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  • Other Sources  (869)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (869)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (465)
  • ASTRONOMY  (246)
  • AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE  (158)
  • 1975-1979  (869)
  • 1900-1904
  • 1978  (869)
Collection
  • Other Sources  (869)
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  • NASA Technical Reports  (869)
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  • 1975-1979  (869)
  • 1900-1904
Year
  • 1
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    A new formulation for the epsilon method applied to the minimum-time-to-climb problem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-02
    Description: Balakrishnan's epsilon technique is used to compute minimum-time profiles for the F-104 airplane. This technique differs from the classical gradient method in that a quadratic penalty on the error in satisfying the equation of motion is included in the cost function to be minimized as a means of eliminating the requirement of satisfying the equations of motion. Although the number of unknown independent functions is increased to include the state variables, the evaluation of the gradient of the cost function is simplified, resulting in considerable computational savings, thereby making it appear feasible to use the epsilon method for real-time application.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA, Washington Fourth Inter-Center Control Systems Conf.; p 423-434
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  • 2
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    In-flight three-dimensional boundary layer and wake measurements from a swept supercritical wing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Three-dimensional boundary layer and wake velocity profiles were measured in flight on the supercritical wing of the F-111 transonic aircraft technology aircraft. These data, along with pressure distributions, were obtained to establish a data base with which data obtained by three-dimensional analytical techniques could be correlated. Only a brief summary of the total data base is given. The data presented represented one chord station at a wing leading-edge sweep angle of 26 deg. They cover an angle of attack range from 6 degs to 9 degs at free-stream Mach numbers from 0.85 to 0.90. A brief discussion of the techniques used to obtain the boundary layer and wake profiles is included.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 643-655
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  • 3
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    The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere is used to obtain vertical profiles and maps of temperature and the concentration of ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid for the region of the stratosphere bounded by the upper troposphere and the lower mesosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 71-104
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  • 4
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    Microwave radiometer measurement of water vapor path delay: Data reduction techniques (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Data reduction techniques are developed to compensate for water vapor path delay, a limiting error source in geodetic measurements made with very long baseline interferometry and in radio ranging to spacecraft. It is shown that water vapor path delay is proportional to a linear combination of saturation-corrected sky brightness temperatures, measured on and off the water vapor line. The effects of emission from liquid water droplets in clouds as well as most of the oxygen emission are removed by the off-line channel. Sky brightness temperatures are saturation-corrected or 'linearized' using estimates of effective sky temperatures made from surface temperature. Tipping curves are used to remove instrumental error. Coefficients are found by two methods: from a regression analysis of measured brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay, and from a regression analysis of theoretical brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay. In each case the coefficients are adjusted for differing climatic conditions by measurements of surface temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. Regression solutions are constrained to remove liquid water contributions and to give the correct slope for radiometer versus radiosonde path delay.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 22-30
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  • 5
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    The Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Thermal emission and solar resonance fluorescence from the atmospheric limb are reported. Global measurements are made of radiation from the molecular species. The gas correlation spectroscopy technique based on the use of gas cells to select emission from chosen spectral lines or from particular parts of spectral lines is used. The source function and departure from the thermodynamic equilibrium between 80 and 130 kilometers associated with CO2 emission bands were investigated. The zonal wind velocity component along the line of sight is measured.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 139-174
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  • 6
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    The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The radiation budget of the earth on both synoptic and planetary scales by simultaneous measurement of incoming solar radiation and outgoing earth reflected (shortwave) and emitted (longwave) radiation was determined. Both fixed wide angle sampling of terrestrial fluxes at the satellite altitude, and scanned narrow-angle sampling of the radiance components, dependent on angle are used to determine outgoing radiation. Measurements of radiation are obtained in 22 different optical channels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 33-58
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  • 7
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    Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM 2) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement 2 (SAM 2) is used to map the concentration and optical properties of stratospheric aerosols as a function of altitude, latitude, and longitude. The vertical distribution of the stratospheric aerosols in the polar regions of both hemispheres is provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 105-138
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  • 8
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    Flight test techniques for low speed airfoil evaluation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-21
    Description: Techniques for in-flight evaluation of new airfoils by modifying a single engine general aviation aircraft and measuring and recording airfoil surface pressures, airfoil wake pressures, and aircraft angle of attack and airspeed are presented. Included are descriptions of the aircraft modifications, instrumentation, data reduction techniques, illustrations of typical results and comments on new equipment for flight test applications.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 623-642
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  • 9
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    Positions of galactic X-ray sources - l/II/ between 320 and 340 deg (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The precise (20-40 sec) positions of seven X-ray sources in the celestial region corresponding to the galactic longitude range from 320 to 340 deg are reported. The sources include a recurrent transient X-ray source (MX1608-52) and a source 2S1553-542 coincident with a gamma-ray source within the given errors of position. The positions reported reduce the previously reported areas of the error region for six of the sources by factors ranging from 10 to 100. The presented results add confidence to the proposed radio candidates for 4U1624-49 and 4U1642-45 considered by Sanduleak and Dolan (1974) and Seaquist (1977).
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Nature; 271; Jan. 19
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  • 10
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    An observational study of the AFCRL infrared sky survey. III - Further searches for AFCRL/AFGL sources and an evaluation of the contents of the mid-infrared sky (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 11
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    Thermal structure of the primitive ionosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Exospheric neutral and electron temperatures have been estimated for the primitive upper atmosphere and ionosphere with various oxygen content in the scheme of our previous model (Shimizu and Shimazaki, 1976). The exospheric neutral temperature has been shown to be rather insensitive to the change of oxygen content, justifying our previous assumption for the temperature variation, while the exospheric electron temperature has been found to be quite sensitive to the compositional change, mainly owing to the strong dependence of electron density on the oxygen concentration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Jan. 1
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  • 12
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    Toward scramjet aircraft (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The possibility for civil, military, and remotely-piloted aviation above Mach 5 is discussed with reference to the scramjet. Actively cooled aircraft structures of low weight are described, together with jet nozzle design and combustion parameters. The scramjet is seen as operating alone or in tandem with ramjet propulsion, which would power an aircraft up to scramjet speeds. Attention is given to the specific impulse of the scramjet engine, with hydrogen as the primary fuel. Applications include: advanced reconnaissance and interceptor aircraft, strategic cruise (both aircraft and missiles), highly-maneuverable interceptor missiles, transports, aircraft-type launch vehicles, first stages for Space Shuttle launching craft, and single-stage-to-orbit vehicles. Research has focused on increasing the propulsion power of the scramjet engine, while reducing drag on the accompanying airframe.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 16; Feb. 197
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  • 13
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    The evolution of the atmosphere of the earth (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Computer simulations of the evolution of the earth's atmospheric composition and surface temperature have been carried out. The program took into account changes in the solar luminosity, variations in the earth's albedo, the greenhouse effect, variation in the biomass, and a variety of geochemical processes. Results indicate that prior to two billion years ago the earth had a partially reduced atmosphere, which included N2, CO2, reduced carbon compounds, some NH3, but no free H2. Surface temperatures were higher than now, due to a large greenhouse effect. When free O2 appeared the temperature fell sharply. Had earth been only slightly further from the sun, runaway glaciation would have occurred at that time. Simulations also indicate that a runaway greenhouse would have occurred early in earth's history had earth been only a few percent closer to the sun. It therefore appears that, taking into account the possibilities of either runaway glaciation or a runaway greenhouse effect, the continuously habitable zone about a solar-type star is rather narrow, extending only from roughly 0.95 to 1.01 AU.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 14
