ALBERT

Description: Three phases can be distinguished during the past forty years in the study of planktonic foraminifera and their application to biostratigraphy. An early one during which a first attempt was made in the Alpine-Mediterranean area to describe and apply mainly Late Cretaceous forms to biostratigraphy. As the second phase may be regarded the work on planktonic foraminifera done in Trinidad, West Indies, which led to a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous to Middle Miocene into some 50 zones. The third phase is the subsequent interregional and world-wide application of the Trinidad and Alpine-Mediterranean systematic and biostratigraphic work. Most of the work of phase two was carried out by a small group of micropaleontologists at the Geological Laboratory of the former Trinidad Leaseholds Ltd. in Pointe-ä-Pierre, Trinidad, West Indies. Based on Trinidad material they erected 18 new planktonic foraminiferal genera and 127 new species, subspecies and varieties. Hans G. Ku g le r, being convinced of the value of planktonic foraminifera for biostratigraphy, constantly encouraged their study, and was instrumental in obtaining Company permission for publication of the results.

Description: Während insgesamt 12 Nächten wurde 138mal das Profil der Divergenz zwischen 50 cm und 900 cm Höhe über einem Süßwassersee gemessen. Gleichzeitig dazu wurde das Temperatur- und Feuchteprofil in dem selben Höhenbereich aufgenommen. Aus dem Feuchteprofil ist berechnet worden, daß der optische Weg, für den die Divergenzmessungen durchgeführt worden sind, in einem Bereich von 5•10-4 bis 1o-2 cm H2O lag. Da in die Rechnung der Divergenz die Transmissionsfunktion für den Wasserdampf entscheidend eingeht, können in der Literatur angegebene Transmissionsfunktionen überprüft werden. Es zeigte sich, daß für den Bereich des optischen Weges bis 1o-2 cm H2O eine Transmissionsfunktion von RODGERS und WALSHAW die beste Übereinstirnmung mit den Messungen ergab.

Description: The distinguishing features of the common squid of British waters, Loligo forbesi, are summarized, and contrasted with those of L. vulgaris. The life-cycle and growth of L. forbesi are described, based on samples from trawl catches off Plymouth. This species seems to be an annual - young squid first appear in the trawl in late May, when their length is about 10 or 11 cm. Subsequent growth is rapid, and the males reach 30 cm and the females 25 cm by November. Spawning takes place mainly in December-January, but may continue into the spring. Neither sex survives beyond a single spawning season. Hatching of the spawn probably takes 30–40 days, and if the young squid taken in the trawl in late May hatched in the early part of the same year, a growth rate of about 25 mm/month would be required. Known growth rates for other species of Loligo are about 20 mm/month, so that indicated for L. forbesi does not seem to be impossibly high. The life-cycle is summarized in Fig. 8. There is also a summer spawning population, which grows to a rather smaller size at maturity, and which also seems to be annual. During the summer L. forbesi ranges throughout the English Channel and southern North Sea, particularly in inshore areas. In October the squid migrate farther offshore and tend to occupy the western part of the Channel. Values for total weight of squid/2 h trawl are given, on a monthly basis, for 1966–9. The largest quantities are usually taken in October and November, the highest single figure being 30.54 kg/2 h trawl, in November 1967.

Description: The worldwide occurrences of Lenticulina (Lenticulina) nodosa (Reuss 1863) and its subspecies within the northern Temperate Realm (Boreal), the Tethyan and the Southern Temperate Realm (Antiboreal) are described. A further argument for the validity of Alfred Wegener’s Continental drift theory for the connection of South Africa and the Southern part of South America during earlier Lower Cretaceous is submitted. Nomination of a neotype for Lenticulina (Lenticulina) nodosa and a new subspecies Lenticulina (Lenticulina) nodosa hilseana are made. A survey is made of the occurrences in Germany of the species Lenticulina (Astacolus) humilis (Reuss 1863), its subspecies and of Lenticulina (Astacolus) neopachynota BAKTENSTEm & Kaever 1973, closely related to Lenticulina (Lenticulina) nodosa. Nomination of a neotype for Lenticulina (Astacolus) humilis. The importance of all the above mentioned species and subspecies in the Lower Cretaceous Stratigraphie sequences of Germany and the world are discussed. In the English Upper Albian Lenticulina (Lenticulina) angulosa (Chapman 1896) has been determined as an independent species.

Description: This volume represents some of the papers presented at the SEPM Research Symposium GeologicHistory of the Oceans at the Annual Meeting, March 1971, in Houston, Texas. Knowledge of oceanic sediments has been acquired in two ways: 1) directly by sampling and observation, and 2) indirectly through seismic investigations. Until the past decade, direct sampling and observation techniques could only provide information on the surficial materials of the ocean floor. The development of the piston corer has permitted oceanographic vessels to sample the upper 20 meters, and more recently the upper 30 meters, of the ocean floor, but such cores rarely penetrate the Pleistocene and enter older sediments. Until recently, most knowledge of the deeper sedimentary materials in the ocean basins was obtained through seismic reflection studies. The purpose of this volume is to present a number of observations, ideas, interpretations, and speculations which will be of value in considering the meaning of the increasing volume of data from older deep sea deposits.

