ALBERT

Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Anmerkung: In tschechischer Sprache , Mit englischer Zusammenfassung unter dem Titel: Deep boreholes in the Czech Republic : deep boreholes in Bohemia and Moravia and their geological applications

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: 1 The Soil Solid Phase. - 1.1 Characteristics of the Primary Particles. - 1.1.1 Characterization of Particle Size. - 1.1.2 Classification of Textural Size Fractions. - 1.1.3 Chemical and Mineralogical Properties. - Sand and Silt Fraction. - Clay Fraction. - 1.1.4 Shape of Soil Particles. - 1.1.5 Surface Area of Soil Particles. - Relationship to Particle Size. - Relationship to Clay Mineralogy. - 1.1.6 Surface Properties of Clay Particles. - Density of Charge. - Ionic Adsorption. - Cation Adsorption. - Diffuse Double Layer. - Cation Exchange Equations. - Anion Adsorption. - Adsorption of Nonelectrolytes. - Ion Adsorption and Flocculation. - Adsorption Isotherms. - Adsorption of Gases. - Measurement of Specific Surface Area. - Measurement of Cation Exchange Capacity. - 1.2 Characteristics of Bulk Soil. - 1.2.1 Volume Fractions. - 1.2.2 Bulk and Mineral Densities. - Measurement of Bulk Density. - 1.2.3 Soil Structure. - Aggregation. - Aggregate Analysis. - Stability of Structure. - Problems. - 2 Water Retention in Soil. - 2.1 Properties of Water. - 2.1.1 Molecular Properties of Water. - 2.1.2 Fluid Properties of Water. - Thermal and Mechanical Properties. - Surface Tension and Interfacial Curvature. - Contact Angle. - Capillary Rise. - Viscosity. - Osmotic Pressure. - 2.1.3 Water Near Particle Surfaces. - 2.2 Soil Water Content. - 2.2.1 Definitions. - 2.2.2 Measurement of Soil Water Content. - Measurement of [Theta]g. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Mass and Volume Estimation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Gamma Ray Attenuation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Neutron Attenuation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Time Domain Reflectometry. - 2.3 Energy State of Water in Soil. - 2.3.1 Potential Energy of Water in Soil. - 2.3.2 Reference or Standard State. - 2.3.3 Total Soil Water Potential. - 2.3.4 Components of Water Potential. - Gravitational Potential. - Solute Potential. - Tensiometer Pressure Potential. - Matric Potential. - Air Pressure Potential. - Hydrostatic Pressure Potential. - Overburden Pressure Potential. - Wetness Potential. - 2.4 Analysis of Systems at Equilibrium. - 2.5 Measurements of Components of Water Potential. - 2.5.1 Direct Measurement of Potential Components. - 2.5.2 Measurement Devices. - Piezometer Tube. - Tensiometer. - Soil Psychrometer. - 2.6 Water Characteristic Function. - 2.6.1 Measurement. - Hanging Water Column. - Pressure Plate. - Equilibration over Salt Solutions. - 2.6.2 Hysteresis in Water Content-Energy Relationships. - 2.7 Appendix: Gamma Ray Attenuation. - 2.7.1 Transmission through a Pure Substance i. - 2.7.2 Transmission through a Heterogeneous Material. - 2.7.3 Transmission through Soil. - Problems. - 3 Water Movement in Soil. - 3.1 Water Flow in Capillary Tubes. - 3.1.1 Poiseuille's Law. - 3.2 Water Flow in Saturated Soil. - 3.2.1 Darcy's Law. - 3.2.2 Measurement of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.2.3 Calculation of Hydrostatic Pressure in Soil Columns. - 3.2.4 Water Flow in Saturated Layered Soil. - 3.3 Water Flow in Unsaturated Soil. - 3.3.1 Buckingham-Darcy Flux Law. - 3.3.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.3 Capillary Tube Model of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.4 Steady-State Water Flow Problems. - Integral Form of Darcy's Law. - Evaporation from a Water Table. - Steady-State Downward Water Flow. - Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.5 Water Conservation Equation. - 3.3.6 Richards Equation for Transient Water Flow. - Water Content Form of Richards Equation. - Matric Potential Form of Richards Equation. - Water Diffusivity Function Dw([Theta]). - Water Capacity Function Cw([Theta]). - 3.3.7 Model Functional Forms. - 3.3.8 Water Flow Calculations in Unsaturated Soil. - Steady-State Water Flow through a Crop Root Zone. - Water Flow through Unsaturated Layered Soil. - 3.4 Multidimensional Flow. - 3.5 Appendix: Solution of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations. - 3.5.1 Method 1: Separation of Variables. - 3.5.2 Method 2: Integrating Factors. - Problems. - 4 The Field Soil Water Regime. - 4.1 Field Water Balance. - 4.1.1 Analysis of Field Water Content and Matric Potential Profiles. - 4.1.2 Equilibrium and Steady-State Profiles. - 4.1.3 Transient Flow Processes in the Field. - 4.2 Infiltration. - 4.2.1 Empirical Infiltration Models. - Kostiakov Equation. - Horton Equation. - 4.2.2 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model. - 4.2.3 Philip Infiltration Model. - Horizontal Infiltration. - Vertical Infiltration. - 4.2.4 Infiltration into Nonhomogeneous Soil Profiles. - 4.2.5 Infiltration When RainfallIs Limiting. - 4.2.6 Two- and Three-Dimensional Infiltration. - 4.3 Redistribution. - 4.3.1 Redistribution of Water in Soil Profiles. - 4.3.2 Field Capacity Concept. - 4.4 Field Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 4.5 Water Flow through Structural Voids. - 4.6 Evaporation. - Problems. - 5 The Soil Thermal Regime. - 5.1 Atmospheric Energy Balance. - 5.1.1 Extraterrestrial Radiation. - Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - Energy-Wavelength Laws. - 5.1.2 Solar Radiation. - Interactions with Atmosphere. - Net Radiation. - 5.1.3 Physical Factors Affecting Solar Radiation. - Albedo. - Latitude. - Exposure. - Distribution of Land and Water. - Vegetation. - 5.2 Soil Surface Energy Balance. - 5.2.1 Energy Balance Equation. - Components of Energy Balance. - 5.2.2 Measurement of Evapotranspiration. - Aerodynamic Transport Equations. - Penman Combination Equation. - 5.3 Heat Flow in Soil. - 5.3.1 Heat Flux Equation. - 5.3.2 Heat Conservation Equation. - 5.3.3 Thermal Properties of Soil. - Heat Capacity. - Thermal Conductivity. - Measurement of