ALBERT

Note: INHALT: Vorwort / K. H. GRASNICK. - Frühjahrs- und Herbstumstellung der Felder der meteorologischen Elemente in der Stratosphäre / E. BORBÉLY. - On the variations of the total amount of ozone in relation to the behaviour of some ionospheric parameters in the winter-time upper atmosphere = (Über Variationen des Gesamtozongehalts der Atmosphäre in Beziehung zum Verhalten einiger ionosphärischer Parameter in der winterlichen Hochatmosphäre) / K. H. GRASNICK, G. ENTZIAN. - Gesamtozongehalt und Temperaturänderungen der 100 mbar-Fläche im europäischen Raum in den Jahren 1967-1968 / J. PICHA. - Zwei einfache Registriergeräte zur Bestimmung des bodennahen Ozons auf der Grundlage der amperometrischen Titration und des coulometrischen Meßprinzips nach Novák / H. MROSE, W. WARMBT. - Vorläufige Meßergebnisse des bodennahen Ozons unter Verwendung von Chromtrioxydfiltern / W. WARMBT, H. MROSE, G. PHILIPP. - Erfahrungen über Ozonmessungen mit dem DOBSON-Spektrophotometer in Potsdam seit den Vergleichsmessungen in Siófok, UVR, im Jahre 1969 / P. PLESSING. - Ozonvariationen über Havanna während der Sonnenfinsternis vom 7. März 1970 unter Berücksichtigung der Randverdunkelung / K. H. GRASNICK, H. WÖRNER, P. PLESSING. - SHORT GONTRIBUTION Ozone measurements data during the solar eclipse on March 7, 1970 = (Daten der Ozonmessungen während der Sonnenfinsternis vom 7. März 1970) / R. S. STEBLOVA, V. G. UTROBIN. -

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS PROLOGUE INDICATORS INTRODUCTION ICE VOLUME Glacial Moraines Shorelines Oxygen Isotopes Summary TEMPERATURE Mountaintop Temperatures Polar Temperatures Sea Surface Teiμperatures Continental Temperatures The Tropical Temperature Dilemma ARIDITY Precipitation Rock Varnish Dust ATMOSPHERIC GAS COMPOSITION Carbon Dioxide Methane Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Gases OCEANIC CHEMISTRY Trace Metals Carbon Isotopes RATE OF DEEP SEA VENTUATION CO3 Concentration Paleo pH Preservation Events CLOCKS INTRODUCTION THE RADIOCARBON CLOCK ANNUAL CLOCKS THE URANIUM-THORIUM CLOCK CLOCKS READING MORE THAN 50,000 YEARS THE POTASSIUM-ARGON CLOCK PLANETARY CLOCKS IN SITU PRODUCTION CLOCKS SUNDIALS RECORDS SETTING THE STAGE: 55 MILLION YEARS OF POLAR COOLING MILANKOVITCH CYCLES THE LAST 160,000 YEARS THE LAST TERMINATION DANSGAARD-OESCHGER EVENTS HEINRICH EVENTS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DANSGAARD-OESCHGER EVENTS AND HEINRICH EVENTS PHYSICS INTRODUCTION WATER VAPOR THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION FRESH WATER FLUXES MODE SWITCH TRIGGERS EPILOGUE BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS APPENDICES ∑CO2 and Alkalinity in the Sea What Drives Glacial Cycles? (Scientific American) The Great Ocean Conveyor (Oceanography)

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Glossary of some Mongolian words. - Spelling. - 1. A brief history of botanical research in Mongolia. - 2. Introduction to the country. - 2.1 Geographical position and administrative division. - 2.2 Topography. - 2.3 Hydrography. - 2.4 Climate. - 2.5 Vegetation zones of Mongolia. - 3. Methods of vegetation analysis. - 4. The plant communities of Mongolia. - 4.1 Needle-leaved forest. - 4.2 Broad-leaved forest. - 4.3 Shrubbery. - 4.4 Tall-forb vegetation. - 4.5 Steppe. - 4.6 Vegetation of rocky and stony sites. - 4.7 Semi-desert vegetation. - 4.8 Desert vegetation. - 4.9 Alpine vegetation. - 4.10 Aquatic vegetation. - 4.11 Marshland vegetation. - 4.12 Montane seep water and stream vegetation. - 4.13 Isoeto-Nanojuncetea. - 4.14 Bidentetea. - 4.15 Hatophytic vegetation. - 4.16 Meadow and pasture. - 4.17 Arable fields. - 4.18 Ruderal vegetation. - 5. Human impact on plant communities. - 6. Vegetation profiles of some selected geographical areas. - 7. Future research on the vegetation of Mongolia. - 8. References. - 9. Index.

