and Sedimentary Biogenic Content. - 7.2 Paleoproductivity Reconstruction of the South China Sea / (Zhao M.). - Patterns of Productivity Changes During Glacial-Interglacial Oscillations. - Pre-Pleistocene Paleoproductivity Changes. - 7.3 Carbon Reservoir Changes / (Wang P., Tian J. and Li J.). - Modern Carbon Cycling. - Late Quaternary δ13C Cyclicity. - Long-Term Trend of Carbon Isotopes. - Summary. - References. - 8 History of the South China Sea – A Synthesis / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - Introduction. - 8.1 Evolution of the South China Sea Basin. - Pre-Spreading Stage in the Early Paleogene. - Seafloor Spreading in the Oligocene-Early Miocene. - Post-Spreading Stage Since the Late Miocene. - 8.2 Evolution of the East Asian Monsoon. - Summer Monsoon and Chemical Weathering. - Winter Monsoon and North-South Contrast. - East and South Asian Monsoons. - 8.3 Evolution of Continent-Ocean Interactions. - References. - Index.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Inhalt: I. Allgemeines zu den Familien mit Kanalraphen. - 1. Die taxonomisches Bewertung des Kanalraphensystems. - 2. Gemeinsame und unterschiedliche morphologische Merkmale bei den pennaten Gattungen mit Kanalraphen. - 3. Terminologie. - 3.1. Ergänzender Glossar einiger Termini. - II. Spezieller Teil. - Ordnung Pennales. - Die Familien 4-6 mit Kanalraphen (Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae). - 4. Familie Bacillariaceae Ehrenberg. - 1. Bacillaria Gmelin. - 2. Nitzschia Hassall. - 3. Hantzschia Grunow. - 4. Cymbellonitzschia Hustedt. - 5. Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst. - 6. Simonsenia Lange-Bertalot. - 5. Familie Epithemiaceae sensu Karsten. - 1. Denticula Kützing. - 2. Epithemia Brébisson. - 3. Rhopalodia O. Müller. - 6. Familie Surirellaceae Kützing. - 1. Cymatopleura W. Smith. - 2. Surirella Turpin. - 3. Stenopterobia Brébisson. - 4. Campylodiscus Ehrenberg. - Tafeln 1-182. - Ergänzungen und Korrekturen. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols. - 1 Groundwater flow. - 1.1 Darcy's law. - 1.1.1 The limits of Darcy's law. - 1.1.2 Driving forces for groundwater flow. - 1.2 Crustal permeability. - 1.2.1 Permeability versus porosity. - 1.2.2 Heterogeneity and anisotropy. - 1.2.3 Scale dependence. - 1.2.4 Depth dependence. - 1.2.5 Time dependence. - 1.2.6 Some limiting values. - 1.3 Conceptualizing groundwater systems. - 1.4 The continuum approach. - 1.5 The groundwater flow equation. - 1.5.1 Conservation of mass. - 1.5.2 The storage term. - 1.5.3 Various forms of the groundwater flow equation Problems. - 2 Solute transport. - 2.1 Governing equations. - 2.1.1 Molecular diffusion. - 2.1.2 Advection. - 2.1.3 Mechanical dispersion. - 2.1.4 Mass balance equation. - 2.1.5 Chemical reactions. - 2.1.6 Initial and boundary conditions. - 2.2 Numerical solution techniques. - 2.3 Density-driven flow. - 2.4 Multicomponent diffusion. - 2.5 Multicomponent reactive transport. - 2.5.1 Rate-based reactions. - 2.5.2 Surface reactions. - 2.5.3 Homogeneous reactions. - 2.5.4 Heterogeneous reactions. - 2.5.5 Solution algorithms Problems. - 3 Heat transport. - 3.1 Governing equations. - 3.1.1 Choice of dependent variables. - 3.1.2 Statements of mass and energy conservation. - 3.1.3 A form of Darcy's law for two-phase flow of compressible fluids. - 3.1.4 Conductive heat flux. - 3.1.5 One-dimensional forms of the governing equations. - 3.1.6 Extending the governing equations to three dimensions. - 3.1.7 Assumptions. - 3.1.8 Fluid properties. - 3.1.9 Numerical solution. - 3.2 Initial and boundary conditions. - 3.3 Temperature-based formulations. - 3.4 One-dimensional groundwater flow. - 3.4.1 Steady vertical flow. - 3.4.2 Flow in a confined aquifer or fault zone. - 3.5 Dimensionless numbers. - 3.5.1 Nusselt number. - 3.5.2 Peclet number. - 3.5.3 Rayleigh number. - 3.6 Buoyancy-driven flow. - 3.7 Heatpipes Problems. - 4Regional-scale flow and transport. - 4.1Sources and sinks of fluid. - 4.1.1 Geologic forcing. - 4.1.2 Anomalous fluid pressures. - 4.1.3 Hydraulic fracturing. - 4.1.4 The Gulf Coast. - 4.1.5 Accretionary prisms. - 4.2 Regional-scale solute transport. - 4.2.1 Groundwater age. - 4.2.2 Large-scale dispersion. - 4.2.3 Evolution of regional groundwater chemistry. - 4.3 Regional-scale heat transfer. - 4.3.1 The conductive regime in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.2 Thermal effects of groundwater flow in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.3 Some case studies of sedimentary basins. - 4.3.4 An example from volcanic terrane. - 4.3.5 The stress-heat flow paradox of the San Andreas fault Problems. - 5 Ore deposits. - 5.1Mississippi Valley-type deposits. - 5.1.1 Evidence for regional-scale brine migration. - 5.1.2 The salt problem. - 5.1.3 Controls on ore deposition. - 5.1.4 Driving forces for fluid flow. - 5.1.5 The Irish MVTs. - 5.2 Sediment-hosted uranium. - 5.2.1 Redox control of uranium solubility. - 5.2.2 Tabular uranium deposits. - 5.2.3 Unconformity-type uranium deposits. - 5.3 Supergene enrichment of porphyry copper. - 5.4 Colombian emeralds. - Problems. - 6 Hydrocarbons. - 6.1 Maturation. - 6.1.1 The oil window. - 6.1.2 Groundwater flow and the thermal regime. - 6.2 Migration. - 6.2.1 Capillary effects. - 6.2.2 Primary migration. - 6.2.3 Secondary migration. - 6.3 Entrapment. - 6.4 Governing equations for immiscible multiphase flow. - 6.5 Case studies. - 6.5.1 The Uinta basin. - 6.5.2 The Los Angeles basin. - Problems. - 7 Geothermal processes. - 7.1 Crustal heat flow. - 7.1.1 Measurement. - 7.1.2 Lateral and vertical variations. - 7.1.3 Perturbations due to groundwater flow. - 7.2 Magmatic-hydrothermal systems. - 7.2.1 Magmatic heat sources. - 7.2.2 Heat transfer from magma to groundwater. - 7.2.3 Fluid circulation near magma bodies. - 7.2.4 Permeabilities in near-magma environments. - 7.3 Fluid flow and heat transport near the critical point. - 7.3.1 One-dimensional pressure-enthalpy paths. - 7.3.2 Two-dimensional convection. - 7.4 Multiphase processes. - 7.4.1 Phase separation. - 7.4.2 Vapor-dominated zones. - 7.4.3 Pressure transmission. - 7.4.4 Boiling point-depth curves. - 7.5 Hotsprings. - 7.6 Geysers. - 7.7 Geothermal resources. - 7.8 Ore deposits. - 7.9 Subsea hydrothermal systems. - 7.9.1 Importance to the Earth's thermal budget. - 7.9.2 Influence on ocean chemistry. - 7.9.3 Quantitative description. - Problems. - 8 Earthquakes. - 8.1 Effective stress. - 8.2 Coulomb's law of failure. - 8.3 Induced seismicity. - 8.3.1 The Rocky Mountain arsenal. - 8.3.2 Rangely,Colorado. - 8.4 Fluid pressures at seismogenic depths. - 8.4.1 Hubbert and Rubey. - 8.4.2 Irwin and Barnes model for the San Andreas. - 8.4.3 Byerlee and Rice models for the San Andreas. - 8.5 Earthquake-induced hydrologic phenomena. - 8.5.1 Stream flow and springs. - 8.5.2 Well behavior. - 8.5.3 Geysering. - 8.6 Effect of earthquakes on crustal permeability. - 8.6.1 Analysis of the Loma Prietacase. - 8.6.2 State-of-stress and the orientation of conductive fractures. - Problems. - 9 Evaporites. - 9.1 Evaporite formation. - 9.1.1 The marine evaporite problem. - 9.1.2 Groundwater inflow. - 9.1.3 CaCl2 brines. - 9.1.4 Magnesium depletion. - 9.1.5 Continental evaporites. - 9.1.6 Groundwater outflow. - 9.2 Bedded evaporites. - 9.3 Saltdomes. - 9.3.1 Variable-density convection. - 9.3.2 Caprock formation. - Problems. - 10 Diagenesis and metamorphism. - 10.1 Reaction-Flow coupling. - 10.2 Diagenesis of siliciclastic sequences. - 10.2.1 Diagenesis in sedimentary basins. - 10.2.2 Silica cementation by thermal convection. - 10.3 Diagenesis of carbonate platforms. - 10.3.1 Dolomitization. - 10.3.2 Mixing-zone dissolution. - 10.4Local-scale diagenetic features. - 10.4.1 Mechanochemical coupling. - 10.4.2 Geochemical banding. - 10.5 Metamorphism. - 10.5.1 The evidence for voluminous fluid fluxes. - 10.5.2 The nature of permeability in metamorphic environments. - 10.5.3 Contact metamorphism at Skaergaard. - 10.5.4 Low-pressure metamorphic belts. - Problems. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Foreword by the Pilot-Astronaut of the U.S.S.R A. G. Nikolayev. - Information of the TASS. - Programme of the Optical investigation of the Emission of the Atmosphere, Auroae and Noctilucent clouds aboard the Orbital Station "Salyut-4" / A. I. Lazarev, V. N. Sergeyevich. - Observations of Aurorae from Space / D. S. Yevlashin, P. I. Klimuk, I. I. Koksharov, A. I. Lazarev, V. I. Sevastyanov, V. N. Sergyevich. - Visual observations and photography of noctilucent clouds aboard orbital station "Saljut-4" / Ch. I. Willmann, P. I. Klimuk, P. I. Koksharov, V. I. Sevastyanov, V. N. Sergeyevich. - The physical interpretation of the spectra of noctilucent clouds / O. A. Avaste, A. M. Alekseyev, U. K. Veismann, Ch. I. Willmann, P. I. Klimuk, I. I. Koksharov, A. I. Lazarev, V. I. Sevastyanov, V. N. Sergeyevich, E. O. Fedorova, K. A. Eerme. - The determination of the daytime and twilight profiles of the O2(1Δg) at 1.27 µm from measurements aboard the orbital station "Salyut-4" / O. A. Avaste, U. K. Veismann, Ch. I. Willmann, G. M. Grechko, A. A. Gubarev, P. I. Klimuk, G. I. Lobanova, O. I. Popov, V. I. Sevastyanov, E. O. Fedorova, K. A. Eerme. - Horizontal optical inhomogeneity of the Upper Atmosphere in middle and equatorial latitudes according to the observations aboard the orbital station "Salyut-4" / S. V. Avakyan, P. I. Klimuk, I. I. Koksharov, A. I. Lazarev, V. I. Sevastyanov. - Observations of the earth's night and twilight horizons from the orbital station "Salyut-4" / P. I. Klimuk, I. I. Koksharov, A. I. Lazarev, G. I. Lobanova, E. M. Saar, V. I. Sevastyanov, V. N. Sergeyevich. - Meteor observation and cosmic dust investigation / Ch. I. Willmann, P. I. Klimuk, V. N. Lebedinets, V. I. Sevastyanov. - Ultraviolet radiation measurements of the moon and of the earth's upper atmosphere from the orbital station "Salyut-4" / V. B. Vasilyev, G. M. Grechko, A. A. Gubarev, B. M. Stolberg, V. M. Tiit, N.