Thermal Conductivity. - 5.3.4 Applications of Heat Flow Equation. - Steady-State Heat Flow Problems. - Annual Temperature Changes in Soil. - 5.3.5 Soil Temperature Observations. - Diurnal Variations. - Annual Variations. - Problems. - 6 Soil Aeration. - 6.1 Composition of Soil Air. - 6.2 Gas Reactions In Soil. - 6.2.1 CO2 Production in Soil. - 6.2.2 O2 Consumption in Soil. - 6.3 Gas Transport through Soil. - 6.3.1 Gas Conservation Equation. - 6.3.2 Gas Convection in Soil. - Temperature Effects. - Barometric Pressure Effects. - Wind Effects. - Rainfall Effects. - Mass Flow of Gases into Buildings. - 6.3.3 Gas Diffusion. - Measurement of Gas Diffusion Coefficients in Soil. - Measurement of Gas Flux in Field. - 6.3.4 Gas Transport Equation. - 6.4 Gas Transport Modeling in Soil. - 6.4.1 Steady-State O2 Transport and Consumption. - 6.4.2 Steady-State and Transient CO2 Transport and Evolution. - 6.4.3 O2 Depletion at the Plant Root Interface. - 6.5 Flow of Water Vapor through Soil. - 6.5.1 Water Vapor Flux Equation. - 6.5.2 Approximate Water Vapor Flux Law. - 6.6 Measurement of O2 Diffusion and Consumption in Soil. - Problems. - 7 Solute Transport in Soil. - 7.1 Solute Conservation Equation. - 7.1.1 Solute Storage in Soil. - 7.1.2 Solute Flux through Soil. - 7.1.3 Convection-Dispersion Model of Hydrodynamic Dispersion. - 7.2 Convection-Dispersion Equation. - 7.2.1 Transport of Inert, Nonadsorbing Solutes. - Breakthrough Time. - Effect of Dispersion. - Drainage Breakthrough Curves. - Transport of Pulses through Soil. - 7.2.2 Transport of Inert, Adsorbing Chemicals. - Adsorption Isotherms. - Breakthrough Time. - Effect of Dispersion. - 7.2.3 Effect of Soil Structure on Transport. - Mobile-Immobile Water Model. - 7.2.4 Reactions of Chemicals in Soil. - First-Order Decay. - Convection-Dispersion Equation and First-Order Decay. - Piston Flow Model and First-Order Decay. - 7.2.5 Transport of Volatile Organic Compounds through Soil. - Phase Partitioning Laws. - Linear Partitioning Laws. - Effective Liquid-Vapor Diffusion. - Total Solute Flux. - Volatilization of Chemicals from Soil. - 7.3 Transfer Function Model of Solute Transport through Soil. - 7.3.1 Solute Transport Volume. - 7.3.2 Solute Lifetime and Travel Time Distribution Functions. - 7.3.3 Transfer Function Equation. - 7.3.4 Measurement of Transfer Function Parameters. - 7.3.5 Model Distribution Func

Anmerkung: Contents: 44. Selaginellaceae / P. J. Stafford. - 45. Oleaceae / W. Punt, J. A. A. Bos and P. P. Hoen. - 46. Geraniaceae / P. J. Stafford and S. Blackmore. - 47. Juglandaceae / J. A. A. Bos and W. Punt. - 48. Cornaceae / P. J. Stafford and G. L. A. Heath. - 49. Globulariaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 50. Buxaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 51. Ranunculaceae / G. C. S. Clarke, W. Punt and P. P. Hoen. - Index.

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Zur Entstehung von PostScript. - 1.2 Die Seitenbeschreibungssprache PostScript. - 1.3 Zielrichtung dieses Buches. - 2 Grundlagen. - 2.1 Der Stack und einfache Arithmetik. - 2.2 Weitere arithmetische Befehle. - 2.3 Koordinatensystem und aktueller Punkt. - 2.4 Einfache Textausgabe. - 2.4.1 Das Font. - 2.4.2 Strings und der Befehl »show«. - 2.4.3 Programm-Struktur. - 2.5 Linien. - 2.6 Spezielle Befehle für die Stackverwaltung. - 3 Variablen, Prozeduren und Schleifen. - 3.1 Variablen. - 3.2 Aufbau von Namen und Zahlen. - 3.3 Prozeduren. - 3.4 Schleifen. - 3.4.1 Der Befehl »loop«. - 3.4.2 Der Befehl »repeat«. - 3.4.3 Der Befehl »for«. - 4 Füllen. - 4.1 Graue Flächen und Linien. - 4.2 Die Befehle »gsave« und »grestore«. - 4.3 Die Fülllregeln. - 4.3.1 Die »Non-Zero-Winding-Rule«. - 4.3.2 Die »Even-Odd-Rule«. - 5 Kurven. - 5.1 Kreise. - 5.2 Bezier-Kurven. - 5.3 Abgerundete Ecken. - 6 Arrays, Dictionaries und Strings. - 6.1 Die Arrays. - 6.1.1 Der Befehl »setdash«. - 6.1.2 Spezielle Befehle für Arrays. - 6.1.3 Spezielle Befehle für Markierungen. - 6.2 Die Dictionaries. - 6.3 Eintragungen in Dictionaries. - 6.4 Spezielle Befehle für Strings. - 6.4.1 Die Befehle »string« und »cvs«. - 6.4.2 Der Suchbefehl »search«. - 6.5 Gemeinsame Befehle für Arrays, Dictionaries und Strings. - 6.5.1 Der Befehl »put«. - 6.5.2 Der Befehl »get«. - 6.5.3 Der Befehl »length«. - 6.5.4 Der Befehl »copy«. - 6.5.5 Die Befehle »putinterval« und »getinterval«. - 6.5.6 Der Befehl »forall«. - 6.6 Zugriffsrechte. - 7 Abfragen in PostScript. - 7.1 Die Vergleichsoperationen. - 7.2 Verknüpfung von logischen Werten. - 7.3 Die Befehle »if« und »ifelse«. - 8 Fonts. - 8.1 Die Organisation der Fonts. - 8.2 Ausgabe einer Liste aller verfügbaren Fonts. - 8.3 Aktivierung von Umlauten in PostScript. - 8.4 Outline-Fonts. - 8.5 Userfonts. - 8.5.1 Ein einfaches Userfont. - 8.5.2 Ein vollwertiges Userfont. - 8.5.3 Spezialitäten mit Userfonts. - 9 Transformationen. - 9.1 Der Befehl »translate«. - 9.2 Der Befehl »scale«. - 9.3 Rotation. - 9.4 Der Aufbau der Transformationsmatrix. - 9.5 Die Befehle »transform« und »itransform«. - 9.6 Transformation eines Fonts. - 10 Clipping. - 11 Bildverarbeitung. - 11.1 Aufbau des Bildes. - 11.2 Der Befehl »image«. - 11.3 Der Befehl »imagemask«. - 11.4 Rasterzellen. - 11.5 Der Aufbau der Rasterzelle. - 11.6 Die Transferfunktion. - 12 Ein- und Ausgaben in PostScript. - 12.1 Lesen von Daten aus Datenströmen. - 12.2 Ausgabe von Daten auf Datenströme. - 12.3 Ausführung einer Datei. - 12.4 Erweiterungen für die Dateienverwaltung. - 13 Druckerspezifische Befehle. - 13.1 Allgemeine Druckereinstellungen. - 13.2 Spezielle Befehle für Laserdrucker. - 13.3 Spezielle Befehle für Belichter. - 14 Speicherverwaltung und Programmausführung. - 14.1 Der Befehl »bind« und die Funktion »//«. - 14.2 Die Speicherverwaltung. - 14.3 Die Befehle »exec« und »execstack«. - 14.4 Die Befehle »stop« und »stopped«. - 14.5 Zusammenfassung der PostScript-Typen. - 15 Der graphische Status. - 16 Fehlerbehandlung. - 16.1 Fehler und ihre möglichen Ursachen. - 17 Kommentar-Konventionen. - A ASCII-Tabcllen. - B Zahlensysteme. - C Lösungen zu den Aufgaben. - D Literaturverzeichnis. - E Sachwortverzeichnis.