Description: Alkaloid transport and storage are reviewed, with emphasis on problems associated with presence of toxic chemicals in living plants. Many patterns in the physiology of alkaloids and other defense compounds are shaped by the twin requirements that these compounds must be inactive in the plant and yet active in the presence of herbivores. The distribution of alkaloids in the plant and changes in distribution during the plant's life are also reviewed. Within individual plants, alkaloids are generally concentrated in those parts upon which herbivore attack would have the greatest effect on the plant's fitness. The relative defense requirements of different parts, based on their contribution to fitness and their vulnerability to herbivores, shift during the plant's life. These shifts are mirrored by corresponding shifts in alkaloid concentration. Ovules, seeds, and immature fruits are often the sites of highest alkaloid concentration. Allocation of defensive chemicals between mature and immature foliage should follow different patterns in trees and in herbs. In trees, the "phenological protection" given to synchronously produced flushes of new leaves and the need for protection of mature leaves until a new flush of young leaves can be produced have selected for greater toxin accumulation in mature leaves. In herbs, young leaves lack both mechanical and phenological defense, so there is strong selection for providing them with chemical defenses.

Description: Since Paleozoic time, the development of sedimentary basins on the continental margin of southern Africa has been controlled by the structures formed during the breakup of Gondwanaland. In Mozambique, the earliest rift (∼180 m.y. B.P.), between East and West Gondwana, produced a north-south–trending series of large horsts and grabens which were buried beneath detritus from the Limpopo and Zambezi river systems. Oceanward sediment dispersion was controlled by the Mozambique Ridge. This stage of continental breakup coincided with the establishment of marine conditions in the older, epicontinental basins which lay over the present-day Agulhas Bank and off the Transkei and Natal coasts (Outeniqua, St. Johns, and Durban basins). When West Gondwana broke up (125 to 130 m.y. B.P.), a large sediment wedge (Orange Basin) was initiated on the west coast of southern Africa by discharge from the Orange River and associated rivers onto a downfaulted, tensional-formed margin. At the same time, a large transform fault (Agulhas fracture zone) truncated the Outeniqua to Durban Basins as the Falkland Plateau separated from south and east Africa. These movements resulted in the formation of new ocean basins and the enlargement of older adjacent ones. Subsequent major sea-level movements are attributable to epeirogenic/eustatic events which are possibly related to variations in world-wide ocean-ridge spreading rates. Most variations in sediment accumulation rates are related to the distribution of marginal traps rather than differences in detrital discharge rates from the major river systems.

Description: When determining vertical velocity spectra from temperature time series and the mean vertical temperature gradient, restrictions may arise friom the existence of fine-structre. Phillips (1971) and Garrett and Munk (1971_ have shown that the fine-structure contamination of internal gravity wave spectra can be written as a function of some statistical properties of the internal wave field and the vertical wave number spectrum of the fine-structure. A consistent set of current and temperature data was obtained during an experiment at Site D to study this problem. The wave number spectrum of the vertical temperature fine-structure and the apparent frequently spectrum of internal waves are determined from these data. In contrast to the asasumptions in the above models, our fine-structure data imply a wave number spectrum proportional to (wave number)−3 in the range which is important here. Using the above set of data, a model is suggested to describe the effect of fine-structure on vertical velocity spectra computed with the mean vertical temperature gradient. It indicates a maximum fine-structure contamination of the true frequency spectrum of internal gravity waves in the middle of the internal wave band, with less contamination at low and high frequencies.

Description: In the "Hausgarten"-area several interdisciplinary projects on different aspects of the benthic boundary layer are carried out since I97I. The present paper is a check up of the foraminiferal fauna based mainly on closely sampled traverses (6 to 27m depth) from different seasons. Dominance areas of the 4 main species proved to be constant in time and space, thus encouraging detailed productivity studies with permanent stations in the centres of populations. This research is presently carried out by GEROLD WEFER.- The surface water fauna (LuTzE I965) is splitted into the turbulence faunal group, the epiphytic faunal group and the infauna. Species diversity is low and decreasing under basinal conditions. Living/death ratios indicate higher rates of deposition and partial dissolution of empty tests but also selective erosion. First calculations of carbonate gross production range between 400 and 6oo mgjm2 jyear. The true biological production - only to be estimated at present - is believed to be much higher; leaving at least 40% in the surface sediment and more than 70% in deeper layers as the minimum rate for test distruction by dissolution. Carbonate production of benthic Foraminifera (CBF) in this hyposaline environment is similar high than that in fully marine, shallow and warm waters but preservation is drastically reduced.

Description: A new equation for the speed of sound in sea water has been developed with validity not only for realistic combinations of the parameters salinity, temperature, and pressure, but with extension to pure water as well. This new equation, referred to as NRL II, has a standard deviation of 0.05 m/sec. Tables are presented comparing calculations using this new model to each of eight earlier equations. Graphs are also included indicating approximate corrections that could be applied to existing sound speed profiles, but it is recommended that such profiles be recalculated and new ones obtained according to NRL II.