Note: Contents: 1 Global Distribution of Lakes / M. MEYBECK. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 2.1 Data Used. - 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution. - 3.1 Lake Density . - 3.2 Limnic Ratio. - 4 Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin. - 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin. - 5.1 Lake Densities. - 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area. - 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes. - 6 Fluvial Lakes. - 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes. - 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes. - 8.1 Coastal Lagoons. - 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation. - 9 Global Lake Distribution. - 9.1 Extrapolation Approach. - 9.2 Lake Type Approach. - 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach. - 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas. - 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes. - 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past. - 10.1 Lake Ages. - 10.2 Historical Changes. - 10.3 Postglacial Changes. - 11 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes / T. C. WINTER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes. - 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water. - 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water. - 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water. - 2.4 Change in Lake Volume. - 3 Summary. - References. - 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling / S. W. HOSTETLER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological Response. - 3 The Hydrological Budget. - 4 Hydrological Models. - 5 Thermal Response. - 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models. - 5.2 Models and Modeling. - 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change. - 7 Input Data Sets. - 8 Sample Applications. - 9 Summary. - References. - 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes / D. M. IMBODEN and A. WÜEST. - 1 Transport and Mixing. - 2 Lakes as Physical Systems. - 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion. - 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion. - 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds' Stress, and Eddy Diffusion. - 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation. - 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing. - 4 Density and Stability of Water Column. - 4.1 Equation of State of Water. - 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability. - 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing. - 5.1 Thermal Energy. - 5.2 Potential Energy. - 5.3 Kinetic Energy. - 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water. - 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade. - 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes. - 6.1 Waves and Mixing. - 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer. - 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing. - 6.4 Boundary Mixing. - 6.5 Double Diffusion. - 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing. - 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance. - 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing. - 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness. - 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor. - References. - 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes / J. R. GAT. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Isotope Separatio During Evaporation. - 2 Small-Area Lakes. - 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes. - 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes. - 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies. - 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems. - 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies. - 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere. - 3.3 Large Lakes. - 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation. - 4 Saline Lakes. - 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes. - 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas. - 5 Isotopie Paleolimnology. - 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans. - References. - 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes / P. VLAHOS, D. MACKAY, S. J. EISENREICH, and KC. HORNBUCKLE. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria. - 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air. - 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach. - 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Paniculate Matter in Air and Water. - 6.1 Air. - 6.2 Water. - 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes. - 7.1 Dry Deposition. - 7.2 Wet Deposition. - 8 Specimen Calculation. - 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties. - 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water. - 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status. - 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Deposition Rates. - 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances. - 10 Case Studies. - 10.1 Mass Balance on Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. - 10.2 Mass Balance on Lake Superior. - 10.3 Air-Water Exchange in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. - 10.4 Air-Water Exchange in Lake Superior. - 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes / W. STUMM and J. SCHNOOR. - Abstract. - 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity. - 1.1 Genesis of Acid Precipitation. - 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities. - 2.1 Transfer of Acidity (or Alkalinity) from Pollution Through the Atmosphere to Ecosystems. - 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 3.1 Disturbance of H+ Balance from Temporal or Spatial Decoupling of the Production and Mineralization of the Biomass. - 3.2 In Situ H+ Ion Neutralization in Lakes. - 3.3 Krug and Frink Revisited. - 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity. - 4.1 Cycling of Metals. - 4.2 Pb in Soils. - 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds. - 5.1 Soils. - 5.2 Lakes. - 5.3 Nitrogen Saturation of Forests. - 6 Critical Loads. - 6.1 Critical Load Maps. - 6.2 Models for Critical Load Evaluation. - 7 Case Studies. - 7.1 Chemical Weathering of Crystalline Rocks in the Catchment Area of Acidic Ticino Lakes, Switzerland. - 7.2 Watershed Manipulation Project at Bear Brooks, Maine. - 8 Summary. - References. - 8 Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes / J. HAMILTON-TAYLOR and W. DAVISON. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways. - 3 Iron and Manganese. - 3.1 Transformations and Cycling. - 3.2 Iron and Manganese Compounds as Carrier Phases. - 4 Sediment-Water Interface. - 4.1 Diffusive Flux from Sediments. - 4.2 Evidence of Little or No Diffusive Efflux from Sediments. - 4.3 Transient Remobilization. - 4.4 Diffusive Flux into Sediments. - 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies. - 5.1 Arsenic. - 5.2 Chromium. - 5.3 239,240Pu. - 5.4 Selenium 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies. - 6.1 137Cs. - 6.2 Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po. - 6.3 Zinc. - 7 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 9 Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes / F. T. MACKENZIE, S. VINK, R. WOLLAST, and L. CHOU. - 1 Introduction. - 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes. - 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions. - 3.1 Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. - 3.2 Solar Lake, Sinai. - 4 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments / P. A. MEYERS and R. ISHIWATARI. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Significance of Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 1.2 Origins of Organic Matter to Lake Sediments. - 1.3 Alterations of Organic Matter During Deposition. - 1.4 Similarities and Differences Between Organic Matter in Sediments of Lakes and Oceans. - 1.5 Dating of Lake-Sediment Records. - 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 2.1 Source Information Preserved in C/N Ratios of Sedimentary Organic Matter. - 2.2 Source Information from Carbon-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 2.3 Source Information from Nitrogen-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances. - 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers. - 4.1 Alteration of Lipids During Deposition. - 4.2 Changes in Sources vs Selective Diagenesis. - 4.3 Effects of Sediment Grain Size on Geolipid Compositions. - 4.4 Source Records of Alkanes in Lake Sediments. - 4.5 Preserv