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Crustal development: the craton Uplift history of the East Antarctic shield: constraints imposed by high-pressure experimental studies of Proterozoic mafic dykes / S.M. KUEHNER & D.H. GREEN The crustal evolution of some East Antarctic granulites / S.L. HARLEY Structural evolution of the Bunger Hills area of East Antarctica / P. DING & P.R. JAMES Structural geology of the early Precambrian gneisses of northern Fold Island, Mawson Coast, East Antarctica / P.R. JAMES, P. DING & L. RANKIN The intrusive Mawson charnockites: evidence for a compressional plate margin selling of the Proterozoic mobile belt of East Antarctica / D.N. YOUNG & D.J. ELLIS A review of the field relations, petrology and geochemistry of the Borgmassivet intrusions in the Grunehogna province, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / J.R. KRYNAUW, B.R. WATTERS, D.R. HUNTER & A.H. WILSON Volcanic rocks of the Proterozoic Jutulstraumen Group in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / B.R. WATTERS, J.R. KRYNAUW & D.R. HUNTER The timing and nature of faulting and jointing adjacent to the Pencksokket, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / G.H. GRANTHAM & D.R. HUNTER The tectonic and metamorphic evolution of H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / A.R. ALLEN Granulites of northern H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land: metamorphic history from garnet-pyroxene assemblages, coronas and hydration reactions / P.B. GROENEWALD & D.R. HUNTER A structural survey of Precambrian rocks, Heimefrontfjella, western Neuschwabenland, with special reference to the basic dykes / W. FIELITZ & G. SPAETH Reflection seismic measurements in western Neuschwabenland / A. HUNGELJNG & F. THYSSEN Geology and metamorphism of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / K. SHIRAISHI, M. ASAMI, H. ISHIZUKA, H. KOJIMA. S. KOJIMA, Y. OSANAI, T. SAKIYAMA, Y. TAKAHASHI, M. YAMAZAKI & S. YOSHIKURA Late Proterozoic paired metamorphic complexes in East Antarctica, with special reference to the tectonic significance of ultramafic rocks / Y. HIROI, K. SHIRAISHI & Y. MOTOYOSHI Petrographic and structural characteristics of a part of the East Antarctic craton, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / M.K. KAUL, R.K. SINGH, D. SRIVASTAVA, S. JAYARAM & S. MUKERJI Structural and petrological evolution of basement rocks in the Schirmacher Hills, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica (Extended abstract) / S. SENGUPTA Metamorphic evolution of granulites from the Rauer Group, East Antarctica: evidence for decompression following Proterozoic collision / S.L. HARLEY Fault tectonics and magmatic ages in the Jelly Oasis area, Mac. Robertson Land: a contribution to the Lambert Rift development / J. HOFMANN Major fracture trends near the western margin of East Antarctica / P.D. MARSH Mesozoic magmatism in Greater Antarctica: implications for Precambrian plate tectonics / T.S. BREWER & P.D. CLARKSON Crustal development: the Transantarctic Mountains Sedimentary palaeoenvironments of_the Riphaean Turnpike Bluff Group, Shackleton Range / H.-J. PAECH, K. HAHNE & P. VOGLER Precambrian ancestry of the Asgard Formation (Skelton Group): Rb-Sr age of basement metamorphic rocks in the Dry Valley region, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & P.F. WHITLA The Priestley Formation, Terra Nova Bay, and its regional significance / D.N.B. SKINNER The myth of the Nimrod and Beardmore orogenies / E. STUMP, R.J. KORSCH & D.G. EDGERTON Age of the metamorphic basement of the Salamander and Lanterman ranges, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & A. HOHNDORF Recovery and recrystallization of quartz and 'crystallinity' of illite in the Bowers and Robertson Bay terranes, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / W. BUGGISCH & G. KLEINSCHMIDT The boundary of the East Antarctic craton on the Pacific margin / N.W. ROLAND Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: hybrid geological, aeromagnetic and Landsat-physiographic maps / B.K. LUCCHITTA, J.A. BOWELL, F. TESSENSOHN & J.C. BEHRENDT Setting and significance of the Shackleton Limestone, central Transantarctic Mountains / A.J. ROWELL & M.N. REES Lower-mid-Palaeozoic sedimentation and tectonic patterns on the palaeo-Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.G. LAIRD The pre-Devonian Palaeozoic elastics of the central Transantarctic Mountains: stratigraphy and depositional settings / M.N. REES & A.J. ROWELL The Devonian Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.A. BRADSHAW The palaeo-Pacific margin as seen from East Antarctica / J.W. COLLINSON Permo-Carboniferous glacial sedimentation in the central Transantarctic Mountains and its palaeotectonic implications (Extended abstract) / J.M.G. MILLER & B.J. WAUGH Clay mineralogy and provenance of fine-grained Permian elastics, central Transantarctic Mountains / L.A. KRISSEK & T.C. HORNER Evidence for a low-gradient alluvial fan from the palaeo-Pacific margin in the Upper Permian Buckley Formation, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica / J.L. ISBELL Provenance and tectonic implications of sandstones within the Permian Mackellar Formation, Beacon Supergroup of East Antarctica / R.S. FRISCH & M.F. MILLER Crustal development: Weddell Sea-Ross Sea region Evolution of the Gondwana plate boundary in the Weddell Sea area / Y. KRISTOFFERSEN & K. HINZ Petrology and palynology of Weddell Sea glacial sediments: implications for subglacial geology / J.B. ANDERSON, B.A. ANDREWS, L.R. BARTEK & E.M. TRUSWELL A multichannel seismic profile across the Weddell Sea margin of the Antarctic Peninsula: regional tectonic implications / P.F. BARKER & M.J. LONSDALE Verification of crustal sources for satellite elevation magnetic anomalies in West Antarctica and the Weddell Sea and their regional tectonic implications / M.E. GHIDELLA, C.A. RAYMOND & J.L. LABRECQUE Aeromagnetic studies of crustal blocks and basins in West Antarctica: a review / S.W. GARRETT Palaeomagnetic studies of Palaeozoic rocks from the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica / M. FUNAKI. M. YOSHIDA & H. MATSUEDA Seismic reflection profiling of a sediment-filled graben beneath ice stream B, West Antarctica / S.T. ROONEY. D.D. BLANKENSHIP, R.B. ALLEY & C.R. BENTLEY The aeromagnetic survey of northern Victoria Land and the western Ross Sea during GANOVEX IV and a geophysical-geological interpretation / W. BOSUM, D. DAMASKE, J.C. BEHRENDT & R. SALTUS The Ross Sea rift system, Antarctica: structure, evolution and analogues / F. TESSENSOHN & G. WORNER Structural and depositional controls on Cenozoic and (?)Mesozoic strata beneath the western Ross Sea / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & J.C. BEHRENDT Crustal extension and origin of sedimentary basins beneath the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & K. HINZ Chemical characteristics of greywacke and palaeosol of early Oligocene or older sedimentary breccia, Ross Sea DSDP Site 270 / A.B. FORD Extensive volcanism and related tectonism beneath the western Ross Sea continental shelf, Antarctica: interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey / J.C. BEHRENDT, H.J. DUERBAUM, D. DAMASKE, R. SALTUS, W. BOSUM & A.K. COOPER Geochemistry and tectonic implications of lower-crustal granulites included in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / R.l. KALAMARIDES & J.H. BERG Geology, petrology and tectonic implications of crustal xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / J.H. BERG Geochemistry and petrology of ultramafic xenoliths of the Erebus volcanic province / F.M. MCGIBBON Lithospheric flexure induced by the load of Ross Archipelago, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / T.A. STERN, F.J. DAVEY & G. DELISLE The structure and seismic activity of Mount Erebus, Ross Island / K. KAMINUMA & K. SHIBUYA Crustal development: the Pacific margin Mid-Palaeozoic basement in eastern Graham Land and its relation to the Pacific margin of Gondwana / A.J. MILNE & l.L. MILLAR Basement gneisses in north-western Palmer Land: further evidence for pre-Mesozoic rocks in Lesser Antarctica / S.M. HARRISON & B.A. PIERCY Granitoids of the Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Lan