-R. A. Elmet, R. V. Shatskina. - Observations of the first expedition aboard the orbital station "Salyut-4" / A. I. Lazarev, G. M. Grechko, A. A. Buznikov. - Appendix. , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. - History. - The Discovery of X-Rays. - The Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction. - History of Clay Mineralogy. - The Importance of Clay Mineralogy. - Box 1.1 Clay Minerals as Catalysts. - The Literature of Clay Mineralogy. - Summary. - References. - 2. NATURE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS. - Box 2.1 Other Methods. - Safety and Protection. - Box 2.2 Defining a Dose of Radiation. - The Nature or X-Rays. - Continuous or White Radiation. - Characteristic Radiation. - General Absorption of X-Rays. - Characteristic Absorption. - Equipment for Producing and Recording X-Rays. - Stabilizing the Voltage. - Generating X-Rays. - The Diffractometer. - Step-Scanning with Automated Diffractometers. - The Single-Crystal Monochromator. - The Detector. - Signal Processing Circuitry. - The Strip-Chart Recorder. - An Example of a Checklist for Operating XRD Equipment. - Summary. - References. - 3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. - Scattering. - Interference. - Scattering from a Row of Atoms. - Scattering from a Three-Dimensional Array of Atoms. - Bragg's Law. - Box 3.1 Diffraction and Reflection. - The Arithmetic of Scattering. - The Summation of Scattering Amplitudes. - The Structure Factor F. - Information from Intensity. - The Reciprocal Lattice. - Real versus Idealized Peaks on XRD Tracings. - The Interference Function F: Diffraction from a Crystal. - Whose Unit Cell Has a Unitary Scattering Factor. - The Lorentz-Polarization Factors. - Putting It All Together—Building an 001 Diffraction Pattern. - Exercise: Calculation of the Intensity from d(001) for Illite. - Points to Remember. - References. - 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES: GENERAL TREATMENT. - General Structural Features. - Tetrahedral Sheets. - Octahedral Sheets. - Dioctahedral and Trioctahedral. - Joining the Sheets. - Stacking the Layers. - Properties. - Total Charge, Layer or Permanent Charge, and Variable Charge. - Electric Double Layer. - Exchangeable Ions or Cation-Exchange Capacity. - Interaction of Water with Clay Mineral Surfaces. - Interaction with Organic Compounds. - Classification. - Box 4.1 Nomenclature. - References. - 5. STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE, AND OCCURRENCES OF CLAY MINERALS. - The Individual Clay Minerals. - The 1:1 Layer Type. - Serpentine minerals. - Berthierine. - Odinite. - Kaolin minerals. - Box 5.1 Uses of Kaolinite. - Allophane and imogolite. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x = 0. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x ~ 1. - The trioctahedral subgroup. - The dioctahedral subgroup. - The 2:1 Layer Types with x 〈 1. - Illite. - Glauconite. - Smectite. - Box 5.2 Alteration of Ash-Fall Layers. - Vermiculite. - Chlorite. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Mixed-layering, interlayering, and interstratification. - Illite/smectite (I/S). - Box 5.3 Reichweite or Ordering. - Models for smectite-to-illite transition. - MacEwan crystallite model. - Fundamental particle model. - Two-solid-solution model. - Chlorite/smectite (C/S). - Serpentine/chlorite. - Kaolinite/expandables (K/E). - Sepiolite and Palygorskite. - The Origin of Clay Minerals. - Summary. - Exercise: Calculating Structural Formulas. - Exercise: Making Structural Models of Layer Silicates. - References. - 6. SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLAY MINERALS. - Evaluating the Sample. - Disaggregating the Rock. - Separating Clay Minerals from Clastic Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Carbonate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Sulfate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Unconsolidated Materials. - Box 6.1 Glacial Deposits, North American Interior. - Chemical Pretreatments. - Removal of Iron Oxides. - Removal of Organic Materials. - Saturating the Clay Minerals with Different Cations. - Particle-Size Separation. - Preparing the Oriented Clay Mineral Aggregates. - The Glass Slide Method. - The Smear Mount Method. - The Millipore® Filter Transfer Method. - The Centrifuged Porous Plate Method. - Dealing with Curlers or Peelers. - Making the Random Powder Mount. - Everyday random powder packs. - Freeze-dried random powder packs. - Ethylene Glycol Solvation. - Final Note. - References. - IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS. - Clay Mineral Identification—General Principles. - Illite and Glauconite. - Chlorite and Kaolinite. - Vermiculite. - Smectite. - Sepiolite, Palygorskite, and Halloysite. - 060 Reflections. - The Use of hkl Reflections for the Determination of Polytypes. - Chlorite Polytypes. - The Kaolin Polytypes. - The Micas, Illite, and Glauconite. - Nonclay Minerals. - Silica Minerals. - Feldspar. - Zeolites. - Carbonates. - Apatite, Pyrite, and Jarosite. - Gypsum, Anhydrite, Celestite, and Barite. - Lepidocrocite, Goethite, Gibbsite, and Anatase. - Summary. - References. - 8. IDENTIFICATION OF MIXED-LAYERED CLAY MINERALS. - Méring's Principles and Mixed-Layered Nomenclature. - The Q Rule, a Broadening Descriptor. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Illite/Smectite. - Chlorite/Smectite and Chlorite/Vermiculite. - Kaolinite/Smectite. - Serpentine/Chlorite. - Mica/Vermiculite. - Summary. - References. - 9. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. - Required Sample Characteristics. - Sample Length. - Sample Thickness. - Sample Position. - Homogeneity of the Sample. - Equations for Quantitative Analysis. - Basic Quantitative Diffraction Equation. - Derivation of a Working Form of the Equation for Analysis. - The Method of the Orienting Internal Standard. - Mineral Reference Intensities. - General Comments. - Calculated Mineral Reference Intensities. - Practical Examples of the Application of Reference. - Intensities. - Measurement of Peak Intensity. - Comments and Summary. - References. - 10. DISORDER IN SMECTITE, ILLITE/SMECTITE, AND ILLITE. - Small Crystals in Reciprocal Space. - Turbostratic Disorder. - Theory. - Smectite. - Illite/Smectite. - Rotational Disorder in Illite and Illite/Smectite. - Cis-Vacant Elite and Interstratified Cis- and Trans-Vacant. - Illite/Smectite. - Conclusions. - References. - APPENDIX: MODELING ONE-DIMENSIONAL X-RAY PATTERNS. - The Input Variables. - Simulating the Instrument. - Describing the Clay Mineral. - Theory. - Structures of the Component Layers. - Advanced Techniques. - Pure Minerals. - Compositional Superstructures. - Layer Types Not Specifically Included. - Atom Types Not Incorporated in the Model. - Defect Broadening. - References. - INDEX.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Theoretische Grundlagen der angewandten Gravimetrie und Magnetik / Dr. rer. nat. habil. Rolf Rösler. - 1.1. Einleitung. - 1.1.1. Zielstellung. - 1.1.2. Die potentielle Energie. - 1.1.3. Die Potentialfunktion. - 1.2. Das NEWTONsche Volumenpotential. - 1.2.1. NEWTONsches Gravitationspotential. - 1.2.1.1. Das Gravitationsgesetz und die Bestandteile des Schwerevektors. - 1.2.1.2. Einige Eigenschaften der Äquipotentialflächen. - 1.2.2. Die räumliche und flächenhafte Massenverteilung. - 1.2.2.1. Das Potential einer räumlichen Massenverteilung. - 1.2.2.2. Die Ableitungen des Volumen- und des Flächenpotentials. - 1.2.3. Das Potential im Inneren. - 1.2.3.1. Die Existenz des Potentials. - 1.2.3.2. Das Potential einer masseerfüllten Kugel. - 1.2.4. Die BOUGUER-Plattenwirkung. - 1.2.4.1. Die Schwerewirkung einer Kreisscheibe. - 1.2.4.2. Die ebene BOUGUER-Platte. - 1.2.4.3. Die sphärische BOUGUER-Platte. - 1.2.5. Einige Störkörperformeln. - 1.2.5.1. Die Kugel. - 1.2.5.2. Der Quader. - 1.2.5.3. Die vertikale halbunendliche Säule. - 1.2.5.4. Die horizontale halbunendliche Säule. - 1.2.5.5. Die Viertel-Platte. - 1.2.5.6. Höhere Potentialableitungen für den Quader und seine Spezialfalle. - 1.2.5.7. Weitere Störkörperformeln. - 1.3. Dipol- und Multipol-Potentiale. - 1.3.1. Das Dipolpotential. - 1.3.2. Das Potential einer Doppelschicht. - 1.3.3. Die Entwicklung des Volumenpotentials in Multipolpotentiale. - 1.3.3.1. Das Multipolpotential. - 1.3.3.2. Eine Reihenentwicklung des reziproken Abstandes. - 1.3.3.3. Die Reihenentwicklung des Gravitationspotentials der Erde. - 1.3.3.4. Die Entwicklung des Magnetfeldes der Erde nach Kugelfunktionen. - 1.3.4. Das Potential und das Magnetfeld magnetisierter Körper. - 1.3.4.1. Das Problem der Berechnung geomagnetischer Anomalien. - 1.3.4.2. Der Zusammenhang mit dem Schwerepotential. - 1.3.4.3. Die Anomalien des magnetischen Feldes. - 1.3.5. Einige Störkörperformeln für magnetische Anomalien. - 1.3.5.1. Die Kugel. - 1.3.5.2. Der Quader. - 1.3.5.3. Spezialfälle des Quaders. - 1.4. Ebene Potentialfelder. - 1.4.1. Das logarithmische Potential. - 1.4.2. Die Ableitungen des Potentials. - 1.4.2.1. Körper beliebigen Querschnitts. - 1.4.2.2. Die ebene Flächenmasse. - 1.4.2.3. Die Darstellungen des Potentialgradienten mittels komplexer Funktionen. - 1.4.3. Einige Störkörperformeln. - 1.4.3.1. Horizontaler, homogener Kreiszylinder. - 1.4.3.2. Die halbunendliche, dünne Platte. - 1.4.3.3. Das horizontale Rechteck-Prisma. - 1.4.3.4. Die senkrechte Stufe. - 1.4.3.5. Die geneigte Stufe. - 1.4.3.6. Das Prisma mit Polygonquerschnitt. - 1.4.3.7. Die geneigte Platte. - 1.4.4. Störkörperformeln für magnetische Anomalien (ebener Fall). - 1.4.4.1. Der horizontale Kreiszylinder. - 1.4.4.2. Die geneigte Stufe. - 1.4.4.3. Weitere Störkörperformeln. - 1.5. Grundlagen der Interpretation. - 1.5.1. Die Mehrdeutigkeit der Interpretation. - 1.5.2. Feldtransformationen. - 1.5.2.1. Die Aufgabe der Feldtransformationen. - 1.5.2.2. Die Feldfortsetzung. - 1.5.2.3. Die Berechnung höherer vertikaler Ableitungen. - 1.5.2.4. Die Spektraldarstellung des Potentials und seiner Ableitungen mittels FOURIER-Transformation. - 