Description: An experiment is described which was aimed at testing assumptions and predictions of the internal wave model suggested by Garrett and Munk (1972). Two moorings were set at a depth of 2660 m with a horizontal separation of 920 m only. The results of current and temperature measurements on these moorings indicate that the field of motion is probably horizontally isotropic in the inertio-gravitational wave band. The limiting frequency for horizontal coherence is three times the frequency predicted by the theoretical model. The phase of the vertical coherence is stable over a wide frequency range and the coherence decreases towards higher frequencies. This may be due to coherent motion contaminated by uncorrelated noise at high frequencies. The results are basically in agreement with the theoretical model when taking a number of modes below 10.

Description: Eighty-seven specimens of Bathothauma lyromma from the ‘Discovery’ collections have provided new information on this unusual species. The size range represented is sufficient to trace the development from small larvae to near adult. Information on sexual development is also given. Twenty-nine specimens from opening-closing nets show that Bathothauma occupies the depth range 100–1250 m, with smaller specimens living at shallower depths than the larger ones.

Description: A female blue-ringed octopus, Hapalochlaena sp. (probably lunulata), was maintained in an aqarium for nearly 3 months, during which time it spawned and cared for the eggs until hatching. The young are planktonic. Embryonic development does not differ markedly from that observed in other octopods, uniting certain features of the development of Octopus vulgaris and Eledone cirrosa. In terms of reproductive biology and development, the species differs from the lesser blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa in its mode of spawning, egg size and mode of life of its young. These differences correspond to conditions recorded for Octopus spp. and Eledone spp.

Description: While studying a collection of cephalopods from Surinam sent to me by Dr. C. O. van Regteren Altena, a number of loliginid squids were found that at first examination appeared to be Loligo pealei Lesueur, 1821. Further detailed study revealed a series of characters unknown in that species and sufficiently different from those of other known Western Atlantic loliginids to warrant the erection of a new species. An increased interest in the squids of this genus seems to warrant the publication of this new species in advance of the full report on the collections. I wish to thank the officials of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, and particularly Dr. van Regteren Altena for the opportunity to study the collections. The illustrations are mine. This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation GB2499X3 for which I extend my thanks.

Description: Egea inermis Joubin, 1933, is fully redescribed and illustrated from the postIarval to near mature form based on a reexamination of the type material and fifty-eight newly reported specimens collected in the Atlantic by the Danish research ship DANA and other vessels. Phasmatopsis lucifer G. Voss, 1963, is placed into synonymy. Known geographic and vertical distribution are given. The validity of the genus is reaffirmed, and the relationship of Egea inermis to a small group of nominal species of taoniids which, in part, have been identified to the genus Phasmatopsis de Rochebrune, 1884, by Clarke (1962) is discussed. It is shown that the genus Phasmatopsis cannot be used and that further study is necessary to clarify the existing interrelationship of the group.

Description: A total of 618 cephalopods comprising 29 identified species and 98 young unidentified larvae were collected at 30° N 23° W in opening–closing rectangular midwater trawls (RMT combination net), an Isaacs Kidd midwater trawl equipped with an openingclosing bucket and a British Columbia midwater trawl. Discrete horizons were fished between the surface and 2000 m and day and night vertical distribution for the more common species is described. Material is sufficiently abundant to draw tentative conclusions on the vertical distributions of 16 species. These show a wide variety of migratory and non-migratory behaviour including diel migration, ontogenetic migration and static distribution at various depths and over various depth ranges.

Description: Um die Auswirkungen vom Menschen herrührender (anthropogener) Belastungen der Atmosphäre (Änderung der chemischen Zusammensetzung, Belastung durch Staubteilchen, Änderung der Oberflächenverdunstung, Zufuhr zusätzlicher Energie) einigermaßen überblicken zu können, ist eine gründliche Kenntnis der recht verwickelten energetischen Prozesse innerhalb der Atmosphäre sehr wichtig. Der Aufsatz behandelt die planetare Strahlungsbilanz, den Einfluß der Bewölkung, den Energieaustausch zwischen Erde und Atmosphäre sowie die eingangs aufgeführten anthropogenen Einflüsse.

Description: Two new species of cranchiid cephalopod are described. These were both collected by opening-closing midwater trawls (RMTs) when vertical series were fished in the North Atlantic from R.R.S. ‘Discovery’.

Description: Methane has been detected in several cores of rapidly deposited (〉 50 m/my) deep sea sediments. Other gases, such as carbon dioxide and ethane, are commonly present but only in minor and trace amounts, respectively. The methane originates predominantly from bacterial reduction of CO2, as indicated by complimentary changes with depth in the amount and isotopic composition of redox-linked pore water constituents: sulfate-bicarbonate and bicarbonate-methane. Presently, no precise determination exists of the amount of gas present under in situ conditions in deep sea sediments. Using C13/C12 isotope ratios of the dissolved bicarbonate and methane, and employing kinetic calculations based on Rayleigh distillation equations, the amounts of methane generated by reduction of carbon di-oxide by hydrogen has been estimated. The amounts calculated suggest that a minimum of 20 mmol CH4/kg interstitial water is formed. A methane concentration of 20 mmol/kg approaches the amount required for the formation of gas hydrates under pressure-temperature conditions corresponding to a water column of about 500 meters, with a temperature of 5°C at the sediment-water interface. Depth of stability of the gas hydrate within the sediment is directly proportional to: hydrostatic pressure, or height of the water column above the sediment, temperature at the sediment surface, the geothermal gradient, and concentration of methane. Under average oceanic conditions, gas hydrates could be stable in sediment under a 3 km water column to depths of approximately 600 meters, if sufficient methane is present. Gas hydrates have been proposed as the cause of anomalously high acoustic velocities in the upper 500–600 meters of sediment in the Blake-Bahama outer ridge. It is here suggested that acoustic reflectors in gas-rich sediment is associated with temperature-dependent lithologic transitions, which are in part formed by diagenetic processes involving microbiological methane generation. Under certain conditions, carbonate ion must be removed from solution during methane production to maintain pH equilibrium between the pore water and the sediment. Authigenic carbonates, typically iron-rich nodules and cements, have been observed in the zone of active methane production. This link between methane production and carbonate precipitation may be an important mechanism for lithification of deep sea sediments.

