ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS Introduction / J. C. Davis Integrating Geological Datasets With a Raster-Based Geographic In/ormation System / G. F. Bonham-Carter Integration of Geological Datasets for Gold Exploration in Nova Scotia / G. F. Bonham-Carter, F. P. Agterberg, and D. F. Wright GIS and Computer-Mapping Aspects of the Austrian Stream-Sediment Geochemical Sampling Project / G. Hausberger Power to the People! PC and Workstation Mapping and Database Systems / M. J. McCullagh Three-Dimensional Display of Geologic Data / J. N. Van Driel

Note: CONTENTS Preface / A. Berger, R. E. Dickinson and John W. Kidson I WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME 1. The World Climate Research Programme / Gordon A. McBean II. PALEOCLIMATES AND ICE 2. Long-Term Climatic and Environmental Records from Antarctic Ice / C. Lorius, J-M Barnola, M. Legrand, J. R. Petit, D. Raynaud, C. Ritz, N. Barkov, Y. S. Korotkevich, V. N. Petrov, C. Genthon, J. Jouzel, V. M. Kotlyakov, F. Yiou, and G. Raisbeck 3. The Role of Land Ice and Snow in Climate / Michael H. Kuhn III. VOLCANOES AND CLIMATE 4. Petrologic Evidence of Volatile Emissions From Major Historic and Pre-Historic Volcanic Eruptions / Julie M. Palais and Haraldur Sigurdsson IV. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, LAND HYDROLOGY, LAND SURFACE PROCESSES AND CLIMATE 5. Uptake by the Atlantic Ocean of Excess Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Radiocarbon / Bert Bolin, Anders Björkström and Berrien Moore 6. African Drought: Characteristics, Causal Theories and Global Teleconnections / Sharon E. Nicholson 7. Sensitivity of Climate Model to Hydrology / Duzheng Ye 8. Stability of Tree/Grass Vegetation Systems / Peter S. Eagleson V. TROPICAL OCEAN AND GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE 9. Toga and Atmospheric Processes / Kevin Trenberth 10. Toga Real Time Oceanography in the Pacific / David Halpern VI. MODELLING CLIMATE, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 11. Aeronomy and Paleoclimate / J.-C. Gérard 12. Studies of Cretaceous Climate / Eric J. Barron 13. Simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model Including Paleoclimatic Tracer Cycles / Sylvie Joussaume, Jean Jouzel and Robert Sadourny 14. Progress and Future Developments in Modelling the Climate System with General Circulation Models / P. R. Rowntree 15. Quantitative Analysis of Feedbacks in Climate Model Simulations / Michael E. Schlesinger

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY OF RADIOANALYSIS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of radioanalysis 1.2.1 General 1.2.2 Glossary of basic terms and concepts 1.3 Scope and contents References 2 SAMPLING AND PRECONCENTRATION 2.1 Survey and principles 2.1.1 Sampling 2.1.2 From sample to aliquot 2.1.2 .1 General 2.1.2.2 Granular material 2.1.2.3 Water 2.2 Sampling procedures 2.2.1 Rocks 2.2.2 Sediments and pore water 2.2.2.1 Sediments 2.2.2.2 Pore water 2.2.3 Fresh and ground water and related particulate matter 2.2.3.1 Fresh water 2.2.3.2 Ground water 2.2.4 Sea- and estuarine water and related particulate matter and sediments 2.2.4.1 Water 2.2.4.2 Particulate matter 2.2.4.3 Sediment cores 2.2.5 Rainwater and dry deposition 2.2.5.1 Rainwater 2.2.5.2 Dry deposition 2.3 Preconcentration 2.3.1 General 2.3.2 Fresh water and rainwater 2.3.3 Seawater 2.3.3.1 Survey 2.3.3.2 Scavenging procedures 2.3.3.3 Ion-exchange and solvent extraction procedures for Th, U and Pu 2.4 Reference materials 2.4.1 Principle 2.4.2 Survey of reference materials and SRM's 2.4.3 Use of reference materials and SRM's 2.4.3.1 Reference materials 2.4.3.2 SRM's 2.4.4 Reference materials for environmental radioactivity and isotopic ratio measurements References 3 INSTRUMENTAL RADIOANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS 3.1 Survey 3.1.1 Activation analysis 3.1.2 Photon activation analysis 3.1.3 Charged particle activation analysis (CPAA and HIAA) 3.1.4 Prompt techniques 3.1.4.1 Neutron induced prompt capture y-ray measurement (PGAA) 3.1.4.2 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.2 Principles 3.2.1 Principles of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) 3.2.1.1 Activation 3.2.1.2 Standardization and flux monitoring 3.2.1.3 Count rate 3.2.1.4 Counting result 3.2.1.5 Sensitivity 3.2.1.6 Characteristic parameters of the three types of neutron activation 3.2.2 Delayed neutron counting 3.2.3 Activation analysis with high-energy photons 3.2.4 Principles of charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) 3.2.5 Principles of prompt techniques 3.2.5.1 Prompt capture gamma-ray measurements (PGAA) 3.2.5.2 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.3 Practical aspects of INAA, IPAA and PIXE 3.3.1 The radioanalytical laboratory 