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    Geographical variations of NO and O3 in the lower stratosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nitric oxide and ozone concentrations in the lower stratosphere have been measured from a high-altitude research aircraft using in situ measuring techniques. Results of several geographical surveys are presented along with predictions of two two-dimensional stratospheric models. Meridional and zonal data were obtained in June 1974 and in June, July, and August 1975. At longitudes 122-158 deg W the meridional data taken between 5 and 80 deg N latitude show an increasing NO concentration with latitude, by a factor of 4 at 21-km altitude and a less marked increase at 18 km. The minimum NO concentration at 21 km is observed at 5 deg N latitude and is about 6 x 10 to the 8th power/cu cm. Zonal data at latitudes 22-38 deg N taken from 55 to 176 deg N longitude show little variation of the NO and O3 concentrations with longitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 20
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  • 15
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    Airborne infrared spectrophotometry of Mira variables (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Airborne spectrophotometric observations of R Cas near minimum and maximum light, R Leo near minimum, and NML Tau near maximum are reported which were obtained over the wavelength range from 1.2 to 4 microns with 1.5% resolution. The spectral energy distributions of the three stars at the indicated times are presented, and it is shown that the H2O bands at 1.4, 1.9, and 2.7 microns are clearly evident in all the spectra, while the absorption bands of CO at about 1.6 and 2.3 microns are probably present although they are masked by the strong water vapor features. The results indicate that water vapor is the dominant opacity source in the atmospheres of Mira variables, that R Leo and NML Tau may be fitted well over the entire spectrum by respective single temperatures of 2250 and 1800 K, and that R Cas near both minimum and maximum cannot be adequately described by one temperature over the entire wavelength range investigated. The shapes and depths of the absorption bands are determined together with the apparent angular diameter of each star and the equivalent widths of the H2O + CO absorption bands. It is concluded that water vapor absorption is more strongly correlated with color temperature than with spectral type for R Cas and R Leo.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Jan. 197
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  • 16
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    Mass spectrometric measurements in the lower thermosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several types of spectrometers are discussed along with their methods of operations. The open source magnetic deflection type mass spectrometer and the quadrupole mass spectrometer are described in detail. The calibration and mounting procedures used for satellite-borne mass spectrometers were reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 120-129
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  • 17
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    In situ measurement of reactive neutral constituents in the thermosphere by atomic and molecular resonance fluorescence (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Tethered Satellite System in combination with in situ atomic and molecular resonance fluorescence techniques can treat the problem of simultaneously determining the absolute density of atomic and molecular species known to control the photochemical structure of the upper atmosphere. Two familities of reactants which can be treated by these techniques are the nitrogen oxygen family and the hydrogen oxygen family.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 111-118
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  • 18
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    Reduction and analysis of satellite magnetometer data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The broad-scale magnetic anomalies that appear in regional complications of aeromagnetic data, and in regional and global maps are discussed. Satellite data can be of value in defining such anomalies and invaluable, especially when utilized with airborne data, in their interpretation. The reduction and interpretation of satellite magnetometer data differ significantly from the standard techniques that are routinely applied to conventional measurements. The reduction of the data is discussed and its morphology is detailed. Interpretational techniques that are applicable are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 59-91
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  • 19
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    Chemical releases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A Chemical Release Module to be carried into orbit by the shuttle is described. The module would release chemicals from orbiting satellites in order understand processes within the Earth's magnetosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere. A large number of potential experiments are identified, ranging from introducing traceable material into the solar wind in order to study its transport to and within the magnetosphere, to injecting material into the outer magnetosphere to simulate the precipitation of trapped charged particles, to the release of material at lower altitudes to create waves both mechanical and electromagnetic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 135-150
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  • 20
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    Interaction of a tethered satellite with the atmosphere and the resultant environment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The calibration of apparatus like mass spectrometers under free molecular conditions and the design and execution of relevant calibration experiments in the transition regime in low density wind tunnels is addressed. Potential access to the tethered satellite for beam instrumentation is discussed and would involve aerodynamic design input on the satellite, both as to preferred shape for the experiments and aerodynamic control for up-stream pointing. Aerodynamic design for the purpose of stabilization and pointing is also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 106-110
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  • 21
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    Gravity gradient determination with tethered systems (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A detailed investigation of the Earth's gravity field is needed for application to modern solid earth and oceanic investigations. The use of gravity gradiometers presents a technique to measure the intermediate wavelength components of the gravity field. One configuration of a gradiometer involves a tethered pair of masses orbiting the Earth and stabilized by vertical gravity gradient of the earth. A mesurement of the tension in such a system, called the DUMBBELL system is described. It allows the determination of the vertical gradient of the anomalous component of the Earth's gravtiy field. Preliminary analysis of the dynamics, mechanization, expected signal levels and noise environment indicates that the Dumbbell system is feasible.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 33-58
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  • 22
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    Effect of temperature coupling on ozone depletion prediction (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of chlorine perturbations on both the temperature and the ozone distribution in the stratosphere have been studied using a simplified radiative-photochemical model. The model solves the hydrostatic equation for total density in a self-consistent manner as the temperature is changed. Radiative coupling is found to have a significant effect on both the thermal structure and the ozone distribution, particularly in the 35-50-km region. By increasing the ClX mixing ratio by 5.0 ppbv, the temperature in this region is decreased by 5 to 10 K with a slight increase below 30 km. The local ozone depletion around 40 km due to added ClX is smaller compared with the estimate made by keeping the temperature fixed to the ambient condition. However, the integrated effect of radiative coupling is to increase the calculated column ozone depletion by 15% to 25% in this model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Mar. 197
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  • 23
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    Cygnus A at 99 GHz - Observations of the three principal components and interpretation of the central source (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The three principal emission components of Cygnus A have been observed at 99 GHz, the highest frequency at which radio measurements of this source have been accomplished. The observations show no definite indication of a high-frequency cutoff in the spectrum of the compact central component, which perhaps may be attributed to an optically thin synchrotron source that peaks at a frequency of several hundred GHz.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 220
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  • 24
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    Comments on 'Feasibility study of a hybrid airship operating in ground effect' (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 15; Feb. 197
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  • 25
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    The signature of H/+/ in the equatorial anomaly - An empirical model (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ion composition data from the OGO-6 satellite are used to develop an empirical model of the H(+) signature in the equatorial anomaly. The empirical model is an attempt to represent the generally repeatable details of the satellite data by a parameterized numerical model accounting for such variables as the altitude, local time and longitude of the observations. Although the resulting model is in general agreement with past findings on the variability of the equatorial anomaly phenomenon, there appears to be a complexity of short-term or narrowly localized variations which cannot be adequately understood on the basis of data from a single satellite.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 16; May 1978
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  • 26
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    Stratospheric nitric oxide and ozone measurements using photoionization mass spectrometry and UV absorption (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nitric oxide has been measured in situ between 38.4 and 29.8 km by a new technique, photoionization mass spectrometry. Data indicate a peak mixing ratio of 5.7 plus or minus 0.35 ppbv at 37.5 km and only 0.2 plus or minus 0.2 ppbv at 32.8 km with a sharp gradient in concentration between 33 and 34 km. Simultaneous in-situ measurements of the ozone concentration show no significant feature at that altitude. The rapid decrease in mixing ratio is not predicted by current theory.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Jan. 197
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  • 27
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    The gravitational wave detection experiment: Description and anticipated requirements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The experiment to detect gravitational waves in ultraprecise two-way Doppler data is described, as are the anticipated requirements for the Deep Space Network, the spacecraft, and the data processing system. The special feature which allows the usage of ultraprecise Doppler data for the possible detection of gravitational waves is a unique three-pulse signature which is a function of the spacecraft, earth, and gravitational wave propagation direction geometry. The pulses (fractional frequency shifts) result from effects which are conveniently described as follows: Clock speed-up (earth only effect) and buffeting (equal earth and spacecraft effect).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 100-108