Description: Mineral resources on and beneath the seafloor are briefly reviewed and the present and future economic value of specific mineral resources is discussed. The results obtained from the cruises of the German research vessel "Valdivia" during its first three years of operation are presented.

Description: Attraction of the polychaete Capitella capitata to different types of substrates has been investigated in the laboratory. Some observations on the reprcduction, development, and breeding behaviour, as well as on the reaction of the species to the factors sewage concentration, light, and current are reported.

Description: In einer Vertiefung der Kieler Forde, dem sogenannten Baggerloch, kommt es im Sommer und Herbst zu mehrwöchigen Stagnationsperioden, in denen im Wasser Schwefelwasserstoff auftritt. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daB die Bildung von Schwefelwasserstoff hauptsächlich durch bakterielle Sulfatreduktion (Desulfurikation) in der obersten Sedimentzone erfolgt. Sie wird vor allem durch Desulfovibrio desulfuricans bewirkt, während Desulfotomaculum nigrificans dabei allenfalls eine sehr untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Entsprechend der verhältnismäßig geringen Menge von schwefelhaltigen Aminosäuren im Wasser und Sediment des Baggerloches dürfte der Anteil des bei der Eiweißfäulnis freigesetzten H2S nicht sehr bedeutend sein. Die Zahl der desulfurizierenden Bakterien lag 1967 und 1968 während der Stagnationsperioden in dem obersten Zentimeter des Sediments bei 100OOO im cm3 - dagegen im Wasser stets unter 20 im ml. Die Anzahl der schwefeloxydierenden Bakterien war gering und lag in der Regel unter 5 im ml Wasser. Es handelt sich dabei vorwiegend um Thiobacillen. Fadige Schwefelbakterien (Beggiatoa, Thiothrix) sind zwar vorhanden - doch konnte keine Rasenbildung auf der Sedimentoberfläche beobachtet werden. Die bakterielle Oxydation von H2S ist demnach nicht sehr groß. Die chemische Oxydation und auch die Sulfidbildung erfolgen im wesentlichen in der Grenzzone zwischen H2S- und O2-haltigem Wasser.

Description: Die mikrobielle Aktivität sowie die Saprophytenzahl in Abhängigkeit vom Salzgehalt wurden in abwasserbelastetem Flußwasser, dessen Salzkonzentration durch Zugabe von NaCl künstlich erhöht worden war, gemessen. Daneben fanden Untersuchungen über die Salzansprüche der 10 häufigsten Bakterienstämme der Probe statt. Außerdem wurde das Wachstum der natürlichen Bakterienpopulationen bei unterschiedlichen Salzkonzentrationen nach Zugabe von Nährstoffen bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Aktivität und die Zahl der Mikroorganismen durch die Erhöhung des Salzgehaltes stark zurückgingen. Nur eine geringfügige Adaptation konnte festgestellt werden. Nach Zugabe von Nährstoffen trat dagegen eine schnelle Umstellung der Population ein. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, daß die mit dem Flußwasser eingeschwemmten Süß- und Abwasserbakterien nur eine geringe Rolle bei der Selbstreinigung der Küstengewässer spielen. The microbial activity as well as the number of saprophytic bacteria in relation to the salt concentration was measured. The measurements were performed in river water, the salt concentration of which was raised by the addition of NaCl. Also the salinity requirements of the 10 most frequently occurring bacteria were determined. Furthermore the growth rate of the natural bacteria populations in relation to the salt concentration was measured after the addition of nutrients. The activity and the number of bacteria were strongly affected in a negative manner with increasing salt concentrations. Only a slight adaptation could be found. With higher amounts of nutrients, rapid changes in the population were observed. The results showed that the microbial populations carried into the sea by the rivers and sewage effluents can play only a minor role in the self-purification of the coastal waters.

Description: 15.2% of 541 examined cod (Gadus morhua L.) caught in the fjord of Kiel carried a macroscopically visible infection of Ichthyosporidium hoferi (= Ichthyophonus h.). The fungus was found in the liver, heart, spleen, and body-muscles. Infected cod showed up to 30.7% underweight. The condition-factor of infected fish lay significantly below that of healthy ones. Von 541 untersuchten Dorschen (Gadus morhua L.) aus der Kieler Förde waren 15,2% makroskopisch erkennbar mit Ichthyosporidium hoferi (= Ichthyophonus h.) befallen. Der Pilz wurde in Leber, Milz, Herz und Körpermuskulatur nachgewiesen. Infizierte Tiere zeigten bis 30,7% Untergewicht. Der Konditionsfaktor kranker Fische lag signifikant unter dem gesunder Tiere.

