ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS PREFACE PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART ONE GLACIERS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Glacier systems 1.1.1 Mass balance 1.1.2 Meltwater 1.1.3 Glacier motion 1.1.4 Glaciers and sea-level change 1.1.5 Erosion and debris transport 1.1.6 Glacial sediments, landforms and landscapes 1.2 Glacier morphology 1.2.1 Ice sheets and ice caps 1.2.2 Glaciers constrained by topography 1.2.3 Ice shelves 1.3 Present distribution of glaciers 1.3.1 Influence of latitude and altitude 1.3.2 Influence of aspect, relief and distance from a moisture source 1.4 Past distribution of glaciers 1.4.1 'Icehouse' and 'greenhouse' worlds 1.4.2 Cenozoic glaciation 2 SNOW, ICE AND CLIMATE 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Surface energy balance 2.2.1 Changes of state and temperature 2.2.2 Shortwave radiation 2.2.3 Longwave radiation 2.2.4 Sensible and latent heat: turbulent fluxes 2.2.5 Energy supplied by rain 2.2.6 Why is glacier ice blue? 2.3 Ice temperature 2.3.1 The melting point of ice 2.3.2 Controls on ice temperature 2.3.3 Thermal structure of glaciers and ice sheets 2.4 Processes of accumulation and ablation 2.4.1 Snow and ice accumulation 2.4.2 Transformation of snow to ice 2.4.3 Melting of snow and ice 2.4.4 Sublimation and evaporation 2.4.5 The influence of debris cover 2.5 Mass balance 2.5.1 Definitions 2.5.2 Measurement of mass balance 2.5.3 Annual mass balance cycles 2.5.4 Mass balance gradients 2.5.5 The equilibrium line 2.5.6 Glaciation levels or glaciation thresholds 2.5.7 Glacier sensitivity to climate change 2.6 Glacier-climate interactions 2.6.1 Effects of glaciers and ice sheets on the atmosphere 2.7 Ice cores 2.7.1 Ice coring programmes 2.7.2 Stable isotopes 2.7.3 Ancient atmospheres: the gas content of glacier ice 2.7.4 Solutes and particulates 3 GLACIER HYDROLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basic concepts 3.2.1 Water sources and routing 3.2.2 Hydraulic potential 3.2.3 Resistance to flow 3.2.4 Channel wall processes: melting, freezing and ice deformation 3.3 Supraglacial and englacial drainage 3.3.1 Supraglacial water storage and drainage 3.3.2 Englacial drainage 3.4 Subglacial drainage 3.4.1 Subglacial channels 3.4.2 Water films 3.4.3 Linked cavity systems 3.4.4 Groundwater flow 3.4.5 Water at the ice-sediment interface 3.5 Glacial hydrological systems 3.5.1 Temperate glaciers 3.5.2 Polythermal glaciers 3.5.3 Modelling glacial hydrological systems 3.6 Proglacial runoff 3.6.1 Seasonal and shorter-term cycles 3.6.2 Runoff and climate change 3.7 Glacial lakes and outburst floods 3.7.1 Introduction 3.7.2 Moraine-dammed lakes 3.7.3 Ice-dammed lakes 3.7.4 Icelandic subglacial lakes 3.7.5 Estimating GLOF magnitudes 3.8 Life in glaciers 3.8.1 Supraglacial ecosystems 3.8.2 Subglacial ecosystems 3.9 Glacier hydrochemistry 3.9.1 Overview 3.9.2 Snow chemistry 3.9.3 Chemical weathering processes 3.9.4 Subglacial chemical weathering 3.9.5 Proglacial environments 3.9.6 Rates of chemical erosion 4 PROCESSES OF GLACIER MOTION 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Stress and strain 4.2.1 Stress 4.2.2 Strain 4.2.3 Rheology: stress-strain relationships 4.2.4 Force balance in glaciers 4.3 Deformation of ice 4.3.1 Glen's Flow Law 4.3.2 Crystal fabric, impurities and water content 4.3.3 Ice creep velocities 4.4 Sliding 4.4.1 Frozen beds 4.4.2 Sliding of wet-based ice 4.4.3 Glacier-bed friction 4.4.4 The role of water 4.5 Deformable beds 4.5.1 The Boulton-Hindmarsh model 4.5.2 Laboratory testing of subglacial tills 4.5.3 Direct observations of deformable glacier beds 4.5.4 Rheology of subglacial till 4.6 Rates of basal motion 4.6.1 'Sliding laws' 4.6.2 Local and non-local controls on ice velocity 4.7 Crevasses and other structures: strain made visible 4.7.1 Crevasses 4.7.2 Crevasse patterns 4.7.3 Layering, foliation and related structures 5 GLACIER DYNAMICS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Understanding glacier dynamics 5.2.1 Balance velocities 5.2.2 Deviations from the balance velocity 5.2.3 Changes in ice thickness: continuity 5.2.4 Thermodynamics 5.3 Glacier models 5.3.1 Overview 5.3.2 Equilibrium glacier profiles 5.3.3 Time-evolving glacier models 5.4 Dynamics of valley glaciers 5.4.1 Intra-annual velocity variations 5.4.2 Multi-annual variations 5.5 Calving glaciers 5.5.1 Flow of calving glaciers 5.5.2 Calving processes 5.5.3 'Calving laws' 5.5.4 Advance and retreat of calving glaciers 5.6 Ice shelves 5.6.1 Mass balance of k e shelves 5.6.2 Flow of ice shelves 5.6.3 Ice shelf break-up 5.7 Glacier surges 5.7.1 Overview 5.7.2 Distribution of surging glaciers 5.7.3 Temperate glacier surges 5.7.4 Polythermal surging glaciers 5.7.5 Surge mechanisms 6 THE GREENLAND AND ANTARCTIC ICE SHEETS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Greenland Ice Sheet 6.2.1 Overview 6.2.2 Climate and surface mass balance 6.2.3 Ice sheet flow 6.2.4 Ice streams and outlet glaciers 6.3 The Antarctic Ice Sheet 6.3.1 Overview 6.3.2 Climate and mass balance 6.3.3 Flow of inland ice 6.3.4 Ice streams 6.3.5 Hydrology and subglacial lakes 6.3.6 Ice stream stagnation and reactivation 6.3.7 Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet 7 GLACIERS AND SEA LEVEL CHANGE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Causes of sea-level change 7.2.1 Overview 7.2.2 Glacio-eustasy and global ice volume 7.2.3 Glacio-isostasy and ice sheet loading 7.3 Sea-level change over glacial-interglacial cycles 7.3.1 Ice sheet fluctuations and eustatic sea-level change 7.3.2 Sea-level histories in glaciated regions 7.4 Glaciers and recent sea-level change 7.4.1 Recorded sea-level change 7.4.2 Global glacier mass balance 7.5 Future sea-level change 7.5.1 IPCC climate and sea-level projections 7.5.2 Predicting the glacial contribution to sea-level change PART TWO GLACIATION 8 EROSIONAL PROCESSES, FORMS AND LANDSCAPES 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Subglacial erosion 8.2.1 Rock fracture: general principles 8.2.2 Abrasion 8.2,3 Quarrying 8.2.4 Erosion beneath cold ice 8.2.5 Erosion of soft beds 8.3 Small-scale erosional forms 8.3.1 Striae and polished surfaces 8.3.2 Rat tails 8.3.3 Chattermarks, gouges and fractures 8.3.4 P-forms 8.4 Intermediate-scale erosional forms 8.4.1 Roches moutonnees 8.4.2 Whalebacks and rock drumlins 8.4.3 Crag and tails 8.4.4 Channels 8.5 Large-scale erosional landforms 8.5.1 Rock basins and overdeepenings 8.5.2 Basins and overdeepenings in soft sediments 8.5.3 Troughs and fjords 8.5.4 Cirques 8.5.5 Strandflats 8.6 Landscapes of glacial erosion 8.6.1 Areal scouring 8.6.2 Selective linear erosion 8.6.3 Landscapes of little or no glacial erosion 8.6.4 Alpine landscapes 8.6.5 Cirque landscapes 8.6.6 Continent-scale patterns of erosion 9 DEBRIS ENTRAPMENT AND TRANSPORT 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Approaches to the study of glacial sediments 9.2.1 The glacial debris cascade 9.2.2 Spatial hierarchies of sediments and landforms 9.3 Glacial debris entrainment 9.3.1 Supraglacial debris entrainment 9.3.2 Incorporation of debris into basal ice 9.4 Debris transport and release 9.4.1 Subglacial transport 9.4.2 High-level debris transport 9.4.3 Glacifluvial transport 9.5 Effects of transport on debris 9.5.1 Granulometry 9.5.2 Clast morphology 9.5.3 Particle micromorphology 10 GLACIGENIC SEDIMENTS AND DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Sediment description and classification 10.2.1 Sediment description 10.2.2 Deformation structures 10.2.3 Primary and secondary deposits 10.3 Primary glacigenic deposits (till) 10.3.1 Overview 10.3.2 Processes of subglacial till formation 10.3.3 Glacitectonite 10.3.4 Subglacial traction till 10.4 Glacifluvial deposits 10.4.1 Terminology and classification of glacifluvial sediments 10.4.2 Plane bed deposits 10.4.3 Ripple cross-laminated facies 10.4.4 Dunes 10.4.5 Antidunes 10.4.6 Scour and minor channel fills 10.4.7 Gravel sheets 10.4.8 Silt and mud drapes 10.4.9 Hyperconcentrated flow deposits 10.5 Gravitational mass movement deposits and syn-sedimentary deformation structures 10.5.1 Overview 10.5.2 Fall deposits 10.5.3 Slide and slump deposits 10.5.4 Debris (sediment-gravity) flow deposits 10.5.5

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - PART 1 INTRODUCTION. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Humans and the coastal zone. - 1.2 Approaches to the study of coasts. - 1.3 Information sources. - 1.4 Approach and organisation. - References. - 2. Coastal geomorphology. - 2.1 Definition and scope of coastal geomorphology. - 2.2 The coastal zone: definition and nomenclature. - 2.3 Factors influencing coastal morphology and processes. - References. - PART 2 COASTAL PROCESSES. - 3. Sea level fluctuations and changes. - 3.1 Synopsis. - 3.2 Mean sea level, the geoid, and changes in mean sea level. - 3.3 Changes in mean sea level. - 3.4 Astronomical tides. - 3.5 Short-term dynamic changes in sea level. - 3.6 Climate change and sea level rise. - References. - 4. Wind-generated waves. - 4.1 Synopsis. - 4.2 Definition and characteristics of waves. - 4.3 Measurement and description of waves. - 4.4 Wave generation. - 4.5 Wave prediction. - 4.6 Wave climate. - Further reading. - Preferences. - 5. Waves - wave theory and wave dynamics. - 5.1 Synopsis. - 5.2 Wave theories. - 5.3 Wave shoaling and refraction. - 5.4 Wave breaking. - 5.5 Wave groups and low-frequency energy in the surf and swash zones. - Further reading. - References. - 6. Surf zone circulation. - 6.1 Synopsis. - 6.2 Undertow. - 6.3 Rip cells. - 6.4 Longshore currents. - 6.5 Wind and tidal currents. - Further reading. - References. - 7. Coastal sediment transport. - 7.1 Synopsis. - 7.2 Sediment transport mechanisms, boundary layers and bedforms. - 7.3 On-offshore sand transport. - 7.4 Longshore sand transport. - 7.5 Littoral sediment budget and littoral drift cells. - Further reading. - References. - PART 3 COASTAL SYSTEMS. - 8. Beach and nearshore systems. - 8.1 Synopsis. - 8.2 Beach and nearshore sediments and morphology. - 8.3 Nearshore morphodynamics. - 8.4 Beach morphodynamics. - References. - 9. Coastal sand dunes. - 9.1 Synopsis. - 9.2 Morphological components of coastal dunes and dune fields. - 9.3 Plant communities of coastal dunes. - 9.4 Aeolian processes in coastal dunes. - 9.5 Sand deposition. - 9.6 Beach / dune interaction and foredune evolution. - 9.7 Management of coastal dunes. - References. - 10. Barrier systems. - 10.1 Synopsis. - 10.2 Barrier types and morphology. - 10.3 Barrier dynamics: overwash and inlets. - 10.4 Barrier spit morphodynamics. - 10.5 Barrier islands. - 10.6 Management of barrier systems. - References. - 11. Salt marshes and mangroves. - 11.1 Synopsis. - 11.2 Saltmarsh and mangrove ecosystems. - 11.3 Salt marshes. - 11.4 Mangroves. - 11.5 Conservation and management of saltmarshes and mangroves. - Further reading. - References. - 12. Coral reefs and atolls. - 12.1 Synopsis. - 12.2 Corals and reef formation. - 12.3 Geomorphology and sedimentology of coral reefs. - 12.4 Impacts of disturbance on coral reefs. - Further reading. - References. - 13. Cliffed and rocky coasts. - 13.1 Synopsis. - 13.2 Cliffed coast morphology. - 13.3 Cliffed coast erosion system. - 13.4 Cohesive bluff coasts. - 13.5 Rock coasts. - 13.6 Shore platforms. - 13.7 Management of coastal cliff shorelines. - Further reading. - References. - Index