Anmerkung: Contents: Symbols. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 PERIGLACIAL CONDITIONS. - 1.1 The significance of freezing in soils and rocks. - 1.2 Freezing and thawing in porous materials. - 1.3 Climate and ground freezing. - 1.3.1 Permafrost. - 1.3.2 Ephemeral freezing. - 1.4 Characteristics of permafrost. - 1.5 Manifestations of freezing and thawing of the ground. - 2 MORPHOLOGY OF PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND. - 2.1 Frozen ground as a geological material. - 2.2 Ice in the ground. - 2.2.1 Excess ice. - 2.2.2 Frost-heave ice: segregation ice. - 2.2.3 Intrusive ice; ice wedge ice, and other forms. - 2.2.4 Ice of external origin: buried glacier, snow, lake and river ice; icings. - 2.2.5 Age of ice in permafrost. - 2.2.6 Distribution of ground ice. - 2.2.7 Submarine frozen ground. - 2.2.8 Micromorphology of freezing soils. - 2.2.9 Pedology and soil freezing. - 2.3 Gas hydrates (clathrates). - 2.4 World distribution of permafrost. - 2.4.1 Land permafrost. - 2.4.2 Submarine distribution. - 2.5 Seasonal freezing. - 3 CLIMATE AND FROZEN GROUND. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Seasonal frost and permafrost. - 3.3 Climate and permafrost distribution. - 3.4 The importance of microclimates. - 3.5 The surface energy balance. - 3.5.1 The nature of surface interactions. - 3.5.2 A buffer layer model. - 3.5.3 Effects of surface changes. - 3.6 Possible effects of climatic change. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 THE GROUND THERMAL REGIME. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Heat flow in the ground. - 4.2.1 The heat conduction equation. - 4.3 Thermal properties. - 4.3.1 Thermal conductivity. - 4.3.2 Heat capacity. - 4.3.3 Thermal diffusivity. - 4.4 Ground thermal conditions. - 4.4.1 Geothermal heat flow and permafrost thickness. - 4.4.2 Effects of climatic change. - 4.4.3 Seasonal temperature variations. - 4.5 Lateral variations in ground temperatures. - 4.5.1 Influence of water bodies. - 4.6 Summary. - 5 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 1: SLOPES AND SUBSIDENCES. - 5.1 Freezing and thawing and displacements of the ground. - 5.2 Instability of soil on slopes: overview. - 5.3 The mystery of solifluction. - 5.3.1 Origin of small movements. - 5.3.2 Creep in the frozen state. - 5.4 Rock glaciers. - 5.5 Effects of thawing: landslides and slumps. - 5.5.1 Loss of cohesive strength. - 5.5.2 Soil consolation and strength during thaw. - 5.5.3 Thermokarst. - 5.6 The extent and variety of movements on slopes. - 6 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 2: STRUCTURES AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF LEVEL GROUND. - 6.1 Surface characteristics. - 6.2 Features characterised by accumulation of ice. - 6.2.1 Pingos. - 6.2.2 Palsa. - 6.2.3 Hydrolaccoliths. - 6.3 Differential freeze-thaw effects. - 6.3.1 Uplift of stones. - 6.3.2 Soil hummocks. - 6.3.3 Earth circles. - 6.3.4 Stone polygons and rings. - 6.4 Thermal contraction and cracking. - 6.4.1 Soil and ice wedges. - 7 THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS. - 7.1 Soil: A porous system. - 7.1.1 'Freezing points' and latent heat. - 7.1.2 Proportions of ice and water. - 7.1.3 Water contents and thermal properties. - 7.2 Energy status, or potential, of soil water. - 7.2.1 Freezing point depression, potential, and free energy. - 7.2.2 Potential of water in freezing soils. - 7.3 Pressure and temperature relations. - 7.4 Origin of frost heave and frost heave pressures. - 7.5 Permeability of frozen soils. - 7.6 Frost heave as a thermodynamic-rheologic process. - 8 HYDROLOGY OF FROZEN GROUND. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Surface hydrology. - 8.2.1 Bank stability in permafrost regions. - 8.3 Groundwater. - 8.3.1 Icings and frost blisters. - 8.3.2 Water supply. - 8.4 Hydrodynamics of frozen ground. - 8.4.1 Unfrozen water content. - 8.4.2 Gradients of water potential due to freezing temperatures. - 8.4.3 Moisture transfer mechanisms. - 8.4.4 Moisture transport in saturated soils. - 8.4.5 Moisture transport in unsaturated soils. - 8.5 Ice segregation and frost heaving. - 8.5.1 Coupled heat and moisture flow at freezing temperatures. - 8.5.2 The hydrodynamic model. - 8.5.3 The rigid ice model. - 8.5.4 Extreme forms of ice segregation. - 8.6 Seasonal hydrodynamics in permafrost. - 8.6.1 Water migration beyond the fringe. - 8.6.2 Development of aggradational ice. - 9 THE MECHANICS OF FROZEN GROUND. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 The frozen soil system. - 9.2.1 Properties of the ice. - 9.2.2 The strength of soils. - 9.3 Deformation of frozen ground. - 9.3.1 Characteristics of creep. - 9.3.2 The origins of creep. - 9.4 Strength characteristics of frozen soils. - 9.4.1 Rates of strain and processes of deformation. - 9.5 Temperature dependence of creep rate and strength. - 9.6 Effect of soil composition. - 9.6.1 Size of soil particles. - 9.6.2 Ice content. - 9.6.3 Pore water salinity. - 9.7 Effect of normal and confining stresses on strength and deformation. - 9.7.1 Internal, thermodynamically controlled stresses. - 9.8 Field situations. - 9.8.1 Role of temperature and pressure variations. - 10 GEOCRYOLOGY PAST AND FUTURE. - 10.1 Geocryology and geotechnique. - 10.2 Energy exchange and climate instability. - 10.3 Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of frozen ground. - 10.4 Submarine and other extreme conditions for permafrost. - References. - Index.

Anmerkung: Contents: List of figures. - List of tables. - Biographies of the Editor and Contributors. - List of acronyms. - Foreword / James M. Broadus. - Acknowledgements. - 1. Introduction / Lawson W. Brigham. - PART I EXPLORATION: PAST AND PRESENT. - 2. The Arctic Ocean in Russian history to 1945 / William Barr. - 3. The 1987 expedition of the icebreaker Sibir to the North Pole / Ivan Frolov. - PART II MAN AND THE NATURAL SETTING. - 4. Sea ice distribution in the Soviet Arctic / Donald Barnett. - 5 Environmental protection in the Soviet Arctic seas / Alexei Y. Roginko. - 6. The Arctic in the Russian identity / Franklyn Griffiths, Canada. - 7. Oil and gas resources in the offshore Soviet Arctic / James W. Clarke. - PART III. CHALLENGES OF MARINE AND RIVER TRANSPORT. - 8. Technical developments and the future of Soviet Arctic marine transportation / Lawson W. Brigham. - 9. Management of the Northern Sea Route: stages and problems of development / Alexander I. Arikaynen. - 10 Northern Sea Route operations in the 1986-7 Season / Terence Armstrong. - 11. Technical aspects of ice navigation and port construction in the Soviet Arctic / Gordon G. Watson. - 12 The Siberian rivers as a transport system / Robert N. North. - PART IV LEGAL AND GEOPOLITICAL PERSPECTIVES. - 13. The geostrategic conditions of deterrence in the Barents Sea / Willy Østreng. - 14. The legal regime of Soviet Arctic marine areas / William E. Butler. - 15. Canada-USSR Arctic Science Exchange Programme: An historical perspective of arctic cooperation / Walter Slipchenko. - 16. International cooperation in the Arctic: Soviet attitudes and actions / Oran R. Young and Gail Osherenko. - 17. A Comparison of Soviet Arctic and Antarctic policies / Christopher C. Joyner. - PART V APPENDICES. - Appendix I Excerpt on international arctic affairs/foreign policy taken from the speech in Murmansk by Mikhail S. Gorbachev, 1 October 1987. - Appendix II Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to improve the protection of nature in the regions of the far north and in the sea areas adjacent to the northern coastline of the USSR. - Appendix III Agreement between the government of Canada and the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on cooperation in the Arctic and the North. - Appendix IV USSR participation in selected international arrangements. - Index.