Description: Es wird ein seit einigen Jahren in der Gewässermikrobiologie eingeführtes Verfahren zur Bestimmung des "Heterotrophen Potentials" beschrieben. Die Vor- und Nachteile dieser Methode werden diskutiert. Ihre vielfältigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten werden an Hand einiger Beispiele dargestellt. A method which has been used during the last few years to determine the "relative heterotrophic potential" in aquatic environments is discribed. The advantages and disadvantages involved are discussed. Some examples of the applications of this method are also given.

Description: Von März bis August wurde zehnmal bei fünf Stationen in der Schlei die Besiedlung der Copepoden durch Myoschiston centropagidarum untersucht. Für den häufigsten Copepoden, Eurytemora affinis, wurde aus der Verteilung der Entwicklungsstadien und der Dauer der einzelnen Stadien der Entwicklungszustand der Population rekonstruiert. Zusätzlich wurde die Eiproduktion und die Änderung der Körpergröße untersucht. Für Acartia tonsa, die im Sommer Eurytemora ablöste, wurde nur die Verteilung der Stadien ermittelt. Die Besiedlung durch Myochiston wurde für jedes Stadium bestimmt. Zum Verständnis der Besiedlung reichte die vorgefundene Populationsstruktur nicht aus. Auf den beiden Stationen mit dem geringsten Salzgehalt, wo die Copepodenpopulationen sich auf Grund der Strömungsverhältnisse ungestört entwickelten, konnte die Besiedlung klar aus der Vorgeschichte der Copepodenpopulation abgeleitet werden. Eine optimale Besiedlung ergab sich, wenn sich eine Copepodengeneration ihrem Ende näherte und kurz nach dem Ende einer Generation. Myoschiston centropagidarum ist spezifisch für die beiden dominanten Arten Eurytemora affinis und Acartia tonsa und kann deshalb während des ganzen Jahres seinen Lebensraum besiedeln. From March to August samples were taken on ten occasions at five stations in the Schlei to investigate the infestation of the copepods by Myoschiston centropagidarum. For the most abundant form Eurytemora affinis the history of the population was computed from the distribution and the life span of the different developmental stages. The egg production and change in size were measured. For Acartia tonsa, which replaced Eurytemora during summer, only the distribution of the different stages was determined. The degree of infestation with Myoschiston was measured for each stage. However, the determined population structure was not sufficient to explain the infestation. At the two innermost stations, where the populations were not disturbed by currents, the infestation could be related to the history of the copepod populations. The most epizoes could be found at the end of a generation or the beginning of a new one. Myoschiston centropagidarum is specific to the two dominant copepods Eurytemora affinis and Acartia tonsa and can therefore be found all the year round.

Description: This article describes and discusses a new method for the fluorescence microscopic examination of bacteria on Nuclepore membrane filters. The bacteria, which have been concentrated by filtration, are stained with a solution of acridine orange. Then the filters are destained with isopropyl alkohol and xylene. This method makes it possible to recognize small bacteria and to distinguish them from detritus. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt und diskutiert eine neue Methode zur fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Untersuchung von Bakterien auf Nuclepore-Membranfiltern. Die durch Filtration angereicherten Keime werden mit einer Akridinorange-Lösung gefärbt. AnschlieBend werden die Filter mit Isopropanol und Xylol entfärbt. Diese Methode ermöglicht es, auch kleine Bakterien zu erkennen und sie von Detritus zu unterscheiden.

Description: 1.1. A percolator was constructed to measure continously metabolic processes in sediments. A continous flow of water penetrates the sediment. Oxygen can be excluded. A continous polarographic control is possible or a control with enzyme electrodes. Gases evolved by metabolism can be trapped. It was attempted to discriminate bacterial and purely enzymatic processes (free enzymes) by addition of chloroform or toluene, both of which will kill bacteria. The attempt was unsuccessful. 1.2. Enzyme electrodes were constructed as a probe for sediments, for the percolator, and for the free water. The enzyme electrodes permit the determination of the ratios of inorganic phosphorus/organic phosphorus, urea/ammonia, glycosidically bound glucose/free glucose. The enzyme is coupled to a diazotized anilin resin which is fixed on a metal electrode as a thin layer. The potentials (measured against Ag-AgCl) correlate with the ratio of the concentrations of substrate and product. It is shown, how absolute measurements can be performed. The electrodes are calibrated in Tris-HCl-buffer solutions pH 8. 1.3. To study the fine structure of sediments matrix bound colour reactions are used. The matrices are fixed to glass slides.Glucose is bound glycosidically to an epoxy resin. After exposition the remaining glucose is measured by a colour reaction. Dehydrogenases are detected by 2, 3, 5 triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid which is fixed to a matrix by spraying with a teflon aerosol. The yellow formazan colour is measured. Hydrogen sulfide is detected by lead acetate which is enclosed in the cells of a dried emulsion. The walls are permeable for gas (H2S), but not for the insoluble reaction product. All reactions are calibrated in Tris-HCl-buffer solutions pH 8.