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  • 28
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    Future directions in experimental gamma ray astronomy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Better vehicles and instruments are needed if gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics and cosmology is to advance. A gamma ray observatory will (1) permit long-term observations of selected sources to measure their variability and to achieve high sensitivity; (2) measure periods in days or weeks; and (3) assess the entire sky to observe various predicted sources, to measure the energy spectrum, and to map the isotropy of the cosmic ray background over larger collecting areas (of the order of a square meter). Conventional and unconventional instruments must cover the energy range from 0.1 MeV to 20 MeV with improved sensitivity. Angular resolution must be improved one degree or more to study discrete X-ray sources in the galactic center. Actively collimated detectors, improved double Compton instruments, and gamma ray correlators to actively synthesize the absolute energy spectrum of the sky protons are discussed as well as the need for scientific balloons.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 492-497
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  • 29
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    Gamma ray astronomy and the origin of the light nuclei (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nuclear reactions induced by the collisions of the protons and alphas of the galactic cosmic ray with heavy nuclei of the interstellar gas are responsible for the continuous production of the light elements lithium, beryllium, and boron in the galaxy. To better than one order of magnitude, the observed ratios of these abundances to hydrogen abundance and the nuclidic abundance ratios between themselves are accounted for by simply considering the effect of fast protons and alphas with a flux and an energy spectrum as observed in galactic cosmic rays, for a period comparable with the life of our galaxy. The role of gamma ray astronomy in solving problems that occur when accurate agreement is sought with increasingly accurate data is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 283-301
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  • 30
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    On the origin of ringing irregularities - A meteor hypothesis (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Isolated ionospheric irregularities produce oscillating diffraction patterns on the ground. In the present study typical physical properties such as density, size, etc. of these irregularities are estimated on the basis of diffraction pattern characteristics. These properties agree well with those of meteor trail ionization and it has been found that most of these oscillating irregularities occur on meteor shower days. It is therefore suggested that the oscillating irregularities are caused by meteor showers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 31
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    Charge exchange lifetimes for ring current ions (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In view of the importance of charge exchange decay as a loss mechanism for magnetospheric ions, the paper summarizes the latest and best measurements of the physical quantities involved in the calculation of the charge exchange lifetime of the mirroring ions. The normalized atomic hydrogen distribution is presented as a function of radial distance on the basis of the Chamberlain model for a range of exobase temperatures and for various combinations of satellite particles. Cross section measurements for various ions in the energy range 1 keV to 200 keV are summarized in the form of normalized charge exchange lifetimes. The equatorial lifetimes can be determined for any of these ions at a specific energy and L-value.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 22; Aug. 197
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  • 32
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    Faraday rotation measurements at Ootacamund (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of Faraday rotation measurements made at Ootacamund during ATS-6 phase II are presented. For summer and equinoctial months, even though no clear noon bite-out is observed in the variation of Faraday a decrease is observed in the rate of increase of rotation around 0900-1000 hours LT. This is attributed to the 'fountain effect' which is responsible for the noontime bite-out in F2-region peak electron density.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics; 7; June 197
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    A numerical model for low-latitude ionospheric TEC (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical model of total electron content (TEC) at low latitudes has been constructed from the Faraday rotation data recorded at a number of locations in India during the period Oct. 1975-July 1976 when the geostationary satellite ATS-6 was located at 35 deg E. In all, 36 coefficients for each season are required to represent the model. The model can be used for satellite tracking systems in estimating quickly the range, range rate and angular refraction errors. The present model is an improvement over the previously constructed model based on orbiting satellite data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics; 7; June 197
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    Spectral reflectivities of the Galilean satellites and Titan, 0.32 to 0.86 micrometers (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus; 36; Dec. 197
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  • 35
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    Near-infrared energy distributions of M31 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectrophotometric data obtained by comparing Spinrad-Taylor (1969) standards with Alpha Lyr are presented, along with a calibration of these data for wavelengths longward of 6000 A. M31 sky measurements made 1 deg south of the nucleus at five wavelengths between 6040 and 10,360 A, inclusive, are compared with near-IR spectrophotometry performed by Spinrad and Taylor (1971), Oke and Schwarzschild (1975), and O'Connell (1976). Agreement and discrepancies among the different data sets are discussed. Some possible explanations of the differences are discounted, and tests are performed which reveal no effects of error in mean extinction and brightness-dependent wavelength response.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Nov. 197
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  • 36
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    The viscoelastic stiffness model of seismicity (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A viscoelastic stiffness model of seismicity is developed by introducing a viscoelastic element into the stiffness model for fault dynamics. The introduction of this element permits modeling of transient anelastic deformations in response to stress loading and relaxation and provides a mechanism for partial stress recovery following an earthquake. As a consequence, several phenomena not present in elastic stiffness theory emerge. These include postseismic creep, foreshocks, and aftershocks. Numerical simulations of fault motion also reveal episodes of stable sliding, tertiary creep preceeding earthquakes, and long-term aseismic creep.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 10
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  • 37
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    X-ray emission from UX Arietis - RS Canum Venaticorum systems as a class of coronal X-ray sources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 38
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    The high-latitude winter F region at 300 km - Thermal plasma observations from AE-C (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for a comprehensive survey of thermal ion composition and electron temperature (Te) variations in the southern high-latitude winter F region near 300-km altitude. The data are obtained from the Atmosphere Explorer (AE-C) satellite during a magnetically quiet period centered on the June 1976 solstice. Prominent ionospheric features, including the nightside main trough, a high-latitude ionization hole, and the dayside auroral zone-cusp region, are characterized in terms of composition and Te variations. The structures under study are qualitatively interpreted in terms of known processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Oct. 1
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  • 39
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    Fe/+/ ions in the high latitude F-region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ion mass-spectrometer measurements on Atmosphere Explorer C orbits from December 1974 to December 1976 were surveyed poleward of + or - 30 deg for instances in which the Fe(+) number density exceeded the spectrometer threshold sensitivity of 30/cu cm. The occurrences of Fe(+) within the altitude range covered by the orbit, 220 to 320 km, revealed a distinct pattern apparently associated with regions of upward plasma transport. At night a band of such events occurred between 50 and 60 deg invariant latitude, which typically corresponded to the location of the main ionospheric trough. In this region large upward ion drifts due to the drag of an equatorward-blowing neutral wind are expected. The Fe(+) band extends past 0600 MLT to about 1100 MLT during the summer, but is not observed in the afternoon. The dayside distributions possibly result from the upward drifts of F-region ions detected by backscatter techniques after dawn during summer. At higher latitudes patches of Fe(+) were detected in regions where strong plasma drifts often prevail and hence where poleward E x B drift motions and atmospheric expansion through Joule heating can lift the ions upwards.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Sept
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  • 40
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    The noon and midnight mid-latitude trough as seen by Ariel 4 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The electron density data returned by the polar orbiting satellites Ariel 3 and Ariel 4 revealed that the midlatitude trough is one of the distinct large-scale features of the ionosphere at about 550 km. Recent work (e.g., Tulunay and Grebowsky, 1975) on the data included the investigation of the temporal development of the latitudinal position of the midlatitude electron density trough at dawn and dusk during the large magnetic storms of May 1967 and May 1972. Model calculations which assumed that the equatorial convection E-field varies in step with the Kp index reproduced on the average the observed behavior. In the present paper, trough observations made at noon and midnight during the period, 12-21 December 1971 which encompassed a relatively large magnetic storm are discussed. In this context, model calculations have been employed as a guide of average approximations of the actual situation in predicting the plasmapause location. It is also shown that the trough observed on the noon passes is not generally plasmapause-related as the nightside troughs are expected to be.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 41
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    CTOL concepts and technology development (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Various developments in the Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) program are discussed. Terminal-area operations are considered with emphasis on the Terminal Configured Vehicle program. Consideration is also given to aircraft systems studies and economics (including noise reduction programs), coal-derived fuels for aviation systems (including LH2-fueled aircraft), and transport-aircraft concepts (including laminar flow control).