Note: Contents: Introduction. - Apiaceae. - Asteraceae. - Betulaceae. - Boraginaceae. - Brassicaceae. - Campanulaceae. - Caryophyllaceae. - Crassulaceae. - Cyperaceae. - Diapensiaceae. - Ericaceae. - Fabaceae. - Gentianaceae. - Hippuriadaceae. - Juncaceae. - Lentibulariaceae. - Liliaceae. - Onagraceae. - Papaveraceae. - Parnassiaceae. - Pinaceae. - Plumbaginaceae. - Poaceae. - Polemoniaceae. - Polygonaceae. - Portulacaceae. - Primulaceae. - Pyrolaceae. - Ranunculaceae. - Rosaceae. - Salicaceae. - Saxifragaceae. - Scrophulariaceae. - Valerianaceae. - Index of plants by family. - Alphabetical index of plants. , In englischer und russischer Sprache. , Teilw. in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENS: 1. lntroduction. - 2. Location of the Polish Polar Station at Hornsund. - 3. The principal climatic parameters. - 3.1. Duralion of day and night. - 3.2. Potential insolation. - 3.3. Changes in the sea ice area and the surface temperatures of surrounding seas. - 3.3.1. Sea surface temperature. - 3.3.2. Sea ice cover. - 3.3.3. Factcrs influencing changes of SST and ice cover in the region of Spitsbergen. - 4. The atmospheric circulation. - 4.1. The mean baric field. - 4.2. The frequency of occurrence of the circulation types. - 4.3. Index of zonal circulation - western (W). - 4.4. Index of meridional circulation - southern (S). - 4.5. Index of cyclonicity (C). - 5. The atmospheric pressure. - 5.1. The annual course. - 5.2. Extreme values and interdiurnal variability. - 6. The winds. - 6.1. The structure of wind directions. - 6.2. Wind speeds. - 6.3. The associations between wind directions and speeds. - 7. Cloudiness and sunshine duration. - 7.1. Cloudiness. - 7.2. Clear and cloudy days. - 7.3. Types of clouds, manifestations of local climatic features in the cloudiness. - 7.4. Sunshine duration. - 8. Solar radiation. - 9. Air temperature. - 9.1. Annual air temperature. - 9.2. Monthly air temperatures. - 9.3 The annual patterns of diurnal temperature. - 9.5 Thermal seasons. - 9.5 Factors shaping interannual variability of the air temperature. - 9.5.1. Associations of air temperature at Hornsund with indices describing the large scale atmospheric circulation. - 9.5.2 lnfluence of atmospheric circulation on the air temperature at Hornsund. - 9.5.3. The influence of sea ice cover on the air temperature at Hornsund. - 9.5.4. The influence of sea surface temperature (SST) changes on the air temperature at Hornsund. - 9.5.5. Comprehensive effects of changes of sea ice extent, sea surface temperature and atmospheric circulation on the air temperature at Hornsund. - 10. Humidity. - 10.1. Water vapour pressure. - 10.2. Relative humidity. - 11. Atmospheric precipitation. - 11 .1. General information, materials and methods. - 11.2.Distribution of monthly means and annual totals of precipitation. - 11.3. High diurnal precipitation. - 11.4 Number of days with precipitation. - 11.5 The annual cycle of atmospheric precipitation, taking the modes of occurrence into consideration. - 11.6 Associations of precipitation with atmospheric circulation. - 12. The horizontal visibility and fog. - 12.1 The horizontal visibility. - 12.2 Fog. - 13. States of the weather and weather seasonality. - 13.1 Methods. - 13.2 Structure of states of the weather. - 13.2.1 Weather groups and subgroups. - 13.2.2 Weather classes. - 13.2.3. Types of weather. - 13.2.4 The annual structure of states of the weather. - 13.3 Seasonal structure of the climate in the station region. - 13.3.1. Winter (October 21 - May 10). - 13.3.2. Spring (May 11 - July 10). - 13.3.3. Summer (July 11 - August 31). - 13.3.4. Autumn (September 1 - October 20). - 13.3.5. Remarks on the observed climatic seasonality. - 14. The climate of the station in the light of selected climatic indices. - 14.1. Continentality and oceanicity of the climate. - 14.2. The humidity of the climate. - 14.3. Wind chill. - 14.4. Positive and negative degree-days. - 15. The associations between climatic parameters and a model of changes of climatic conditions in the Hornsund region. - 15.1. Associations between climatic parameters. - 15.2. A model to forecast climatic changes in the Hornsund region. - 16. Changes of climate in the Hornsund station region during the meteorological observation, 1979-2009. - 16.1. Changes of atmospheric pressure. - 16.2. Changes of circulation indices. - 16.2.1. The W index of western zonal circulation. - 16.2.2. The S index of southern meridional circulation. - 16.2.3. The C index of cyclonicity. - 16.3. Changes of direction and velocity of the winds. - 16.4. Changes of cloudiness, sunshine duration and horizontal visibility. - 16.5. Changas of air temperature. - 16.6. Changes of precipitation. - 16.6.1. The multiannual variability of precipitation totals. - 16.6.2. Variability of rainfall and snowfall totals. - 16.6.3. Variability of the number of days with precipitation 〉 0.0 mm. - 16.6.4. Variability of number of days with precipitation [greater-than-or-equal sign] 0.1 mm. - 16.6.5. Variability of number of days with rainfall and snowfall. - 16.6.6. General trends of changes in atmospheric precipitation. - 17. Summary. - 18. Results of Observations. - 18. 1. Results of observations of meteorological parameters made at Hornsund during the Founding Expedition (1957-1958). - 18.2. Results of observations of meteorological parameters at Hornsundin 1978-2012. - 19. Snow cover at the Hornsund station. - 20. Ground temperatures at Hornsund. - REFERENCES. - APPENDICES. - 1. Calendar of circulation types for territory of Spitsbergen. - 1.1. Monthly, annual and seasonal values of circulation type S. - 1.2. Monthly, annual and seasonal values of circulation type W. - 1.3. Monthly, annual and seasonal values of circulation type C. - 2. LF1-4 Index. - 13. DG3L index.

Note: Zugl.: Stockholm, Univ., Diss., 2013

Note: Contents: 1 Carbon on earth. - 2 The stable geologic carbon cycle. - 3 The unstable ice age carbon cycle. - 4 The present and future carboncycle - stable or unstable?. - 5 Methane.