Description: Untersuchungen über die Zusammensetzung aquatischer Bakterienpopulationen hinsichtlich ihrer Fähigkeit zur Verwertung verschiedener Kohlenstoffquellen sind bisher wenig durchgeführt worden, da es an adäquaten Methoden mangelt. Es wird eine kombinierte Methode mit 14C-markierten Substraten, Nährkartonscheiben, Membranfiltern und Autoradiographie beschrieben, mit der verschiedene physiologische Gruppen erfaßt werden können. Kolonien mit besonderen Eigenschaften (z. B. Phenol oder DDT-Abbauer) können leicht identifiziert und isoliert werden. Die bisherigen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß einige der getesteten Substrate (Glucose, Asparaginsäure, Acetat) stets von fast allen Saprophyten aufgenommen werden können, während die Aufnahme anderer (z. B. Xylose, Lactose, Harnsäure, Phenol, Riboflavin, Fett) sowohl jahreszeitlich bedingte als auch von der Verschmutzung und Küstenentfernung abhängige Fluktuationen aufweist. Von dem größeren Spektrum der Nährstoffverwertung durch Bakterien in Küstengewässern kann eine schnelle Adaptation an Abwasserinhaltsstoffe erwartet werden, während in küstenferneren Gebieten entsprechende Populationen nur sehr schwach vertreten sind. Investigations on the composition of aquatic bacterial populations in respect of their nutritional requirements have been rarely made because of the lack of adequate methods. A combined method using 14C-marked substrates, nutrient pads, membrane filters and autoradiography is described, which enables one to differentiate the physiological groups of bacteria. Colonies with special properties (e.g. degradation of phenol or DDT) can easily be identified and isolated. The preliminary results show that some of the test substrates (glucose, aspartic acid, acetate) can always be taken up by most of the bacteria. Others (e.g. xylose, lactose, uric acid, phenol, riboflavin, fat) show seasonal and environmental fluctuations. The wide spectrum of nutritional requirements of bacterial populations in coastal reagions may lead to a quick adaption to sewage compounds, while in offshore regions the corresponding populations are rather small.

Description: Die Schlei von Schleimünde bis Schleswig betrachtet, stellt in mancher Hinsicht ein Modell der Ostsee dar. Es werden Angaben zur Verbreitung der gefundenen Arten auf sekundärem Hartboden an den acht Stationen gemacht. Ein ökologischer Vergleich der Fauna mit der aus anderen Brackwassergebieten, dem Elbe-Ästuar, Dänischen Brackgewässern, dem Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, der Martwa Wisla (Danziger Bucht) und der finnischen Küste wird ebenso durchgeführt, wie ein Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen von Remane und Jaeckel, die eine ähnliche Arbeit 1937 im gleichen Gebiet durchführten. The Schlei Fjord from Schleimünde to Schleswig seen as closed area is like a model of the Baltic Sea. Dates on the distribution of the occuring species are reported. An ecological comparison between the Schlei Fjord and different other brackish water areas is performed as well as a reference to dates worked out about the same area by Remane and Jaeckel in 1937.

Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit sollte klären, welchen Einfluß die Seewasser-Reinigungsanlage im Aquarium des Instituts für Meereskunde in Kiel auf den Bakteriengehalt des Aquariumwassers hat. Es wurde festgestellt, daß wesentliche Unterschiede in der Belastung des Wassers im Vergleich zum Fördewasser bestehen, insbesondere weist das Wasser des Aquariums eine sehr hohe Konzentration an Phosphat und Nitrat auf. Es wurden die auf Grund ihres Salzanspruches auf verschiedenen Nährböden wachsenden saprophytischen Bakterien gezählt. Es zeigte sich, daB die Saprophytenzahlen starken Schwankungen unterlagen; die Gründe hierfür könnten weitgehend analysiert werden. Die Saprophytenzahlen nehmen beim Durchlauf des Wassers durch die Reinigungsanlage ab, wenn Ozon eingeleitet wird. Es handelt sich aber in diesem Falle nicht um eine unmittelbare Wirkung des Ozons durch dessen oxydierende Wirkung, sondern um eine mittelbare, indem die Schaumbildung gefördert wird. Mit dem Schaum werden neben anderen partikulären Verunreinigungen auch Bakterien dem Wasserkreislauf entzogen. Zur Keimtötung reichen die verfügbaren Ozonmengen nicht aus. Die Anlage erfüllt zwar ihre Aufgabe, indem sie das Wasser von löslichen Proteinen und partikulären Verunreinigungen befreit und das giftige Nitrit zu unschädlichem Nitrat oxydiert, jedoch ist die Nutzung der Anlage nicht optimal. Zusätzliche Versuche mit Ozon zeigten, daß zur Keimtötung im belasteten Aquarienwasser mit den gegebenen Ozonmengen lange Einwirkungszeiten erforderlich sind. Es konnte auch gezeigt werden, daß der Wirkungsgrad des Ozons von der Belastung des Wassers mit oxydierbaren organischen und anorganischen Stoffen abhängig ist.