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Plates. - Figures in the Text. - Introduction. - PART I. BASIC CONCEPTS OF GLACIATION AND GLACIER BEHAVIOUR. - Chapter 1 Ice Ages and World Glaciation. - Chapter 2 Glacier Régimes. - Chapter 3 The Physical Properties of Ice and Types of Glacier. - Chapter 4 Ice Motion. - Chapter 5 Some Indirect Effects of Pleistocene Glaciation. - PART II. GLACIAL AND FLUVIOGLACIAL EROSION. - Chapter 6 Small-scale Features of Glacial and Fluvioglacial Erosion. - Chapter 7 Glaciated Valleys. - Chapter 8 Cirques. - Chapter 9 Glacial Erosion in Areas of Low Relief. - Chapter 10 Glaciation in Coastal Environments. - Chapter 11 Quantitative Aspects of Glacial Erosion. - Chapter 12 Erosion by Glacial Meltwater, and Glacial Diversion of Drainage. - PART III. GLACIAL AND FLUVIOGLACIAL DEPOSITION. - Chapter 13 General Considerations of Glacial and Fluvioglacial Deposition. - Chapter 14 Drumlins. - Chapter 15 Moraines. - Chapter 16 Fluvioglacial Ice-Contact Features: Eskers and Kames. - Chapter 17 Ice Stagnation Features. - Chapter 18 Proglacial Features. - Chapter 19 Glacial Lakes and Lacustrine Deposits. - PART IV. PERIGLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY. - Chapter 20 The Periglacial Environment: An Introductory Survey. - Chapter 21 Frozen Ground Phenomena. - Chapter 22 Patterned Ground. - Chapter 23 Periglacial Mass Movements and Slope Deposits. - Chapter 24 Altiplanation, Tors, Blockfields, and Stone Streams. - Chapter 25 The Action of Snow. - Chapter 26 Periglacial Wind Action. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contents: 1. PRIMARY OBJECTIVES. - 2. DYNAMICS OF THE ICE: FIELD STUDIES. - Major Regional Studies. - In Progress. - Newly Proposed. - Continentwide Measurements. - Surface and Bed Topography. - Mass Balance. - Complementary Field Studies. - Glacier and Local Ice-Cap Studies. - Related Studies outside Antarctica. - Development of New Observational Techniques and Instrumentation. - 3. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FIELD DATA. - Description of the Dynamic State of the Ice Sheet. - Physical Properties of the Ice. - Sea-Ice Modeling. - 4. GLACIAL HISTORY. - Glacial Geology. - Core Studies. - Numerical Modeling. - 5. ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION. - Meteorology. - Oceanography. - Geology and Geophysics. - Biology. - Application of New Techniques. - Satellites and Systems. - Automatic stations. - Oceanographic Instruments. - Global Numerical Modeling. - REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. - APPENDIX A. International Antarctic Glaciological Project. - APPENDIX B. The International Antarctic Glaciological Project Standardization Document. - APPENDIX C. Abstracts of Projects Considered by the Glaciology Panel during the Antarctic Planning Exercise, November 11-13, 1971. - Core Drilling and Analysis. - Ice-Thickness Mapping. - Ross Ice Shelf Project (RISP). - Glacial and Periglacial Studies. - Sea Ice. - Ice Streamline Cooperative Antarctic Project (ISCAP). - Sub-Ice-Surface Remote Sensing. - Alpine Outlet Glaciers. - Roosevelt Island. - APPENDIX D. Antarctic Sea Ice Programm. - Differences between the Arctic and Antarctic Ice Packs. - Importance of the Antarctic Pack. - Proposed programs. - Satellite Programs. - Airborne Remote Sensing. - Unmanned Drifting Stations. - Manned Drifting Stations. - Coastal Stations. - Timing. - Conclusion. - Bibliography. - APPENDIX E. Abbreviations and Terms Used in this Report.

Note: Contents: 1. INTRODUCTION. - 2. PARTICULAR CONCERNS AND REQUIREMENTS. - Environmental Safeguards. - Topographic Mapping. - Regional Geological and Geophysical Surveying. - Stateside Analyses. - Remote Sensing. - Core Drilling into Bedrock beneath the Ice. - New Techniques. - 3. INTERCONTINENTAL AND INTRACONTINENTAL RELATIONSIDPS. - Present Continental Margins. - Passive Continental Margins. - Active Continental Margins. - Pre-Andean Orogenic Belts. - Gondwanide (Ellsworth) Orogen. - Borchgrevink Orogen. - Ross Orogen. - Relations between East and West Antarctica. - West Antarctic Geochronology and Geophysics. - The Ross Embayment. - Surface-Wave-Dispersion Studies. - 4. ACTIVE CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS AND VOLCANICITY. - Seismicity. - Volcanicity. - Gravity Base Station Ties. - Gravity Surveys. - Establishment of Tide Stations and Bench Marks. - Nonisostatic Crustal Uplift. - 5. STUDIES OF THE LATE CENOZOIC ENVIRONMENT. - Comparative Glacial Geologic Chronologies. - Drilling beneath the Ross Ice Shelf. - Ocean Core Studies. - 6. SPECIAL GEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS. - Igneous Processes. - Jurassic Basalt. - Active Continental Margin Processes. - Paleontology. - Vertebrate Paleontology. - Invertebrate Paleontology. - Permian and Triassic Floras. - 7. ANTARCTIC MINERAL RESOURCES. - 8. PRIORITY ORDERING. - 9. SPECIAL RECOMMENDATIONS. - REFERENCES.