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 16; July-Aug
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  • 42
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    Preliminary results of linear polarization measurements at 99 GHz (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of the first linear polarization measurements of extrasolar radio sources at a frequency above 35 GHz are presented. For the quasars 3C 273 and 3C 345, the observed position angles are in accord with the predictions of Inoue, and the measurements are consistent with the suggestion that the compact components responsible for the high-frequency emission are affected by high degrees of internal Faraday depolarization. For the radio galaxy 3C 274 (Virgo A) the observed position angle and degree of polarization are consistent with the model of Hobbs and Waak.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 43
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    The accuracy of geopotential models (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The accuracy of two recent geopotential models, GEM 7 and GEM 8, is evaluated and is found to be about 4.3 m with respect to the global geoid surface for GEM 7 and 3.9 m for GEM 8. The accuracies are root mean square values obtained by the use of 400 coefficients for GEM 7 and 706 coefficients for GEM 8. Independent observations used in the evaluation include 159 lumped coefficients from 35 resonant orbits, two sets of fields derived from optical-only and laser-only data, sets of zonal and resonant coefficients, and geoid undulations. The ratio of estimated commission to formal error in GEM 7 and GEM 8 ranges from 2 to 5. Several other recent geopotential models are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 26; Dec. 197
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  • 44
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    Determination of the geocentric gravitational constant from laser ranging on near-earth satellites (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laser range observations taken on the near-earth satellites of Lageos (a = 1.92 e.r.), Starlette (a = 1.15 e.r.), BE-C (a = 1.18 e.r.), and Geos-3 (a = 1.13 e.r.) have been combined to determine an improved value of the geocentric gravitational constant (GM). The value of GM is 398600.61 cu km/sec per sec, based upon a speed of light, c, of 299792.5 km/sec. Using the IAG-adopted value of c equalling 299792.458 km/sec scales GM to 398600.44 cu km/sec per sec. The uncertainty in this value is assessed to be plus or minus 0.02 cu km/sec per sec. Determinations of GM from the data taken on these four satellites individually show variations of only .04 cu km/sec per sec from the combined result. The Lageos information dominated the combined solution, and gave the most consistent results in its data subset solutions. The value obtained for GM from near-earth laser ranging compares quite favorably with the most recent results of the lunar laser and interplanetary experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Dec. 197
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  • 45
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    X-ray observations of BL Lacertae objects (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for OSO 8 and HEAO 1 X-ray observations of the BL Lac objects Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and PKS 0548-322 over the energy range from 2 to 60 keV. It is found that the X-ray spectra of Mrk 421 and 501 are similar, exhibit statistically significant soft X-ray excesses, lack low-energy absorption, and are best fitted by power laws over the 2-30-keV range with respective photon indices of approximately 0.91 and 1.2 and respective hydrogen column densities of less than 8 x 10 to the 21st per sq cm and no more than 1.8 x 10 to the 22nd per sq cm. It is noted that the spectral index for both sources is identical, within errors, to the HF radio spectral index and that Mrk 421 experienced a factor of 6 decrease in the 2-10-keV band over a six-month period. A tentative identification of PKS 0548-322 with the source H0548-32 is suggested.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 46
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    Performance characteristics of the electrochemical concentration cell ozonesonde (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A large number of electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes were calibrated in relation to a UV photometric absorption ozone instrument prior to using the ozonesondes in atmospheric soundings. The two methods of measuring ozone were in reasonable agreement on the average, but there was considerable variation from one ozonesonde to another. Averaging the individual linear regressions gives an ECC ozone concentration equal to 0 + or - 8 nbar plus (0.96 + or - 0.10) times the concentration determined with the UV instrument, where uncertainties represent 90% confidence limits. Applying individual calibration corrections to atmospheric sounding data reduced the mean difference between Dobson spectrophotometric measurements of total ozone overburdens and corresponding values obtained from ozonesonde data from -8.5 + or - 8.2 to -1.4 + or - 7.3% for a series of measurements carried out in 1977. Corresponding uncorrected and corrected differences averaged 3.2 + or - 9.7 and 1.9 + or - 10.6%, respectively, for soundings carried out in 1976.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 20
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  • 47
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    High correlations between variations in monthly averages of solar activity and total atmospheric ozone (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Estimates of the ozone total columnar content, derived from Nimbus IV IRIS data, have been analyzed to estimate monthly averages of the total global atmospheric ozone. Over a 9-month interval, the variation in this monthly average is approximately an order of magnitude greater than its associated uncertainty, and has characteristics in common with variations in the 10.7 cm solar flux, the Zurich sunspot number, and the total solar Lyman alpha flux. The highest correlation, 0.94, exists between the variation in the total Lyman alpha flux and the variation in the estimated total atmospheric ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Nov. 197
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  • 48
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    Some properties of upper atmosphere dynamics (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A unifying description is provided of some important dynamic properties of the upper atmosphere in composition and temperature characteristic of a variety of phenomena, including diurnal and seasonal tides, magnetic storms, and momentum coupling with the magnetosphere. A theoretical multiconstituent model is used which can link the large-scale variations of composition and temperature to the dynamics and energetics of the thermosphere. Global mean properties of the thermosphere are reviewed, and an attempt is made to convey some understanding of the dynamic properties of energy and diffusive mass transport in the thermosphere. Attention is given to sources of energy for the thermosphere, the transport processes involved in the solar diurnal tide of the thermosphere, energy and particle sources for the annual tide, feedback from composition changes to wind-field and temperature variations, energy deposition in the thermosphere during magnetic storms and substorms, and momentum source signatures in the thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 16; Nov. 197
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  • 49
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    Instrumentation for infrared astronomy (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the last 10 years, infrared astronomy, based on observations in the wavelength range from 2 to 1000 micrometers, has become a major field of observational astrophysics. This development is mainly related to two major technical advances. Extremely sensitive detectors have been developed and become available for astronomical applications. Motivated by the first development, major groups have expended much effort in building and operating telescopes above most or all of the earth's atmosphere in order to circumvent its opacity and emission throughout the range. Attention is given to advances in the area of infrared detectors, platforms for infrared astronomy, focal plane instruments, high spatial resolution instrumentation, and infrared polarization measurements.
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  • 50
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    Effect of the reaction HO2 + O3 yields OH + 2O2 on stratospheric ozone (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is noted that recent measurements of large values of the rate coefficient for the reaction NO + HO2 yields NO2 + OH lead to model predictions of excessive amounts of stratospheric ozone. This letter shows that a recent measurement of the rate coefficient (k2) for the reaction HO2 + O3 yields OH + 2O2 largely resolves these problems of excessive stratospheric ozone in models. A two-dimensional model of stratospheric trace constituents is used to calculate the concentrations of 35 constituents; the results are compared with experimental measurements of ozone column densities. It is found that the model predictions of excess ozone abundances diminish significantly when the measured value of k2 is employed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 275; Oct. 12
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  • 51
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    Imp 6 measurements in the distant polar cusp during substorms (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High time-resolution data from the magnetic field, plasma, energetic particle, and VLF wave experiments performed aboard Imp 6 in a study of the distant dayside cusp during substorms are described. The cusp was studied when its location was slightly equatorward of its normal location and the geomagnetic dipole was tilted in the appropriate direction. The data support both reconnection and diffusion as methods of particle entry to the magnetosphere. The evidence (1) indicates an acceleration process to explain enhancements of 400 to 600-km/sec protons above their magnetosheath intensities, and (2) suggests convection of field lines over the polar cap as a means of explaining the lack of low-energy protons near the low-latitude boundary of the cusp. Magnetic field fluctuations, a perturbation vector, ion cyclotron waves, and an abrupt change in the intensity of both whistler waves and electrostatic waves are characterized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Sept. 1
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  • 52
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    Topside sounder observations of equatorial bubbles (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Large scale regions of depleted equatorial ionospheric plasma, called equatorial bubbles, are investigated using topside sounder data. The sounder's unique remote measuring capability enables the magnetic field-aligned nature of the bubbles to be investigated. A search of all available Alouette 2 and ISIS 1 ionograms during nighttime perigee passes near the magnetic equator has revealed a variety of echo signatures associated with bubbles. In addition to a sudden drop in electron density, these signatures usually include in situ spread F and ducted traces. The ducted traces have been used to determine the electron density distribution and to infer changes in ion composition along the magnetic field line within the duct associated with the bubble. In some cases it can be determined that the bubble is asymmetric with respect to the magnetic equator. Even though such features require 3 dimensional models for their explanation, the great field-aligned extent of the bubbles (relative to their cross section) suggests that current theories, which ignore variations along the magnetic field, are still applicable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Sept