Description: Hydrographie data (salinity, temperature, oxygen, silicate, and phosphate) obtained on 5 stations ("Meteor" cruise 23, leg C, 8 to 26 June 1971) on a section from Lisbon, Portugal, to 44° N, 43° W (Newfoundland Basin) by both water sampling and in situ observation by the "Bathysonde" (STD), are summarized. A strong core of Mediterranean water was found at the eastern boundary of the section (38.5° N, 11.5° W). At this station, the core is accompanied by low nutrient concentrations and brings about an extended oxygen minimum (ca. 500 to 1400 m depth). The core quickly weakens towards the west and is, at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, only apparent in the Bathysonde data. Two salinity maxima are observed within the core of Mediterranean water, the center of which speads along the isopycnal σt = 27.7. Dissolved oxygen shows a rapid concentration increase with depth below the Mediterranean water core; concentration variations with depth below the range of this increase are only small. The mean deep-water oxygen concentration increases from 5.5 ml/kg (below 2500 m) to 6.20 ml/kg (below 1500 m) in an east-west direction on the section. The upper boundary of the deep-water oxygen concentration range thereby rises from 2000 to 1300 m; this boundary marks the upper boundary of the Arctic Intermediate water. Core depths of Arctic Intermediate and of Iceland-Scotland overflow water, are derived from the potential-temperature/salinity diagrams obtained in the western basin, and are extended to the other stations by assuming lateral spreading to occur along isopycnal surfaces. The core depths for the Intermediate water obtained in this manner, are supported also by the potential-temperature to silicate relations. The bottom water of the westernmost station of the section, at 44° N, 43° W, is of Denmark Strait origin, and it produces a distinct reversal in the vertical trends of salinity, silicate, phosphate, and oxygen, at 4300 m depth. The concentration of the nuclear-weapon produced nuclide tritium increases within the Denmark Strait water core towards the bottom. Further tritium concentration peaks appear in the intermediate and deep water at this station. At the next Station east on the section at 43° N 34 ° W, tritium concentrations are essetially zero below 2000 m depth, and are distinctly smaller than on the westernmost station, between 600 m and 2000 m depth. This "Meteor" section was track F of the Atlantic network of the international Geochemical Ocean Sections Program (GEOSECS).

Description: At seven sites west of Gibraltar current and temperature variations of the Mediterranean outflow were observed during one month in spring 1971. This paper presents the obtained records of 29 current meters and 5 thermistor cables in the form of time series, amplitude spectra, and progressive vector diagrams as a basis for further evaluation. Characteristic featurcs of the currents like mean spceds, mean directions and the periodicity of the variation can be seen directly from the given plots.

Description: During the Northeast-Atlantic-Expedition of 1971, C02 concentration in the air layer near the ocean surface and C02 partial pressure in the surface water was measured between Lisbon and Weather Ship D as well as between Weather Ship D and Hamburg. These measurements were supplemented by depth profiles of C02 partial pressure in the ocean. The resulting zonal distribution is discussed. An interesting aspect of the C02 concentration values in the air layer above the ocean is their significant correlation with the temperature difference between air and water. The possible meaning of this correlation with the regard to the exchange of C02 between ocean and atmosphere is demonstrated by estimating the C02 flux for a particular case. The annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water is discussed for two points on longitude 30° W at which the route of the 1971 expedition intersects the route of the 1969 expedition. It is deduced that in temperate latitudes the annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water is related to that of surface-water temperature. Based on this relationship and on the PC02 decrease of 35 ppm measured between April and June it is estimated that the annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water for the oceanic area around 50° N 30° W amounts to 60 ppm ± 15 ppm.

Description: The diurnal variation in the concentration of C02 in the air and in the water near the ocean surface has been measured during the Atlantic Expedition of 1969. While at the Drift Station in the NE-trade wind belt, a mid-day minimum in the diurnal variation of C02 in the atmosphere was found similar to that measured by Kumvrn (1968) 1965 in the SE-trade wind belt. At the Equator Station under the influence of the intertropical convergence zone, on the other hand, a mid-day maximum was found. Statistical correlations between the C02 concentrations and various meteorological parameters could not be used to reveal the origin of such differing diurnal variations. By using a simple computer model it appears that a diurnal trend to the intensity of oceanic sources of C02 may be responsible for the diurnal variation of C02 in the atmosphere. Since the variations in the concentration of C02 in the near-surface waters were found to be too small to explain the variations observed in the atmosphere, other processes were discussed which lead to a stronger variation of C02 concentration in the laminar boundary film of the ocean surface. Since the C02 system in sea water is a function of both the temperature and the salinity, the concentration of C02 in the boundary film may be strongly influenced by the fluxes of radiation and evaporation. The diurnal variations found at the Equator Station can then be explained primarily through the variations in the temperature of the boundary film. At the Drift Station, however, an enrichment of salt content in this film through a greater evaporation rate may be the basis for the variations of C02 there. Such deviations in the concentrations of C02 between the laminar surface film and the near-surface waters seem important to the exchange of C02 across the sea-air interface.