Note: Masterarbeit, University of Waterloo, 1995 , TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE AUTHOR'S DECLARATION BORROWER'S PAGE ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DEDICATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PURPOSE 1.3 OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 THERMAL REGIME 2.3 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2.4 HYDROLOGICAL REGIME 2.5 INTEGRATED STUDIES 2.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 3 STUDY SITE LOCATION 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 REGIONAL CLIMATE 3.3 GEOLOGY 3.4 VEGETATION 3.5 COLOUR LAKE BASIN CHAPTER4 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 METHODS 4.3 RESULTS 4.4 DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SS, EIF and GC Transects 4.4.2 Permafrost Transects 4.5 SUMMARY CHAPTER 5 THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 5.1 lNTRODUCTION 5.2 THEORY 5.2.1 Energy Balance 5.2.2 Active Layer Development 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 Energy Balance 5.3.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.3.3 Predicting of Active Layer Depths 5.4 RESULTS 5.4.1 Energy Balance 5.4.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.4.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.5 DISCUSSION 5.S.1 Energy Balance 5.5.2 Ground Temperatures and Ground Heat Flux 5.5.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 6 HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 THEORY 6.2.1 Moisture Distribution 6.2.2 Maximum Storage within the Active Layer 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 Moisture Profiles Using TDR 6.3.2 Precipitation and Evaporation 6.3.3 Changes in Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.3.4 Maximum Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.4 RESULTS 6.4.1 Moisture Distribution 6.4.1.1 Water Content Peaks 6.4.1.2 Apparent Unfrozen Water Content 6.4.1.3 Temporal Trends of a Typical Moisture Profile 6.4.1.4 Deviations from a Typical Site 6.4.1.5 Moisture Distribution Along a Hillslope 6.4.2 Precipitation Infiltration 6.4.3. Water Storage 6.5 DISCUSSION 6.5.1 Effect of Hydrology on Active Layer Development 6.5.1.1 Precipitation 6.5.1.2 Ice and Water Content 6.5.1.3 Seasonal Changes in Soil Moisture Distribution 6.5.2 Effect of Active Layer on Hydrology 6.5.2. 1 Impermeable Boundary 6.5.2.2 Subsurface Ponding 6.5.2.3 Permafrost/Active Layer Boundary Topography 6.5.2.4 Effect of Active Layer Hydrology on Surface Water 6.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 7 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ACTIVE LAYER DEVELOPMENT 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 SUMMARY 7.3 CLIMATE CHANGE 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Increase of Temperature 7.3.3 Changing Precipitation 7.4 REMOTE SENSING 7.5 RECOMMENDATION FOR FuRTHER RESEARCH APPENDIX A PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX A.1: ACTIVE LAYER DEPTHS APPENDIX B THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX B.1: BASE CAMP METEOROLOGICAL STATION OBSERVATIONS APPENDIX B.2: DAILY ENERGY-BALANCE SUMMARY APPENDIX B.3: MONTHLY AVERAGES FROM THE DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE METEOROLOGICAL STATION APPENDIX B.4: EXAMPLE OF DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY BALANCE COMPONENTS APPENDIX B.5: SOIL TEMPERATURES AT THE INTENSIVE STUDY SITES APPENDIX B.6: ACCUMULATED THAWING DEGREE DAYS APPENDIX B.7: CURVE FOR FENWALL THERMISTORS APPENDIX B.8: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN √ADDT AND √TT APPENDIX C HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX C.1: VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT VALUES APPENDIX C.2: POTENTIAL INFILTRATION REFERENCES , Englisch