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - Introduction. - 1 Discovering the unknown continent. - 2 A keystone in a changing world. - 3 Ice with everything. - 4 Climate of extremes. - 5 Stormy and icy seas. - 6 Life in a cold environment. - 7 Space science research from Antarctica. - 8 Living and working in the cold. - 9 Scientists together in the cold. - 10 Managing the frozen commons. - 11 Antarctica: a global change perspective. - Appendix A Visiting Antarctica. - Appendix B Further reading. - Acknowledgements. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface A Tribute to Dr. Robert Knollenberg List of Contributors 1 Introduction to Airborne Measurements of the Earth Atmosphere and Surface / Ulrich Schumann, David W. Fahey, Manfred Wendisch, and Jean-Louis Brenguier 2 Measurement of Aircraft State and Thermodynamic and Dynamic Variables / Jens Bange, Marco Esposito, Donald H. Lenschow, Philip R. A. Brown,Volker Dreiling, Andreas Giez, Larry Mahrt, Szymon P. Malinowski, Alfred R. Rodi, Raymond A. Shaw, Holger Siebert, Herman Smit, Martin Zöger 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Historical 2.3 Aircraft State Variables 2.3.1 Barometric Measurement of Aircraft Height 2.3.2 Inertial Attitude, Velocity, and Position 2.3.2.1 System Concepts 2.3.2.2 Attitude Angle Definitions 2.3.2.3 Gyroscopes and Accelerometers 2.3.2.4 Inertial-Barometric Corrections 2.3.3 Satellite Navigation by Global Navigation Satellite Systems 2.3.3.1 GNSS Signals 2.3.3.2 Differential GNSS 2.3.3.3 Position Errors and Accuracy of Satellite Navigation 2.3.4 Integrated IMU/GNSS Systems for Position and Attitude Determination 2.3.5 Summary, Gaps, Emerging Technologies 2.4 Static Air Pressure 2.4.1 Position Error 2.4.1.1 Tower Flyby 2.4.1.2 Trailing Sonde 2.4.2 Summary 2.5 Static Air Temperature 2.5.1 Aeronautic Definitions of Temperatures 2.5.2 Challenges of Airborne Temperature Measurements 2.5.3 Immersion Probe 2.5.4 Reverse-Flow Sensor 2.5.5 Radiative Probe 2.5.6 Ultrasonic Probe 2.5.7 Error Sources 2.5.7.1 Sensor 2.5.7.2 Dynamic Error Sources 2.5.7.3 In-Cloud Measurements 2.5.8 Calibration of Temperature Sensors 2.5.9 Summary, Gaps, Emerging Technologies 2.6 Water Vapor Measurements 2.6.1 Importance of Atmospheric Water Vapor 2.6.2 Humidity Variables 2.6.3 Dew or Frost Point Hygrometer 2.6.4 Lyman-α Absorption Hygrometer 2.6.5 Lyman-α Fluorescence Hygrometer 2.6.6 Infrared Absorption Hygrometer 2.6.7 Tunable Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Hygrometer 2.6.8 Thin Film Capacitance Hygrometer 2.6.9 Total Water Vapor and Isotopic Abundances of 18O and 2H 2.6.10 Factors Influencing In-Flight Performance 2.6.10.1 Sticking of Water Vapor at Surfaces 2.6.10.2 Sampling Systems 2.6.11 Humidity Measurements with Dropsondes 2.6.12 Calibration and In-Flight Validation 2.6.13 Summary and Emerging Technologies 2.7 Three-Dimensional Wind Vector 2.7.1 Airborne Wind Measurement Using Gust Probes 2.7.1.1 True Airspeed (TAS) and Aircraft Attitude 2.7.1.2 Wind Vector Determination 2.7.1.3 Baseline Instrumentation 2.7.1.4 Angles of Attack and Sideslip 2.7.2 Errors and Flow Distortion 2.7.2.1 Parameterization Errors 2.7.2.2 Measurement Errors 2.7.2.3 Timing Errors 2.7.2.4 Errors due to Incorrect Sensor Configuration 2.7.3 In-Flight Calibration 2.8 Small-Scale Turbulence 2.8.1 Hot-Wire/Hot-Film Probes for High-Resolution Flow Measurements 2.8.2 Laser Doppler Anemometers 2.8.3 Ultrasonic Anemometers/Thermometers 2.8.4 Measurements of Atmospheric Temperature Fluctuations with Resistance Wires 2.8.5 Calibration of Fast-Response Sensors 2.8.6 Summary, Gaps, and Emerging Technologies 2.9 Flux Measurements 2.9.1 Basics 2.9.2 Measurement Errors 2.9.3 Flux Sampling Errors 2.9.3.1 Systematic Flux Error 2.9.3.2 Random Flux Error 2.9.4 Area-Averaged Turbulent Flux 2.9.5 Preparation for Airborne Flux Measurement 3 In SituTrace Gas Measurements / Jim McQuaid, Hans Schlager, Maria Dolores Andrés-Hernández,Stephen Ball, Agnès Borbon, Steve S. Brown, Valery Catoire, Piero Di Carlo, Thomas G. Custer, Marc von Hobe, James Hopkins, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Thomas Röckmann, Anke Roiger, Fred Stroh, Jonathan Williams, and Helmut Ziereis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Historical and Rationale 3.3 Aircraft Inlets for Trace Gases 3.4 Examples of Recent Airborne Missions 3.5 Optical In SituTechniques 3.5.1 UV Photometry 3.5.2 Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 3.5.2.1 Measurement Principle 3.5.2.2 Examples of Measurement 3.5.3 Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy 3.5.3.1 Measurement Principle 3.5.3.2 Aircraft Implementation 3.5.3.3 Calibration and Uncertainty 3.5.3.4 Broadband Cavity Spectroscopic Methods 3.5.4 Gas Filter Correlation Spectroscopy 3.5.5 Tunable Laser Absorption Spectroscopy 3.5.5.1 Tunable Diode Versus QCLs 3.5.5.2 Further Progress 3.5.6 Fluorescence Techniques 3.5.6.1 Resonance Fluorescence 3.5.6.2 LIF Techniques 3.5.6.3 Chemical Conversion Resonance Fluorescence Technique 3.6 Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry 3.6.1 Negative-Ion CIMS 3.6.1.1 Measurement Principle and Aircraft Implementation 3.6.1.2 Calibration and Uncertainties 3.6.1.3 Measurement Example 3.6.2 The Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer 3.6.3 Summary and Future Perspectives 3.7 Chemical Conversion Techniques 3.7.1 Peroxy Radical Chemical Amplification 3.7.1.1 Measurement Principles 3.7.1.2 Airborne Measurements 3.7.1.3 Calibration and Uncertainties 3.7.2 Chemiluminescence Techniques 3.7.2.1 Measurement Principle 3.7.2.2 Measurement of Ozone Using Chemiluminescence 3.7.2.3 NOy and NO2 Conversion 3.7.2.4 Calibration and Uncertainties 3.7.2.5 Measurement Examples 3.7.2.6 Summary 3.7.3 Liquid Conversion Techniques 3.7.3.1 Measurement Principles 3.7.3.2 Aircraft Implementation 3.7.3.3 Data Processing 3.7.3.4 Limitations, Uncertainties, and Error Propagation 3.7.3.5 Calibration and Maintenance 3.7.3.6 Measurement Examples 3.7.3.7 Summary and Emerging Technologies 3.8 Whole Air Sampler and Chromatographic Techniques 3.8.1 Rationale 3.8.2 Whole Air Sampling Systems 3.8.2.1 Design of Air Samplers 3.8.2.2 The M55-Geophysica Whole Air Sampler 3.8.3 Water Vapor Sampling for Isotope Analysis 3.8.4 Measurement Examples 3.8.5 Off-Line Analysis of VOCs 3.8.5.1 Air Mass Ageing 3.8.5.2 Using VOC Observations to Probe Radical Chemistry 4 In Situ Measurements of Aerosol Particles / Andreas Petzold, Paola Formenti, Darrel Baumgardner, Ulrich Bundke, Hugh Coe, Joachim Curtius, Paul J. DeMott, Richard C. Flagan, Markus Fiebig, James G. Hudson, Jim McQuaid, Andreas Minikin, Gregory C. Roberts, and Jian Wang 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Historical Overview 4.1.2 Typical Mode Structure of Aerosol Particle Size Distribution 4.1.3 Quantitative Description of Aerosol Particles 4.1.4 Chapter Structure 4.2 Aerosol Particle Number Concentration 4.2.1 Condensation Particle Counters 4.2.2 Calibration of Cut-Off and Low-Pressure Detection Efficiency 4.3 Aerosol Particle Size Distribution 4.3.1 Single-Particle Optical Spectrometers 4.3.1.1 Measurement Principles and Implementation 4.3.1.2 Measurement Issues 4.3.2 Aerodynamic Separators 4.3.3 Electrical Mobility Measurements of Particle Size Distributions 4.3.4 Inversion Methods 4.4 Chemical Composition of Aerosol Particles 4.4.1 Direct Offline Methods 4.4.2 Direct Online Methods (Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Single Particle Mass Spectrometer, and Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler) 4.4.2.1 Bulk Aerosol Collection and Analysis 4.4.2.2 Mass Spectrometric Methods 4.4.2.3 Incandescence Methods 4.4.3 Indirect Methods 4.5 Aerosol Optical Properties 4.5.1 Scattering Due to Aerosol Particles 4.5.2 Absorption of Solar Radiation Due to Aerosol Particles 4.5.2.1 Filter-Based Methods 4.5.2.2 In Situ Methods 4.5.2.3 Airborne Application 4.5.3 Extinction Due to Aerosol Particles 4.5.4 Inversion Methods 4.6 CCN and IN 4.6.1 CCN Measurements Methods 4.6.2 IN Measurement Methods 4.6.3 Calibration 4.6.3.1 CCN Instrument Calibration 4.6.3.2 IN Instrument Calibration 4.7 Challenges and Emerging Techniques 4.7.1 Particle Number 4.7.2 Particle Size 4.7.3 Aerosol Optical Properties 4.7.4 Chemical Composition of Aerosol Particles 4.7.5 CCN Measurements 4.7.6 IN Measurements 5 In Situ Measurements of Cloud and Precipitation Particles / Jean-Louis Brenguier, William Bachalo, Patrick Y. Chuang, Biagio M. Esposito, Jacob Fugal, Timothy Garrett, Jean-Francois Gayet, Hermann Gerber, Andy Heymsfield, Alexander Kokhanovsky, Alexei Korolev, R. Paul Lawson, David C. Rogers, Raymond A. Shaw, Walter Strapp, and Manfred Wendisch 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Rationale 5.1.2 Characterization of Cloud Microphysical Properties 5.1.3 Chapter Outline 5.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Cosmic rays. - 1.1 Origin and nature of cosmic rays. - 1.2 Interaction with magnetic fields. - 1.3 Interactions with the Earth's atmosphere. - 1.4 Interactions with the Earth's surface. - 1.5 Production of cosmogenic nuclides. - 1.6 Detection of cosmic rays. - 2 Cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.1 'Useful' cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.2 Stable cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.3 Cosmogenic radionuclides. - 2.4 Sample preparation. - 2.5 Analytical methods. - 3 Production rates and scaling factors. - 3.1 Deriving production rates. - 3.2 Scaling factors. - 3.3 Building scaling factors. - 4 Application of cosmogenic nuclldes to Earth surface sciences. - 4.1 Exposure dating. - 4.2 Burial dating. - 4.3 Erosion/denudation rates. - 4.4 Uplift rates. - 4.5 Soil dynamics. - 4.6 Dealing with uncertainty. - Appendix A: Sampling checklist. - Appendix B: Reporting of cosrnogenic-nudide data for exposure age and erosion rate determinations. - References. - Index.