Description: To estimate the disturbing influence of a ship's hull and superstructure on measurements of wind speed, air temperature and humidity and surface water temperature, data taken from R.V. "Meteor" are compared with simultaneous measurements from a meteorological buoy. It is shown that almost no systematic errors occur in the measurement of water temperature while the wet bulb temperature is generally indicated to high by 0.1°C to 0.2°C. However, due to large heating of the ship's body during daytime, a systematic increase of dry-bulb temperature is observed which also leads to erroneous values of relative humidity. During nighttime, the errors in dry-bulb temperature remain small. Wind-speed measurements, in particular, are critical from board a ship. The "Meteor" data show that the ship's values are systematically smaller than the measurements at the buoy, the difference increases with increasing wind speed. Although WARSH et al. (1972) found the same behaviour with R. V. "Discoverer", the result cannot be generalized, and similar investigation are recommended for any ship the data of which will be used for more extended evaluations. The errors are examined concerning their influence on the computation of turbulent heat fluxes from the bulk-aerodynamic equation. The result shows that, even if the diurnal march of dry-bulb temperature is corrected, the fluxes are still erroneous due to the wind-speed error. The conclusion, therefore, is that data taken from a ship are in general inappropriate for the more detailed investigation of surface-energy fluxes, unless a good correction function for all the parameters involved is known.

Description: Aerosol samples collected over the North Atlantic from ship were analysed for Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium and Chloride. A found dependence of sea salt concentrations from wind velocity is compared with earlier results. The mean of the ratio Cl/Na was close to that for sea water; the Mg-, K- and Ca-concentrations in the aerosol, however, were enriched with respect to sea water. It is shown that continental advection influences the measured aerosol components over the North Atlantic.

Description: Satellite pictures and the results of radiosonde ascents indicate that FS "Meteor" was placed very near to or within the region of the ITCZ during the anchor station 1969 (March 8 to April 4) at the equator in 32° W. In spite of this the most frequently observed radar echoes are smaller than 100 km2, which is also shown by the small radar index (mean value 2.6%). The diurnal variation of the radar index over the ocean shows two maxima, in contrast to the continental typ. There is a weak maximum in the late afternoon due to surface heating. But the main peak occurs in the early morning (3 a.m. local time), apparently due to the increasing instability in the lower troposphere by longwave outgoing radiation. A frequently (20%) observed phenomenon is the arrangement of the echoes in organized structures, four examples of which are discussed: convergence line, shower streets, open cells.

Description: During cruises in the Norwegian Sea in 1969 and 1972 seven heat flow values were measured between Iceland and the Vøring Plateau. The six eastern values of this profile show a positive trend eastsoutheastwards which coincides with a possible transition from oceanic to continental ernst suggested by seismic results. One heat flow value taken near Iceland and 250 miles west of the others reflects the influence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. An estimation of the heat flow at a depth of 15 km below the measuring localities yields values with a small, possibly insignificant negative trend towards the east-southeast. The temperatures at 15 km depth are estimated to be 190°C beneath the zone of seamounts and 280 °C beneath the Vøring Plateau.

Description: The continental margin off West Africa between 22° and 27° N has not developed by simple progradation and continuous sedimentation. Two unconformities which can be followed over large distances and drillings both on land and at sea suggest that a pre-Oligocene shelf has subsided there by more than 2000 m caused by orogenic movements south of the Atlas region. The former shelf edge is marked today by a slope anticline. We prefer this regional explanation and not a global one combining the huge hiatuses in the sediment column underneath the present continental slope and rise with a dramatically stronger occanic circulation at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary. The subsided shelf sediments, the slope anticline and the unconformities are of specific interest for oil exploration.

Description: 1. ATP in deep-sea sediments can be determined after it is adsorbed on a mixture of the sediment and calcium carbonate by measuring the luminescence of the reaction of the mixture and luciferin-luciferase. 2. ATP contents of the toplayer of northeastern Atlantic sediments (Josephine Bank and northern Canary Basin) decrease with increasing depths of 252, 408, 1445, 1769, 2149, 4897, 5510 m: 0.96, 0.61, 0.13, 0.10, 0.21, 0.05, 0.07 μg ATP/ml wet sediment. The decreasing values are in accordance with the decrease of macrobenthos and meiobenthos biomass in the deep-sea. 3. The ATP content of deep-sea nematodes is about 1‰ of their wet weight. 4. At the two deepest Stations, less than 50% of the ATP measured in the sediment is represented by nematodes, copepods, other "hard" meiofauna groups and bacteria.

Description: In an area regarded to be very favourable for the study of Holocene sea level changes one or several eustatic (?) oscillations of sea have been found using sedimentological and ecological methods. After a maximum of +3 m during the Nouakchottian stage (= Middle Flandrian or Late Atlantic) about 5500 YBP a drop of sea to -3.5 ± 0.5 m about 4100 YBP is testified by stromatolitic algae indicating the former sea level within the tidal zone with high accuracy. This evidence is supported by the observation of post-Nouakchottian regressive and transgressive geologic sequences, by buried beach deposits and flooded hardgrounds, post-Nouakchottian marine terraces of different height and age, the cutting off of one large and several small bays from the open sea etc. Possibly, one or two smaller oscillations followed between 4000 and 1500 years B.P. (derived sea level curve Fig. 5). The radiocarbon age of the marine shells dated may be partly somewhat too old or too young (Chapter G, Table 1).