Note: Contents: Figures. - Tables. - Preface. - Illustrations. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 Background. - 1.2 Scope of the text. - 1.3 World vegetation types. - 1.3.1 Vegetation formations and zones. - 1.3.2 Zonobiomes. - 1.3.3 Exoclimates. - 1.3.4 The Canadian vegetation classification system. - 1.3.5 Ecozones. - 1.3.6 Floristic realms. - 1.3.7 Plant species nomenclature. - 1.4 Soil classification and soil systems. - 1.5 Climatic parameters. - 1.5.1 The role of climate. - 1.5.2 Moisture indices. - 1.5.3 Climate diagrams. - 1.6 Plant strategies. - 1.6.1 Competition. - 1.6.2 Hydrature and moisture regulation. - 1.6.3 Life forms. - 1.6.4 Leaf morphology and adaptation. - 1.7 Biomass and net primary productivity. - 2. Tundra 2.1 Tundra distribution. - 2.2 Climate. - 2.3 Soils. - 2.4 Tundra in North America. - 2.4.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces and regions. - 2.4.2 High and mid-Arctic. - 2.4.3 Low Arctic. - 2.5 Tundra in other Northern Hemisphere locations. - 2.5.1 Arctic Tundra. - 2.5.2 Typical Tundra. - 2.5.3 Southern Tundra. - 2.5.4 Tundra on Arctic Islands. - 2.6 Tundea in the Southern Hemisphere. - 2.6.1 The Antarctic Subregion. - 2.6.2 The Sub-Antarctic Subregion. - 2.7 Alpine Tundra. - 2.7.1 Temperate-latitude alpine Tundra. - 2.7.2 Low-latitude (equatorial) alpine Tundra. - 2.8 Primary production and phytomass in Tundra. - 3. Forest-Tundra or Boreal-Tundra Ecotone. - 3.1 Definitions. - 3.2 Distribution. - 3.3 Climate. - 3.4 Soils. - 3.5 Forest-Tundra in Canada. - 3.5.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces. - 3.5.2 The shrub subzone (Northern Forest-Tundra). - 3.5.3 The forest subzone (Southern Forest Tundra). - 3.6 Eurasian Forest-Tundra. - 3.7 Primary production and phytomass in forest-Tundra. - 4. Boreal Forest (Taiga) and Mixed Forest Transition. - 4.1 Distribution. - 4.2 Climate. - 4.3 Soils. - 4.4 Boreal forest in North America. - 4.4.1 Open Lichen Woodland. - 4.4.2 Northern Coniferous Forest. - 4.4.3 Mixed-Forest (Boreal-Broadleaf ecotone). - 4.4.4 Mixed-Forest transition to grassland (Northern Mixedwoods). - 4.5 Eurasian Boreal. - 4.5.1 The European Boreal. - 4.5.2 The Siberian Boreal. - 4.5.3 Northwest Pacific Fringe Boreal. - 4.6 Primary production and phytomass in boreal forest. - 5. Prairie (Steppe). - 5.1 Distribution. - 5.2 Climate. - 5.2.1 North America. - 5.2.2 Climate in Eurasia and elsewhere. - 5.3 Soils. - 5.4 Prairie in North America. - 5.4.1 The Canadian Prairie. - 5.4.2 Prairie in the USA. - 5.5. Eurasian Steppe. - 5.6 Southern Hemisphere Grasslands. - 5.6.1 The High Veldt. - 5.6.2 The Pampas/Campos Grasslands. - 5.7 Primary production and biomass. - 6. Cordilleran Environments in Western North America. - 6.1 Canada's Cordilleran ecoclimatic provinces. - 6.1.1 Distribution. - 6.1.2 Climate. - 6.1.3 Soils. - 6.1.4 Pacific Coastal Mesothermal Forest. - 6.1.5 Pacific Coastal Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.6 Cordilleran Forest Region. - 6.1.7 Cordilleran Cold Steppe and Savanna Forst. - 6.1.8 Canadian Cordilleran Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.9 Alpine Tundra and Boreal Forest. - 6.2 The Cordilleran Region in the USA. - 6.2.1 Distribution. - 6.2.2 Northwest Coast Conifer-Hardwood Forests. - 6.2.3 Montane Pine Forests. - 6.2.4 Sagebrush and Grasslands. - 6.2.5 Interior Hemlock-Douglas-Fir-Larch. - 6.2.6 Subalpine Forest. - 6.3 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 7. Temperate Deciduous Forests. - 7.1 Distribution. - 7.2 Climate. - 7.3 Soils. - 7.4 Temperate Deciduous Forest in North America. - 7.4.1 Canada. - 7.4.2 United States of America. - 7.4.3 Southern Mexico and South America. - 7.5 Europe. - 7.5.1 Atlantic Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.2 Central European Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.3 East European Deciduous Forest. - 7.6 Asia. - 7.7 Southern Hemisphere. - 7.8 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 8. Wetlands. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Climate. - 8.3 Soils. - 8.4 Canadian Wetland Classification. - 8.4.1 Canadian Wetland Classification System. - 8.4.2 Wetland classes. - 8.4.3 Wetland forms and types. - 8.5 Canadian Wetlands. - 8.5.1 Arctic Wetlands. - 8.5.2 Subarctic Wetlands. - 8.5.3 Boreal Wetlands. - 8.5.4 Prairie Wetlands. - 8.5.5 Temperate Wetlands. - 8.5.6 Oceanic Wetlands. - 8.5.7 Mountain Wetlands. - 8.6 Wetlands in the USA. - 8.7 Eurasian Wetlands. - 8.7.1 European Wetlands. - 8.7.2 Asian Wetlands. - 8.8 Central and South American Wetlands. - 8.9 African Wetlands. - 8.10 Austromalesian and Pacific Wetlands. - 8.11 Phytomass and Primary Production. - 9. Conclusion. - Appendix: Biomials and their local names as used in the text. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents: Abstract. - Acknowledgements. - Introduction: Environmental change, paleolimnology, and diatoms. - Chapter 1: Diatoms as indicators of salinity and brine composition. - Chapter 2: Diatoms as indicators of lake trophic status. - References. - Plates. - Appendices. - Species Index.