1.5.2.5. Die Transformation magnetischer Anomalien. - 1.5.2.6. Die Glättung der transformierten Feldgrößen. - 1.5.2.7. Anwendung auf ebene Probleme. - 1.5.3. Inverse Aufgaben. - 2. Angewandte Gravimetrie / Dr. rer. nat. Harald Lindner ; Dr. rer. nat. habil. Heinz Militzer ; Dr. mont. Georg Walach. - 2.1. Geophysikalische, geologische und ingenieurtechnische Grundlagen. - 2.1.1. Das Schwerefeld der Erde. - 2.1.2. Ursache und Größenordnung von Schwereanomalien. - 2.1.3. Aufgabenstellung, Einsatzkriterien und Grenzen der Anwendung. - 2.2. Meßgrößen und Meßgeräte. - 2.2.1. Meßgrößen. - 2.2.2. Gravimeter. - 2.2.3. Gradientenmesser. - 2.3. Vorbereitung und Durchführung von Messungen. - 2.3.1. Eichung. - 2.3.2. Bezugs- und Anschlußpunkte, Schwerenetze. - 2.3.3. Gangbestimmung. - 2.3.4. Punktabstand. - 2.3.5. Regionalaufnahme. - 2.3.6. Spezialaufnahme. - 2.3.7. Mikroaufnahme. - 2.3.8. Messungen unter besonderen Bedingungen. - 2.3.8.1. See- und Flugzeugmessungen. - 2.3.8.2. Schacht- und Bohrlochmessungen. - 2.3.8.3. Untertagemessungen. - 2.3.9. Gradientenmessungen. - 2.4. Reduktionen und Anomalien. - 2.4.1. Zielstellung. - 2.4.2. Normalschwerereduktion. - 2.4.3. Freiluftreduktion. - 2.4.4. Geländereduktion für Messungen über- und untertage. - 2.4.5. BOUGUER-Reduktion. - 2.4.6. Isostatische Reduktion. - 2.4.7. BOUGUER-Anomalie. - 2.4.8. Freiluft-Anomalie. - 2.4.9. Isostatische Anomalie. - 2.5. Petrophysikalische Grundlagen der angewandten Gravimetrie. - 2.5.1. Klassifikation von Dichten. - 2.5.2. Dichtewerte verschiedener Gesteine. - 2.5.3. Dichtebestimmung mit Labormethoden. - 2.5.4. Dichtebestimmung mit gravimetrischen Methoden. - 3. Angewandte Magnetik / Dr. rer. nat. habil. Heinz Militzer ; Dipl.-Geophys. Reiner Scheibe ; Dr. phil. Wolfgang Seiberl. - 3.1. Geophysikalische, geologische und ingenieurtechnische Grundlagen. - 3.1.1. Magnetfeld der Erde und magnetische Anomalien. - 3.1.2. Aufgabenstellung und Einsatzkriterien. - 3.2. Meßgrößen und Meßgeräte. - 3.2.1. Meßkomponenten. - 3.2.2. Mechanisch-optische Magnetometer (Feldwaagen). - 3.2.3. Sättigungskernmagnetometer (Ferrosonde, FÖRSTER-Sonde, fluxgate-Magnetometer). - 3.2.4. Kernpräzessionsmagnetometer (Protonenmagnetometer, Kerninduktionsmagnetometer). - 3.2.5. Absorptionszellenmagnetometer (Quantenmagnetometer, Magnetometer mit optisch gepumpten Gasen). - 3.2.6. Apparative, zweckgebundene Besonderheiten. - 3.3. Vorbereitung und Durchführung von Messungen. - 3.3.1. Eichung. - 3.3.2. Anschluß der Messungen, magnetische Netze. - 3.3.3. Fehlerbestimmung. - 3.3.4. Profil- und Punktabstand. - 3.3.5. Regionalaufnahme. - 3.3.6. Spezialaufnahme. - 3.3.7. Mikroaufnahme. - 3.3.8. Gradientenmessung. - 3.3.9. Messungen unter besonderen Bedingungen. - 3.3.9.1. Aeromessungen. - 3.3.9.1.1. Magnetometereinbau im Fluggerät. - 3.3.9.1.2. Flugwegbestimmungen. - 3.3.9.1.3. Flughöhenbestimmung. - 3.3.9.1.4. Aeromagnetisches Flugnetz. - 3.3.9.2. Seemessungen. - 3.3.9.3. Untertagemessungen. - 3.3.9.4. Bohrlochmessungen. - 3.4. Korrekturen und Reduktionen. - 3.4.1. Zielstellung. - 3.4.2. Variationskorrektur. - 3.4.3. Instrumentengangkorrektur. - 3.4.4. Normalfeldreduktion. - 3.4.5. Höhenreduktion. - 3.4.6. Geländereduktion. - 3.4.7. Kompilation von aeromagnetischen und seemagnetischen Messungen. - 4. Paläo- und Archäomagnetik / Dr. mont. Hermann Mauritsch. - 4.1. Einleitung. - 4.2. Physikalische Grundlagen. - 4.3. Physikalische Theorie des Gesteinsmagnetismus. - 4.4. Remanente Magnetisierung natürlicher Gesteine. - 4.5. Spannungseffekte und Anisotropie. - 4.6. Die magnetischen Mineralien. - 4.7. Die Magnetisierung natürlicher Gesteine. - 4.8. Die Probennahme. - 4.9. Messung der Remanenz. - 4.10. Verfahren der magnetischen Reinigung. - 4.11. Feldfreier Raum. - 4.12. Zuverlässigkeitstest paläomagnetischer Ergebnisse. - 4.13. Statistische Analyse. - 4.14. Vergleich paläomagnetischer Daten. - 4.15. Berechnung des paläomagnetischen Pols. - 4.16. Darstellung paläomagnetischer Ergebnisse. - 4.17. Paläointensitätsmessungen. - 4.18. Ergebnisse paläomagnetischer Untersuchungen. - 4.18.1. Magnetostratigraphie. - 4.18.2. Polwanderung und Kontinentaldrift. - 4.18.3. Paläogeographie. - 4.19. Praktische Anwendungsbeispiele. - 4.20. Archäomagnetik. - 5. Bearbeitung und Interpretation der gravimetrischen und magnetischen Meßergebnisse / Dr. rer. nat. Harald Lindner ; Dr. rer. nat. habil. Heinz Militzer ; Dr. rer. nat. habil. Rolf Rösler ; Dipl.-Geophys. Reiner Scheibe. - 5.1. Zielstellung. - 5.2. Bearbeitungsverfahren und Interpretationsbeispiele. - 5.2.1. Verfahren der Feldtransformation. - 5.2.1.1. Regional- und Lokalfeld. - 5.2.1.2. Wellenlängenfilt

Note: Inhalt: 1 Einführung. - 1.1 Hydrologie als Kernbereich der Wasserforschung. - 1.2 Der systemanalytische Ansatz. - 1.3 Gleichungen und Symbole. - 2 Das Wasser in Boden und Pflanze. - 2.1 Einführung. - 2.2 Die Wasserbindung im Boden. - 2.2.1 Die Bindung an der Bodenmatrix. - 2.2.2 Der Losungsdruck. - 2.2.3 Einige mit der Wasserbindung im Boden zusammenhängende Begriffe. - 2.2.4 Die Messung der Wasserbindung und des Wassergehaltes im Boden. - 2.3 Die Wasserbewegung im Boden. - 2.3.1 Einführung. - 2.3.2 Infiltration. - 2.3.3 Die Bewegung des Wassers im gesättigten Boden. - 2.3.4 Die Bewegung des Wassers im ungesättigten Boden. - 2.3.5 Die Entstehung von Eislinsen. - 2.3.6 Die Kontinuitätsgleichung. - 2.4 Die Wasserbewegung durch Pflanze und Boden. - 2.4.1 Einführung. - 2.4.2 Transpiration. - 2.4.3 Evaporation. - 2.4.4 Der Vorgang der Wasserbewegung in der Pflanze. - 2.4.5 Messung der aktuellen Evapotranspiration. - 3 Das Wasser im FIußeinzugsgebiet. - 3.1 Überblick über den Wasserkreislauf. - 3.2 Die Eigenschaften des Einzugsgebietes. - 3.2.1 Böden und Gestein. - 3.2.2 Die Vegetation. - 3.2.3 Das Relief. - 3.2,4 Die Form und Größe des Einzugsgebietes und das Flußnetz. - 3.3 Die Niederschläge. - 3.3.1 Die Bedingungen für die Entstehung von Niederschlägen. - 3.3.2 Die Messung der Niederschläge. - 3.3.3 Die räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung der Niederschläge. - 3.4 Der Oberflächenabfluß. - 3.4.1 Einführung. - 3.4.2 Ganglinienanalyse. - 3.4.3 Abflußmessungen. - 3.5 Das Grundwasser. - 3.5.1 Grundwasservorkommen. - 3.5.2 Einführung in die Strömungsmechanik des Grundwassers. - 3.5.3 Das Gesetz von DARCY. - 3.5.4 Die Grundgleichungen der Grundwasserbewegung. - 3.5.5 Zur Anwendung der DUPUIT-FORCHHEIMER-Gleichungen. - 3.6 Die Beziehungen zwischen Grund- und Flußwasser. - 3.7 Modellvorstellung des Wasserkreislaufes im Einzugsgebiet. - 3.7.1 Einführung. - 3.7.2 Die Grundbausteine. - 3.7.3 Das Konzeptmodell des Wasserkreislaufes eines Einzugsgebietes. - 3.7.4 Der Unit-Hydrograph. - 3.7.5 Ein mathematisches Modell zur Vorhersage und Simulation von Abflußganglinien bei Berücksichtigung der naturräumlichen und kultur-räumlichen Ausstattung der Einzugsgebiete. - 3.7.6 Die Behandlung der Abflüsse als Zufallsprozeß. - 3.8 Die Arbeit des Wassers im Einzugsgebiet. - 3.8.1 Einführung. - 3.8.2 Einige Grundlagen der Hydraulik. - 3.8.3 Die Arbeit des Wassers außerhalb der Gerinne. - 3.8.4 Die Arbeit des Wassers in den Fließgerinnen. - 3.8.5 Andere Einflüsse auf den Sedimenttransport. - 3.8.6 Gleichgewichtsbetrachtungen. - 3.9 Der Wasserhaushalt. - 3.10 Schnee und Eis. - 3.10.1 Schnee. - 3.10.2 Eis und Gletscher. - 3.11 Die Seen. - 3.11.1 Einführung. - 3.11.2 Die Seen im Wasserkreislauf des Einzugsgebietes. - 3.11.3 Die Verdunstung der Seen. - 3.11.4 Das Wärmeverhalten der Seen. - 3.12 Die chemische Beschaffenheit der Gewässer. - 3.12.1 Einführung. - 3.12.2 Die chemische Beschaffenheit des Niederschlagswassers. - 3.12.3 Die Lösung von Stoffen im Wasser. - 3.12.4 Das chemische Verhalten des Grundwassers. - 3.12.5 Das chemische Verhalten von Oberflächengewässern. - 3.13 Die Gewässer als Lebensraum. - 3.13.1 Einführung. - 3.13.2 Die Biotope der Gewässer. - 3.13.3 Die Lebensgemeinschaften der Gewässer. - 3.13.4 Die Gliederung der Seen nach ihrer Primärproduktion. - 3.13.5 Die Lebensgemeinschaften fiießender Gewässer. - 3.13.6 Der Einfluß von Stauseen auf die Flüsse. - 3.14 Die Abwasser- und Wärmebelastung der Gewässer. - 3.14.1 Die Abwasserbelastung der Gewässer. - 3.14.2 Die Wärmebelastung der Fließgewässer. - 3.15 Aufgaben der Wasserwirtschaft. - Literatur und Dokumentation. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Sachverzeichnis. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1 INTRODUCTION. - Study Context and Charge to the Committee. - Study Approach and Methodology. - Report Organization. - 2 RATIONALE FOR CONTINUED ARCTIC RESEARCH. - 3 EMERGING QUESTIONS. - Evolving Arctic. - Will Arctic communities have greater or lesser influence on their futures?. - Will the land be wetter or drier, and what are the associated implications for surface water, energy balances, and ecosystems?. - How much of the variability of the Arctic system is linked to ocean circulation?. - What are the impacts of extreme events in the new ice-reduced system?. - How will primary productivity change with decreasing sea ice and snow cover?. - How will species distributions and associated ecosystem structure change with the evolving cryosphere?. - Hidden Arctic. - What surprises are hidden within and beneath the ice?. - What is being irretrievably lost as the Arctic changes?. - Why does winter matter?. - What can "break or brake" glaciers and ice sheets?. - How unusual is the current Arctic warmth?. - What is the role of the Arctic in abrupt change?. - What has been the Cenozoic evolution of the Arctic Ocean Basin?. - Connected Arctic. - How will rapid Arctic warming change the jet stream and affect weather patterns in lower latitudes?. - What is the potential for a trajectory of irreversible loss of Arctic land ice, and how will its impact vary regionally?. - How will climate change affect exchanges between the Arctic Ocean andsubpolar basins?. - How will Arctic change affect the long-range transport and persistence of biota?. - How will changing societal connections between the Arctic and