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    A 4.8 hour periodicity in the spectra of Cygnus X-3 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The X-ray binary Cyg X-3 has been observed on three occasions during 1975 and 1976 by the GSFC Cosmic X-Ray Spectroscopy Experiment on OSO 8. The X-ray spectra from all three observations can be represented by power-law continua with strong iron line emission. Comparisons of spectra taken within the same observation at various phases of the 4.8 hour period reveal a relative excess of low-energy X-ray emission near zero phase (i.e., the minimum) of the 4.8 hour modulation. In addition, the centroid of the line emission is observed to vary in phase with the 4.8 hour cycle. The possibility of persistent thermal X-ray emission from material surrounding the binary system is introduced in an effort to account for the observed effects.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 54
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    Some characteristics of electric field momentum coupling with the neutral atmosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A three-dimensional model has been developed to describe momentum coupling between high-latitude electric fields, neutral winds, temperature, and composition. The Hall drag is found to be the main source for atmospheric winds and the small divergence component of winds is due to the Pedersen drag and the Hall drag. Adiabatic heat transfer is responsible for the back pressure which damps the divergence field and for the reversal in circulation of the divergence field at higher altitudes. Back pressure causes a decrease in total wind velocity of about 10% at exospheric heights and by a factor of about 2 at 120 km. The wind field with the pressure feedback may be simulated by neglecting pressure variations and the Coriolis force. Density variations of Ar, N2, O, and He, induced by the momentum source, are in phase above 120 km and out of phase with the temperature amplitude above 150 km. The electrostatic field momentum source is ineffective for directly inducing density and temperature variations in the upper thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; July 1
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    Direct evidence of transport processes in the thermospheric diurnal tide (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of neutral composition and temperature obtained between December 6, 1975, and September 17, 1976, with instruments aboard the near-equatorial AE-E satellite are analyzed to determine the diurnal variations at altitudes from 145 to 295 km. The general trends, including the shift in oxygen phase from afternoon at high altitudes to morning at low altitudes, are reproduced by circulation theories. The oxygen and helium variations show small departures from diffusive equilibrium below 200 km that are consistent with wind-induced diffusion and provide the first direct evidence of transport processes in the diurnal tide of the thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; July 1
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    Observations of low-luminosity X-ray sources in Vela-Puppis (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for a study of the X-ray emission from a small portion of the galactic plane near galactic longitude 260 deg. This region contains at least six low-luminosity X-ray sources within about 10 deg of PSR 0833-45, which is near the center of the Gum nebula. The X-ray source 4U 0833-45, associated with the Vela pulsar, is observed at twice its 4U catalog intensity. The lack of X-ray pulsations at the pulsar period (greater than 99% nonpulsed), the nonthermal power-law spectrum, and models of the X-ray source distribution in this region suggest that a large fraction of the X-rays come from an extended source about 1 deg of arc in radius. The observation of a high-temperature (effective temperature at least 100 million K) spectrum in a field of view containing only Puppis A among known sources has led to the discovery of new OSO 8 source, OS 0752-39. Other spectra from this region are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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    Comparison of satellite self-contamination experiments and scattering return flux calculations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Gaseous emissions from a spacecraft modify the orbital environment and degrade the observations of distant radiation sources. These emissions also provide contamination fluxes induced by self-scattering and scattering with ambient particles. Experiments were carried out on the orbiting Atmosphere Explorer D satellite (AE-D) to verify the calculated return fluxes of a neon source. Known rates of neon were emitted in the direction of the velocity vector on command from the MRMU (molecular return measurement unit). At 250 km the neutral mass spectrometer indicated a total neon return flux of 0.0246 times the emitted flux. The calculated fraction was 0.0123, including 0.00914 for the ambient scatter and 0.00354 for the altitude-independent self-scatter. The pressure gages indicated pressures less than 7 microtorr at altitudes from 161 to 210 km. The maximum pressure for the 161-km orbit was calculated as 0.74 microtorr.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Jan. 1
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  • 58
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    Observation of X-ray eclipses from LMC X-4 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations made with the Rotation Modulation Collimator system (RMC) have revealed that X-ray source X-4 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC X-4) is most likely part of a binary system. An analysis of the star's coordinates is presented, with attention given to orbital period and flux intensity variations. Stellar mass and orbital inclination angle are estimated for both X-4 and its companion star.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Nature; 271; Jan. 5
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    Rice University observations of the galactic center (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The most sensitive of the four balloon fight observations of the galactic center made by Rice University was conducted in 1974 from Rio Cuarto, Argentina at a float altitude of 4 mbar. The count rate spectrum of the observed background and the energy spectrum of the galactic center region are discussed. The detector used consists of a 6 inch Nal(T 1ambda) central detector collimated to approximately 15 deg FWHM by a Nal(T lamdba) anticoincidence shield. The shield in at least two interaction mean free paths thick at all gamma ray energies. The instrumental resolution is approximately 11% FWHM at 662 keV. Pulses from the central detector are analyzed by two 256 channel PHA's covering the energy range approximately 20 keV to approximately 12 MeV. The detector is equatorially mounted and pointed by command from the ground. Observations are made by measuring source and background alternately for 10 minute periods. Background is measured by rotating the detector 180 deg about the azimuthal axis.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 223-227
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  • 60
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    Far-infrared observations of sources associated with double-lobed reflection nebulae (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Far-infrared observations of GL 915, 618, 2688 and OH 0739-14 are presented. The data provide information on the total flux arising in each of these sources, and on the wavelength-dependence of the emissivity of the associated dust. Two sources, GL 618 and GL 2688, have far-infrared continua similar to those recently observed in planetary nebulae.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 65; 1, Ap; Apr. 197
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    The importance of electron heat conduction in the energy balance of the F-region (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Taking into account heat conduction in the analysis of electron temperature data acquired by the AE-C satellite during the daytime at middle latitudes is shown to bring theoretical electron temperature profiles in good agreement with experimental ones. Middle latitude passes were chosen because in this region the horizontal electron temperature gradient is negligible and the height variation can be approximated by the satellite data. Inclusion of heat conduction is shown to have little effect on low-latitude data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Apr. 197
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    Solar UV variability and its effect on stratospheric thermal structure and trace constituents (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observational evidence suggests the presence of solar UV variability in the spectral range 0.175-0.310 micron during the 11-year solar cycle. The present paper reports the results of a study using a steady-state 1-D radiative-convective-photochemical model conducted to determine the response of stratospheric temperatures and O3, O(1D), O(3P), and N2O constituent distributions to UV variability. Results show that concentrations of constituents and the thermal structure may be altered significantly for the altitude interval between 20 and 55 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Apr. 197
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  • 63
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    An empirical model of the interrelationship of electron temperature and density in the daytime thermosphere at solar minimum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The AE-C satellite measurements of electron temperature and ion concentration are used to construct a model of the relationship between these parameters and its variation with altitude in the daytime, nonauroral ionosphere. The major features of the model are that electron temperature is independent of ion concentration at altitudes below 200 km and that electron temperature varies inversely with ion concentration above perhaps 250 km. This behavior is qualitatively consistent with current theoretical models of ionospheric heating and cooling.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Apr. 197
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  • 64
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    Aspheric grating for extreme ultraviolet astronomy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A family of plane curves is developed which can diffract incident parallel rays to a point focus. These curves, termed diffractoidal curves, are rotated around an axis to produce surfaces of revolution correspondingly termed diffractoids, whose imaging properties for sources at infinity are studied by ray tracing in a few examples. The paraboloid emerges as a limiting case of the diffractoid. A comparison is made between the stigmatic focusing properties of the diffractoid and the toroidal grating.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Apr. 15
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  • 65
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    The effect of increased carbon dioxide concentrations on stratospheric ozone (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to the influence on ozone of an increased carbon dioxide concentration, for which a measurable growth has been observed in the recent past. Increased carbon dioxide can indirectly affect ozone by perturbing atmospheric temperatures, which will alter ozone production, whose rate displays a fairly strong temperature dependence. This paper presents one-dimensional model results for the steady state ozone behavior when the CO2 concentration is twice its ambient level; the results account for coupling between chemistry and temperature. When the CO2 level doubled, the total ozone burden increased in relation to the ambient burden by 1.2-2.5%, depending on the vertical diffusion coefficient used. Above 30 km, ozone concentrations were larger than the ambient values, a maximum increase of 16% being reached at 43 km. In this region the relative variations were insensitive to the choice of diffusion coefficient. Below 30 km, ozone concentrations were smaller than the unperturbed values and were sensitive to the vertical diffusion profile in this region (10-30 km).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Mar. 20