3.3.2 Irradiation facilities for NAA 3.3.2.1 Nuclear reactors 3.3.2.2 Rabbit systems 3.3.2.3 Epithermal activation 3.3.2.4 Neutron generators 3.3.2.5 Delayed neutron counting 3.3.3 Routing of INAA 3.3.4 Practical aspects of IPAA 3.3.5 Practical aspects of CPAA 3.3.6 Practical aspects of PGAA 3.3.7 Practical aspects of PIXE and PIGE 3.3.7.1 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.3.7.2 Proton induced prompt gamma emission (PIGE) 3.3.8 The error-budget 3.4 Multielement determination by INAA based on gamma-ray spectrometry 3.4.1 General 3.4.2 A practical procedure for INAA of silicates based on thermal neutrons 3.4.2.1 Preparation of sample and standards for irradiation 3.4.2.2 Irradiation and measurements 3.4.2.3 Conclusion 3.4.3 Rocks and ores 3.4.4 Meteorites 3.4.5 Sediments 3.4.6 Air-dust 3.4.7 Coal and ash 3.5 Instrumental neutron activation analysis of the lanthanides 3.6 Instrumental neutron activation analysis of uranium 3.7 Applications of instrumental neutron activation analysis with an isotopic neutron source and a 14.5 MeV neutron generator 3.7.1 Survey 3.7.2 INAA with isotopic neutron sources in the radiochemical laboratory 3.7.3 INAA with the neutron generator in the radiochemical laboratory 3.7.4. Conclusion 3.8 Applications of IPAA to silicates 3.9 Applications of IPAA to silicates 3.10 Applications of prompt techniques 3.10.1 Applications of PGAA and PIGE 3.10.2 Applications of PIXE References 4 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS INCLUDING CHEMICAL SEPARATION OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Dissolution procedures and separation schemes 4.3 Lanthanides 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Present procedures 4.4 Noble metals 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Separation schemes 4.4.3 Single element determinations 4.5 Uranium and thorium 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Procedures 4.5.2.1 Uranium 4.5.2.2 Thorium 4.6 Other elements 4.6.1 General 4.6.2 Alkali metals 4.6.3 Earth alkali metals 4.6.4 Copper and zinc 4.6.5 Mercury 4.6.6 Indium 4.6.7 Thallium 4.6.8 Tin 4.6.9 Elements with volatile halides and hydrides: Ga, Ge, As, Se, Sb, Te 4.6.9.1 Survey 4.6.9.2 Procedures 4.6.10 Vanadium and tantalum 4.6.11 Chromium 4.6.12 Molybdenum andtungsten 4.6.13 Halogens References 5 RADIOANALYSIS OF WATER 5.1 Survey 5.2 Elemental analysis of fresh water 5.2.1 Survey 5.2.2 Routine elemental analysis of rainwater 5.2.2.1 Sampling and sample treatment 5.2.2.2 Irradiation and processing of aliquots 5.2.2.3 Results 5.2.3 Special elemental analysis of rainwater 5.2.3.1 Bromine and iodine by isotopic exchange 5.2.3.2 Iodate by anion-exchange 5,2.3.3 Silver by cation-exchange and subsequent INAA 5.2.4 Routine elemental analysis of surface and ground water 5.2.4,1 General 5.2.4.2 Routine procedures 5.3 Elemental analysis of seawater 5.3.1 Survey 5.3.2 Routine elemental analysis of seawater by preconcentration on a "Chelex"-column and INAA 5.3.3 Routine elemental analysis of seawater by preconcentration on active carbon 5.3.3,1 General 5.3.3.2 Arsenic and antimony 5,3.3.3 Vanadium, iodine, tellurium and uranium 5.3.3.4 Total antimony, molybdenum and tungsten 5,3.3.5 Chromate, cobalt, nickel and tetravalent selenium 5.3.3,6 Mercury 5.3.4 Special elemental analysis of seawater 5.3.4.1 General 5.3.4.2 Rubidium and cesium 5.3.4.3 Strontium 5.3.4.4 Manganese and zinc 5,3,4.5 Tin 5.3.4.6 Nickel 5.3.4.7 Noble metals 5.3.4.8 Mercury References 6 RADIOTRACER EXPERIMENTS IN THE LABORATORY 6.1 Survey 6.2 Basic equations of radiotracer experiments in closed systems 6.3 Isotopic exchange in solution 6.4 Isotopic exchange between a solution and a solid 6.5 Reactions in solution 6.6 Reaction between a solution and a solid 6.6.1 Dissolution 6.6. 2 Leaching 6.6.3 Diffusion from solids 6.6.4 Sorption 6.7 Migration studies in solid-liquid systems 6.7.1 General 6.7.2 The determina tion of distribution coefficients in seawater 6.7.3 Radioecological column experiments in the laboratory 6.7.4 Laboratory experiments on very slow migration; the case of the actinides References 7 RADIOTRACER EXPERIMENTS IN THE FIELD 7.1 Survey 7.2 Principles of (radio)tracer experiments in open systems with flow in one direction 7.2.1 Basic concepts 7.2.2 Measurement of linear velocity and flow rate 7.2.3 Measurement of axial dispersion 7.2.4 Measurement of sedimentation rates 7.2.4.1 General 7.2.4.2 Lead-210 7.2.4.3 Cesium-137 7.2.5 Measurement of the degree of sediment mixing 7.2.6 Measurement of filtration velocity in case of horizontal groundwater flow 7.2.7 Measurement of groundwater flow in the unsaturated zone by radiocarbon 7.3 Principles of (radio)tracer experiments in open systems with flow in various directions 7.3.1 Survey 7.3.2 Measurement of sand or silt flow