Note: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Methanemission aus dem Permafrost im Lena-Delta = Methane emission from permafrost in the Lena River Delta / Torsten Sachs, Julia Boike Neue Biomarker belegen Schwankungen der arktischen Meereisbedeckung während der letzten 30.000 Jahre = New biomarkers reveal fluctuations in Arctic sea ice cover during the past 30,000 years / Juliane Müller, Rüdiger Stein Die Stabilität des Westantarktischen Eisschildes – Ergebnisse der ANDRILL Tiefbohrungen = The stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet – results of ANDRILL deep drilling operations / Gerhard Kuhn, Frank Niessen Meeresalgen global - detaillierter Blick aus dem All = Detailed view from space – marine algae globally observed / Astrid Bracher, Tilman Dinter, Ilka Peeken, Bettina Schmitt Was verrät der Jahreszyklus über die Klimaentwicklung der letzten Millionen Jahre? = What does the annual cycle tell us about climate change in the last millions of years? / Thomas Laepple, Gerrit Lohmann Der Puls der Atmosphäre: Dekadisches Auf und Ab / The pulse of the tmosphere: The decadal Ups and Downs / Dörthe Handorf, Klaus Dethloff, Sascha Brand, Matthias Läuter Das Eisendüngungsexperiment LOHAFEX = The Iron Fertilization Experiment LOHAFEX / Philipp Assmy, Christine Klaas, Victor Smetacek, Dieter Wolf-Gladrow Ein nützliches genetisches Erbe - Wie alte Gene das Überleben in neuen Lebensräumen ermöglichen = A convenient genetic heritage - How ancestral genes help to survive in new habitats / Doris Abele, Ellen Weihe, Magnus Lucassen, Christoph Held, Kevin Pöhlmann Verursacher von Muschelvergiftungen identifiziert = Cause of Shellfish Poisoning Identified / Urban Tillmann, Malte Elbrächter, Bernd Krock, Uwe John, Allan Cembella Mikrobielle Stoffumsätze im Klimawandel = Climate change and the microbial cycling of organic matter / Anja Engel, Judith Piontek, Mascha Wurst, Nicole Händel, Mirko Lunau, Corinna Borchard 3. Forschung = Research PACES 3.1 TOPIC 1: The changing Arctic and Antarctic 3.2 TOPIC 2: Coastal change 3.3 TOPIC 3: Lehrstunden aus der Erdgeschichte = Lessons from the past 3.4 TOPIC 4: Das Erdsystem aus polarer Perspektive = The Earth System from a Polar Perspective 4. Helmholtz-Nachwuchsgruppen = Helmholtz Young Investigator Groups 5. Entwicklungen in den Fachbereichen = Progresses in the scientific divisions 6. Tiefseeökologie und -technologie (HGF-MPG) = Deep-sea ecology and technology (HGF-MPG) 7. Logistik und Forschungsplattformen = Logistics and research platforms 8. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 9. Wissenschaftliches Rechenzentrum = Scientific data processing centre 10. Bibliothek = Library 11. Technologietransfer = Technology transfer 12. Kommunikation und Medien = Communications and Media 13. Schulprojekt = School project 14. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 15. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex , In deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition 1. Images, Arrays, and Matrices 1.1 Multispectral Satellite Images 1.2 Algebra of Vectors and Matrices 1.2.1 Elementary Properties 1.2.2 Square Matrices 1.2.3 Singular Matrices 1.2.4 Symmetric, Positive Definite Matrices 1.2.5 Linear Dependence and Vector Spaces 1.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 1.4 Singular Value Decomposition 1.5 Vector Derivatives 1.6 Finding Minima and Maxima 1.7 Exercises 2. Image Statistics 2.1 Random Variables 2.1.1 Discrete Random Variables 2.1.2 Continuous Random Variables 2.1.3 Normal Distribution 2.2 Random Vectors 2.3 Parameter Estimation 2.3.1 Sampling a Distribution 2.3.2 Interval Estimation 2.3.3 Provisional Means 2.4 Hypothesis Testing and Sample Distribution Functions 2.4.1 Chi-Square Distribution 2.4.2 Student-t Distribution 2.4.3 F-Distribution 2.5 Conditional Probabilities, Bayes' Theorem, and Classification 2.6 Ordinary Linear Regression 2.6.1 One Independent Variable 2.6.2 More Than One Independent Variable 2.6.3 Regularization, Duality, and the Gram Matrix 2.7 Entropy and Information 2.7.1 Kullback-Leibler Divergence 2.7.2 Mutual Information 2.8 Exercises 3. Transformations 3.1 Discrete Fourier Transform 3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform 3.2.1 Haar Wavelets 3.2.2 Image Compression 3.2.3 Multiresolution Analysis 3.2.3.1 Dilation Equation and Refinement Coefficients 3.2.3.2 Cascade Algorithm 3.2.3.3 Mother Wavelet 3.2.3.4 Daubechies D4 Scaling Function 3.3 Principal Components 3.3.1 Primal Solution 3.3.2 Dual Solution 3.4 Minimum Noise Fraction 3.4.1 Additive Noise 3.4.2 Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation in ENVI 3.5 Spatial Correlation 3.5.1 Maximum Autocorrelation Factor 3.5.2 Noise Estimation 3.6 Exercises 4. Filters, Kernels, and Fields 4.1 Convolution Theorem 4.2 Linear Filters 4.3 Wavelets and Filter Banks 4.3.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 4.3.2 Two-Dimensional Arrays 4.4 Kernel Methods 4.4.1 Valid Kernels 4.4.2 Kernel PCA 4.5 Gibbs-Markov Random Fields 4.6 Exercises 5. Image Enhancement and Correction 5.1 Lookup Tables and Histogram Functions 5.2 Filtering and Feature Extraction 5.2.1 Edge Detection 5.2.2 Invariant Moments 5.3 Panchromatic Sharpening 5.3.1 HSV Fusion 5.3.2 Brovey Fusion 5.3.3 PCA Fusion 5.3.4 DWT Fusion 5.3.5 A Trous Fusion 5.3.6 Quality Index 5.4 Topographic Correction 5.4.1 Rotation, Scaling, and Translation 5.4.2 Imaging Transformations 5.4.3 Camera Models and RFM Approximations 5.4.4 Stereo Imaging and Digital Elevation Models 5.4.5 Slope and Aspect 5.4.6 Illumination Correction 5.5 Image-Image Registration 5.5.1 Frequency-Domain Registration 5.5.2 Feature Matching 5.5.2.1 High-Pass Filtering 5.5.2.2 Closed Contours 5.5.2.3 Chain Codes and Moments 5.5.2.4 Contour Matching 5.5.2.5 Consistency Check 5.5.2.6 Implementation in IDL 5.5.3 Resampling and Warping 5.6 Exercises 6. Supervised Classification: Part 1 6.1 Maximum a Posteriori Probability 6.2 Training Data and Separability 6.3 Maximum Likelihood Classification 6.3.1 ENVI's Maximum Likelihood Classifier 6.3.2 Modified Maximum Likelihood Classifier 6.4 Gaussian Kernel Classification 6.5 Neural Networks 6.5.1 Neural Network Classifier 6.5.2 Cost Functions 6.5.3 Backpropagation 6.5.4 Overfitting and Generalization 6.6 Support Vector Machines 6.6.1 Linearly Separable Classes 6.6.1.1 Primal Formulation 6.6.1.2 Dual Formulation 6.6.1.3 Quadratic Programming and Support Vectors 6.6.2 Overlapping Classes 6.6.3 Solution with Sequential Minimal Optimization 6.6.4 Multiclass SVMs 6.6.5 Kernel Substitution 6.6.6 Modified SVM Classifier 6.7 Exercises 7. Supervised Classification: Part 2 7.1 Postprocessing 7.1.1 Majority Filtering 7.1.2 Probabilistic Label Relaxation 7.2 Evaluation and Comparison of Classification Accuracy 7.2.1 Accuracy Assessment 7.2.2 Model Comparison 7.3 Adaptive Boosting 7.4 Hyperspectral Analysis 7.4.1 Spectral Mixture Modeling 7.4.2 Unconstrained Linear Unmixing 7.4.3 Intrinsic End-Members and Pixel Purity 7.5 Exercises 8. Unsupervised Classification 8.1 Simple Cost Functions 8.2 Algorithms That Minimize the Simple Cost Functions 8.2.1 K-Means Clustering 8.2.2 Kernel K-Means Clustering 8.2.3 Extended K-Means Clustering 8.2.4 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering 8.2.5 Fuzzy K-Means Clustering 8.3 Gaussian Mixture Clustering 8.3.1 Expectation Maximization 8.3.2 Simulated Annealing 8.3.3 Partition Density 8.3.4 Implementation Notes 8.4 Including Spatial Information 8.4.1 Multiresolution Clustering 8.4.2 Spatial Clustering 8.5 Benchmark 8.6 Kohonen Self-Organizing Map 8.7 Image Segmentation 8.7.1 Segmenting a Classified Image 8.7.2 Object-Based Classification 8.7.3 Mean Shift 8.8 Exercises 9. Change Detection 9.1 Algebraic Methods 9.2 Postclassification Comparison 9.3 Principal Components Analysis 9.3.1 Iterated PCA 9.3.2 Kernel PCA 9.4 Multivariate Alteration Detection 9.4.1 Canonical Correlation Analysis 9.4.2 Orthogonality Properties 9.4.3 Scale Invariance 9.4.4 Iteratively Reweighted MAD 9.4.5 Correlation with the Original Observations 9.4.6 Regularization 9.4.7 Postprocessing 9.5 Decision Thresholds and Unsupervised Classification of Changes 9.6 Radiometrie Normalization 9.7 Exercises Appendix A: Mathematical Tools A.l Cholesky Decomposition A.2 Vector and Inner Product Spaces A.3 Least Squares Procedures A.3.1 Recursive Linear Regression A.3.2 Orthogonal Linear Regression Appendix B: Efficient Neural Network Training Algorithms B.1 Hessian Matrix B.1.1 R-Operator B.1.1.1 Determination of Rv{n} B.1.1.2 Determination of Rv{δo} B.1.1.3 Determination of Rv{δh} B.1.2 Calculating the Hessian B.2 Scaled Conjugate Gradient Training B.2.1 Conjugate Directions B.2.2 Minimizing a Quadratic Function B.2.3 Algorithm B.3 Kaiman Filter Training B.3.1 Linearization B.3.2 Algorithm B.4 A Neural Network Classifier with Hybrid Training Appendix C: ENVI Extensions in IDL C.1 Installation C.2 Extensions C.2.1 Kernel Principal Components Analysis C.2.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform Fusion C.2.3 A Trous Wavelet Transform Fusion C.2.4 Quality Index C.2.5 Calculating Heights of Man-Made Structures in High-Resolution Imagery C.2.6 Illumination Correction C.2.7 Image Registration C.2.8 Maximum Likelihood Classification C.2.9 Gaussian Kernel Classification C.2.10 Neural Network Classification C.2.11 Support Vector Machine Classification C.2.12 Probabilistic Label Relaxation C.2.13 Classifier Evaluation and Comparison C.2.14 Adaptive Boosting a Neural Network Classifier C.2.15 Kernel K-Means Clustering C.2.16 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering C.2.17 Fuzzy K-Means Clustering C.2.18 Gaussian Mixture Clustering C.2.19 Kohonen Self-Organizing Map C.2.20 Classified Image Segmentation C.2.21 Mean Shift Segmentation C.2.22 Multivariate Alteration Detection C.2.23 Viewing Changes C.2.24 Radiometric Normalization Appendix D: Mathematical Notation References Index

Note: Contents: F–1. GLACIERS OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION / VLADIMIR M. KOTLYAKOV, with contributions from A.M. DYAKOVA (Siberia), V.S. KORYAKIN (Russian Arctic Islands), V.I. KRAVTSOVA (Caucasus, Altay), G.B. OSIPOVA (Tien Shan), G.M. VARNAKOVA (Pamirs and Alai Range), V.N. VINOGRADOV (Kamchatka), O.N. VINOGRADOV (Caucasus), and N.M. ZVERKOVA (Ural Mountains and Taymyr Peninsula) Sections on FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS OF THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS AND GORA EL’BRUS (With a subsection on THE GLACIOLOGICAL DISASTER IN NORTH OSETIYA / VLADIMIR M. KOTLYAKOV, O.V. ROTOTAEVA, and G.A. NOSENKO INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FLUCTUATIONS OF SURGE-TYPE GLACIERS IN THE PAMIRS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE / VLADIMIR M. KOTLYAKOV, G.B. OSIPOVA, and D.G. TSVETKOV THE GLACIOLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN HIGH ARCTIC FROM LANDSAT IMAGERY / J.A. DOWDESWELL, E.K. DOWDESWELL, M. WILLIAMS, and A.F. GLAZOVSKII F–2. GLACIERS OF CHINA / SHI YAFENG, MI DESHENG, YAO TANDONG, ZENG QUNZHU, and LIU CHAOHAI F–3 GLACIERS OF AFGHANISTAN / JOHN E. SHRODER , JR ., and MICHAEL P. BISHOP F–4 GLACIERS OF PAKISTAN / JOHN E. SHRODER , JR ., and MICHAEL P. BISHOP F–5 GLACIERS OF INDIA / CHANDER P. VOHRA Updated supplement on A STUDY OF SELECTED GLACIERS UNDER THE CHANGING CLIMATE REGIME / SYED IQBAL HASNAIN, RAJESH KUMAR , SAFARAZ AHMAD, and SHRESTH TAYAL F–6 GLACIERS OF NEPAL — GLACIER DISTRIBUTION IN THE NEPAL HIMALAYA WITH COMPARISON TO THE KARAKORAM RANGE / KEIJI HIGUCHI, OKITSUGU WATANABE, HIROJI FUSHIMI, SHUHEI TAKENAKA, and AKIO NAGOSHI, Supplement by YUTAKA AGETA F–7 GLACIERS OF BHUTAN / SHUJI IWATA F–8 THE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECORD PRESERVED IN MIDDLE-LATITUDE, HIGH-MOUNTAIN GLACIERS: AN OVERVIEW OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH IN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE UNITED STATES / L. DeWAYNE CECIL, DAVID L. NAFTZ, PAUL F. SCHUSTER , DAVID D. SUSONG, and JAROMY R . GREEN