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  • 66
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    Compatibility of seasonal variations in mid-latitude thermospheric models at solar maximum and low geomagnetic activity (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Satellite drag data, in situ mass spectrometer data, Fabry Perot interferometer data, and incoherent scatter data were used to produce models of the concentration of atomic oxygen and molecular nitrogen in the thermosphere and of the exospheric temperature. Incoherent scatter data from two stations near 45 deg N were used. The three techniques provide similar patterns for the annual variations of the atomic oxygen concentration at 400 km, and the mean annual temperatures are within 20 K of each other for five of the six models involved. Four of the models are in good agreement concerning the annual temperature variation. There is fair agreement between incoherent scatter models and mass spectrometer models for the N2 concentrations at 400 km but disagreement between these models and the satellite drag model. It is shown that most disagreements can be resolved by changing both the vertical temperature profile and the lower-thermosphere oxygen concentration in the direction indicated by previous incoherent scatter measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Mar. 1
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  • 67
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    Adiabatic particle motion in a nearly drift-free magnetic field - Application to the geomagnetic tail (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An investigation is made of the adiabatic particle motion occurring in an almost drift-free magnetic field. The dependence of the mean drift velocity on the equatorial pitch angle and the variation of the local drift velocity along the trajectories is studied. The fields considered are two-dimensional and resemble the geomagnetic tail. Derivations are presented for instantaneous and average drift velocities, bounce times, longitudinal invariants, and approximations to the adiabatic Hamiltonian. As expected, the mean drift velocity is significantly smaller than the instantaneous drift velocities found at typical points on the trajectory. The slow drift indicates that particles advance in the dawn-dusk direction rather slowly in the plasma sheet of the magnetospheric tail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Mar. 1
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  • 68
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    Investigation of interior noise in a twin-engine light aircraft (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper describes experimental studies of interior noise in a twin-engine, propeller-driven, light aircraft. An analytical model for this type of aircraft is also discussed. Results indicate that interior noise levels in this aircraft due to propeller noise can be reduced by reducing engine rpm at constant airspeed (about 3 dB), and by synchrophasing the twin engines/propellers (perhaps up to 12 dB). Ground tests show that the exterior noise pressure imposed on the fuselage consists of a complex combination of narrow-band harmonics due to propeller and engine exhaust sources. This noise is reduced by about 20-40 dB (depending on the frequency) by transmission through the sidewall to the cabin interior. The analytical model described uses modal methods and incorporates the flat-side geometrical and skin-stringer structural features of this light aircraft.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 15; Apr. 197
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  • 69
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    The X-ray emitting galaxy Centaurus A (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: OSO-8 X-ray observations of Cen A in 1975 and 1976 are reported. The source spectrum can be well fitted in both years by a power law of number index 1.66 and absorption due to 1.3 by 10 to the 23rd power atoms/sq cm. The total flux varied by a factor of 2 between 1975 and 1976. In 1976 there were flux variations of approximately 40% on a time scale of days. Measurements of the 6.4-keV Fe fluorescent line and the 7.1-keV absorption edge imply Fe/H of approximately 0.000016. Simultaneous radio measurements show variation in phase with X-ray variability. Consideration of radio, millimeter, infrared, and X-ray data shows that all the data can be accounted for by a model in which the X-rays are due to a synchrotron self-Compton source embedded in a cold H2 cloud.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 220
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  • 70
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    A high-altitude rocket measurement of nitric oxide (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nitric oxide density was measured from 110 to 300 km by a rocket photometer during the day. The small measured peak density, about 6.2 x 10 to the 6th/cu cm at 111 km, can probably be attributed to the period of very low solar magnetic activity preceding the rocket flight. This experiment was coordinated with a similar measurement made by the Ultraviolet Nitric Oxide Experiment aboard the Atmosphere Explorer C satellite; the measurements are in good agreement. The altitude resolution (less than 1 km) and sensitivity (1600 counts/R/s) greatly exceed those of previous measurements. Comparison to a model shows agreement above 200 km but less nitric oxide and more structure below that.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Feb. 1
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  • 71
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    On the accelerations of the moon and sun, the constant of gravitation, and the origin of mountains (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: On the assumption of a constant value for the gravitational constant G, the lunar and solar tidal couples and the rate of change of angular velocity of the earth are recalculated on the basis of the improved values for the apparent accelerations of the moon and sun arrived at by Muller and Stephenson (1977). These new values are then used to derive general dynamical equations with a changing moment of inertia and changing G connecting the apparent accelerations to the lunar and solar couples. The effect of a changing G is considered, and a value of (dG/dt)/G = -3 times 10 to the -11th power per yr can be reconciled only weakly with the improved accelerations, especially for the case of linear friction. For quadratic friction the situation is more favorable. The new accelerations, however, are best reconciled with a nonchanging G, and certainly cannot be reconciled with a value of (dG/dt)/G = -6 times 10 to the -11th power per yr.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Moon and the Planets; 18; Apr. 197
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  • 72
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    C3 and infrared spectrophotometry of Y Canum Venaticorum (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The 1.2- to 5.6-micron spectrum of the carbon star Y CVn is presented and discussed. The observations were made from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory at an altitude of 12.5 km, thereby avoiding most of the absorption due to terrestrial water vapor. Comparison of Y CVn near 5 microns with laboratory spectra provides possible evidence for the presence of the linear triatomic molecule C3. For the first time in a carbon star the clearly formed band heads of the CN red system between 1.2 and 2.3 microns are observed. Corroborative evidence for the presence of the molecules HCN and C2H2 is presented, and the relative contributions of C3, HCN, and C2H2 to the 3.1-micron absorption band are discussed. Spectra of two other carbon stars, TX Psc and S Cep, are presented for comparison.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 222
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  • 73
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    High-flying Mini-Sniffer RPV - Mars bound (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Mini-Sniffer is a small unmanned survey aircraft developed by NASA to conduct turbulence and atmospheric pollution measurements from ground level to an altitude of 90,000 ft. Carrying a 25-lb air sampling apparatus, the Mini-Sniffer typically cruises for one hour at 70,000 ft before being remotely piloted back to earth. A hydrazine monopropellant engine powers the craft, while a PCM telemetering system and a radar transponder provide control functions. Development of a high-performance low-Reynolds-number airfoil could make the research craft suitable for a low-altitude terrain-following mission on Mars.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 16; June 197
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  • 74
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    Orbital changes of the gaseous ring around Be stars. II - Apsidal motion and slow drift of the orbital elements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is shown that the observed data about the apsidal motion of gaseous rings around some Be stars, like Beta(1) Mon and Pi Aqr, cannot be explained solely by the influence of the equatorial bulge. This fact has prompted the development of a theory of apsidal motion and slow drift of orbital elements that is based on the mixing of slowly escaping gases from the central star with gases in the emission ring around it. Thus, the basic physical idea in this paper follows closely what has been advanced in the first paper of this series but the mathematical treatment has been broadened in order to deal with the actual orbits, instead of osculating orbits, of particles in the ring. In accordance with this theory, it is believed that in cases where no mixing of gases takes place, the apsidal motion is controlled solely by the equatorial bulge. But in cases where mixing takes place, the apsidal motion depends upon the manner of gas mixing as well.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 75
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    Temperate zone sporadic-E maps /f/0/E/s/ greater than 7 MHz/ (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three maps are presented of f(0) sporadic-E greater than 7 MHz for temperate zones. During map preparation it was assumed that: (1) the geographical area would be between plus and minus 60 deg geomagnetic latitude, excluding the equatorial zone, (2) the maps would be for f(0) sporadic-E greater than 7 MHz, (3) sunspot cycle variation would be ignored, (4) one map would represent the peak sporadic-E period with a discontinuity at the geographic equator, (5) one map would represent non-peak periods with a discontinuity at the geographic equator, (6) one map would represent all twelve months with no equatorial discontinuity, and (7) previously determined coefficients for median and upper decile f(0) sporadic-E would be extrapolated to 7 MHz.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 13; May-June
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  • 76
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    Scale covariant cosmology and the temperature of the earth (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Geological data are used as cosmological determinants in a study of the temperature of the early earth (2.3 to 4.5 billion years ago). It is known that the energy output of the sun during that period was on the order of 30-40% lower than at present, and deduced that the mean temperature of the earth should have fallen to as low as 245 K, i.e., below the freezing point of seawater. Strong evidence exists, however, to indicate that algae (therefore liquid water) was present. To reconcile the discrepancies, a model is proposed whereby terrestrial G and M vary. It is further noted that atmosphere H2 may be a better agent than NH3 for producing a greenhouse effect.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 65; 3, Ma; May 1978