Anmerkung: Contents: PART I - GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH AND THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS. - 1 What Is Geochemistry?. - 1.1 Early History. - 1.2 Geochemistry in the U.S.S.R. - 1.3 V. M. Goldschmidt. - 1.4 Modern Geochemistry. - References. - 2 In the Beginning. - 2.1 The Big Bang. - 2.2 Stellar Evolution. - 2.3 Nucleosynthesis. - 2.4 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 3 The Solar System. - 3.1 Origin of the Solar System. - 3.2 Origin of the Earthlike Planets. - 3.3 Satellites of the Outer Planets. - 3.4 Pictures of Our Solar System. - 3.5 Summary. - 3.6 Books on Planetary Geology. - References. - 4 The Electronic Structure of Atoms. - 4.1 The Atom of Thomson and Rutherford. - 4.2 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom. - 4.3 Emission of X-rays - A Small Digression. - 4.4 Schrödinger's Model of the Atom. - 4.5 The Aufbau Principle. - 4.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 5 The Periodic Table and Atomic Weights. - 5.1 Mendeleev's Periodic Table. - 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table. - 5.3 Basic Principles of Atomic Physics. - 5.4 Atomic Weights. - 5.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemical Bonds, Ionic Radii, and Crystals. - 6.1 Electron Donors Versus Acceptors. - 6.2 Measures of Metallic Character. - 6.3 Bonding in Molecules. - 6.4 Ionic Crystals. - 6.5 Ionic Radii. - 6.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 7 Ionic Substitution in Crystals. - 7.1 Goldschmidt's Rules of Substitution. - 7.2 Camouflage, Capture, and Admission. - 7.3 Coupled Substitution: Key to the Feldspars. - 7.4 Distribution Coefficients and Geothermometers. - 7.5 Geochemical Classification of the Elements. - 7.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 8 Isotopic Geochronometers. - 8.1 Decay Modes. - 8.2 Law of Radioactivity. - 8.3 Methods of Dating. - 8.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 8.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 9 Chemical Differentiation of the Solar System. - 9.1 The Sun. - 9.2 Meteorites. - 9.3 The Moon. - 9.4 Mars. - 9.5 Venus. - 9.6 Comets. - 9.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 10 Chemical Differentiation of the Earth. - 10.1 Internal Structure of the Earth. - 10.2 The Continental Crust: Major Elements. - 10.3 The Continental Crust: Trace Elements. - 10.4 Differentiation of Igneous Rocks. - 10.5 Differentiation of Sedimentary Rocks. - 10.6 Differentiation of the Hydrosphere. - 10.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART II - CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THE STABILITY OF MINERALS. - 11 Acids and Bases. - 11.1 Chemical Reactions and Equilibria. - 11.2 The Law of Mass Action. - 11.3 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases. - 11.4 Solubility of Insoluble Bases. - 11.5 pH Control of Dissociation Equilibria. - 11.6 Solubility of Amorphous Silica. - 11.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 12 Salts and Their Ions. - 12.1 Solubility of Salts. - 12.2 Hydrolysis. - 12.3 Activities and Concentrations. - 12.4 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate. - 12.5 Chemical Weathering. - 12.6 Transformation of Potassium Feldspar to Kaolinite. - 12.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 13 Thermodynamics. - 13.1 Definitions. - 13.2 The First Law. - 13.3 Enthalpy. - 13.4 Heats of Reaction. - 13.5 Heat Capacity. - 13.6 The Second Law. - 13.7 Gibbs Free Energy. - 13.8 Derivation of the Law of Mass Action. - 13.9 Fugacity and Activity. - 13.10 The van't Hoff Equation. - 13.11 Solubility of Amorphous Silica Between 0 and 100 °C. - 13.12 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 14 Mineral Stability Diagrams. - 14.1 Chemical Weathering of Feldspars. - 14.2 Formation of Zeolites. - 14.3 Magnesium Silicates. - 14.4 Solubility Diagrams. - 14.5 Fugacity Diagrams. - 14.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 15 Clay Minerals. - 15.1 Crystal Structure. - 15.2 Classification and Chemical Composition. - 15.3 Gibbs Free Energies of Formation. - 15.4 Stability Diagrams. - 15.5 Colloidal Suspensions and Ion Exchange. - 15.6 Dating of Clay Minerals. - 15.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 16 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. - 16.1 Balancing Equations of Oxidation- Reduction Reactions. - 16.2 The Electromotive Series. - 16.3 The Emf of Electrochemical Cells. - 16.4 Stability Limits of Water in Terms of Eh and pH. - 16.5 Stability of Iron Compounds. - 16.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 17 Isotope Fractionation. - 17.1 Principles of Isotope Fractionation. - 17.2 Mathematical Relations. - 17.3 Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere. - 17.4 Oxygen Isotope Composition of Calcite. - 17.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen in Clay Minerals. - 17.6 Groundwater and Geothermal Brines. - 17.7 Isotope Fractionation of Carbon. - 17.8 Isotope Compositions of Strontium in Carbonate Rocks. - 17.9 Isotope Fractionation of Sulfur. - 17.10 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 18 Mixing and Dilution. - 18.1 Binary Mixtures. - 18.2 Dilution. - 18.3 Evaporative Concentration. - 18.4 Ternary Mixtures. - 18.5 Isotopic Mixtures of One Element. - 18.6 Isotopic Mixtures of Two Elements. - 18.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 19 Rates of Geochemical Processes. - 19.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions. - 19.2 Transport of Matter: Advection. - 19.3 Transport of Matter: Diffusion. - 19.4 Growth of Concretions During Diagenesis. - 19.5 Growth of Monomineralic Layers. - 19.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART Ill - APPLICATIONS OF GEOCHEMISTRY TO THE SOLUTION OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS. - 20 Consequences of Chemical Weathering. - 20.1 Changes in Chemical Composition of Rocks. - 20.2 Normative Mineral Composition of Weathering Products. - 20.3 Susceptibility of Minerals to Weathering. - 20.4 Formation of Placer Deposits. - 20.5 Provenance Determination by Isotopic Dating. - 20.6 Formation of Soils. - 20.7 Geomicrobiology. - 20.8 Food Production and Population Growth. - 20.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 21 Chemical Composition of Surface Water. - 21.1 Chemical Analysis of Water in Streams. - 21.2 Chemical Composition of Streams. - 21.3 Chemical Composition of Meteoric Precipitation. - 21.4 Normative Minerals from Water Compositions. - 21.5 Evaporative Concentration. - 21.6 Water Quality. - 21.