Note: PART I: BIOSPHERE - 1. Forest disturbance assessment using satellite data of moderate and low resolution / M. A. Korets, V. A. Ryzhkova, A. I. Sukhinin, S. A. Bartalev and I. V. Danilova 2. Fire / climate interactions in Siberia / Heiko Balzter, Kevin Tansey, Jorg Kaduk, Charles George, France Gerard, Maria Cuevas Gonzalez, Anatoly Sukhinin and Evgeni Ponomarev 3. Long-term dynamics of mixed fir-aspen forests in West Sayan (Altai-Sayan Ecoregion) / D. M. Ismailova and D. I. Nazimova 4. Evidence of evergreen conifers invasion into larch dominated forests during recent decades / V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson and M. L. Dvinskaya 5. Potential climate-induced vegetation change in Siberia in the 21st century / N. M. Tchebakova , E. I. Parfenova, and A. J. Soja 6. Wildfire dynamics in mid-Siberian larch dominated forests / V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson and M. L. Dvinskaya 7. Dendroclimatological evidence of climate changes across Siberia / Vladimir V. Shishov, Eugene A. Vaganov 8. Siberian pine and larch response to climate warming in the southern Siberian mountain forest: tundra ecotone / V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson, M. L. Dvinskaya and S. T. Im PART II: HYDROSPHERE 9. Remote sensing of spring snowmelt in Siberia / A. Bartsch, W. Wagner and R. Kidd 10. Response of river runoff in the cryolithic zone of Eastern Siberia (Lena River Basin) to future climate warming / A. G. Georgiadi, I. P. Milyukova and E. A. Kashutina PART III: ATMOSPHERE 11. Investigating regional scale processes using remotely sensed atmospheric CO2 column concentrations from SCIAMACHY / M. P. Barkley, A. J. Hewitt and P. S. Monks 12. Climatic and geographic patterns of spatial distribution of precipitation in Siberia / A. Onuchin and T. Burenina PART IV: INFORMATION SYSTEMS 13. Interoperability, data discovery and access: the e-Infrastructures for Earth Sciences resources / Stefano Nativi, Christiana Schmullius, Lorenzo Bigagli and Roman Gerlach 14. Development of a web based information-computational infrastructure for the Siberia Integrated Regional Study / E. P. Gordov, A. Z. Fazliev, V. N. Lykosov, I. G. Okladnikov and A. G. Titov 15. Conclusions / Heiko Balzter. - Appendix. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 The necessity for measurements 1.2 Definition of a measurement 1.3 Historical aspects 2 Measurement basics 2.1 Overview of methods 2.1.1 Direct and indirect methods 2.1.2 In-situ and remote sensing methods 2.1.3 Instantaneous and integrating methods 2.1.4 On-line and off-line methods, post-processing 2.1.5 Flux measurements 2.2 Main measurement principles 2.3 Measurements by inversion 2.3.1 Inversion with one variable 2.3.2 Inversion with more than one variable 2.3.3 Well-posed and ill-posed problems 2.4 Measurement instruments 2.4.1 Active and passive instruments 2.4.2 Analogue and digital instruments 2.5 Measurement platforms 2.6 Measurement variables 2.7 General characteristics of measured data 2.8 Data logging 2.9 Quality assurance/quality control 3 In-situ measurements of state variables 3.1 Thermometers 3.1.1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers 3.1.2 Bimetal thermometers 3.1.3 Resistance thermometers, thermistors 3.1.4 Thermocouples, thermopiles 3.1.5 Sonic thermometry 3.1.6 Measurement of infrared radiation 3.1.7 Soil thermometer 3.1.8 Recommendations for temperature measurements 3.2 Measuring moisture 3.2.1 Hygrometer 3.2.2 Psychrometers 3.2.3 Dewpoint determination 3.2.4 Capacitive methods 3.2.5 Recommendations for humidity measurements 3.3 Pressure sensors 3.3.1 Barometers 3.3.2 Hypsometers 3.3.3 Electronic barometers 3.3.4 Microbarometer 3.3.5 Pressure balance 3.3.6 Recommendations for pressure measurements 3.4 Wind measurements 3.4.1 Estimation from visual observations 3.4.2 Wind direction 3.4.3 Cup anemometer 3.4.4 Pressure tube 3.4.5 Hot wire anemometer 3.4.6 Ultrasonic anemometer 3.4.7 Propeller anemometer 3.4.8 Recommendations for wind measurements 4 In-situ methods for observing liquid water and ice 4.1 Precipitation 4.1.1 Rain sensors (Present Weather Sensors) 4.1.2 Rain gauges (totalisators) 4.1.3 Pluviographs 4.1.4 Disdrometer 4.1.5 Special instruments for snow 4.1.6 Recommendations for precipitation measurements 4.2 Soil moisture 4.2.1 Gravimetric methods 4.2.2 Neutron probes 4.2.3 Time domain reflectrometry (TDR) 4.2.4 Tensiometers 4.2.5 Resistance block tensiometer 4.2.6 Recommendations for soil moisture measurements 5 In-situ measurement of trace substances 5.1 Measurement of trace gases 5.1.1 Physical methods 5.1.2 Chemical methods 5.1.3 Recommendations for the measurement of trace gases 5.2 Particle measurements 5.2.1 Determination of the particle mass 5.2.2 Measuring particle size distributions 5.2.3 Measurement of the chemical composition of particles 5.2.4 Measuring the particle structure 5.2.5 Saltiphon 5.2.6 Recommendations for particle measurements 5.3 Olfactometry 5.4 Radioactivity 5.4.1 Counter tubes 5.4.2 Scintillation counters 5.4.3 Recommendations for radioactivity monitoring 6 In-situ flux measurements 6.1 Measuring radiation 6.1.1 Measuring direct solar radiation 6.1.2 Measuring shortwave irradiance 6.1.3 Measuring longwave irradiance 6.1.4 Measuring the total irradiance 6.1.5 Measuring chill 6.1.6 Sunshine recorder 6.1.7 Recommendations for radiation measurements 6.2 Visual range 6.3 Micrometeorological flux measurements 6.3.1 Cuvettes 6.3.2 Surface chambers 6.3.3 Mass balance method 6.3.4 Inferential method 6.3.5 Gradient method 6.3.6 Bowen-ratio method 6.3.7 Flux variance method 6.3.8 Dissipation method 6.3.9 Eddy covariance method 6.3.10 Eddy accumulation methods 6.3.11 Disjunct eddy covariance method 6.3.12 Recommendations for the measurement of turbulent fluxes 6.4 Evaporation Atmometers 6.4.2 Lysimeters 6.4.3 Evaporation pans and tanks 6.4.4 Recommendations for evaporation measurements 6.5 Soil heat flux 6.6 Inverse emission flux modelling 7 Remote sensing methods 7.1 Basics of remote sensing 7.2 Active sounding methods 7.2.1 RADAR 7.2.2 Windprofilers 7.2.3 SODAR 7.2.4 RASS 7.2.5 LIDAR 7.2.6 Further LIDAR techniques 7.3 Active path-averaging methods 7.3.1 Scintillometers 7.3.2 FTIR 7.3.3 DOAS 7.3.4 Quantum cascade laser 7.4 Passive methods 7.4.1 Radiometers 7.4.2 Photometers 7.4.3 Infrared-Interferometer 7.5 Tomography 7.5.1 Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique 7.5.2 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) 7.5.3 Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) 8 Remote sensing of atmospheric state variables 8.1 Temperature 8.1.1 Near-surface temperatures 8.1.2 Temperature profiles 8.2 Gaseous humidity 8.2.1 Integral water vapour content 8.2.2 Vertical profiles 8.2.3 Large-scale humidity distribution 8.3 Wind and turbulence 8.3.1 Small-scale near-surface turbulence 8.3.2 Horizontal wind fields 8.3.3 Vertical wind profiles 8.3.4 Turbulence profiles 8.3.5 Cloud winds 8.3.6 Ionospheric winds 8.4 Mixing-layer heights 8.4.1 LIDAR 8.4.2 SODAR 8.5 Turbulent fluxes 8.6 Ionospheric electron densities 8.7 Recommendations for remote sensing of state variables 9 Remote sensing of water and ice 9.1 Precipitation 9.1.1 RADAR 9.1.2 Precipitation measurements from satellites 9.2 Clouds 9.2.1 Cloud base 9.2.2 Cloud cover 9.2.3 Cloud movement 9.2.4 Water content 9.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of liquid water and ice 10 Remote sensing of trace substances 10.1 Trace gases 10.1.1 Horizontal path-averaging methods 10.1.2 Vertical column densities 10.1.3 Sounding methods 10.2 Aerosols 10.2.1 Aerosol optical depths (AOD) 10.2.2 Sounding methods 10.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of trace substances 11 Remote sensing of surface properties 11.1 Properties of the solid surface 11.1.1 Surface roughness 11.1.2 Land surface temperature 11.1.3 Soil moisture 11.1.4 Vegetation 11.1.5 Snow and ice 11.1.6 Fires 11.2 Properties of the ocean surface 11.2.1 Altitudes of the sea surface 11.2.2 Wave heights 11.2.3 Sea surface temperature 11.2.4 Salinity 11.2.5 Ocean currents 11.2.6 Ice cover, size of ice floes 11.2.7 Algae and suspended sediment concentrations 12 Remote sensing of electrical phenomena 12.1 Spherics 12.1.1 Directional analyses 12.1.2 Distance analyses 12.2 Optical lightning detection 13 Outlook on new developments Literature Subject index Appendix: Technical guidelines and standards Index to the Appendix

Note: Contents: List of Contributors. - Preface. - Part I. Introduction: 1. Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue ; 2. The diatoms: a primer ; 3. Numerical methods for the analysis of diatom assemblage data ; Part II. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes: 4. Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms ; 5. Diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change in rivers, fluvial lakes and impoundments ; 6. Diatoms as indicators of surface-water acidity ; 7. Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication ; 8. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in shallow lakes ; 9. Diatoms as indicators of water-level change in freshwater lakes ; 10. Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes ; 11. Diatoms in ancient lakes ; Part III. Diatoms as Indicators in Arctic, Antarctic and alpine lacustrine environments: 12. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in subarctic and alpine regions ; 13. Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic ; 14. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in Antarctic and subantarctic freshwaters ; Part IV. Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments: 15. Diatoms and environmental change in large brackish-water ecosystems ; 16. Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments ; 17. Estuarine paleoenvironmental reconstructions using diatoms ; 18. Diatoms on coral reefs and in tropical marine lakes ; 19. Diatoms as indicators of former sea levels, earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes ; 20. Marine diatoms as indicators of modern changes in oceanographic conditions ; 21. Holocene marine diatom records of environmental change ; 22. Diatoms as indicators of paleoceanographic events ; 23. Reconsidering the meaning of biogenic silica accumulation rates in the glacial Southern Ocean ; Part V. Other applications: 24. Diatoms of aerial habitats ; 25. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in wetlands and peatlands ; 26. Tracking fish, seabirds, and wildlife population dynamics with diatoms and other limnological indicators ; 27. Diatoms and archaeology ; 28. Diatoms in oil and gas exploration ; 29. Forensic science and diatoms ; 30. Toxic marine diatoms ; 31. Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport ; 32. Diatoms as nonnative species ; 33. Diatomite ; 34. Stable isotopes from diatom silica ; 35. Diatoms and nanotechnology: early history and imagined future as seen through patents ; Part IV. Conclusions: 36. Epilogue: a view to the future ; Glossary, acronyms, and abbreviations ; Index.