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  • 77
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    Stratospheric ozone measurement with an infrared heterodyne spectrometer (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of a stratospheric ozone concentration profile are made by detecting infrared absorption lines with a heterodyne spectrometer. The infrared spectrometer is based on a line-by-line tunable CO2 lasers, a liquid-nitrogen cooled HgCdTe photomixer, and a 64-channel spectral line receiver. The infrared radiation from the source is mixed with local-oscillator radiation. The difference frequency signal in a bandwidth above and below the local-oscillator frequency is detected. The intensity in each sideband is found by subtracting sideband contributions. It is found that absolute total column density is 0.32 plus or minus 0.02 cm-atm with a peak mixing ratio at about 24 km. The (7,1,6)-(7,1,7) O3 line center frequency is identified as 1043.1772/cm. Future work will involve a number of ozone absorption lines and measurements of diurnal variation. Completely resolved stratospheric lines may be inverted to yield concentration profiles of trace constituents and stratospheric gases.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Apr. 197
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  • 78
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    Analytical inversions in remote sensing of particle size distributions. I - Multispectral extinctions in the anomalous diffraction approximation. II Angular and spectral scattering in diffraction approximations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to analytical inversions in the remote sensing of particle size distributions, noting multispectral extinctions in anomalous diffraction approximation and angular and spectral scattering in diffraction approximation. A closed-form analytical inverse solution is derived in order to reconstruct the size distribution of atmospheric aerosols. The anomalous diffraction approximation to Mie's solution is used to describe the particles. Experimental data yield the geometrical area of aerosol polydispersion. Size distribution is thus found from a set of multispectral extinction measurements. In terms of the angular and spectral scattering of light in a narrow forward cone, it is shown that an analytical inverse solution may also be found for the Fraunhofer approximation to the Kirchhoff diffraction, and for an improved expression of this approximation due to Penndorf (1962) and Shifrin-Punina (1968).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; June 1
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  • 79
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    Lunar tidal acceleration obtained from satellite-derived ocean tide parameters (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observation equations for the M2 ocean tide are computed from Geos 3 data for the long periodic variations of the inclination and node of the orbit. M2 ocean tide parameter values C22+ = 3.23 + or - 0.25 cm, epsilon 22+ = 331 + or - 6 deg, and epsilon 42+ = 113 + or - 6 deg are determined. With the assumption of zero solid tide phase lag, the lunar tidal acceleration is mostly (85%) due to the C22+ term in the expansion of the M2 tide with additional small contributions from the O1 and N2 tides. The calculated value for the tidal acceleration in lunar longitude is -27.4 + or - 3 arc sec/sq (100 yr) which is similar to values determined from astronomical data. The mean elements of Geos 3 are presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; May 10
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  • 80
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    Equatorial irregularity belt and its movement during a magnetic storm (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evidence for an equatorial irregularity belt and its movement during a magnetic storm has been obtained from Faraday rotation measurements at a chain of 140-MHz radio beacons receiving from the ATS-6 satellite. The stations covered a latitude region from the magnetic equator to the 45 deg N dip on the Indian subcontinent. An irregularity belt extending from the magnetic equator to about 27 deg N latitude was observed during the main phase of the magnetic storm of 10 January, 1976.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 23
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  • 81
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    Sharpening stellar images (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A prototype telescope system with six movable elements has been used with sharpness detection procedures to observe objects as dim as fifth magnitude. The real-time image sharpening technique does not rely on the use of a reference star. By correcting for atmospherically induced phase perturbations, the sharpening system has permitted restoration of stellar images to the diffraction limit (in one dimension) for a 30-cm telescope. Application of the system to the separation of double stars is reported.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Science; 200; May 5
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  • 82
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    A note on the diurnal averaging of aeronomical models (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An approximate technique for diurnally time-averaging atmospheric photochemical-dynamical models which eliminates the need for a detailed numerical resolution of sunrise and sunset transitions is developed. The scheme is equivalent to scaling certain chemical rate constants and photodissociation coefficients by appropriate aeronomical factors. To calculate the scaling factors, diurnal variations are parameterized with a step-function behavior, assuming that each species has a constant day-time and night-time concentration whose ratio can be determined by analyzing the chemical interactions occurring after sunset. The solution accounts for the effects of night-time reactions on the 24 h average values of species abundances, and on the average daily rates of the catalytic processes consuming ozone in the stratosphere. The accuracy of the technique is demonstrated by comparing its predictions to those of a full diurnal simulation; typically, the precision is better than 10%. By contrast, it is shown that the use of some other well-known computational schemes can result in significantly larger predictive errors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 40; Jan. 197
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  • 83
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    Nonthermal galactic emission below 10 megahertz (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 (RAE 2) lunar-orbiting satellite has provided measurements of the nonthermal galactic radio emission at frequencies below 10 MHz. Measurements of the emission spectra are presented for the center, anticenter, north polar, and south polar directions at 22 frequencies between 0.25 and 9.18 MHz. Survey maps of the spatial distribution of the observed low-frequency Galactic emission at 1.31, 2.20, 3.93, 4.70, 6.55, and 9.18 MHz are presented. The observations were obtained with the 229-m traveling-wave V antenna on this lunar-orbiting spacecraft. The improved frequency coverage offers additional insights into the structure of the local Galactic neighborhood.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 84
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    Comment on 'Search for the magnetic neutral line in the near-earth plasma sheet. II - Systematic study of Imp 6 magnetic field observations' by A. T. Y. Liu, C.-I. Meng, and S.-I. Akasofu (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; June 1
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  • 85
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    Quiet-time plasma irregularities at 1400 km in the cleft region (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The quiet north polar cleft at 1400 km was studied by Isis-2 instruments, and data from the retarding potential analyzer and the cylindrical electrostatic probe show that thermal plasma density fluctuations are distributed in a region between 75 deg and 82 deg invariant latitude and approximately dawn to dusk. Cleft shape and shape variations are described. Thermal ions and thermal electrons usually fluctuated together, but suprathermal electrons fluctuated independently. Data on thermal plasma patterns correlates fairly well with observations of soft particles and auroral optical emissions and not as well with measurements of high-energy particles. The data suggest that the energy source for the thermal irregularities is associated with soft particles and that precipitating high-energy particles do not drive the thermal plasma at these altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; June 1
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  • 86
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    Are supernovae radio sources - A search for radio emission from young supernova remnants (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A search has been conducted for radio emission at 11 and 3.7 cm from 46 recent supernovae having accurately determined positions and ages of a few months to 79 years. None of these supernovae was detected at a flux density greater than 5-10 mJy. These negative results cannot be explained by internal absorption and are thus due to intrinsically weak synchrotron emission in young supernova remnants. There are two possibilities: either (1) relativistic particles are accelerated not by the supernova outburst but by processes occurring much later (at least about 75 years) in the remnant or (2) the magnetic field in the young remnants evolves very slowly, in proportion to the inverse square root of time, so that its value in the remnants observed was no more than about 0.002 gauss. The constraints the observations place on these possibilities and on the energy in cosmic rays in young remnants are discussed. Gamma-ray observations at times of no more than about 1 year following an outburst will allow one to discriminate between the two alternative explanations of the radio results.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 220
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  • 87
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    Minor planets and related objects. XXIV - Photometric observations for /5/ Astraea (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Five light curves of (5) Astraea are presented along with UBV photometric results and analyses of the pole orientation, sidereal period, sense of rotation, and color coefficients. A sidereal period of 16 hr 48 min 43.60 sec (+ or - 0.03 sec) with a retrograde sense of rotation is adopted as well as a North Pole position at +9 deg (+ or 1 deg) latitude and 148 deg (+ or - 3 deg) ecliptic longitude. It is noted that an amplitude-aspect plot indicates an amplitude of the order of 0.37 magnitude for an equatorial-aspect light curve of Astraea
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Feb. 197
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  • 88
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    Synthetic atmospheric transmittance spectra near 15 and 4.3 microns (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Synthetic monochromatic atmospheric transmittance spectra are presented for infrared intervals in the vicinity of the 15 and 4.3 microns CO2 bands. The intervals are nominally 20 kaysers in width, and the spectra partition the intervals 560, 780 kayser and 2180, 2400 kayser, respectively. The spectra are for a vertical atmospheric path. A given spectrum is presented at that pressure for which the mean weighting function is a maximum. In order to indicate the molecular origin of the features in a given spectrum, separate spectra are also presented for those species which make center line contributions to the absorption over the interval. The transmittance model for the calculations is described. In addition to the representation of spectral features for intervals which comprise these two CO2 bands, the spectra afford a utility in the design of high precision satellite temperature radiometers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 19; Feb. 197