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 22 Chemical Weathering of Mineral Deposits. - 22.1 Metallic Mineral Deposits. - 22.2 Oxidation of Iron Sulfides and the Role of Bacteria. - 22.3 Eh- pH Diagram for Copper Minerals. - 22.4 Supergene Enrichment of Fe-Cu Sulfide Deposits. - 22.5 Replacement of Pyrite by Chalcocite. - 22.6 Oxidation of Ore Minerals of Other Metals. - 22.7 Geochemical Exploration. - 22.8 Production and Consumption of Mineral Resources. - 22.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 23 Geochemical Cycles. - 23.1 The Principle of Mass Balance. - 23.2 Mass Balance for Major Elements in the Ocean. - 23.3 Mass Balance for Trace Elements in the Ocean. - 23.4 The Cycles of C-H-O-N. - 23.5 The Sulfur Cycle. - 23.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 24 Environmental Geochemistry: Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.1 The Big Picture. - 24.2 High-Level Radioactive Waste. - 24.3 Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.4 Geochemistry of Plutonium. - 24.5 Eh-pH Diagrams for Neptunium and Plutonium. - 24.6 Analog Studies: The Natural Reactors at Oklo, Gabon. - 24.7 Reactor Accidents: Chernobyl, U.S.S.R. - 24.8 Summary. - Problems. - References. - Appendix. - Standard Gibbs Free Energies (G°f) and Standard Enthalpies of Formation (H°f). - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Contents: Acknowledgements. - lntroduction. - 1 Russian policy in the far North 1897-1917. - Introduction. - Bear Island and Spitsbergen. - The Kara Sea and Novaya Zemlya. - Polar exploration. - Exploitation of the North. - 2 Soviet sovereignty in the Arctic and the advent of flying 1917-32. - Arctic flying and its legal consequences. - Canada's choice between sector theory and effective occupation. - Shenandoah: the United States reject a sectorial division. - No theoretical alternatives to the sector theory. - Norge: the Soviet Union adopts the sector theory. - Trans-Arctic air routes: the sector becomes a 'historical reality'. - 3 The Stalinization of Arctic exploration. - The Krasin affair. - Soviet expeditions after the Krasin. - The Krasin: increasing public attention for the Arctic. - The first communist books about the Arctic. - Vize: the 'founding father' of Arctic history in the Soviet Union. - Vize's first book. - Samoylovich as a historian. - 4 In Stalin's time 1932-53. - The Northern Sea Route as a legitimation for the Soviet sector?. - The Chelyuskin: Stalin discovers the propaganda value of the Arctic. - Consequences for Arctic historiography and shipping. - 1937: the first Soviet air expedition. - Soviet criticism of the sector theory. - The Northern Sea Route in 1937. - 5 Arctic policy during the Cold War. - The Northern Sea Route as a theme. - The Passage as a regular sea route. - The Cold War: the Soviet Union falls back on the sector theory. - The sector, the Antarctic and Russo-American relations. - The revision of the sector theory by the Soviet Union. - The North: the historic waters doctrine. - The historic waters doctrine and the West. - 6 Historiography in the Cold War. - The influence of the historic waters doctrine on historiography. - The Zaliv Simsa findings. - First attempts to develop an early history of Arctic Russia. - The professionalization of Arctic studies. - Belov's early work: Semen Dezhnev. - Belov's first major work: Volume I. - Pinkhenson's Volume II: theoretical framework and implications. - Lenin's influence. - Classics of polar literature. - Literature about high-latitude expeditions. - 7 The age or the nuclear submarine. - The nuclear submarine: the doctrine in practice. - The Soviet reaction. - The doctrine and the Law of the Sea. - Support from Canada. - Alternative theories. - 8 Arctic shipping since 1953. - Destalinization and sea power. - Expansion of Arctic shipping. - Specialization. - 9 The western-section: winter navigation. - Introduction. - The Noril' sk mines. - Soviet attempts. - 10 The season of 1983. - The eastern section. - 'Arktika-1983'. - Shipping used on the eastern section. - 11 Arctic studies since 1953. - Broadening the field. - Archaeological expeditions. - Historical monuments. - The early nineteenth century: a success story. - Volume IV. - General works and new lines of enquiry after Belov. - New topics. - Conclusion. - Appendix. - Glossary. - Bibliography. - Index.

Anmerkung: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: Allgemeine Literatur. - Benutzte Symbole. - I. Einleitung. - 11. Meteorologische Elementarphänomene. - 1. Die meteorologischen Elemente und allgemeine Gesetze. - 1.1 Die Luftdichte. - 1.2 Der Luftdruck. - 1.3 Die Lufttemperatur. - 1.4 Die Gasgleichung. - 1.5 Daltons Gesetz. - 1.6 Der Wasserdampf. - 1.7 Die statische Grundgleichung. - 2. Die Atmosphäre. - 2.1 Die Zusammensetzung der Luft. - 2.2 Die Entstehung der Erdatmosphäre. - 2.3 Die Spurengase. - 2.4 Die Isotope. - 2.5 Das Luftplankton. - 2.6 Der Aufbau der Atmosphäre. - 3. Luftdruck und Temperatur / Meßmethoden. - 3.1 Luftdruckmessung. - 3.2 Prinzipien der Temperaturmessung. - 3.3 Die Trägheit von Temperaturmeßkörpern. - 3.4 Thermometerformen. - 3.5 Strahlungsfehler der Thermometer. - 3.6 Andere Temperaturmeßmethoden. - 3.7 Radiosonden. - 4. Luftdruck und Temperatur //: Statik und Thermodynamik. - 4.1 Das Geopotential. - 4.2 Die barometrische Höhenformel. - 4.3 Die Trockenadiabate. - 4.4 Vertikale Schichtungsstabilität. - 5. Luftbewegung. - 5.1 Messung und Schätzung des Windes. - 5.2 Darstellung von Windfeldern. - 5.3 Gradientbeschleunigung; Zirkulationsbeschleunigung. - 5.4 Kleinräumige Zirkulationen. - 5.5 Die ablenkende Kraft der Erdrotation. - 5.6 Der geostrophische Wind. - 5.7 Der Wind in Bodennähe. - 5.8 Massenaustausch. - 6. Der Wasserdampf. - 6.1 Begriffe. - 6.2 Meßmethoden des Wasserdampfes. - 6.3 Horizontale und vertikale Verteilung des Wasserdampfes. - 6.4 Tages- und Jahresgang des Wasserdampfes. - 6.5 Die Verdunstung und ihre Berechnung. - 6.6 Meßmethoden der Verdunstung. - 6.7 Der Kreislauf des Wassers. - 7. Kondensation. - 7.1 Kondensationserscheinungen am Boden. - 7.2 Nebel. - 7.3 Die Kondensationshöhe von Wolken. - 7.4 Feuchtadiabatische Zustandsänderungen. - 7.5 Das Stüvediagramm und andere thermodynamische Diagrammpapiere. - 7.6 Feuchtlabilität. - 7.7 Ergänzungen zur Feuchtlabilität. - 7.8 Der Föhnprozeß. - 8. Wolken. - 8.1 Die Entstehung von Wolkentröpfchen. - 8.2 Die Internationale (phänomenologische) Wolkenklassifikation. - 8.3 Die genetische Wolkenklassifikation. - 8.4 Klimatische Wolkendaten. - 9. Niederschlag. - 9.1 Niederschlagsformen und Niederschlagsmessung. - 9.2 Die Entstehung der Niederschlagselemente. - 9.3 Künstlicher Niederschlag. - 9.4 Ergebnisse von Niederschlagsmessungen.