the rest of the world affect Arctic communities?. - Managed Arctic. - How will decreasing populations in rural villages and increasing urbanization affect Arctic peoples and societies?. - Will local, regional, and international relations in the Arctic move toward cooperation or conflict?. - How can 21st-century development in the Arctic occur without compromising the environment or indigenous cultures while still benefiting global and Arctic inhabitants?. - How can we prepare forecasts and scenarios to meet emerging management needs?. - What benefits and risks are presented by geoengineering and other large-scale technological interventions to prevent or reduce climate change and associated impacts in the Arctic?. - Undetermined Arctic. - Priority Setting. - 4 MEETING THE CHALLENGES. - Enhancing Cooperation. - Interagency. - International. - Interdisciplinary. - Intersectoral. - Cooperation through Social Media. - Sustaining Long-Term Observations. - Rationale for Long-Term Observations. - Coordinating Long-Term Observation Efforts. - Managing and Sharing Information. - Preserving the Legacy of Research through Data Preservation and Dissemination. - Creating a Culture of Data Preservation and Sharing. - Infrastructure to Ensure Data Flows from Observation to Users, Stakeholders, and Archives. - Data Visualization and Analysis. - Maintaining and Building Operational Capacity. - Mobile Platforms. - Fixed Platforms and Systems. - Remote Sensing. - Sensors. - Power and Communication. - Models in Prediction, Projection, and Re-Analyses. - Partnerships with Industry. - Growing Human Capacity. - Community Engagement. - Investing in Research. - Comprehensive Systems and Synthesis Research. - Non-Steady-State Research. - Social Sciences and Human Capacity. - Stakeholder-Initiated Research. - International Funding Cooperation. - Long-Term Observations. - 5 BUILDING KNOWLEDGE AND SOLVING PROBLEMS. - REFERENCES. - APPENDIXES. - A Acronyms and Abbreviations. - B Speaker and Interviewee Acknowledgments. - C Summary of Questionnaire Responses. - D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 What is science?. - 3 Choices, choices, choices. - 4 The adviser and thesis committee. - 5 Questions drive research. - 6 Giving direction to our work. - 7 Turning challenges into opportunities. - 8 Ethics of research. - 9 Using the scientific literature. - 10 Communication. - 11 Publishing a paper. - 12 Time management. - 13 Writing proposals. - 14 The scientific career. - 15 Applying for a job. - 16 Concluding remarks. - Appendix A. Futher reading. - Appendix B. A sample curriculum. - Appendix C. The Refer and BibTeX format. - References. - About the authors. - Index.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - List of abbreviations. - 1. Balance of energy as a contemporary challenge. - 1.1. Energy resources and needs. - 1.2. Natural gas balance at the beginning of 21st century. - 1.3. Economic and political conditions at the European gas market. - 1.4. European Union facing the problem of energy supplies. - 2. Energy security - Norden - Basic issues. - 2.1. Subject and scope of national energy security. - 2.2. Nordic countries in international life. - 2.3. Norden and the energy issues of the Baltic states. - 2.4. Nordic countries - European Union in the context of energy security. - 3. Basic elements of the energy balance in Norden states. - 3.1. The Republic of Iceland. - 3.2. The Kingdom of Denmark. - 3.3. The Kingdom of Sweden. - 3.4. The Republic of Finland. - 4. Position of the Kingdom of Norway. - 4.1. Norway as an oil and gas producer. - 4.2. Norway in the energy balance of the region. - 4.3. High North - strategy vision and plan of Norway. - 4.4. High North - relations with the Russian Federation in the field of energy. - 5. Energy and climate - directions of activities of countries from Nordic region. - 5.1. Activities concerning energy and environmental protection and climate changes. - 5.2. Research and development - overcoming negative relations between progress and environment degradation. - 5.3. Nordic states versus contemporary energy security challenges. - Conclusion. - Literature. - List of figures and tables.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter One: Causes of sea-level change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Changes in the quantity of oceanic water 1.3 Deformation of the shape of the oceanic basin 1.4 Variations of water density and dynamic changes affecting the water masses Chapter Two: Evidence of former sea levels 2.1 Rocky shores 2.2 Sedimentary shores 2.3 Archaeological and historical sea-level indicators 2.4 Dating a sea-level indicator 2.5 How sea-level curves are constructed Chapter Three: The ice age Earth 3.1 How the last glaciation developed 3.2 The sea-level positions during the last Ice age 3.3 Low-sea-level land bridges and landscapes 3.4 Last glaciation climate and hydrology 3.5 Last glaciation biomass and CO2 exchanges Chapter Four: Deglacial sea-level changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modelling results 4.3 Regional case studies 4.4 A gradually rising or a fluctuating sea level? 4.5 The Younger Dryas sea-level change 4.6 Impacts of past sea-level rise on coastal systems 4.7 Palaeomonsoons Chapter Five: Relative sea-level changes in the late Holocene 5.1 Delta and coral reef development 5.2 Continuance of isostatic emergence / submergence processes 5.3 Seismo-tectonic displacements 5.4 Relative sea-level changes produced by aseismic tectonics 5.5 Transgression-regression sequences and sea-level changes 6 Present-day sea-level trends 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Instrumental measurements . 6.3 Explanation of current estimations of global sea-level rise 6.4 Coastal areas at risk from sea-level rise Conclusions References Author Index Geographical Index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Series foreword. - Preface. - Select bibliography. - The authors. - 1 Observed flow in the Earth's midlalitudes. - 1.1 Vertical structure. - 1.2 Horizontal structure. - 1.3 Transient activity. - 1.4 Scales of motion. - 1.5 The Norwegian frontal model of cyclones. - Theme 1 Fluid dynamics of the midlatitude atmosphere. - 2 Fluid dynamics in an inertial frame of reference. - 2.1 Definition of fluid. - 2.2 Flow variables and the continuum hypothesis. - 2.3 Kinematics: characterizing fluid flow. - 2.4 Governing physical principles. - 2.5 Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives. - 2.6 Mass conservation equation. - 2.7 First Law of Thermodynamics. - 2.8 Newton's Second Law of Motion. - 2.9 Bernoulli's Theorem. - 2.10 Heating and water vapour. - 3 Rotating frames of reference. - 3.1 Vectors in a rotating frame of reference. - 3.2 Velocity and Acceleration. - 3.3 The momentum equation in a rotating frame. - 3.4 The centrifugal pseudo-force. - 3.5 The Coriolis pseudo-force. - 3.6 The Taylor-Proudman theorem. - 4 The spherical Earth. - 4.1 Spherical polar coordinates. - 4.2 Scalar equations. - 4.3 The momentum equations. - 4.4 Energy and angular momentum.- 4.5 The shallow atmosphere approximation. - 4.6 The beta effect and the spherical Earth. - 5 Scale analysis and its applications. - 5.1 Principles of scaling methods. - 5.2 The use of a reference atmosphere. - 5.3 The horizontal momentum equations. - 5.4 Natural coordinates, geostrophic and gradient wind balance. - 5.5 Vertical motion. - 5.6 The vertical momentum equation. - 5.7 The mass continuity equation. - 5.8 The thermodynamic energy equation. - 5.9 Scalings for Rossby numbers that are not small. - 6 Alternative vertical coordinates. - 6.1 A general vertical coordinate. - 6.2 Isobaric coordinates. - 6.3 Other pressure-based vertical coordinates. - 6.4 Isentropic coordinates. - 7 Variations of density and the basic equations. - 7.1 Boussinesq approximation. - 7.2 Anelastic approximation. - 7.3 Stratification and gravity waves. - 7.4 Balance, gravity waves and Richardson number. - 7.5 Summary of the basic equation sets. - 7.6 The energy of atmospheric motions. - Theme 2 Rotation in the atmosphere. - 8 Rotation in the atmosphere. - 8.1 The concept of vorticity. - 8.2 The vorticity equation. - 8.3 The vorticity equation for approximate sets of equations. - 8.4 The solenoidal term. - 8.5 The expansion/contraction term. - 8.6 The stretching and tilting terms. - 8.7 Friction and vorticity. - 8.8 The vorticity equation in alternative vertical coordinates. - 8.9 Circulation. - 9 Vorticity and the barotropic vorticity equation. - 9.1 The barotropic vorticity equation. - 9.2 Poisson's equation and vortex interactions. - 9.3 Flow over a shallow hill. - 9.4 Ekman pumping. - 9.5 Rossby waves and the beta plane. - 9.6 Rossby group velocity. - 9.7 Rossby ray tracing. - 9.8 Inflexion point instability. - 10 Potential vorticity. - 10.1 Potential vorticity. - 10.2 Alternative derivations of Ertel's theorem. - 10.3 The principle of invertibility. - 10.4 Shallow water equation potential vorticity. - 11 Turbulence and atmospheric flow. - 11.1 The Reynolds number . - 11.2 Three-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number. - 11.3 Two-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number. - 11.4 Vertical mixing in a stratified fluid. - 11.5 Reynolds stresses. - Theme 3 Balance in atmospheric flow. - 12 Quasi-geostrophic flows. - 12.1 Wind and temperature in balanced flows. - 12.2 The quasi-geostrophic approximation. - 12.3 Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity. - 12.4 Ertel and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticities. - 13 The omega equation. - 13.1 Vorticity and thermal advection form. - 13.2 Sutcliffe Form. - 13.3 Q-vector form. - 13.4 Ageostrophic flow and the maintenance of balance. - 13.5 Balance and initialization. - 14 Linear theories of baroclinic instability. - 14.1 Qualitative discussion. - 14.2 Stability analysis of a zonal flow. - 14.3 Rossby wave interpretation of the stability conditions. - 14.4 The Eady model. - 14.5 