Note: Table of Contents: Preface: Radiation Processes in the Atmosphere and Ocean / Robert F. Cahalan. - Acknowledgments. - PLENARY SESSION. - UNION-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND CURRENT TOPICS IN RADIATION PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN / Conveners: R. F. Cahalan, W. Schmutz, B. J. Sohn, and J. Fischer. - 125 years of radiative transfer: Enduring triumphs and persisting misconceptions / Michael I. Mishchenko. - Active remote sensing of cloud microphysics / Hajime Okamoto. - MIPAS: 10 years of spectroscopic measurements for investigating atmospheric composition / Herbert Fischer. - Status of high spectral resolution IR for advancing atmospheric state characterization and climate trend benchmarking: A period of both opportunity realized and squandered / Henry Revercomb, Fred Best, Robert Knuteson, David Tobin, Joe Taylor, and Jon Gero. - Growing up MODIS: Towards a mature aerosol climate data record / Robert C. Levy. - Radiative transfer and regional climate change / Kuo-Nan Liou. - Ocean optics: The next frontier / George W. Kattawar. - PARALLEL SESSIONS. - RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY AND MODELING / Conveners: B. Mayer, A. Marshak, and J.-L. Widlowski. - Oral Presentations. - New approach for radiative transfer in sea ice and its application for sea ice satellite remote sensing / E. P. Zege, A. V. Malinka, I. L. Katsev, A. S. Prikhach, and G. Heygster. - The line-by-line and polarized Monte Carlo atmospheric radiative transfer model / B. A. Fomin and V. A. Falaleeva. - Hyperspectral retrieval of surface reflectances: A new scheme / Jean-Claude Thelen and Stephan Havemann. - Accelerations of the discrete ordinate method for nadir viewing geometries / Dmitry Efremenko, Adrian Doicu, Diego Loyola, and Thomas Trautmann. - The simulation of radar and coherent backscattering with the Monte Carlo model MYSTIC / Christian Pause, Robert Buras, Claudia Emde, and Bernhard Mayer. - The visibility of airborne volcanic ash from the flight deck of an aircraft - The effect of clouds in the field of view / Daniel Sauer, Josef Gasteiger, Claudia Emde, Robert Buras, Bernhard Mayer, and Bernadett Weinzierl. - Results of processing airborne NASA and Russian cloud data / Irina Melnikova, Jefwa M. Genya, and Charles K. Gatebe. - 3D radiative processes in satellite measurements of aerosol properties / Tamás Várnai, Alexander Marshak, Weidong Yang, and Guoyong Wen. - Assessment of cloud heterogeneities effects on brightness temperatures simulated with a 3D Monte Carlo code in the thermal infrared / Thomas Fauchez, Céline Cornet, Frédéric Szczap, and Philippe Dubuisson. - Parametric 3D atmospheric reconstruction in highly variable terrain with recycled Monte Carlo paths and an adapted Bayesian inference engine / Ian Langmore, Anthony B. Davis, Guillaume Bal, and Youssef M. Marzouk. - Remote sensing of particle size profiles from cloud sides: Observables and retrievals in a 3D environment / Florian Ewald, Tobias Zinner, and Bernhard Mayer. - Poster Presentations. - Characterization of cloud microphysical parameters using airborne measurements by the research scanning polarimeter / Mikhail D. Alexandrov, Brian Cairns, Michael I. Mishchenko, Andrew S. Ackerman, and Claudia Emde. - Solution of the radiative transfer equation by eliminating the anisotropic part within the method of synthetic iteration / Vladimir P. Budak and Oleg V. Shagalov. - The phase matrix truncation impact on polarized radiance / M. Compiègne, L. C-Labonnote, and P. Dubuisson. - Evaluation of cloud heterogeneity effects on total and polarized visible radiances as measured by POLDER/PARASOL and consequences for retrieved cloud properties / C. Cornet, F. Szczap, L. C.-Labonnote, T. Fauchez, F. Parol, F. Thieuleux, J. Riedi, P. Dubuisson, and N. Ferlay. - Retrieval of volcanic ash and ice cloud physical properties together with gas concentration from IASI measurements using the AVL model / S. Kochenova, M. De Mazière, N. Kumps, S. Vandenbussche, and T. Kerzenmacher. - Use of shadowband correction models for predicting direct solar irradiance / M. C. Kotti, A. A. Argiriou, and A. Kazantzidis. - Simulation of airborne radar observations of precipitating systems at various frequency bands / Valentin Louf, Olivier Pujol, and Jérôme Riedi. - Fast radiative transfer model to simulate spectroscopic measurements of outgoing IR radiances in cloudy conditions / Alexey Rublev and Anatoly Trotsenko. - Intercomparison of three microwave/infrared high resolution line-by-line radiative transfer codes / F. Schreier, S. Gimeno Garcia, M. Milz, A. Kottayil, M. Höpfner, T. von Clarmann, and G. Stiller. - Py4CAtS – Python tools for line-by-line modelling of infrared atmospheric radiative transfer / Franz Schreier and Sebastián Gimeno García. - Theory of weak spectral line formation within a plane-parallel atmosphere bounded from below by a reflecting underlying surface / Oleg I. Smokty. - Analytical spatial-angular structure of polarized radiation fields in a uniform atmospheric slab / Oleg I. Smokty. - The mirror symmetry principle for radiation fields in a vertically non-uniform atmospheric slab / Oleg I. Smokty. - A 3D polarized Monte Carlo LIDAR system simulator for studying effects of cirrus inhomogeneities on CALIOP/CALIPSO measurements / F. Szczap, C. Cornet, A. Alqassem, Y. Gour, L. C.-Labonnote, and O. Jourdan. - The significance analysis of FY-2E split window data for "clear region" AMVs derivation / Zhenhui Wang, Yizhe Zhan, Zhiguo Zhang, and Lu Yang. - PARTICLE RADIATIVE PROPERTIES / Conveners: T. Aoki, P. Di Girolamo, and H. Ishimoto. - Oral Presentations. - Retrieval of aerosol microstructure and radiative properties for moderate turbidity under conditions of Western Siberia / Tatiana B. Zhuravleva, Tatiana V. Bedareva, and Mikhail A. Sviridenkov. - Vertical resolved aerosol characterization during the GAMARF campaign: Aerosol size distribution and radiative properties / José Luis Gómez-Amo, Daniela Meloni, Alcide di Sarra, Tatiana DiIorio, Wolfgang Junkermann, Víctor Estellés, Giandomenico Pace, and Jeroni Lorente. - A novel, broadband spectroscopic method to measure the extinction coefficient of aerosols in the near-ultraviolet / Eoin M. Wilson, Jun Chen, Ravi M. Varma, John C. Wenger, and Dean S. Venables. - Aerosol characteristics at the Alpine site of Innsbruck, Austria / Sigrid Wuttke, Axel Kreuter, and Mario Blumthaler. - Comparison of modeled optical properties of Saharan mineral dust aerosols with SAMUM lidar and photometer observations / Josef Gasteiger and Matthias Wiegner. - A self-consistent high- and low-frequency scattering model for cirrus / Anthony J. Baran, Richard Cotton, Stephan Havemann, Laurent C.-Labonnote, and Franco Marenco. - Does scattered radiation undergo bluing within clouds? / I. Melnikova, T. Simakina, A. Vasilyev, C. Gatebe, and C. Varotsos. - Poster Presentations. - Numerical simulation of spectral albedos of glacier surfaces covered with glacial microbes in Northwestern Greenland / Teruo Aoki, Katsuyuki Kuchiki, Masashi Niwano, Sumito Matoba, Jun Uetake, Kazuhiko Masuda, and Hiroshi Ishimoto. - Development of a quality control algorithm for analysis of SKYNET data and an estimation of the single scattering albedo / Makiko Hashimoto and Teruyuki Nakajima. - Optical modeling of irregularly shaped ice particles in convective cirrus / Hiroshi Ishimoto, Kazuhiko Masuda, Yuzo Mano, Narihiro Orikasa, and Akihiro Uchiyama. - Optimizing the ice crystal scattering database for the GCOM-C/SGLI satellite mission / Husi Letu, Takashi Y. Nakajima, Takashi N. Matsui, and Yoshiaki Matsumae. - Synergetic retrieval of atmospheric aerosol from a combination of lidar and radiometer ground-based observations / Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, Anatoli Chaikovsky, Philippe Goloub, Didier Tanre, Pavel Litvinov, and Tatiana Lapyonok. - Satellite study over Europe to estimate the single scattering albedo and the aerosol opt

Note: Table of content Abstract Zusammenfassung 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Scientific Background 1.2.1. Permafrost in arctic environments 1.2.2. Carbon storage and emission in arctic environments 1.2.3. Methane cycling in arctic environments 1.3. Study Sites 1.3.1. Lena-Delta, Siberia 1.3.2. El’gygytgyn Crater Lake, Chukotka 1.4. Objectives and approach 1.5. Thesis organization 1.6. Summary of the included manuscripts and contribution of the co-authors 1.6.1. Response of methanogenic archaea to Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes in the Siberian Arctic 1.6.2. Response of microbial communities to landscape and climatic changes in a terrestrial permafrost sequence of the El’gygytgyn crater, Far East Russian Arctic 1.6.3. Glacial-interglacial microbial community dynamics in Middle Pleistocene sediments in the Lake El’gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic 2. Response of methanogenic archaea to Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes in the Siberian Arctic 2.1. Abstract 2.2. Introduction 2.3. Materials and Methods 2.3.1. Study site 2.3.2. Permafrost drilling and sample preparation 2.3.3. Sediment properties 2.3.4. Potential methane production rates 2.3.5. Lipid biomarker analysis 2.3.6. Detection of archaeol and isoprenoid GDGTs 2.3.7. Detection of PLFAs and PLELs 2.3.8. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification 2.3.9. Phylogenetic analysis 2.4. Results and Discussion 2.4.1. Methane profile of the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.4.2. Signals of living microbial communities in the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.4.3. Reconstruction of past microbial communities in the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.4.4. Climate impact on the distribution of microbial communities in the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.4.5. Climatic impact on the composition of methanogenic communities in the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.5. Conclusion 2.6. Acknowledgement 3. Response of microbial communities to landscape and climatic changes in a terrestrial permafrost sequence of the El’gygytgyn crater, Far East Russian Arctic 3.1. Abstract 3.2. Introduction 3.3. Materials and Methods 3.3.1.Study site 3.3.2. Drilling and sample material 3.3.3. Sediment properties 3.3.4. Lipid biomarker analysis 3.3.5. Detection of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) and archaeol 3.3.6. Detection of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) 3.3.7. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and amplification 3.3.8. Quantitative PCR analysis of archaeal and bacterial small sub unit (SSU) rRNA genes 3.3.9. Phylogenetic analysis 3.4. Results 3.4.1. TOC-contents 3.4.2. Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) and archaeol 3.4.3. Distribution of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) 3.4.4. Composition of archaeol and isoprenoid GDGTs 3.4.5. Quantification of bacterial and archaeal genes 3.4.6. Analysis of methanogenic community fingerprints 3.5. Discussion 3.5.1. Microbial communities in subaquatic deposits 3.5.2. Microbial communities in subaerial deposits 3.5.3. Microbial succession in the Holocene sequence of Lake El’gygytgyn permafrost 3.6.Conclusion 3.7. Acknowledgements 4. Glacial-interglacial microbial community dynamics in Middle Pleistocene sediments in the Lake El’gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic 4.1. Abstract 4.2. Introduction 4.3. Materials and Methods 4.3.1. Study site 4.3.2. Drilling and sample preparation 4.3.3. Sediment properties 4.3.4. Lipid biomarker analyses 4.3.5. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 4.3.6. PCR amplification of methanogenic SSU rRNA genes 4.4. Results 4.4.1. Sedimentary TOC and biogenic silica concentration 4.4.2. Quantification of bacterial and archaeal genes 4.4.3. Quantification and composition of lipid biomarkers 4.4.4. Potential methane production 4.4.5. Methanogenic community composition 4.5. Discussion 4.6. Acknowledgements 5. Synthesis 5.1. The reaction of microbial communities to past climatic change in the Arctic 5.2.The response of microbial communities to carbon composition and availability 5.3. Implications from this study for future research 6. Data collection 6.1. Manuscript I: Response of methanogenic archaea to Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes in the Siberian Arctic 6.1.1. Sediment properties 6.1.2. Isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and archaeol 6.1.3. Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers 6.1.4. Phospholipid ester and ether lipids (summary) 6.2. Manuscript II: Response of microbial communities to landscape and climatic changes in a terrestrial permafrost sequence of the El’gygytgyn crater, Far East Russian Arctic 6.2.1. Sediment properties and gene quantifications 6.2.2. Phospholipid fatty acids composition 6.2.3. Isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and archaeol 6.2.4. Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers 6.3. Manuscript III: Glacial-interglacial microbial community dynamics in Middle Pleistocene sediments in the Lake El’gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic 6.3.1. Sediment properties and gene quantifications 6.3.2. Isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and archaeol 6.3.3. Branched glycerol dialkylglycerol tetraethers 7. References 8. Final thoughts and acknowledgements 9. Curriculum vitae 10.Erklärung

Note: Content The Arctic: A Strategic Challenge for the 21st Century / Gunter Gloser Opportunities and Responsibilities in the Arctic Region: The European Union's Perspective / Joe Borg The First Responsibility / Aqqaluk Lynge An Explorer's Perspective / Arved Fuchs New Chances and New Responsibilities in the Arctic Region: An Introduction / Georg Witschel The Arctic in the Context of International Law / Rüdiger Wolfrum Arctic in Change: New Prospects for Resource Exploitation and Maritime Traffic / Kirsten Ullbæk Selvig UArctic - A Most Welcome Tool / Erling Olsen Sustainable Development in the Arctic: New Social Challenges and Responsibilities / Rasmus Ole Rasmussen Managing Towards Sustainability in the Arctic: Some Practical Considerations / Brooks B. Yeager The Environmental and Research Challenges in the Arctic / Reinhard Priebe Towards a Canadian Arctic Strategy / Franklyn Griffiths The Changing Arctic: New Perspectives for the Use of Resources and Transport Routes / Baron Rüdiger von Fritsch An International Governance Framework for the Arctic: Challenges for International Public Law / Peter Taksøe-Jensen The Legal Regime of the Arctic Ocean / Thomas H. Heidar An International Governance Framework for the Arctic: Challenges for International Public Law - A Danish Perspective / Thomas Winkler Strategie and Environmental Impact Assessment in Promoting Sustainable Development in the Changing Arctic / Paula Kankaanpää Research for the Future of the Arctic / Karin Lochte Integrated Arctic Ocean Governance for the Lasting Benefit of All Humanity / Paul Arthur Berkman Resource Exploitation and Navigation in a Changing Arctic / Louwrens Hacquebord Developing International Law Teachings for Preventing Inter-State Disaccords in the Arctic Ocean / Alexander L. Vylegzhanin The Call for Good Governance in the Arctic Ocean - the Legal Framework and the Development of Policies to Meet Rising Challenges and Emerging Opportunities / Rolf Einar Fife International Law and Scientific Research in the Arctic - the Role of Science in Law and the Role of Law in Science / Marie Jacobsson The Challenge of Climate Security in the Arctic Region / Dennis Tänzler Chairman's Conclusions / Georg Witschel Current Endeavors with Respect to the Arctic Ocean: New Challenges for International Law and Politics / Georg Witschel/Ingo Winkelmann Annex Conference Programme List of Participants List of Abbreviations