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1990

Anmerkung: INHALT: 1 EINFÜHRUNG. - 1.1 Begriffe, Definitionen, Motivation. - 1.1.1 Was ist Meteorologie?. - 1.1.2 Was ist Wetter?. - 1.1.3 Was ist Klima?. - 1.1.4 Warum beschäftigen wir uns mit der Meteorologie?. - 1.2 Prinzipielle Methoden und Besonderheiten der Meteorologie. - 2 DAS SYSTEM ERDATMOSPHÄRE. - 2.1 Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre. - 2.1.1 Die Gaszusammensetzung. - 2.1.2 Das atmosphärische Aerosol. - 2.2 Erdgeschichtliche Entwicklung der Atmosphäre. - 2.3 Bemerkungen zur Schichteneinteilung der Atmosphäre. - 2.4 Atmosphärisches "Scale"-Verhalten und Folgerungen. - 2.5 Räumliche Vernetzungen. - 3 SONNE UND ERDATMOSPHÄRE (STRAHLUNG). - 3.1 Energiequellen. - 3.2 Grundlegende physikalische Strahlungsgesetze. - 3.2.1 Das Plancksche Strahlungsgesetz. - 3.2.2 Das Stefan-Boltzmann-Gesetz. - 3.2.3 Das Wiensche Verschiebungsgesetz. - 3.2.4 Das Kirchhoffsche Strahlungsgesetz. - 3.3 Sonne, Sonnenwind, Magnetfeld, Obergrenze der Atmosphäre. - 3.4 Strahlung der Sonne, Solarkonstante. - 3.5 Wechselwirkungen zwischen Sonnenstrahlung und Atmosphäre. - 3.5.1 Absorption. - 3.5.1.1 Photo-Ionisierung, Ionosphäre. - 3.5.1.2 Photo-Dissoziation, Photochemie, Ozonschicht. - 3.5.1.2.1 Das stratosphärische Ozon. - 3.5.1.2.2 Anthropogene Eingriffe - Das "Ozonloch". - 3.5.1.2.3 Das troposphärische Ozon. - 3.5.1.2.4 Bedeutung des stratosphärischen Ozons. - 3.5.1.3 Die hauptsächlichen atmosphärischen Absorber. - 3.5.1.4 Das Lambert-Bouguer-Gesetz. - 3.5.2 Die Streuung. - 3.5.2.1 Streuung an Luftmolekülen (Rayleigh-Streuung). - 3.5.2.2 Aerosolstreuung (Dunststreuung, Mie-Streuung). - 3.5.3 Die Extinktion. - 3.5.4 Die atmosphärische Trübung. - 3.5.5 Bemerkungen zur Sichtweite. - 3.5.6 Die Reflexion. - 3.6 Die Terrestrische Strahlung. - 3.7 Der Strahlungshaushalt der Erde. - 3.7.1 Die Strahlungsbilanz der Erdoberfläche. - 3.7.1.1 Astronomische und geographische Einflüsse auf die Verteilung der Sonnenstrahlung auf der Erde. - 3.7.1.2 Die diffuse Himmelsstrahlung. - 3.7.1.3 Die atmosphärische Gegenstrahlung. - 3.7.2 Die Komponenten der Strahlungsbilanz am Beispiel der Messungen in Hamburg. - 3.7.3 Die Strahlungsbilanz der Atmosphäre. - 3.7.4 Die globale Verteilung der Strahlungsbilanz. - 3.8 Anmerkungen zum Glashauseffekt. - 4 DIE WÄRMEBILANZ DER ERDOBERFLÄCHE. - 4.1 Wärmeaustausch mit tieferen Schichten. - 4.2 Wärmeaustausch mit der Atmosphäre. - 4.2.1 Wärmeleitung. - 4.2.2 Verdunstung. - 4.2.2.1 Mikrophysikalische Beschreibung der Verdunstung. - 4.2.2.2 Makrophysikalische Beschreibung der Verdunstung. - 5 STATIK UND THERMODYNAMIK DER ATMOSPHÄRE. - 5.1 Allgemeine physikalische Grundlagen. - 5.2 Die hydrostatische Grundgleichung. - 5.3 Schwerebeschleunigung und Geopotential. - 5.4 Die Barometrische Höhenformel. - 5.5 Die Temperaturänderung adiabatisch vertikal bewegter Luft. - 5.6 Die vertikale Stabilität der Luftschichtung. - 5.6.1 Die Auftriebskraft. - 5.6.2 Hydrostatische Stabilität / Instabilität. - 5.7 Potentielle Temperatur und vertikale Stabilität. - 5.8 Stabilitätsänderungen bei erzwungenen Vertikalbewegungen. - 5.9 Thermodynamik feuchter Luft. - 5.9.1 Zustandsgrößen des Wasserdampfes und der feuchten Luft. - 5.9.2 Adiabatische Zustandsänderungen feuchter Luft. - 5.9.3 Berechnung der Auslösung von Konvektionsbewölkung. - 5.9.4 Die Stabilität (Instabilität) feuchter Luft. - 5.9.5 Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Feuchtigkeitsmaße und der die Feuchtigkeit berücksichtigenden Temperaturbegriffe. - 5.9.6 Periodische Änderungen von Dampfdruck und relativer Feuchte in Bodennähe. - 5.10 Das Thermodynamische Diagrammpapier nach Stüve. - 5.11 Temperatur und Wärmeempfinden. - 5.12 Kondensation und Niederschlagsprozesse. - 5.12.1 Tropfenbildung. - 5.12.2 Tropfenwachstum und Niederschlag. - 5.12.3 Wolken- bzw. Niederschlagsteilchen und Luftbeimengungen. - 5.13 Die internationale (phänomenologische) Wolkenklassifikation. - 6 DYNAMIK DER ATMOSPHÄRE. - 6.1 Der Wind. - 6.2 Die Druckkraft. - 6.3 Horizontale Luftdruckverteilung und Topographie von Druckflächen (Isobarflächen). - 6.4 Thermisch angeregte Zirkulationen. - 6.4.1 Zirkulationen aufgrund unterschiedlicher Erwärmung. - 6.4.1.1 Die Seewindzirkulation. - 6.4.1.2 Die Landwindzirkulation. - 6.4.2 Baroklinität und Zirkulation. - 6.4.3 Zirkulationen an geneigten Flächen. - 6.4.3.1 Anabatische Winde. - 6.4.3.2 Katabatische Strömungen. - 6.5 Topographisch bedingte, mechanisch verursachte Zirkulationen. - 6.5.1 Wirkungen von Hindernissen. - 6.5.1.1 Wellen und Wirbel horizontaler Achse. - 6.5.1.2 "Föhn"-Wirkungen von Hindernissen. - 6.5.1.3 Wirbel mit vertikaler Achse. - 6.5.2 Auswirkungen von Großstädten. - 6.6 Konvektive Erscheinungen. - 6.6.1 Niedrige Konvektion ("shallow convection"). - 6.6.1.1 Zellularkonvektion. - 6.6.1.2 Wolkenstraßen. - 6.6.1.3 Konvektionsbänder. - 6.6.2 "Durchgreifende" Konvektion ("deep convection"), Gewitter. - 6.6.3 Squall-lines (Instabilitätslinien). - 6.7 Schwerewellen. - 6.8 Bewegungsgesetze. - 6.8.1 Bewegungen auf der rotierenden Erde. - 6.8.2 Der geostrophische Wind. - 6.8.3 Der Gradientwind. - 6.8.4 Einfluß der Bodenreibung, antitriptischer Wind. - 6.8.5 Wind im Nicht-Gleichgewicht, dynamische Druckänderungen. - 6.9 Zusammenhang zwischen Temperatur-, Druck- und Windfeld. - 6.9.1 Änderung des Windes mit der Höhe. - 6.9.2 Veränderung der Drucksysteme mit der Höhe. - 6.10 Großräumige Zirkulation-Strahlströme, Wellen und Wirbel. - 6.10.1 Die allgemeine atmosphärische Zirkulation. - 6.10.2 Dynamik der extratropischen Wirbel. - 6.10.3 Wirbelstruktur, Fronten und Wetter. - 6.10.4 Darstellung in der Wetterkarte. - 6.10.5 Besondere Erscheinungen in den Tropen. - 6.10.6 Besondere Erscheinungen in der Stratosphäre. - 7 DIE PLANETARISCHE GRENZSCHICHT. - 7.1 Definitionen und allgemeine Beschreibung. - 7.2 Die atmosphärische Turbulenz. - 7.3 Turbulenz und vertikales Windprofil. - 7.3.1 Einfluß von Bodenbeschaffenheit und Stabilität. - 7.3.2 Windstruktur in der Prandtl-Schicht. - 7.3.3 Windstruktur in der Ekman-Schicht. - 7.3.4 Der Einfluß in homogenen Terrains auf die Grenzschicht. - 7.4 Grenzschichtstruktur und Ausbreitungsvorgänge. - 7.4.1 Auswirkungen der Schichtungsstabilität. - 7.4.2 Auswirkungen interner Grenzschichten. - 7.4.3 Wirkungen thermischer Zirkulationen über irregulärem Terrain. - 7.4.4 Auswirkungen besonderer Geländeformen. - 8 ANMERKUNGEN ZU SPEZIELLEN PROBLEMEN. - 8.1 Anmerkungen zu den Luftbahnen (Trajektorien). - 8.2 Anmerkungen zur Ermittlung von Emittenten-Rezeptor-Beziehung. - 8.3 Anmerkungen zur Simulation regionaler Schadstofftransporte in der Atmosphäre - das TADAP-Modell. - 8.4 Anmerkungen zum "Nuklearen Winter". - 9 ANHANG. - 9.1 Einige durchschnittliche klimatologische Mittel- und Extremwerte meteorologischer Beobachtungen von Berlin. - 9.2 Literaturempfehlungen zur Begleitung und Vertiefung. - 9.3 Glossar. - 10 LITERATURNACHWEIS. - 11 FILMLISTE. - 12 SACHINDEX.