rates on the sea floor 7.3.3 Radiotracer measurements in water movement in the saturated zone 7.3.4 Radiotracer measurement on water movement in the unsaturated zone 7.4 Practical aspects of radiotracer experiments in the field 7.4.1 Preparation 7.4.2 Performance 7.4.3 Calculations References 8 MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY 8.1 General 8.1.1 Survey 8.1.2 Concentrations 8.1.3 Detection by direct measurement ofradiation 8.1.3.1 In situ measurements of uranium and thorium 8.1.3.2 Laboratory measurements 8.1.4 Detection by secundary effects 8.2 Measurement of low-level gamma-activities 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 A low background system (LBS) 8.2.2.1 Set-up 8.2.2.2 Limits of detection and determination 8.2.2.3 Processing of data 8.2.3. Anti-coincidence (AC)-counting 8.3 Measurements in rocks and sediments 8.3.1 General 8.3.2 Radon measurements (emanometry) 8.3.3 Age dating by measurement of disequilibrium in the natural decay-series 8.3.3.1 General 8.3.3.2 234U-230Th 8.3.3.3 235U-231Pa 8.3.3.4 232Th-230Th 8.3.3.5 230Th-231Pa 8.3.4 Environmental laboratory measurements on naturally occurring radionucl

Note: J.S. Daly, R.A. Cliff, and B.W.D. Yardley: Preface / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.01 --- E. J. Essene: The current status of thermobarometry in metamorphic rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:1-44, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.02 --- L. Ya. Aranovich and K. K. Podlesskii: Geothermobarometry of high-grade metapelites: simultaneously operating reactions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:45-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.03 --- Frank S. Spear: Relative thermobarometry and metamorphic P-T, paths / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:63-81, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.04 --- R. H. Vernon: Porphyroblast-matrix microstructural relationships: recent approaches and problems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:83-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.05 --- John Ridley: Vertical movement in orogenic belts and the timing of metamorphism relative to deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:103-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.06 --- R. A. Jamieson and C. Beaumont: Deformation and metamorphism in convergent orogens: a model for uplift and exhumation of metamorphic terrains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:117-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.07 --- Peter K. Zeitler: The geochronology of metamorphic processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:131-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.08 --- James J. Irwin, Charles Kirschbaum, Tek. H. Lim, Derek Powell, and William E. Glassley: A laser-microprobe study of argon isotopes in deformed pegmatites from the Northern Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:149-160, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.09 --- A. Reuter and R. D. Dallmeyer: K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of cleavage formed during very low-grade metamorphism: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:161-171, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.10 --- Hanan J. Kisch: Discordant relationship between degree of very low-grade metamorphism and the development of slaty cleavage / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:173-185, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.11 --- J. J. De Yoreo, D. R. Lux, and C. V. Guidotti: The role of crustal anatexis and magma migration in the thermal evolution of regions of thickened continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:187-202, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.12 --- C. P. Chamberlain and Douglas Rumble III: The influence of fluids on the thermal history of a metamorphic terrain: New Hampshire, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:203-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.13 --- Howard W. Day and C. Page Chamberlain: Implications of thermal and baric structure for controls on metamorphism: northern New England, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:215-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.14 --- L. Aguirre, B. Levi, and J. O. Nyström: The link between metamorphism, volcanism and geotectonic setting during the evolution of the Andes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:223-232, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.15 --- T. M. Gordon: Thermal evolution of the Kisseynew sedimentary gneiss belt, Manitoba: metamorphism at an early Proterozoic accretionary margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:233-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.16 --- Peter H. Thompson: An empirical model for metamorphic evolution of the Archaean Slave Province and adjacent Thelon Tectonic Zone, north-western Canadian Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:245-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.17 --- Amalbikash Mukherjee: P-T-time history and thermal modelling of an anorthosite-granulite interface, Eastern Ghats metamorphic belt, India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:265-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.18 --- Leonid L. Perchuk: P-T-fluid regimes of metamorphism and related magmatism with specific reference to the granulite-facies Sharyzhalgay complex of Lake Baikal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:275-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.19 --- D. Ackermand, B. F. Windley, and A. Razafiniparany: The Precambrian mobile belt of southern Madagascar / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:293-296, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.20 --- I. Cartwright and A. C. Barnicoat: Evolution of the Scourian complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:297-301, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.21 --- M. A. H. Maboko, I. McDougall, and P. K. Zeitler: Metamorphic P-T path of granulites in the Musgrave Ranges, central Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:303-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.22 --- Eileen McLellan, Daniel Linder, and Jenny Thomas: Multiple granulite-facies events in the southern Appalachians, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:309-314, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.23 --- James M. McLelland: Pre-granulite-facies metamorphism in the Adirondack Mountains, New York / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:315-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.24 --- F. Mengel and T. Rivers: Thermotectonic evolution of proterozoic and reworked Archaean terranes along the Nain-Churchill boundary in the Saglek Area, northern Labrador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:319-324, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.25 --- Motoyoshi Yoichi, Satoshi Matsubara, and Hiroharu Matsueda: P-T evolution of the granulite-facies rocks of the Lützow-Holm Bay region, East Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:325-329, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.26 --- H. R. Rollinson: Garnet—orthopyroxene thermobarometry of granulites from the north marginal zone of the Limpopo belt, Zimbabwe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:331-335, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.27 --- Volker Schenk: P-T-t path of the lower crust in The Hercynian fold belt of southern Calabria / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:337-342, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.28 --- Daniel Vielzeuf and Christian Pin: Geodynamic implications of granulitic rocks in the Hercynian belt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:343-348, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.29 --- R. G. Warren and B. J. Hensen: The P-T evolution of the Proterozoic Arunta Block, central Australia, and Implications for tectonic evolution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:349-355, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.30 --- D. J. Waters: Metamorphic evidence for the heating and cooling path of Namaqualand granulites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:357-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.31 --- I. S. Buick and T. J. B. Holland: The P-T-t path associated with crustal extension, Naxos, Cyclades, Greece / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:365-369, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.32 --- M. Franceschelli, I. Memmi, F. Pannuti, and C. A. Ricci: Diachronous metamorphic equilibria in the Hercynian basement of northern Sardinia, Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:371-375, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.33 --- P. K. Verma: The Himalayan metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:377-383, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.34 --- A. J. Barker and M. W. Anderson: The Caledonian structural—metamorphic evolution of south Troms, Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:385-390, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.35 --- Kevin W. Burton, Alan P. Boyle, Wendy L. Kirk, and Roger Mason: Pressure, temperature and structural evolution of the Sulitjelma fold-nappe, central Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:391-411, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.36 --- A. H. N. Rice, R.