Note: Table of Contents: Acronyms & Abbreviations. - Foreword. - Technical review by Dr. W. J. Langston. - Executive Summary. - 1. Introduction. - 1.2 Legislative background. - 1.2.1 International. - 1.2.2 Europe. - 1.2.3 Canada and the USA. - 1.3 Marine sediment contamination - background. - 1.4 Dredging processes. - 1.4.1 Environmental impacts of dredging. - 1.4.2 Effectiveness of dredging to improve environmental exposure to contaminants. - 1.4.3 Case studies. - 1.5 Environmental management of marine sediments. - 1.5.1 Environmental management systems. - 1.5.2 ISO 14001. - 1.5.3 Management techniques. - 1.6 Models and indices used in marine sediment analyses. - 1.7 Methodologies for spatial analysis in sediment dynamics and pollution dispersal. - 1.7.1 Uses of GIS in marine environment. - 1.7.2 Examples of GIS analysis methods for pollution management in the marine environment. - 1.7.3 Organising data. - 1.8 data needs and availability. - 1.8.1 Data needs. - 1.8.2 Data availability. - 1.9 Contaminated area database. - 2. Ecological implications of contaminated sediments. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Antifoul paints as pollutant sources and reservoirs. - 2.2.1 Background. - 2.3 Antifoul as a contaminant - sources. - 2.3.1 Background. - 2.3.2 Leaching. - 2.3.3 Shipyards. - 2.3.4 Recreational craft. - 2.3.5 Paint residue - macro scale. - 2.3.6 Paint residue - micro scale. - 2.3.7 Sediment disturbance. - 2.4 Antifoul as a contaminant - sinks, secondary sources and pathways. - 2.4.1 Background. - 2.4.2 Sediment sinks - legacy. - 2.4.3 Sediment sinks - residence. - 2.5 Biogeochemical pathways. - 2.6 Antifoul and ecological implications. - 2.7 Ecological effects of sediment antifoul. - 2.7.1 Species to community. - 2.7.2 Legacy, ecology and management. - 2.7.3 Port and harbour examples. - 2.8 Conclusions. - 3. Pilot area introduction and description. - 3.1 Elefsina Bay (Elefsis). - 3.2 Piraeus. - 3.2.1 Piraeus and areas to the west. - 3.2.2 Zea & Microlimano. - 3.3 Lavrio. - 3.4 Rafina. - 3.5 Summary. - 4. Sediment data collection methods & sampling. - 4.1 Sampling design. - 4.2 Sediment sampling procedure. - 4.3 Sediment sample pre-treatment. - 4.4 Chemical analysis. - 4.4.1 Total metal content. - 4.4.2 Metal partitioning in geochemical fractions. - 4.5 Data use. - 5. Database Design & Compilation. - 5.1 Data collection. - 5.2 Database structuring & display. - 5.3 Exploring the database. - 5.4 Summary. - 6. Spatial statistical analyses. - 6.1 Environmental quality guidelines for sediments. - 6.2 Interpolation of data. - 6.3 Cluster & Correlation analysis. - 6.4 Elefsina Bay (Elefsis). - 6.4.1 Geostatistical analysis - kriging. - 6.4.2 Cluster & correlation analysis. - 6.5 Piraeus port and marinas. - 6.5.1 Geostatistical analysis - kriging. - 6.5.2 Cluster & correlation analysis. - 6.6 Lavrio. - 6.6.1 Geostatistical analysis. - 6.6.2 Cluster & correlation analysis. - 6.7 Rafina. - 6.7.1 Cluster & correlation analysis. - 6.8 Conclusions. - 7. Discussion and Overview. - 7.1 Overview of study. - 7.2 Contaminated sediments and their environmental impact. - 7.3 Data availability. - 7.3.1 Summary data at global scale. - 7.3.2 Detailed locational data for analysis. - 7.4 Database development. - 7.5 Implications. - 7.6 Practical application. - 7.7 Funding opportunities for further study. - 7.8 Conclusions. - References. - Journals, Books & Conference Proceedings. - Web Sites. - Appendix A. - A Models and indices used in marine sediment analyses. - A1 Multivariate statistics. - A1.1 Principal component analysis. - A1.2 Cluster analysis. - A1.3 Partial Least squares analysis. - A1.4 Multivariate statistics. - A2 Indices. - A2.1 AZTI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI). - A2.2 Benthic Quality Index (BQI). - A2.3 The Benthic Response Index. - A2.4 The Relative Benthic Index. - A2.5 The Index of Biotic (Biological) Integrity. - A3 Pollution dispersion modelling. - Appendix B. - B Cross-Validation statistics for simple Kriging analysis. - Appendix C. - C1 Using ArcGIS Explorer. - C2 Installing ArcGIS Explorer. - C3 Using ArcExplorer Desktop. - Appendix D. - About the authors.

Note: Content Foreword Preface 1 – The PERMAFrance network 1.1 – Objectives 1.2 – Structure and partners 1.3 – Monitoring sites 2 – Permafrost in the French mountains 2.1 – Distribution of permafrost in France 2.2 – Monitoring sites 3 – Weather and climate 3.1 – Climatic trends of the last 4 decades 3.2 – Annual weather summary 2002-2009 3.3 – Summary of nivo-meteorological conditions 4 – Surface temperature on surficial deposits 4.1 – BTS datasets 4.2 – GST datasets 5 – Geodetic measurements and surface dynamics of rock glaciers 5.1 – GPS & total station 5.2 – LIDAR 6 – Rockfalls and evolution of rockfaces 6.1 – LiDAR datasets for rockwalls in the Mont Blanc massif 6.2 – Rockfall inventories in the Mont Blanc massif 7 – References / Bibliographie , In englischer und französischer Sprache