Anmerkung: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:1991

Anmerkung: Contents Foreword xi OPENING ADDRESSES Professor G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, World Meteorological Organization Dr M.K. Tolba, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme Dr F. Mayor, Director General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Professor M.G.K. Menon, President, International Council of Scientific Unions Dr H. de Haen, Assistant Director General, Food and Agriculture Organization SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SESSIONS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE IPCC ASSESSMENT The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) / B. Bolin Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: Summary of the IPCC Working Group I Report / J.T. Houghton Greenhouse Gases and Other Climate Forcing Agents / U. Siegenthaler and E. Sanhueza Climate Change Prediction / J. F. B. Mitchell and Zeng Qingcun Climate Trends and Variability / M. Coughian and B.S. Nyenzi Climate Change Impact Studies: The IPCC Working Group II Report / Yu. Izrael Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources / H.E. Lins, I.A. Shiklomanov and E.Z. Stakhiv Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture, A Critical Assessment / S.K. Sinha Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Human Settlements, the Energy, Transport and Industrial Sectors; Human Health and Air Quality / M. Hashimoto and S. Nishioka The Response Strategies Working Group of the IPCC / F. Bernthal The Greenhouse Marathon: Proposal for a Global Strategy / P. Vellinga and R.J. Swart Adaptation Measures / K.M. Sarma Limitation Strategies / K. Yokobori Report of the IPCC Special Committee on the Participation of Developing Countries / J. Ripert OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME The World Climate Programme: Achievements and Challenges / J.P, Bruce Modern Data and Applications: World Climate Data Programme, World Climate Applications Programme / V.G. Boldirev Overview of the World Climate Research Programme / P. Morel World Climate Impact Studies Programme / J.C.I. Dooge CLIMATE RESEARCH Global Climate, Energy and Water Cycle / G.A. McBean Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change: Water Cycle and Energy Budget / H. Grassl World Ocean Circulation and Climate Change: Research Programmes and a Global Observing System / D.J. Baker Short Term Climate Variability and Predictions / J. Shukia Paleodata, Paleoclimates and the Greenhouse Effect / H. Oeschger Climate Prediction Based on Past and Current Analogues / M.I. Budyko Detection of the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect on Climate / T.M.L. Wigley and S.C.B. Raper CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Water Climate, Water and Development / J. Sircoulon Drought Issues for the 1990s / M.H. Glantz and W. Degefu Agriculture and Food Agriculture and Food Systems / M.S. Swaminathan The Potential Effect of Climate Changes on Agriculture / M. Parry and Zhang Jiachen Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Effects of Global Climatic Change on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries / T. Kawasaki Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zone Management / E.M. Eid and C.H. Huisbergen Energy Beginning to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions need not be Expensive: Examples from the Energy Sector / E. Mills, D. Wilson and TB. Johansson Land Use and Urban Planning Climate and Land Use in North Africa / M. Kassas Climate and Urban Planning / R. Taesler Human Dimensions Human Well-being, Diseases and Climate / W.H. Weihe and R. Mertens Population and Global Climate Change / D. Norse Public Information and Attitudes / R. Lamb Environment and Development Climate, Environment and Ecology / W.H. Schlesinger Climate, Tropical Ecosystems and the Survivability of Species / P. Olindo Some Possible Impacts of Climate Change on African Ecosystems / C.H.D. Magadza Forests Forests: Their Role in Global Change, with Special Reference to the Brazilian Amazon / E. Salati, R.L. Victoria, L.A. Martinelli and J. E. Richey Integrated Studies Climate Change and Risk Management / K. Turner, T. ORiordan and R. Kemp Climate, Climate Change, and the Economy / N.S. Jodha and W.J. Maunder Assessing the Regional Implications of Climate Variability and Change / W.E. Riebsame and A. Magalhaes SPECIAL PRESENTATION Climate Change and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development / M.F. Strong TASK GROUPS AND CONSULTATION GROUP REPORTS Task Group I Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources Task Group 2 Agriculture and Food Task Group 3 Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Task Group 4 Energy Task Group 5 Land Use and Urban Planning Task Group 6 Human Dimensions of Climate Change Task Group 7 Environment and Development Task Group 8 Forests Task Group 9 WCP Overview Task Group 10 The World Climate Programme: Overview and Future Task Group 11 Scientific Components of International Agreements Task Group 12 Synthesis Consultation Group on the Special Needs of Developing Countries SUMMARIES OF PANEL DISCUSSIONS Global Climate Analogues and Global Climate Models Climate and Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development Industry's Response Co-operation in International Research Programmes CONFERENCE STATEMENT MINISTERIAL SESSIONS OPENING CEREMONY Introduction by Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, WMO H.E. Mr. Arnold Koller, President of the Swiss Confederation His Majesty King Hussein Bin Talal, of the Royal Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland H.E. Mr. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France The Rt. Hon. Edward Fenech-Adami, Prime Minister of Malta The Rt. Hon. Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu Statement by Dr. E. Saouma, Director General, FAO CLOSING CEREMONY Statement by Dr. F. Mayor, Director General, UNESCO MINISTERIAL DECLARATION Appendix 1 SWCC Inter-Agency Committees Appendix 2 Poster Session Papers Appendix 3 Statement by Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 4 Participants at the Scientific/Technical Sessions Appendix 5 Countries and Organizations Represented at the Ministerial Sessions Appendix 6 Participating Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 7 Acronyms Appendix 8 Units