Note: Teilw. zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1994

Note: Contents Preface 1 Chemical equilibrium 1.1 Some introductory concepts 1.2 Equilibrium constants 1.3 Reaction quotient 1.4 LeChatelier' s principle Exercises 2 Chemical thermodynamics 2.1 The first law of thermodynamics; enthalpy 2.2 Enthalpies of reaction and formation 2.3 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics 2.4 The third law of thermodynamics; absolute entropies 2.5 Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneous transformation 2.6 Standard free energy changes 2. 7 Free energy change and the equilibrium constant 2.8 Chemical potential; homogeneous nucleation of water-vapor condensation Exercises 3 Chemical kinetics 3.1 Reaction rates 3.2 Reaction mechanisms 3.3 Reaction rates and equilibria 3.4 Collision theory of gaseous reactions 3.5 The effect of temperature on reaction rates: the Arrhenius' relation 3.6 Catalysis 3.7 Half-life, residence time, and renewal time Exercises 4 Solution chemistry and aqueous equilibria 4.1 Definitions and types of solutions 4.2 Solution concentrations 4.3 Factors affecting solubility 4.4 Colligative properties 4.5 Aqueous solutions; electrolytes 4.6 Aqueous equilibria 4.7 Strong and weak electrolytes; ion-product constant for water Exercises 5 Acids and bases 5.1 Some definitions and concepts 5.2 The nature of H+(aq) 5.3 The Brønsted-Lowry theory; conjugate acid-base pairs 5.4 The Lewis theory 8 5.5 Strengths of acids and bases; acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant 5.6 The pH scale 5.7 Polyprotic acids 5.8 Hydrolysis 5.9 Buffers 5.10 Complex ions 5.11 Mass balance and charge balance relations 5.12 The pH of rainwater Exercises 6 Oxidation-reduction reactions 6.1 Some definitions 6.2 Oxidation numbers 6.3 Balancing oxidation-reduction reactions 6.4 Half-reactions in electrochemical cells 6.5 Strengths of oxidants and reductants; standard cell and half-cell potentials 6.6 Standard cell potentials and free-energy change 6.7 The Nernst equation 6.8 Redox potentials; Eh-pH diagrams 6.9 Gram-equivalent weight and normality Exercises 7 Photochemistry 7.1 Some properties of electromagnetic waves 7.2 Some photochemical terminology and principles 7.3 Quantum yields 7.4 Rate coefficients for photolysis 7.5 Photostationary states 7.6 Stratospheric ozone and photochemistry; depletion of stratospheric ozone Exercises Appendix I International system of units (SI) Appendix II Some useful numerical values Appendix III Atomic weights Appendix IV Equilibrium (or dissociation) constants for some chemical reactions Appendix V Some molar standard Gibbs free energies of formation, molar standard enthalpies (or heats) of formation and molar absolute entropies at 25°C and 1 atmosphere Appendix VI Names, formulas, and charges of some common ions Appendix VII Answers to exercises and hints and solutions to selected exercises Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Preliminary information. - 1.1 Definition of the climatic system. - 1.2 Scales of temporal variability and its mechanisms. - 1.3 Predictability and non-uniqueness. - 1.4 Methods of experimental research. - 1.4.1 Ground-based measurements. - 1.4.2 Satellite measurements. - 2 Present state of the climatic system. - 2.1 Initial information. - 2.2 Mass budget. - 2.3 Heat budget. - 2.4 Moisture budget. - 2.5 Energy budget. - 2.6 Angular momentum budget. - 2.7 Carbon budget. - 3 Small-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 3.1 Surface atmospheric layer. - 3.2 Vertical distribution of the mean velocity over an immovable smooth surface: viscous sublayer; logarithmic boundary layer. - 3.3 Vertical distribution of the mean velocity over an immovable rough surface: roughness parameter; hydrodynamic classification of underlying surfaces. - 3.4 Hydrodynamic properties of the sea surface. - 3.5 Wind-wave interaction. - 3.6 Vertical distribution of the temperature and passive admixture over an immovable surface. - 3.7 Coefficients of resistance, heat exchange and evaporation for the sea surface. - 3.8 The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. - 3.9 Transformation of the thermal regime of the surface atmospheric layer in the presence of wind-wave interaction. - 3.10 Methods for estimating surface fluxes of momentum heat and humidity. - 3.11 Methods for estimating C02 flux at the ocean-atmosphere interface. - 3.12 Features of small-scale ocean- atmosphere interaction under storm conditions. - 4 Mesoscale ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 4.1 The planetary boundary layer. - 4.2 Problem of closure. - 4.2.1 First-order closure. - 4.2.2 Second-order closure. - 4.3 Laws of resistance and heat and humidity exchange. - 4.4 System of planetary boundary layers of the ocean and atmosphere. - 4.4.1 Theoretical models using a priori information on the magnitude and profile of the eddy viscosity coefficient. - 4.4.2 Simplest closed models. - 4.4.3 Semiempirical models not using a priori information on the magnitude and profile of the eddy viscosity coefficient. - 5 Large-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 5.1 Classification of climatic system models. - 5.2 Similarity theory for global ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 5.3 Zero-dimensional models. - 5.4 One-dimensional models. - 5.5 0.5-dimensional (box) models. - 5.6 1.5-dimensional models. - 5.7 Two-dimensional (zonal) models. - 5.8 Three-dimensional models. - 5.9 ENSO as a manifestation of the inter-annual variability of the ocean-atmosphere system. - 6 Response of the ocean-atmosphere system to external forcing. - 6.1 Sensitivity of the climatic system: mathematical methods of analysis. - 6.2 Equilibrium response to a change in ocean-land area ratio. - 6.3 Equilibrium response to a change in the concentration of atmospheric CO2. - 6.4 Equilibrium response to a change in land surface albedo. - 6.5 Equilibrium response to a change in soil moisture content. - 6.6 Equilibrium response to a change in vegetative cover. - 6.7 Transient response to a change in the concentration of atmospheric CO2. - References. - Index. , Aus d. Russ. übers.