The Charney and other quasi-geostrophic models. - 14.6 More realistic basic states. - 14.7 Initial value problem. - 15 Frontogenesis. - 15.1 Frontal scales. - 15.2 Ageostrophic circulation. - 15.3 Description of frontal collapse. - 15.4 The semi-geostrophic Eady model. - 15.5 The confluence model. - 15.6 Upper-level frontogenesis. - 16 The nonlinear development of baroclinic waves. - 16.1 The nonlinear domain. - 16.2 Semi-geostrophic baroclinic waves. - 16.3 Nonlinear baroclinic waves on realistic jetson the sphere. - 16.4 Eddy transports and zonal mean flow changes. - 16.5 Energetics of baroclinic waves. - 17 The potential vorticity perspective. - 17.1 Setting the scene. - 17.2 Potential vorticity and vertical velocity. - 17.3 Life cycles of some baroclinic waves. - 17.4 Alternative perspectives. - 17.5 Midlatitude blocking. - 17.6 Frictional and heating effects. - 18 Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing. - 18.1 Rossby wave propagation. - 18.2 Propagation of Rossby waves into the stratosphere. - 18.3 Propagation through a slowly varying medium. - 18.4 The Eliassen-Palm flux and group velocity. - 18.5 Baroclinic life cycles and Rossby waves. - 18.6 Variations of amplitude. - 18.7 Rossby waves and potential vorticity steps. - 18.8 Potential vorticity steps and the Rhines scale. - Appendices. - Appendix A: Notation. - Appendix B: Revision of vectors and vector calculus. - B.1 Vectors and their algebra. - B.2 Products of vectors. - B.3 Scalar fields and the grad operator. - B.4 The divergence and curl operators. - B.5 Gauss' and Stokes' theorems. - B.6 Some useful vector identities. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History of Arctic exploration. - 3. The meteorology and climate of the Arctic. - 4. Landforms of the Arctic. - 5. The Arctic Seas. - 6. Arctic flora and fauna. - 7. Native peoples. - 8. Transportation. - 9. Political geography of the Arctic. - 10. Regional description of the Canadian Arctic. - 11. Alaska. - 12. The Soviet Arctic. - 13. Svalbard. - 14. Greenland. - 15. The history of Antarctic exploration. - 16. The Antarctic continent. - 17. Meteorology and climate of the Antarctic. - 18. The Antarctic Seas. - 19. The sub-Antarctic islands. - Index.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Table of Contents: Climate and American People. - Earth's climate: A dynamic system. - Why does earth's climate change?. - Can we change the climate?. - The Greenhouse Effect. - Why are Greenhouse gas amounts increasing?. - Aerosols: Sunscreen for the planet?. - How has climate changed in the past century?. - Can we predict climate change?. - What do climate models tell us about our future?. - Where do we go from here?

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Abstract. - Acknowledgments. - List of Figures. - List of Plates. - List of Tables. - Value of Microparticle Studies. - Reasons for Variations in Particle Concentration. - Laboratory Techniques. - Particle Concentration and Size Distribution. - Sample Preparation. - Contamination. - Particle Counters. - Laboratory Procedures. - Particle Composition. - Sample Preparation. - Types of Particles and Their Seasonal Variation. - Particle Types. - Variations of Particle Concentrations. - Antarctic Peninsula. - Marie Byrd Land. - Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. - Annual Layers in Deep Ice Cores. - Chronologies for the Byrd and Camp Century Deep Ice Cores. - The Byrd Station Deep Ice Core. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - The Camp Century Deep Ice Core. - Vertical Strain Rates. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - Morphology and Elemental Composition of Microparticles. - Data Analysis. - Results. - Discussion. - The Relationships Among Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Microparticle Variations Over Millennial Time Invervals. - Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Discussion. - Is There A Relationship Between Volcanic Activity and Climatic Change?. - General. - Theory. - Supportive Evidence. - Cycles. - Discussion. - Suggestions for Future Work. - Conclusions. - References. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - Appendix C. - Appendix D.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1998. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1998 schedule. - Overview of 1998 schedule. - Camp setup. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1998 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NG RIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1998. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of NGRIP area. - Map of Greenland. - Map of the ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Surface measurements near NGRIP. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In japanischer Sprache

Note: Inhalt 1. Einleitung 2. Gebirge und Berge 3. Kurzer Überblick zur Geologie Sachsens 4. Die ertrunkenen „Inselberge" des Tief- und Hügellandes und Entsprechungen im Erzgebirge 5. Tertiärer Vulkanismus und berühmte Berge Sachsens 6. Schichtkämme und -rücken auf der Rumpffläche des Varistischen Gebirges mit Konvergenzen zur tertiären „Inselberg"-Formation 6.1. Der Collmberg-Schichtkamm 6.2. Schichtkämme und -rücken aus kulmischer und präkamabrischer Grauwacke und Rothsteiner Kieselschiefer 7. Rochlitzer Berg - Rest eines vulkanischen Tuffkegels der Rotliegendzeit 8. Elbsandsteingebirge Zusammenfassung Literatur

Note: CONTENTS Preface An approach to the problem of the structure of the cryolithosphere of the Mars / R. O. Kuzmin Underground glaciation of the Kolyma lowland / A. A. Arkhangelov The temperature regime and the cryogenic structure of frozen rocks in the eastern part of the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra / N. V. Tumel Some specifis features of the formation of cryogenic textures in the Quaternary deposits of the Ryveem River lower reaches / O. Yu. Parmuzina Some general regularities in the transformation of dispersed rock composition by cryogenic processes / V. N. Konishchev On the postsedimentation changes in the subaerial cryolithogenic deposits of the Middle Lena area / Kh. G. Zigert and M. I. Turbina Ice-ground veins / G. E. Rozenbaum About the earth veins of Central Yakutia / T. P. Kuznetsova Cryogenic slope formation / V. G. Chigir Dynamo-metamorphism of ice with short-term creep / Yu. R. Zaretsky, V. I. Solomatin and B. D. Chumichev The sublimation re-distribution of substance in poligonal-wedge ice / S. S. Gasanov , Содержавие Предисловие R вопросу о строевии криолитосферы Марса /Р. О. Кузьмив Подземное оледенение севера Колымской низменности в повдвем кайнозое / А. А. Арханrелов Температурный режим и криоrенное строение мерзлых пород восточной части Большеземель,ской тундры / Н. В. Тумель Некоторые особенности формирования криоrенных текстур в четвертичных отложениях низовья р. Рывеем / О. Ю. Пармузина Некоторые общие закономерности преобразования состава дисперсных пород криоrенными процессами / В. Н. Конищев О постседиментационных изменениях субаэральных криолитоrенных отложений Средней Лены / Х. Г. 3иrерт, М. И. Турбина Ледоrрунтовые жилы / Г. Э. Розенбаум О земляных жилах Центральной Rкутии / Т. П. Кyзнецова Криогенное склонообразование / В. Г. Чиrир. Дивамометаморфизм льда при кратковременной ползучести / Ю. К Зарецкий, В. И . Соломатин, Б. Д. Чумичев Сублимационное перера,спределение в еществ в повторношильных льдах / Ш. Ш. Гасапов , In kyrillischer Schrift , Inhaltsverzeichnis und Vorwort in englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE INITIAL COLONIZATION OF THE EURASIAN ARCTIC Occupation of the North Polar Regions in the Palaeolithic The Climate of the Arctic during the Early and Middle Holocene On the concepts of «Mesolithic» and «Neolithic» Mesolithic Monuments in the European and West Siberian Arctic The Sites of the Mesolithic Period and of Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Appearance in the East.Siberian and Taimyr Trans-Polar Area The Correlation of the Mesolithic Sites of Taimyr with the Mesolithic Cultures of the Forest Zone of Siberia Chapter II. THE TAIMYR TRANSPOLAR ZONE IN THE NEOLITHIC The Early Neolithic of Taimyr (the IVth Millennium BC) The Neolithic Sites of the III-II Millennia BC Net ceramic sites (the Maimeche culture) Assemblages with the Baykit type ceramics Chapter Ill. THE EARLY BRONZE CASTERS OF THE TAIMYR PENINSULA Climatic Changes in the Late Holocene Ymyiakhtakh Sites in the Taimyr Subpolar Region Waffie Pottery in the Subpolar Region: Distribution and Subsequent Evolution Chapter IV. THE TAIMYR PENINSULA IN THE EARLY IRON EPOCH AND THE MIDDLE AGE The Ust-Polovinka settlement and the Pyasina culture Monuments of the Malokorenninsk culture Monuments of cultures with East Siberian traditions The Vozhpai culture Chapter V. EVOLUTION OF ANCIENT SOCIETIES OF THE TAIMYR SUBPOLAR REGION: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS Settlements in the Taimyr Subpolar Region as a Source of Palaeosociological Information Bronze-casting on the Taimyr Peninsula The Appearance and Development of Reindeer Herding in the Tundra Zone of West Siberia and the Taimyr Subpolar Region CONCLUDING REMARKS APPENDIX REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS OF L. P. KHLOBYSTIN ILLUSTRATIONS ABBREVIATIONS SUMMARY , ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Предисловие. К портрету исследователя ВВЕДЕНИЕ Глаба I КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЗАПОЛЯРЬЕ И ПЕР-ВЫЕ ЭТАПЫ ЕГО ЗАСЕЛЕНИЯ Заселение ЗаполярLя в эпоху палеолита Климат Заполярья в раннем и среднем голоцене О понятиях «мезолИD〉 и «неолит» Памятники эпохи мезолита Европейского н Западно-Сибирского ЗаполярLя Памятнщси эпохи мезолита и мезолитическо-раиненеолитического облика в Восточно-Сибирском и Таймырском Заполярье Соотношение мезолитических памятников Таймыра с культурами мезолита лесной зоны Сибири Глава II. ТАЙМЫРСКОЕ ЗАПОЛЯРЬЕ В ЭПОХУ НЕОЛИТА Ранний неолит Таймыра (IV тыс. до н. э.) Неолитические памятники III-II тыс. до и. э. Стоянки с сетчатой керамикой (памятники кулLтуры Маймече) Комплексы с керамикой байкитскоrо типа Глава III. РАННИЕ БРОНЗОЛИТЕЙЩИКИ ТАЙМЫРА Об изменении климата в позднем голоцене Ымыяхтахские памятники в Таймырском Заполярье РаспространеНИе вафельной керамики в Заполярье и ее последующее развитие Глава IV. ТАЙМЫР В ПЕРИОД РАННЕГО ЖЕЛЕЗА И СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ Поселение Усть-Половинка и пясинская культура Памятники малокореннинской культуры Памятники культур с восточносибирскими традициями Вожпайская культура Глава V. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ДРЕВНИХ ОБЩЕСТВ ТАЙМЫРСКОГО ЗАПОЛЯРЬЯ Поселения Таймырского Заполярья как источник палеосоциолоrической информации Бронзоли-гейное производство на Таймыре Вопросы появления и разви-rия оленеводства в тундровой зоне Западной Сибири и Таймырского Заполярья ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРА БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ ТРУДОВ Л. П. ХЛОБЫСТИНА ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ SUMMARY , Sprache der Zusammenfassung: Englisch , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. CRYOGENIC FACTORS CONTROLLING GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY IN PERMAFROST ZONE DURING FREEZING OF WATER-BEARING MATERIALS 1.1. Physicochemical processes in freezing water-saturated rocks 1.2. Silica, fluorine, and biogenic- and organic-matter contents of groundwater in permafrost zone Chapter 2. CONTROLS ON CHEMISTRY OF LAKE WATER, TALIKS, AND BOTOOM SEDIMENTS 2.1. Chemical investigations of lake water and sediments in Central Yakutia 2.2. Chemical composition of mud solutions in lake sediments as a paleohydrologic indicator Chapter 3. CONTROLS ON CHEMISTRY OF ACTIVE-LA YER SUPRAPERMAFROST WATER AND TALIK WATER 3.1. Cryogenic factors con trolling the chemistry of active-layer suprapermafrost water 3.2. Controls on chemistry of intrapermafrost water in subaerial discharge areas 3.3. Chemical composition of groundwater in river, lake, and other types of taliks in the middle Lena valley Chapter 4. FORMATION OF CRYOPEGS 4.1. Natural conditions and anthropogenic factors for cryopeg formation 4.2. Investigations of the regime and dynamics of anthropogenic cryopegs in the Yakutsk area 4.3. Ground temperature regime in cryopegs areas 4.4. Changes in permafrost hydrogeochemistry in buit-up areas Chapter 5. CONTROLS ON CHEMISTRY OF FROZEN LOOSE DEPOSITS 5.1. Effect of the freezing process on salinity of frozen alluvial deposits 5.2. Changes in solute concentrations in permafrost deposits Chapter 6. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF CRYOHYDROGEOCHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS 6.1. The potential use of the icing process for improving water quality 6.2. Reconstruction of the water composition and mineralization of an icing-forming spring from hydrochemical analysis of ice samples 6.3. Improvement of the drinking quality of lake water Chapter 7. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN CRYOHYDROGEOCHEMICAL RESEARCH 7.1. Potential sources of error in groundwater sampling in permafrost zone 7.2. Hydrochemical investigation of ground ice 7.3. Frozen soil sampling for chemical analysis 7.4. Hydrogeochemical monitoring in cryopeg areas 7.5. Application of the hydrogeochemical method for predicting cryopeg development 7.6. Chemical classification of natural water and presentation of analysis data Conclusions References. , ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Введение Глава 1. РОЛЬ КРИОГЕННЫХ ФАКТОРОВ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ПРОМЕРЗАНИЯ ВОДОНОСНЫХ ПОРОД 1.1. Физико-химические процессы в промерзающих водонасы-щенных породах 1.2. Содержание кремнекислоты, фтора, биогенных и органических веществ в подземных водах криолитозоны Глава 2. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ВОДЫ ОЗЕР, ПОДОЗЕРНЫХ ТАЛИКОВ И ДОННЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ 2.1. Исследования химического состава воды озер и донных отложений Центральной Якутии 2.2. Химический состав иловых растворов озерных осадков как палеогидрологический показатель Глава 3. ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА НАДМЕРЗЛОТНЫХ ВОД СЕЗОННОТАЛОГО СЛОЯ И ТАЛИКОВЫХ ВОД 3.1. Криогенные факторы формирования химического состава надмерзлотных вод сезонноталого слоя 3.2. Особенности формирования химического состава подземных межмерзлотных вод на участках их субаэральной разгрузки 3.3. Химический состав подземных вод подрусловых, подозерных и других видов таликов в долине среднего течения р. Лены Глава 4. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КРИОПЭГОВ 4.1. Естественные условия и техногенные факторы формирования криопэгов 4. 2. Изучение режима и динамики техногенных криопэгов на территории г. Якутска 4.3. Температурный режим пород на участках распространения криопэгов 4.4. Изменения мерзлотно-гидрогеохимических условий на освоенных площадях Глава 5. ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА МЕРЗЛЫХ РЫХЛЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ 5 .1. Влияние условий промерзания на формирование засоленности мерзлых аллювиальных отложений 5.2. Изменение содержания водорастворимых веществ в многолетнемерзлых рыхлых отложениях Глава 6. ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ КРИОГИДРОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТЕЙ В ПРИКЛАДНЫХ ЦЕЛЯХ 6.1. О возможности использования процесса наледеобразования для улучшения качества воды 6.2. Воссоздание состава и минерализации воды наледеобразующего источника по данным гидрохимического опробования льда 6.3. Улучшение питьевых качеств озерных вод Глава 7. МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ КРИОГИДРОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ 7.1. Ошибки, возможные при гидрохимическом опробовании подземных вод криолитозоны 7. 2. Особенности гидрохимических исследований подземных льдов 7 .3. Специфика отбора проб мерзлых пород для химического анализа 7.4. Особенности проведения режимных гидрогеохимических наблюдений на площадях развития криопэгов 7.5. Применение гидрогеохимического метода для прогноза мест формирования криопэгов 7.6. Классификация природных вод по химическому составу и оформление данных анализа Заключение Литература , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Table of Contents Foreword The Global Context The Arctic in a Global Context The ARCSS Program The Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program The Scientific Goals of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Objectives Significant Research and Findings of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Program Research Implementation of ARCSS Program Research ARCSS Program Components Paleoenvironmental Studies Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Integrative Studies Synthesis, Integration, and Modeling Studies (SIMS) New Initiatives Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) International Collaboration The Future of the ARCSS Program Priorities for the Future Research Questions Integrative Strategies Community Coordination and Integration Coordination and Integration Logistics Support Working with Arctic Residents Community Planning and Science Management ARCSS Committee Science Steering Committees Periodic Meetings of ARCSS Principal Investigators Appendices ARCSS Program Contact Information A History of ARCSS Program Development ARCSS Data Protocol References and Relevant Reports Contributors and Reviewers

Note: Contents Summary Introduction Material and Methods 2.1 Experimental Approach and Concept 2.2 Cold Chamber Experiments 2.2.1 Packed Sand Columns 2.2.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith 2.3 Tracer Extraction and Determination of Tracer Concentrations 2.4 Digital Image Analysis 2.4.1 Photographic Recording 2.4.2 Image Analysis 2.4.3 Statistical Regression Analysis 2.5 Fluorescence Imaging 2.6 Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 2.7 Numerical Simulation 2.7.1 Model Description 2.7.2 Model Application 3 Results From Cold Chamber Experiments 3.1 Packed Sand Columns (Experiment I-III) 3.1.1 Infiltration Behaviour (Experiment I-III) 3.1.2 Dye Tracer Distribution (Experiment III) 3.1.3 Mass Recovery of Dye Tracers (Experiment III) 3.1.4 Vertical Distribution of Dye Tracers Determined From Large Sections (Experiment III) 3.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith (Experiment IV) 3.2.1 Infiltration Behaviour 3.2.2 Dye Tracer Distributions 3.2.3 Mass Recovery of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 3.2.4 Vertical Distribution of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 4 Results From Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 4.1 Dry Sand and Loam 4.2 Wet Sand 4.3 Wet Loam 5 Modelling Results 5.1 Thermal Regime 5.2 Water Content Profile Before the Irrigation 5.3 Infiltration Behaviour 5.4 Water Content Profile After the Irrigation 5.5 Solute Transport 5.6 Energy Exchange at the Surface 6 Conclusions 6.1 Conclusions About the Methods 6.2 Conclusions About the Water Infiltration in Frozen Soil List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography

Note: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Note: Contents Executive summary Overview Arctic climate change Key findings of this assessment 1. Atmospheric circulation feedbacks 2. Ocean circulation feedbacks 3. Ice sheets and sea-level rise feedbacks 4. Marine carbon cycle feedbacks 5. Land carbon cycle feedbacks 6. Methane hydrate feedbacks Author team