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Kurzfassung Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations List of Symbols 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Scientific Setting 1.2 Motivation and Research Questions 1.3 Structure of Thesis 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYPERSPECTRAL AND SPECTRO-DIRECTIONAL REMOTE SENSING 2.1 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation 2.2 Spectro-Directional Remote Sensing of Vegetation 2.3 The EnMAP Satellite System 2.4 Spectro-Goniometer Systems for the Ground-Based Measurement of BRDF Effects 3 THE TUNDRA PERMAFROST STUDY LOCATIONS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT 3.1 The Eurasia Arctic Transect (EAT) 3.1.1 Geological and Climatic Setting 3.1.2 Vegetation 3.2 The North American Arctic Transect (NAAT) 3.2.1 Geological and Climatic Setting 3.2.2 Vegetation 4 OBSERVATIONS AND METHODOLOGY 4.1 Observations Used for this Study 4.1.1 The ECI-GOA-Yamal 2011 Expedition 4.1.2 The EyeSight- NAAT-Alaska 2012 Expedition 4.1.3 Data Used for Hyperspectral Characterization of Arctic Tundra 4.1.4 Data Used for Spectro-Directional Characterization of Arctic Tundra 4.2 Methodology Used for Field Work and Data Analysis 4.2.1 Field Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Data Analysis 4.2.2 Considerations for the Field Spectro-Goniometer Measurements and the Spectro-Directional Data Analysis 5 DEVELOPMENT AND PRECOMMISSIONING INSPECTION OF THE MANTIS FIELD SPECTRO-GONIOMETER 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Theoretical Background 5.3 Description of the Field Spectro-Goniometer System 5.3.1 Construction Schedule 5.3.2 Description of the Field Spectro-Goniometer Platform (ManTIS) 5.3.3 Sensor Configuration of the AWI ManTIS Field Spectro-Goniometer 5.3.4 Measurement Strategy 5.3.5 Software for Semi-Automatic Control 5.4 Error Assessment 5.4.1 Radiometrical Accuracy 5.4.2 Pointing Accuracy 5.4.3 Ground Instantaneous Field of View and Sensor Self-Shadowing 5.4.4 Temporal Illumination Changes and Environmental Influences 5.5 Data Analysis 5.5.1 Data Processing 5.5.2 Data Visualization 5.6 Performance of ManTIS Field Spectro-Goniometer in the Field 5.6.1 Test Site and Experiment Setup 5.6.2 Results and Discussion 5.7 Conclusions and Outlook 6 HYPERSPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW ARCTIC TUNDRA VEGETATION 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Material & Methods 6.2.1 Study Area 6.2.2 Environmental Gradients/Zones and Vegetation Description 6.2.3 Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing 6.2.4 Data Analysis 6.3 Results 6.3.1 The Zonal Climate Gradient 6.3.2 Acidic Versus Non-Acidic Tundra (Soil pH Zones) 6.3.3 The Toposequence at Happy Valley (Subzone E) 6.3.4 The Soil Moisture Gradient at Franklin Bluffs (Subzone D) 6.4 Discussion 6.4.1 Overview of Field Characterization and Spectral Properties along the Gradients 6.4.2 Performance of Spectral Metrics and Vegetation Indices 6.5 Conclusions 7 RESULTS OF THE SPECTRO-DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE INVESTIGATIONS 7.1 Overview of the Spectro-Directional Reflectance Characteristics of Low Arctic Tundra Vegetation 7.1.1 Representativeness of the Study Plots Representing Tundra Vegetation 7.1.2 Vaskiny Dachi – Bioclimate Subzone D 7.1.3 Happy Valley – Bioclimate Subzone E 7.1.4 Franklin Bluffs – Bioclimate Subzone D 7.2 Influence of High Sun Zenith Angles on the Reflectance Anisotropy 7.2.1 MAT (Happy Valley) 7.2.2 MNT (Franklin Bluffs) 7.3 Variability in Multi-Angular Remote Sensing Products of Low Arctic Tundra Environments 7.3.1 Spectro-Directional Variability of Different Low Arctic Plant Communities 7.3.2 Spectro-Directional Variability under Varying Sun Zenith Angles 8 DISCUSSION 8.1 The Hyperspectral Reflectance Characteristics of Tundra Vegetation in Context of the Spectro-Goniometer Measurements 8.2 Applicability of the ManTIS Field Spectro-Goniometer System 8.3 The Spectro-Directional Reflectance Characteristics of Tundra Vegetation 8.4 Variability in Reflectance Anisotropy at High Sun Zenith Angles 8.5 Applicability of Multi- Angular Remote Sensing Products for Arctic Tundra Environments 9 CONCLUSIONS & OUTLOOK Acknowledgments References Appendix Table of Contents of the Appendix References of the Appendix Statutory Declaration / Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors Chapter 1 Issues of Sampling Design in Wetlands / Monica Rivas Casado, Ron Corstanje, Pat Bellamy, and Ben Marchant DESIGN-BASED SAMPLING APPROACHES MODEL-BASED SAMPLING APPROACHES Chapter 2 Soil and Sediment Sampling of Inundated Environments / Todd Z. Osborne and R.D. DeLaune SAMPLING IN INUNDATED ENVIRONMENTS: SAMPLING PLAN AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS SAMPLING METHODS FOR INUNDATION DEPTHS LESS THAN 1.5 METERS SAMPLING METHODS FOR INUNDATION DEPTHS GREATER THAN 1.5 METERS SPECIAL CONDITIONS OR CONSIDERATIONS Chapter 3 Physicochemical Characterization of Wetland Soils / K.R. Reddy, M.W. Clark, R.D. DeLaune, and M. Kongchum SOIL SAMPLING PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES CONCLUSIONS Chapter 4 Soil Pore Water Sampling Methods / M.M. Fisher and K.R. Reddy TECHNIQUES FOR SAMPLING SOIL PORE WATER SAMPLE HANDLING CONSIDERATIONS SAMPLING PORE WATER GASES SUMMARY Chapter 5 Reduction–Oxidation Potential and Oxygen / J. Patrick Megonigal and Martin Rabenhorst REDOX POTENTIAL THEORY OXYGEN MEASUREMENT WITH DIFFUSION CHAMBERS REDOX MEASUREMENT Chapter 6 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen, Hydrogen Sulfide, Iron(II), and Manganese(II) in Wetland Pore Waters / George W. Luther III and Andrew S. Madison EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRODE FABRICATION EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF WORKING ELECTRODE CALIBRATIONS PROCEDURES FOR MICROPROFILING SUMMARY Chapter 7 Soil Redox Potential and pH Controllers / Kewei Yu and Jörg Rinklebe REDOX POTENTIAL AND pH CONTROL MODIFICATIONS AN AUTOMATED BIOGEOCHEMICAL MICROCOSM SYSTEM APPLICATIONS Chapter 8 Morphological Methods to Characterize Hydric Soils / M.J. Vepraskas EQUIPMENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DESCRIBING HYDRIC SOILS FIELD TEST TO ASSESS SOIL MATERIAL TYPE IDENTIFYING HYDRIC SOIL FIELD INDICATORS Chapter 9 Emergent Macrophyte Biomass Production / Christopher Craft SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS INDIRECT METHODS DIRECT METHODS EMERGING METHODS Chapter 10 Photosynthetic Measurements in Wetlands / S.R. Pezeshki OXYGEN EXCHANGE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE CARBON ISOTOPE TECHNIQUE MICROMETEOROLOGICAL TECHNIQUE CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE METHOD PHOTOSYNTHETIC MEASUREMENTS USING CHAMBERS SUMMARY Chapter 11 Gas Transport and Exchange through Wetland Plant Aerenchyma / Brian K. Sorrell and Hans Brix GENERAL PRINCIPLES EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES LABORATORY AND GLASSHOUSE CHAMBERS MODELING APPROACHES Chapter 12 A Primer on Sampling Plant Communities in Wetlands / Curtis J. Richardson and Ryan S. King OVERVIEW OF SAMPLING PLANT POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES SAMPLE SIZE PLANT SAMPLING APPROACHES RAPID ASSESSMENT APPROACHES TO ESTIMATE PLANT ABUNDANCE AND COVER PERCENTAGE PLANT SAMPLING METHODS AND CALCULATION PROCEDURES ANALYSIS OF DATA COMPARISON OF PLANT COMMUNITIES SUGGESTIONS FOR DEVELOPING A PLANT SAMPLING PROGRAM APPENDIX Chapter 13 Plant Productivity—Bottomland Hardwood Forests / William H. Conner and Julia A. Cherry ABOVEGROUND PRODUCTIVITY BELOWGROUND PRODUCTIVITY Chapter 14 Current Methods to Evaluate Net Primary Production and Carbon Budgets in Mangrove Forests / Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, Edward Castañeda-Moya, Jordan G. Barr, Vic Engel, Jose D. Fuentes, Tiffany G. Troxler, Robert R. Twilley, Steven Bouillon, Thomas J. Smith III, and Thomas L. O’Halloran CURRENT METHODS TO ESTIMATE NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY COMPARING MANGROVE NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION ESTIMATES TO WHOLE-FOREST CARBON FLUX MEASUREMENTS SUMMARY AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS APPENDIX Chapter 15 Characterization of Wetland Soil Organic Matter / Robert L. Cook and Thomas S. Bianchi SAMPLE TREATMENT AND PROCESSING SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION BULK ELEMENTAL AND CHEMICAL BIOMARKER ANALYSES SUMMARY Chapter 16 Dissolved Organic Matter / Robert G. Qualls EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION MATERIALS AND REAGENTS SAMPLE PREPARATION PROCEDURES CONCLUSIONS Chapter 17 Soil Microbial Biomass and Phospholipid Fatty Acids / Jörg Rinklebe and Uwe Langer THE SUBSTRATE-INDUCED RESPIRATION METHOD PHOSPHOLIPID FATTY ACIDS ESTIMATES OF MICROBIAL BIOMASS SUMMARY Chapter 18 Molecular Genetic Analysis of Wetland Soils / Hee-Sung Bae and Andrew V. Ogram DNA EXTRACTION QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION BASED MOLECULAR CLONING Chapter 19 Enzyme Activities / Hojeong Kang, Seon-Young Kim, and Chris Freeman EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION MATERIALS AND REAGENTS SAMPLE PREPARATION PROCEDURE CALCULATION SUMMARY Chapter 20 Organic Matter Mineralization and Decomposition / Scott D. Bridgham and Rongzhong Ye LITTER DECOMPOSITION DECOMPOSITION OF STANDARD SUBSTRATES SOIL HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION PHOTODEGRADATION Chapter 21 Methanogenesis and Methane Oxidation in Wetland Soils / Kanika S. Inglett, Jeffery P. Chanton, and Patrick W. Inglett EXPERIMENTAL METHANE MEASUREMENTS ISOTOPIC MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE Chapter 22 Greenhouse Gas Emission by Static Chamber and Eddy Flux Methods / Kewei Yu, April Hiscox, and R.D. DeLaune STATIC CHAMBER MEASUREMENT EDDY COVARIANCE MEASUREMENT SUMMARY Chapter 23 Characterization of Organic Nitrogen in Wetlands / C.M. VanZomeren, H. Knicker, W.T. Cooper, and K.R. Reddy CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION OF SOIL ORGANIC NITROGEN CHLOROFORM FUMIGATION METHOD NUCLEAR RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY MASS SPECTROMETRY OF ORGANIC NITROGEN CONCLUSIONS Chapter 24 Measurements of Nitrogen Mineralization Potential in Wetland Soils / Eric D. Roy and John R. White POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN SUBSTRATE-INDUCED NITROGEN MINERALIZATION LIMITATIONS SUMMARY Chapter 25 Wind Tunnel Method for Measurement of Ammonia Volatilization / M.E. Poach, K.S. Ro, and P.G. Hunt EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION MATERIALS AND REAGENTS SAMPLE PREPARATION PROCEDURE SAMPLE ANALYSIS CALCULATION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS QUALITY ASSURANCE SUMMARY Chapter 26 Ammonium Oxidation in Wetland Soils / K.S. Inglett, A.V. Ogram, and K.R. Reddy AEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION (NITRIFICATION) ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION (ANAMMOX) METHODS FOR ASSESSING AEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION (NITRIFICATION) METHODS FOR ASSESSING ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION (ANAMMOX) POTENTIAL MOLECULAR METHODS FOR ASSESSING AMMONIUM OXDIATION IN WETLAND SOILS SUMMARY Chapter 27 Denitrification Measurement Using Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry / Patrick W. Inglett, Todd M. Kana, and Soonmo An GENERAL PRINCIPLES EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES ISOTOPE PAIRING BY THE MIMS METHOD SUMMARY Chapter 28 Nitrate Reduction, Denitrification, and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium in Wetland Sediments / Amy J. Burgin, Stephen K. Hamilton, Wayne S. Gardner, and Mark J. McCarthy EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION MATERIALS AND REAGENTS PROCEDURES SAMPLE PREPARATION CALCULATIONS Chapter 29 System-Level Denitrification Measurement Based on Dissolved Gas Equilibration Theory and Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry / Andrew Laursen and Patrick W. Inglett GENERAL THEORY EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS SUMMARY Chapter 30 Biogeochemical Nitrogen Cycling in Wetland Ecosystems: Nitrogen-15 Isotope Techniques / Dries Huygens, Mark Trimmer, Tobias Rütting, Christoph Müller, Catherine M. Heppell, Katrina Lansdown, and Pascal Boeckx EXPERIMENTAL STUDY SETUPS ISOTOPE PAIRING AND REVISED ISOTOPE PAIRING TECHNIQUES ISOTOPE DILUTION AND TRACING TECHNIQUES Chapter 31 Biological Dinitrogen Fixation / Patrick W. Inglett ACETYLENE REDUCTION DINITROGEN-15 INCORPORATION SUMMARY Chapter 32 Methods for Soil Phosphorus Characterization and Analysis of Wetland Soils / Curtis J. Richardson and K.R. Reddy TERMINOLOGY, OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS, AND COMPARISON OF PHOSPHORUS FORMS SAMPLE PREPARATION AND STORAGE SOIL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY INDICES ANION EXCHANGE RESIN AND IRON OXIDE PAPER SOIL INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS FORMS GENERAL COMMENTS Chapter 33 Phosphorus Characterization in Wetland Soils by Solution Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Alexander W. Cheesman, James Rocca, and Benjamin L. Turner BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES APPLICATION TO WETLAND SOILS Chapter 34 Phosphorus Sorption and Desorption

Note: Contents INTRODUCTION / P.V.Krasilnikov PART I GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Geological settings / D.E.Konyushkov, R.V.Desyatkin Climate and soil temperature dynamics / D.E.Konyushkov, R.V.Desyatkin, A.R.Desyatkin Geocryological conditions / D.E.Konyushkov, A.N.Fedorov Vegetation / D.E.Konyushkov, R.V.Desyatkin SOILS AND SOIL COVER PATTERNS – GENERAL SCOPE / D.E.Konyushkov, R.V.Desyatkin, S.F.Khokhlov ALAS PHENOMEN: SPECIFIC FEATURES, GENESIS AND DYNAMICS / R.V.Desyatkin, A.R.Desyatkin AGRICULTURE AND OTHER ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITY IN CENTRAL YAKUTIA / R.V.Desyatkin, M.V.Okoneshnikova PART II SOILS OF CENTRAL SAKHA (YAKUTIA) / S.V.Goryachkin, R.V.Desyatkin, E.M.Lapteva, M.N.Lebedeva, N.S.Mergelov, P.V.Krasilnikov, V.A.Shishkov, I.V.Turova E.P.Zazovskaya METHODS OF STUDY DAY 1 Vilyui road. Cambic Turbic Cryosol. Profile 11 Vilyui road. Turbic Cryosol Reductaquic. Profile 12 Sand hills near Tabaga. Haplic Stagnosol Arenic Turbic. Profile 15 DAY 2 Abalakh alas vicinities. Haplic Cryosol Albic Luvic Sodic. Profile 14 Abalakh alas. Salic Fluvisol. Profile 13-1 Abalakh alas. Stagnic Solonetz Turbic. Profile 13-2 DAY 3 Desyatkin Alas. Cryic Limnic Histosol. Profile 9-1 Desyatkin Alas. Thapto-Histic Limnic Fluvisol. Profile 9-2 Desyatkin Alas. Endogleyic Stagnosols Albic Arenic Turbic. Profile 9-3 Observation point. Khonorosh alas. Bulgunyakh (pingo) 4 DAY 4 Tabaga post-agrogenic soil. Stagnic Cambisol Calcaric. Profile 2-1 Tabaga post-agrogenic soil. Luvic Phaeozem Albic Turbic. Profile 2-2 Tabaga post-agrogenic soil. Calcic Mollic Solonetz Albic. Profile 2-3 Observation point. Badland on icy permafrost Lena terrace. Stagnic Chernozem Molliglossic Turbic. Profile 5 Lena terrace. Mollic Endogleyic Solonetz Turbic. Profile 6 Lena terrace. Hyposalic Solonetz. Profile 7 SOME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS Cryogenic microfeatures Soluble salts in investigated soils DAY 5. Lena pillars CONCLUSION / (S.V.Goryachkin) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

Note: Contents ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO SEA ICE Presentation Ice development Fast ice Occurrence and concentration of floating ice Forms of floating ice Distribution of ice Openings in the ice Ice surface features Melt stages Break-up Charting sea ice Egg code SEA ICE Extent and area Thickness and salinity Currents Climatic role Life in the ice FAUNA The Arctic Antarctica MAN AND THE SEA ICE The Inuit Explorers from the 15th to the 19th century Shipwrecked on a raft of ice The Fram and the drifting ice stations Polar aircraft Polar submarines Icebreakers Tourism Sports , Übersetzung aus dem Französischen