Note: Contents: 1. Main factors affecting the composition of natural waters / Owen P. Bricker and Blair F. Jones. - 2. Trace chemistry processes / Petr Beneš and Eiliv Steinnes. - 3. Strategies of sampling, fractionation, and analysis / Brit Salbu and Deborah H. Oughton. - 4. Data analysis and statistical methods / Nils B. Vogt, Sjur Andersen, Morten Schaanning, and Rolf D. Vogt. - 5. Precipitation / Howard B. Ross and Stephen J. Vermette. - 6. Interstitial Waters / Jihua Hong, Wolfgang Calmano, and Ulrich Förstner. - 7. Groundwater / Bert Allard. - 8. Trace elements in lakes / Hans Borg. - 9. Trace elements in rivers / Barry T. Hart and Tina Hines. - 10. Trace metals in estuaries / Geoffrey E. Millward and Andrew Turner. - 11. Trace elements in the oceans / John R. Donat and Kenneth W. Bruland. - 12. State of the art and future trends / Brit Salbu and Eiliv Steinnes. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Principal Symbols. - Chapter 1. The Middle Atmosphere and Its Evolution. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Evolution of the Earth's atmosphere. - 1.3 Possible perturbations. - References. - Chapter 2. Chemical Concepts in the Atmosphere. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Thermodynamic considerations. - 2.3 Elementary chemical kinetics. - 2.3.1 Collision theory of bimolecular reactions. - 2.3.2 Unimolecular reactions. - 2.3.3 Termolecular reactions. - 2.4 Term symbols and their use. - 2.4.1 General. - 2.4.2 Selection rules for electronic radiative processes. - 2.5 Photolysis processes. - 2.6 Excited species in the middle atmosphere. - References and bibliography. - Chapter 3. Structure and Dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Vertical structure and some observed dynamical characteristics. - 3.3 Fundamental description of atmospheric dynamics. - 3.3.1 The primitive equations. - 3.3.2 The quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation. - 3.4 Effects of dynamics on chemical species. - 3.5 General circulation models. - 3.6 Dynamics of the stratosphere in two dimensions: a conceptual view. - 3.6.1 Zonal means and eddies. - 3.6.2 Descriptions of the mean meridional stratospheric circulation. - 3.7 The importance of wave transience and dissipation. - 3.8 One dimensional representations of the atmosphere. - References. - Chapter 4. Radiation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere. - 4.2.1 The sun as a black body. - 4.2.2 The observed solar spectrum. - 4.3 The attenuation of solar radiation in the atmosphere. - 4.3.1 Absorption. - 4.3.2 Scattering by molecules and aerosol particles. - 4.4 Radiative transfer. - 4.4.1 General equations. - 4.4.2 Solution of the equation of radiative transfer for wavelengths less than 4 µm : Multiple scattering. - 4.4.3 Solution of the radiative transfer equation at wavelengths longer than 4 µm : Absorption and emission of infrared radiation. - 4.5 The thermal effects of radiation. - 4.5.1 Heating due to absorption of radiation. - 4.5.2 Cooling by radiative emission. - 4.6 Photochemical effects of radiation. - 4.6.1 General. - 4.6.2 Absorption cross sections of the principal atmospheric molecules 4.6.3 Numerical calculation of photodissociation coefficients. - References. - Chapter 5. Composition and Chemistry. - 5.1 General. - 5.2 Oxygen compounds. - 5.2.1 Pure oxygen chemistry. - 5.2.2 The odd oxygen family and some observations. - 5.3 Carbon compounds. - 5.3.1 Methane. - 5.3.2 Methane oxidation chemistry. - 5.3.3 Some end products of methane oxidation: carbon monoxide and dioxide. - 5.4 Hydrogen compounds. - 5.4.1 General. - 5.4.2 Odd hydrogen chemistry. - 5.4.3 The odd hydrogen family and some observations. - 5.5 Nitrogen compounds. - 5.5.1 Sources of stratospheric nitrogen oxides. - 5.5.2 Chemistry of odd nitrogen and nitric acid in the stratosphere. - 5.5.3 The odd nitrogen family: lifetimes and observations. - 5.5.4 Chemistry of odd nitrogen in the lower thermosphere and mesosphere. - 5.5.5 The odd nitrogen family in the lower thermosphere and mesophere. - 5.6 Chlorine compounds. - 5.6.1 General. - 5.6.2 Chlorine chemistry. - 5.6.3 The odd chlorine family: lifetimes and observations. - 5.7 Other halogens. - 5.8 Sulfur compounds and formation ofaerosols. - 5.9 Generalized ozone balance. - References. - Chapter 6. The Ions. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Formation of ions in the middle atmosphere. - 6.2.1 Effect of solar radiation. - 6.2.2 The effect of energetic particles. - 6.2.3 Comparison of different ionization processes. - 6.3 Positive ion chemistry. - 6.3.1 Positive ions in the E region. - 6.3.2 Positive ions in the D region. - 6.3.3 Positive ions in the stratosphere. - 6.4 Negative ion chemistry. - 6.4.1 Negative ions in the D region. - 6.4.2 Negative ions in the stratosphere. - 6.5 Effect of ionic processes on neutral constituents. - 6.6 Radio waves in the lower ionosphere. - References. - Chapter 7. Possible Perturbations and Atmospheric Responses. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 The importance of coupling in the study of perturbations. - 7.3 The effect of changes in the solar irradiance. - 7.4 Particle precipitation. - 7.5 Volcanic emissions. - 7.6 Anthropogenic emissions. - 7.6.1 Carbon dioxide. - 7.6.2 Methane. - 7.6.3 Nitrous oxide. - 7.6.4 Aircraft in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. - 7.6.5 The chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's). - 7.6.6 Simultaneous perturbations. - References. - Appendix A. Numerical values of physical constants and other data. - Appendix B. Conversion factors. - Appendix C. Reaction rate constants. - Appendix D. Estimated mixing ratio profiles. - Index.