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  • 89
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    Electromagnetic fields radiated from a lightning return stroke - Application of an exact solution to Maxwell's equations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A solution is presented for the electromagnetic fields radiated by an arbitrarily oriented current filament over a conducting ground plane in the case where the current propagates along the filament at the speed of light, and this solution is interpreted in terms of radiation from lightning return strokes. The solution is exact in the fullest sense; no mathematical approximations are made, and the governing differential equations and boundary conditions are satisfied. The solution has the additional attribute of being specified in closed form in terms of elementary functions. This solution is discussed from the point of view of deducing lightning current wave forms from measurements of the electromagnetic fields and understanding the effects of channel tortuosity on the radiated fields. In addition, it is compared with two approximate solutions, the traditional moment approximation and the Fraunhofer approximation, and a set of criteria describing their applicability are presented and interpreted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; May 20
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  • 90
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    Low-energy plasma observations at synchronous orbit (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The University of California at San Diego Auroral Particles Experiment on the ATS 6 satellite in synchronous orbit has detected a low-energy plasma population which is separate and distinct from both the ring current and the plasma sheet populations. The density and temperature of this low-energy population are highly variable, with temperatures in the range kT = 1-30 eV and densities ranging from less than 1 per cu cm to more than 10 per cu cm. The occurrence of a dense low-energy plasma is most likely in the afternoon and dusk local time sectors, whereas n greater than 1 per cu cm is seen in the local night sector only during magnetically quiet periods. These observations suggest that this plasma is the outer zone of the plasmasphere. During magnetically active periods this low-energy plasma is often observed flowing sunward. In the dusk sector, strong sunward plasma flow is often observed for 1-2 hours prior to the onset of a substorm-associated particle injection.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; May 1
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  • 91
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    Mantle convection pattern and subcrustal stress field under Asia (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Satellite tracking and surface gravity data are used to model the subcrustal stress fields in the terrestrial mantle beneath Asia; the results permit interpretation of the tectonic and seismic systems in China. The east and west China blocks, together with five seismic zones, are identified and related to metallogenic domains on the Chinese mainland. In addition, it is shown that the subcrustal stresses beneath China are arranged perpendicularly to the major fault systems and seismic belts. Stress calculations indicate a notable zone of compression in north China, associated with the Shansi Graben, the Linfen Basin Systems and, possibly, the high seismicity of the region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors; 16; 3, Ap; Apr. 197
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  • 92
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    Tethered subsatellite as a tool for large body plasma flow interaction studies (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is shown that the qualitative scaling laws can be satisfied for some aspects of certain astrophysical plasma flow interactions by utilizing the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) to deploy and maintain bodies ranging from 50 to 150 m in radius. The stability of the TSS for such large bodies and the limits on body size are considered. The inflation of the bodies is discussed along with the dynamic and electrodynamic forces on the surface of the bodies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 182-194
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  • 93
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    Interactions of a tethered satellite system with the ionosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Tethered Satellite System will be the first large structure deployed in space. It will react strongly with the magneto-ionic medium of the Earth's ionosphere and will thus be valuable experimental tool. Experiments planned for the structure are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the structures ability to excite a large variety of wave phenomena in the ionosphere using its electromotive force.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 177-181
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  • 94
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    Infrared measurements of stratospheric composition. II - Simultaneous NO and NO2 measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A further flight of the balloon-borne pressure-modulated radiometer (PMR) instrument (Chaloner et al., 1978) is described when simultaneous measurements of NO and NO2 concentrations were made through dawn. A detailed description of the retrieval methods used and the precautions taken against interference from signals from the other gases is given. Profiles of NO(x) through dawn are also briefly considered
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 95
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    A comparison of satellite systems for gravity field measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A detailed and accurate earth gravity field model is important both to geophysical progress and to the precise tracking necessary for interpretation of geophysical experiments. Various satellite techniques which may be used to determine the earth's gravity field are compared and their ability to recover the long wavelength and short wavelength features of the field are described. A high-low configuration satellite-to-satellite tracking mission is recommended for the determination of the long wavelength portion of the gravity field. Satellite altimetry and satellite gradiometry experiments are recommended for determination of the short wavelength portion of the gravity field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Surveys; 3; Sept
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  • 96
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    A note on obtaining an approximate value for the period of a periodic solution of x-double prime = -V prime /x/ (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first integral of x-double prime = - V prime (x) yields an integral for the period of a periodic solution, if such exists. In general, this integral cannot be evaluated. By means of an approximate solution along with the minimization of a mean-square error, one can obtain an approximate value for the period in terms of the amplitude of the motion. The calculated period agrees very well with the period obtained by means of numerical integration for the case of orbit-orbit resonance involving the motion of two satellites of a planet. The same method is applied to obtain an alternative derivation of the first Krylov-Bogoliuboff averaging method in nonlinear mechanics.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 18; July 197
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  • 97
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    Direct measurements by Voyagers 1 and 2 of the polarization of terrestrial kilometric radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of the polarization of intense terrestrial kilometric radiation obtained with planetary radio astronomy experiments on Voyager-1 and 2 during the early portions of each flight show the signals to be predominantly left-hand circularly polarized. Since these emissions were most probably generated above the Northern Hemisphere auroral zone, we conclude that the radiation is emitted primarily in the extraordinary mode.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Oct. 197
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  • 98
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    Relation between monthly variations of global ozone and solar activity (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Monthly averaged variations of global ozone determined from infrared interferometer spectrometer measurements aboard Nimbus 4 are shown to be consistently in agreement with monthly averaged variations of solar activity. The relationship between monthly changes of ozone and solar activity are found to be generally consistent with the longer-term variations of ozone over the last solar cycle and can be accounted for by assuming monthly solar flux variations near 0.2 micron of about 2%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 274; Aug. 31
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  • 99
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    A theory for chorus generation by energetic electrons during substorms (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Previous observations during magnetospheric substorms reveal the existence of relatively narrow band electromagnetic emissions occurring slightly above and below one half of the electron cyclotron frequency in the equatorial magnetosphere beyond the plasmapause. Between these two bands of emission there exists a gap of much lower emission intensity. In this paper an interpretation is presented for these chorus observations wherein the lower emission band is represented by whistler noise and the upper emission band is described by the lowest harmonic of the ordinary mode. These emissions are assumed to be locally generated at the observation point. Both emission bands are excited by power law-distributed energetic electrons with a variable spectral index and a weak loss cone feature. The form of these energetic electrons is similar to the forms observed simultaneously with the chorus emissions. The calculated growth rates show a frequency distribution similar to that of the measured emissions. In addition, the same energetic electron distribution can also produce the electrostatic gyroharmonic emissions often seen by observers in conjunction with chorus emissions during substorms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 1
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  • 100
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    Tropospheric ozone distributions measured with an airborne laser absorption spectrometer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of tropospheric ozone have been made in the southern and middle California regions and over the Pacific Ocean during two series of flights in February and May 1977. The data were obtained by using a laser absorption spectrometer, a nadir-viewing instrument which remotely measures the ozone column abundance between ground level and aircraft altitude by interacting with ozone at specific wavelengths near 9.5 microns. The measurements indicate significantly lower ozone abundances above the Mojave Desert region as compared with farm, forest, and urban areas. The average tropospheric column density was found to be 0.0027 atm cm/km over the California region and 0.0035 atm cm/km over the Pacific Ocean region 1000-2000 km west of the coast of Mexico.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 20
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