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Предисловие к английскому изданию Введение ШПИЦБЕРГЕН Схема структурной истории Шпицбергена / В. Б. Харланд ГРЕНЛАНДИЯ Обзор геологии северной и восточной Гренландии Докембрийские и нижнепалеозойские структурные элементы и осадконакопление в северной и восточной Гренландии / Л. Кох Каролиниды: орогенический пояс позднедокембрийского возраста в северо-восточной Гренландии / Дж. Халлер Нижний палеозой Гренландии / Дж. Коуи Значение каледонской орогении в Гренландии / Дж. Халлер Девонские отложения центральной части восточной Гренландии / Х. Бютлер Континентальные иаменноугольные и нижнепермские отложения центральной части восточной Гренландии / Х. Бютлер Пермь Гренландии / В. Майнц Триас восточной Гренландии / Р. Трюмпи Юрские отложения восточной Гренландии / Дж. Х. Калломон Меловые отложения восточной Гренландии / Д. Т. Донован Третичные отложения Гренландии / Э. Венк Стратиграфия позднего докембрия восточной Гренландии / Х. Р. Кац О хронологии докембрия западной Гренландии / А. Бертельсен КАНАДА Структурная истории Канадского арктического архипелага с докембрийского времени / Р. Topcтeйнccoн, Е. T. Тозер Общий обзор геологии докембрии арктической части Канады / Р. Г. Блакадар, Дж. А. Фрейзер Стратиграфия нижнего палеозоя Канадского арктического архипелага / Р. Торетейнссон Общий очерк стратиграфии мезозойских и третичных отложений Канадского арктического архипелага / Е. T. Тозер Соотношение дислокаций складчатого пояса островов Парри и корнуоллисских складчатых структур на востоке острова Батерст Канадского арктического архипелага / Э. Н. Мак-Нейр Геологическая интерпретация аэромагнитных профилей, проведенных через Канадский арктический архипелаг / А. Ф. Грегори, М. Е. Бауэр, Л. В. Морлей Тектоническое строение северной Канады / Л. Дж. Мартин Каледонские или акадийские граниты северной части территории Юкон / Х. Бадегард, Р. И. Фолинеби, Дж. Липсон Стратиграфия девона района среднего течения реки Макензи, Северо-Западные территории, Канада / Х. Г. Бacceт Стратиграфия девонских отложений района Нориан-Уэлс / Т. Cтopu АЛЯСКА Изучение тектоники Аляски / Г. Грик Корреляция палеозойских пород Аляски / Дж. Т. Дутромл Новые данные о распространении верхнетретичных континентальных отложений на Аляске и в северо-западной Канаде / В. С. Бениннгхоф, Г. В. Холмс, Д. М. Гопкинс АРКТИЧЕСКИЙ БАССЕЙН Истории геологических знаний о происхождении Арктинеского бассейна / А. Дж. Ирдли Срединно-океанический хребет и его продолжение через Арктический бассейн / Б. К. Хейзен, М. Юииг Продолжение горных цепей в Арктике в прошлом / Дж. T. Вилъсон Сейсмическое исследование дна Арктического океана / К. Ханкинс Гальки, поднятые при драгировании в центральной части Северного Ледовитого океана / В. Шварцахер, К. Ханкинс Батиметрия моря Бофорта / А. Дж. Kapcoла, Р. Л. Фишер, К. Дж. Шипек, Г. Шамвей Предварительные результаты исследований арктической дрейфующей станции Чарли / В. Дж. Кроми Геофизические исследования на дрейфующей станции МГГ Браво, Т-3, 1958-1959 гr. / Д. Плоуфф, Г. В. Келлер, Ф. Ц, Фришкнехт, Р. Р. Уол Морские геологические наблюдения в Баренцовом море / Х. Игнатиус Морская геология и батиметрия шельфа Чукотского моря в районе Оготорук-Крик, северо-западная Аляска / Д. В. Схолл, К. Л. Сайнсбери Геоморфология Арктического бассейна / Р. Дитц, Дж. Шамвей Предметный указатель Указатель географических названий , Translation of Content Preface Preface to the English edition Introduction SPITSBERGEN Scheme of the structural history of Spitsbergen / W. B. Harland GREENLAND Review of the geology of northern and eastern Greenland Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic structural elements and sedimentation in northern and eastern Greenland / L. Koch Carolinids: Late Precambrian orogenic belt in northeastern Greenland / J. Haller Lower Paleozoic of Greenland / J. Cowie The significance of the Caledonian orogeny in Greenland / J. Haller Devonian deposits of the central part of eastern Greenland / H. Bütler Continental Carboniferous and Lower Permian deposits of the central part of eastern Greenland / H. Bütler Perm Greenland / V. Mainz Triassic of eastern Greenland / R. Trumpy Jurassic deposits of eastern Greenland / J. H. Callomon Cretaceous deposits of eastern Greenland / D. T. Donovan Tertiary deposits of Greenland / E. Wenk Late Precambrian stratigraphy of eastern Greenland / H. R. Katz On the chronology of the Precambrian of western Greenland / A. Bertelsen CANADA Structural history of the Canadian Arctic archipelago since Precambrian time / R. Topsteinson, E. T. Tozer General overview of the Precambrian geology of the Canadian Arctic / R. G. Blakadar, J. A. Fraser Stratigraphy of the Lower Paleozoic of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago / R. Thoreteinsson General outline of the stratigraphy of Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago / E. T. Tozer The relationship between the dislocations of the Parry Islands fold belt and the Cornwallis fold structures in the east of Bathurst Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago / E. N. McNair Geological interpretation of aeromagnetic profiles drawn through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago / A. F. Gregory, M. E. Bauer, L. V. Morley Tectonic structure of northern Canada / L. J. Martin Caledonian or Acadian granites of the northern Yukon Territory / H. Badegard, R. I. Folineby, J. Lipson Devonian stratigraphy of the middle Mackenzie River region, Northwest Territories, Canada / H. G. Basset Stratigraphy of Devonian deposits of the Norian-Wells region / T. Stopu ALASKA Study of Alaska tectonics / G. Grik Correlation of Paleozoic Rocks of Alaska / J. T. Dutroml New data on the distribution of Upper Tertiary continental sediments in Alaska and northwestern Canada / V. S. Beninghof, G. W. Holmes, D. M. Hopkins ARCTIC POOL Stories of geological knowledge about the origin of the Arctic Basin / A. J. Eardley Mid-ocean ridge and its continuation through the Arctic basin / B. K. Hazen, M. Huig The continuation of mountain ranges in the Arctic in the past / J. T. Wilson Seismic exploration of the Arctic ocean floor / K. Hankins Pebbles raised during dredging in the central part of the Arctic Ocean / V. Schwarzacher, K. Hankins Bathymetry of the Beaufort Sea / A. J. Kapcola, R. L. Fisher, K. J. Shipek, G. Shumway Preliminary results of studies of the Arctic drifting station Charlie / W. J. Cromie Geophysical research at the drifting station MGG Bravo, T-3, 1958-1959. / D. Plouffe, G. W. Keller, F. Z, Frischknecht, R. R. Wahl Marine geological observations in the Barents Sea / H. Ignatius Marine geology and bathymetry of the Chukchi Sea shelf in the Ogotoruk Creek area, northwestern Alaska / D. W. Scholl, K. L. Sainsbury Geomorphology of the Arctic Basin / R. Dietz, J. Shumway Subject index Index of geographical names , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Translation of TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1. Some physical properties of snow Formation of ice crystals in the atmosphere Formation of snow cover Density and Porosity Breathability Water holding capacity and water permeability Heat capacity Latent heat of fusion and sublimation of ice Water vapor diffusion Thermal conductivity Metamorphism Chapter 2. Patterns of deformation and destruction of snow Deformation of ice crystals Interaction of snow grains Basic patterns of deformation and destruction of snow Chapter 3. Elastic properties of snow Propagation of elastic waves in snow Elastic deformations under static and dynamic loads Chapter 4. Snow compaction Compression seal. Snow compaction during compaction Snow compaction under short-term and vibration loads Techniques for artificial snow compaction Chapter 5. Snow Creep Shear creep Creep under uniaxial compression Tensile creep Creep under complex stress conditions Stress relaxation Creep under variable loads Chapter 6. Strength characteristics of snow Snow destruction Shear Strength Tensile strength Uniaxial compressive strength Snow hardness Bearing capacity of snow cover Chapter 7. Surface friction and snow adhesion Sliding friction Static friction and adhesion Chapter 8, Stability of snow cover on mountain slopes Compaction and flow of snow cover Limit equilibrium of snow cover on a flat slope Interaction of snow cover on a slope with obstacles Limit equilibrium of snow cover on a slope with complex orography Violation of the stability of snow cover and the occurrence of pavements Artificial retention of snow cover on mountain slopes Conclusion Literature , ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Предисповие Гпава 1. Некоторые физические свойства снега Образование кристаплов льда в атмосфере Формирование снежного покрова Плотность и пористость Воздухопроницаемость Водоудерживающая способность и водопроницаемость Теплоемкость Скрытая теплота плавления и возгонки льда Диффузия водяного пара Теплопроводность Метаморфизм Глава 2. Закономерности деформирования и разрушения снега Деформирование кристаплов льда Взаимодействие зерен снега Основные закономерности деформирования и разрушения снега Глава 3. Упругие свойства снега Распространение упругих волн в снеге Упругие деформации при статических и динамических нагрузках Глава 4. Уплотнение снега Компрессионное уплотнение. Уплотнение снега в процессе попзучести Уплотнение снега под действием кратковременных и вибрационных нагрузок Приемы искусственного уплотнения снега Глава 5. Ползучесть снега Ползучесть при сдвиге Ползучесть при одноосном сжатии Ползучесть при растяжении Ползучесть в условиях сложного напряженного состояния Релаксация напряжений Ползучесть при переменных нагрузках Глава 6. Прочностные характеристики снега Разрушение снега Прочность при сдвиге Прочность при растяжении Прочность при одноосном сжатии Твердость снега Несущая способность снежного покрова Глава 7. Поверхностное трение и адгезия снега Трение скольжения Статическое трение и адгезия Глава 8, Устойчивость снежного покрова на склонах гор Уплотнение и течение снежного покрова Предельное равновесие снежного покрова на ровном склоне Взаимодействие снежного покрова на склоне с препятствиями Предельное равновесие снежного покрова на склоне со сложной орографией Нарушение устойчивости снежного покрова и возникновение павин Искусственное удержание снежного покрова на склонах гор Заключение Литературе , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Теоретические вопросы геотектоники Некоторые методологические вопросы геологии / Ю. А. Косыгин Краткий методологический анализ современных глобальных тектонических гипотез / В. Ю. Забродин Главные этапы эволюции процесса рифтогенеза в истории Земли / Е. E. Милановский Закономерности формирования континентальной земной коры / М. С. Марков, Ю. М. Пущаровский Структурно-формационные парагенезы как индикаторы стадийности формирования континентальной коры / Б. М. Чиков Сдвиги и трансформные разломы литосферы / С. И. Шерман Структурная эволюция геосинклинальных складчатых систем / В. С. Буртмаи Механизм образования складчатости и ее морфология / А. В. Вихерт О формировании и локализации концентрических комплексов в связи с развитием разломов / Ю. А. Косыгин, В. В. Юшманов, Л. А. Маслов О тектонике и минерагении Восточной Сибири и Дальнего Востока / Л. И. Красный Становление земной коры в докембрии О процессах, образующих и преобразующих земную кору континентального типа / Ч. Б. Борукаев Закономерности формирования земной коры континентов в нижнем докембрии / М. А. Гилярова Особенности тектонического развития подвижных зон Гондваны и Евразии в позднем докембрии / Н. А. Божко Главные этапы становления континентальиой земной коры / В. И. Шульдинер Тентоника и этапы становления земной коры территории Янутии / Г. С. Гусев, Г. А. Гринберг, В. В. Ковальский, Б. В. Олейников, А. Ф. Петров, Г. С. Фрадкии, Н. В. Черский Модели строения и глубинной эволюции коры юго-востока Сибирской платформы / Л. П. Карсаков, Ю. Ф. Малышев Эволюция слоев земной коры в геологической истории архея Алданского щита / И. М. Фрумкин К проблеме пангеосинклинали / Р. Ф. Черкасов Этапы формирования земной коры Алданского щита в докембрии / Л. М. Реутов, А. Ф. Петров Этапы формирования земной коры и докембрийский рифтогенез на северо-востоке Сибирской платформы / Б. Р. Шпунт, Д. В. Аброскин, Ю. Х. Протопопов Этапы и факторы становления континентальной коры на территории Восточной Сибири / А. А. Бухаров К проблеме происхождения среднепротерозойских грабенов юго-востока Сибирской платформы и ее складчатого обрамления / А. А. Константиновский Тектоника платформенных областей Геоблоки Сибири и этапы их формирования / Е. П. Миронюк, И. А. Загрузииа Соотношение структурных этажей - критерий тектонического районироnания платформенных областей / К. И. Микуленко, В. С. Старосельцев, Г. С. Фрадкин Общая корреляция эндогенных процессов на Сибирской платформе / С. М. Замараев О мантийных абиссолитах и природе сводовых поднятий на древних платформах / П. Ф. Иванкин, А. А. Фельдман Становление земной коры молодых плит и ранние этапы их развития (на примере Западно-Сибирского сеrмента) / В. С. Бочкарев Тектоника подвижных областей Офиолитовые зоны палеозоид Казахстана и геодинамические реконструкции / Е. И. Паталаха Современная тектоника Байкальской рифтовой системы и концепция тектоники плит / В. П. Солоненко Современные представления о глубинном строении северо-восточноrо фланга Байкальской рифтовой зоны / М. М. Мандельбаум, И. П. Шпак Пространственно-временные связи и геодинамические соотношения мезозойских структур на Алданском щите и в Джугджуро-Становой области / В. Г. Ветлужских Офиолиты и олистостромы Верхояно-Колымской складчатой системы / Ю. В. Архипов, И. Г. Волкодав Литосферные плиты в Верхояно-Чукотской складчатой области / В. Б Спектор Структура и геодинамика Курило-Камчатскоrо желоба / Г. С. Гнибиденко, Т. Г. Быкова, О. В. Веселов, В. М. Воробьев, А. С. Сваричевский Литература , Translation of Contents Preface Theoretical issues of geotectonics Some methodological issues of geology / Yu. A. Kosygin Brief methodological analysis of modern global tectonic hypotheses / V. Yu. Zabrodin The main stages of the evolution of the rifting process in the history of the Earth / E. E. Milanovsky Patterns of formation of the continental crust / M. S. Markov, Yu. M. Pushcharovsky Structural-formational parageneses as indicators of the stages of formation of the continental crust / B. M. Chikov Shifts and transform faults of the lithosphere / S. I. Sherman Structural evolution of geosynclinal folded systems / V. S. Burtmai The mechanism of formation of folding and its morphology / A. V. Wikhert On the formation and localization of concentric complexes in connection with the development of faults / Yu. A. Kosygin, V. V. Yushmanov, L. A. Maslov On tectonics and minerageny of Eastern Siberia and the Far East / L. I. Krasny Formation of the earth's crust in the Precambrian On the processes that form and transform the earth's crust of continental type / Ch. B. Borukaev Patterns of formation of the continental crust in the Lower Precambrian / M. A. Gilyarova Features of the tectonic development of mobile zones of Gondwana and Eurasia in the Late Precambrian / N. A. Bozhko The main stages of the formation of the continental crust / V. I. Shuldiner Tentonics and stages of formation of the earth's crust in the territory of Janutia / G. S. Gusev, G. A. Grinberg, V. V. Kovalsky, B. V. Oleinikov, A. F. Petrov, G. S. Fradkii, N. V. Chersky Models of the structure and deep evolution of the crust of the southeast of the Siberian Platform / L. P. Karsakov, Yu. F. Malyshev Evolution of layers of the earth’s crust in the geological history of the Archean of the Aldan Shield / I. M. Frumkin On the problem of pangeosyncline / R. F. Cherkasov Stages of formation of the earth's crust of the Aldan shield in the Precambrian / L. M. Reutov, A. F. Petrov Stages of crust formation and Precambrian rifting in the northeast of the Siberian Platform / B. R. Shpunt, D. V. Abroskin, Yu. Kh. Protopopov Stages and factors of formation of the continental crust in Eastern Siberia / A. A. Bukharov On the problem of the origin of Middle Proterozoic grabens in the southeast of the Siberian Platform and its folded framing / A. A. Konstantinovsky Tectonics of platform areas Geoblocks of Siberia and stages of their formation / E. P. Mironyuk, I. A. Zagruzia The ratio of structural floors is a criterion for tectonic zoning of platform areas / K. I. Mikulenko, V. S. Staroseltsev, G. S. Fradkin General correlation of endogenous processes on the Siberian platform / S. M. Zamaraev On mantle abysolites and the nature of arched uplifts on ancient platforms / P. F. Ivankin, A. A. Feldman Formation of the earth's crust of young plates and early stages of their development (using the example of West Siberian cement) / V. S. Bochkarev Tectonics of mobile regions Ophiolite zones of the paleozoids of Kazakhstan and geodynamic reconstructions / E. I. Patalakha Modern tectonics of the Baikal rift system and the concept of plate tectonics / V. P. Solonenko Modern ideas about the deep structure of the northeast flank of the Baikal rift zone / M. M. Mandelbaum, I. P. Shpak Spatio-temporal connections and geodynamic relationships of Mesozoic structures on the Aldan shield and in the Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy region / V. G. Vetluzhskikh Ophiolites and olistostromes of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma fold system / Yu. V. Arkhipov, I. G. Volkodav Lithospheric plates in the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka folded region / V. B Spektor Structure and geodynamics of the Kuril-Kamchatka trench / G. S. Gnibidenko, T. G. Bykova, O. V. Veselov, V. M. Vorobyov, A. S. Svarichevsky Literature , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Introduction / L. M. Parfenov. - Standards of geologic time scale / A. K. Val'kov, P. N. Kolosov, O. V. Grinenko. - Pleistocene ice-bearing complex in the Arctic - a vanishing ground ice land / M. N. Grigoryev. - Geological structures of frontal zones of orogenic belts / L. M. Parfenov, A. V. Prokopiev. - Geological structures of inner zones of orogenic belts / A. V. Prokopiev, V. S. Oxman, F. F. Tret'yakov. - Late Cenozoic (Younger than 7 MA) and recent deformation structures / O. V. Grinenko, V. S. Imaev, V. B. Spektor. - Ancient rocks of the continental crust / A. P. Smelov, A. B. Kotov. - Kimberlites and diamonds / V. K. Marshintsev. - Early-collisional gold deposits of eastern Yakutia / V. Yu. Fridovsky, I. I. Kolodeznikov. - Fuel mineral deposits / V. A. Kashirtsev, D. V. Mitronov. - Khonguruu zeolite deposit / K. Ye. Kolodeznikov. - Sirenevyy Kamen' charoite deposit / K. A. Lazebnik. - Kempendyay salt deformations / K. Ye. Kolodeznikov. - Geological structure and geological history of Yakutia / L. M. Parfenov. - Conclusions / V. B. Spector. , Teilw. in kyrill. Schr., , Text russ. und engl.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - 1 Einleitung. - 2 Biologie der Flechten. - 2.1 Was sind Flechten?. - 2.2 Ökologie der Flechten. - 3 Methoden der Flechtenkartierung. - 3.1 Das Meßnetz. - 3.2 Auswahl der Trägerbäume für die Flechtenkartierung. - 3.3 Flechtenaufnahme. - 3.4 Auswertung der Flechtenkartierung. - 4 Einsammeln von Flechten. - 5 Untersuchen und Bestimmen von Flechten. - 5.1 Allgemeines. - 5.2 Diagnostisch wichtige Merkmale bei Flechten. - 5.2.1 Farbe des Lagers. - 5.2.2 Gestalt und Bildung vonen des Lagers (Morphologie). - 5.2.3 Bau der Flechten (Anatomie). - 5.3 Chemismus der Flechten: Bestimmung mit Hilfe von Farbreaktionen. - 6 Begriffserklärungen. - 7 Die Bestimmungsschlüssel. - 8 Literatur. - 9 Bildteil mit Artbeschreibungen. - Farb-Reakionen der VDI-Flechten. - Register.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Introduction. - Project Selection, Ideas, IASC Projects. - Other IASC Activities and Groups. - PROJECT REPORTS. - PROJECT STATUS CHART. - ACBio - Arctic Coastal Biodiversity. - ACD - Arctic Coastal Dynamics. - Arctic Hydrology. - CARMA - Circum-Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment. - CAT-B (Biodiversity). - CEON. - Contaminants and Human Health in the Arctic. - IASC-WAG (formerly MAGICS). - LOIRA- Land-Ocean Interactions in the Russian Arctic. - Marine Transport. - MAST- Map of Arctic Sediment Thickness. - NUHIP- Nutrition and Health. - Tundra-Taiga Interface.