Note: Contents: Abstract 1. Preface 2. Introduction 3. Geographical distribution 4. Localities and samples 5. Biotopics 6. pH 7. Taxonomy 8. Bibliography 9. Acknowledgements 10. Plates

Note: Dissertation, Hokkaido University, 1995 , Contents 1. Introduction 2. Global methane budget 2－1. Atmospheric methane concentration 2－2. Greenhouse effect of methane 2－3. Methane budget 2－3－1. Sources 2－3－2. Sinks 2-4．Methane emission from wetlands 24－1. Methanogenic bacteria 24－2. Controlling factors affecting microbial production of methane 24－3. Transport processes to the atmosphere 3. Physical and biological environments of eastern Siberia 3－1. Climate and Permafrost distribution 3－2. Tundra wetland 3－3. Alass in taiga region 4. Methane flux measurements 4－1. lntroduction 4－2. Method of field observation 4－2－1. Methane flux measurements 4－2－2. Other measurements 4－3. Results of the measurements at the tundra wetlands 4－3－1. Bykovsky Peninsula and Kalakliari lsland, Siberia 4－3－2. Mustakh Island, Siberia 4－3－3. Fairbanks, Alaska 4－4. Results of the measurements at alasses in taiga region 4－5. Summary and comparison with previous studies 5. Estimation of annual methane emission from tundra wetlands 5－1 Introduction 5－2. Relationship between methane emission and active layer conditions 5－3. Estimation of ground temperature profile and active layer thickness 5－3－1. One-dmensional thermal conduction model 5－3－2. Simulation of ground temperature profile at Kalakhari Island 5－4. Estimation of annual methane emission from Siberian tundra wetlands 5－5. Comparison with previous works 6. Estimation of methane emission change induced by a climate change 6－1. Prediction of future climatic warming 6－2. Evaluation of change of methane emission caused by a climatic warming 6－2－1. Equilibrium climatic change 6－2－2. Time-dependent climatic change 7. Conclusions Acknowledgnents References

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Habil., 1993

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Editor's Preface Translator's Preface Preface to Volume I of the Russian edition, Polypodiaceae-Butomaceae Preface to Volume II of the Russian edition, Gramineae Abbreviations Used in Citing Floristic and Systematic Literature FAMILY I / Polypodiaceae—True Ferns GENUS 1 / Woodsia—Woodsia GENUS 2 / Cystopteris—Bladder Fern GENUS 3 / Dryopteris—Shield Fern GENUS 4 / Thelypteris—Thelypteris GENUS 5 / Gymnocarpium—Oak Fern GENUS 6 / Polystichum—Holly Fern GENUS 7 / Athyrium—Lady Fern GENUS 8 / Asplenium—Spleenwort GENUS 9 / Cryptogramma—Rock Brake GENUS 10 / Polypodium—Polypody FAMILY II / Ophioglossaceae—Adder's Tongue Family GENUS L / Botrychium—Moonwort FAMILY III / Equisetaceae—Horsetails GENUS 1 / Equisetum—Horsetail FAMILY IV / Lycopodiaceae—Club-Mosses GENUS 1 / Lycopodium—Club-Moss FAMILY V / Selaginellaceae—Selaginella Family GENUS 1 / Selaginella—Selaginella, Little Club-Moss FAMILY VI / Pinaceae—Pine Family GENUS IA / Abies—Fir GENUS 1 / Picea—Spruce GENUS 2 / Larix—Larch GENUS 3 / Pinus—Pine FAMILY VII / Cupressaceae—Cypress Family GENUS 1 / Juniperus—Juniper FAMILY VIII / Sparganiaceae—Bur-Reed Family GENUS 1 / Sparganium—Bur-Reed FAMILY IX / Potamogetonaceae—Pondweed Family GENUS 1 / Potamogeton—Pondweed GENUS 2 / Zostera—Eel-Grass FAMILY X / Juncaginaceae—Arrow-Grass Family GENUS 1 / Triglochin—Arrow Grass GENUS 2 / Scheuchzeria—Scheuchzeria FAMILY XI / Alismataceae—Water-Plantain Family GENUS 1 / Alisma—Water-Plantain FAMILY XII / Butomaceae—Flowering Rush Family GENUS 1 / Butomus—Flowering Rush FAMILY XIII / Gramineae—Grasses GENUS 1 / Typhoides—Reed Canary Grass GENUS 2 / Anthoxanthum—Vernal-Grass GENUS 3 / Hierochloe—Sweet Grass GENUS 4 / Milium—Wood Millet GENUS 5 / Phleum—Timothy GENUS 6 / Alopecurus—Foxtail GENUS 7 / Arctagrostis—Arctagrostis GENUS 8 / Agrostis—Bent GENUS 9 / Calamagrostis—Reed Grass GENUS 10 / Apera—Silky Bent GENUS 11 / Vahlodea—Vahlodea GENUS 12 / Deschampsia—Hair Grass GENUS 13 / Trisetum—Trisetum GENUS 14 / Helictotrichon—Oat Grass GENUS 15 I Beckmannia—Slough Grass GENUS 16 / Phragmites—Reed GENUS 17 / Molinia—Moor Grass GENUS 18 / Koeleria—June Grass GENUS 19 / Melica—Melic GENUS 20 / Pleuropogon—Semaphore Grass GENUS 21 / Dactylis—Cocksfoot GENUS 22 / Poa—Bluegrass GENUS 23 / Dupontia—Dupontia GENUS 24 / Arctophila—Arctophila GENUS 25 / Colpodium—Colpodium GENUS 26 / Catabrosa—Brook Grass GENUS 27 / Phippsia—Phippsia GENUS 27A / Glyceria—Manna Grass GENUS 28 / Puccinellia—Alkali Grass GENUS 29 / Festuca—Fescue GENUS 30 / Zerna—Perennial Brome Grass GENUS 31 / Bromus—Brome Grass GENUS 32 / Nardus—Matgrass GENUS 33 / Roegneria—Rhizomeless WheatGrass GENUS 34 / Elytrigia—WheatGrass GENUS 35 / Leymus—Wild Rye GENUS 36 / Hordeum—Barley APPENDIX I I Summary of Data on the Geographical Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic TABLE 1 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Polypodiaceae-Butomaceae TABLE 2 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Gramineae Index of Plant Names

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.