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  • 101
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 20 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: One of the fundamental aspects of “high technology” is its reliance on people. The high-tech context permits a reexamination of several elements of regional research and policy, including technical workers, entrepreneurship, the effect of new technology in the workplace, and the potential for public policies to address people-related issues. This paper suggests that an orientation toward people relates more accurately to the underlying processes, particularly those that focus on flows of people and information. Entrepreneurship, for example, depends critically on people and their social networks. Likewise, the level of technology in a region or nation is defined by the stock of knowledge and skills found within firms and people. A long-term perspective is necessary for public policies that address regional competitiveness.
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  • 102
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    Growth and change 24 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Schumpeterian perspectives on industrial change suggest a relationship between new firms and the regionally specific technological bases for innovation. However, the links between such firms and the knowledge bases for innovation are more implicit than explicit. The innovation process in new firms reflects both the capabilities found within the firm as well as information sourcing from without.This paper seeks to articulate the nature of change in relationships between firms in science-based industries and the technological infrastructure accessed to support innovation, as such industries mature out of the birth phase. Innovation is treated as decision making, identifying the firm as innovator and agent of change.Survey research suggests that a shift in the sourcing of information, and an associated shift in the character of information accessed, occurred with maturation in the study industry, comprised of biotechnology firms in the U.S. “Early” and “later” forming firms show somewhat different technology sourcing patterns. Interviews were conducted to help interpret these findings. Implications for industry development are suggested.
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  • 103
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:Derick W. Brinkerhoff and Arthur A. Goldsmith, editors. Institutional Sustainability in Agriculture and Rural Development: A Global Perspective.Edward J. Malecki. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change.Edward J. Malecki. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change.William R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management.John D. Hutcheson, Jr., Francis P. Noe, and Robert E. Snow. Outdoor Recreation Policy: Pleasure and Preservation.Carl Davidson. Recent Developments in the Theory of Involuntary Unemployment.Randall Ebert and Joe A. Stone. Wage and Employment Adjustments in Local Labor Markets.Roy Bahl and William Duncombe. Economic Growth and Fiscal Planning: New York in the 1990s.Mary O. Borg, Paul M. Mason, and Stephen L. Shapiro. The Economic Consequences of State Lotteries.Ryutaro Komiya. The Japanese Economy: Trade, Industry, and Government.Ken Jones and Jim Simmons. The Retail Environment.
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  • 104
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Starting with a brief location analysis of the plant site, in this paper we analyze the characteristics and geography of the labor market for a U.S.- Japanese automobile joint venture. Based on a survey of the firm's employees, we show that the labor market is two-tiered and stretches over many states in the United States. There are clear differences in skills, gender and socio-demographic characteristics between short and long distance movers, and American workers are willing and able to adapt to technology and work practices originating in a different culture. Most employees hold positive opinions of the work environment and practices at the plant, Japanese influence in the U.S. economy and U.S.-Japanese economic relations, despite perceiving Japan as an economic threat to the United States. We conclude with some policy implications of our findings and an agenda for future research.
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  • 105
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The relationship between transportation and urbanization at the national scale is revisited by focusing upon the role that air passenger transportation has played in the post-war evolution of the U.S. urban system. Theory suggests that major transportation innovations have exhibited profound and prolonged interdependencies with patterns of growth in national or regional urban systems. As the most recent major intercity transportation innovation, it should be expected that utilization of air transportation should bear some relationship to patterns of growth in urban places.This paper documents this relationship by using FAA and U.S. Census data to correlate volumes of air passenger flows per capita with changes in population and employment for the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. The expectation that higher volumes of air passenger flow per capita exhibit a positive correlation with both previous and subsequent growth is confirmed by the analysis. More detailed examination of both high and low air passenger index cities suggests functional and regional consistencies with the central hypothesis. The implications of these results for air transportation and airport planning include at least some justification for increased attention to provision of air service and adequate airport infrastructure as well as reiteration of the importance of air transportation in economic development.
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  • 106
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Zimbabwe's 1992 food crisis revealed both spatial and social contradictions associated with post-independence agricultural growth. Zimbabwe's pattern of agricultural restructuring demonstrates the need for agrarian reform programs that are more socially and environmentally sustainable. This paper examines one aspect of agricultural sustainability—the use of energy. Post-independence patterns of agricultural energy consumption are analyzed and traced historically, and the social relations of agricultural energy utilization are investigated. The energetic efficiencies of the primary farming systems are calculated as are the macro-flows of energy to agriculture generally. The data and historical analysis point to the need for a restructuring of agriculture that involves greater reliance on local renewable energy in all farming systems, and the continued resettlement of black smallholders onto former white-settler estates.
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  • 107
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Alternative agriculture is promoted as a means of enhancing rural area jobs and income. This nontraditional agricultural activity is defined as: new crops or products to an area, industrial uses of agricultural products, value-enhancement activities, and urban agricultural activities. The potential for new agriculturally-related activities is summarized. The long-term rural economic and development potential, through new income and jobs, is assessed. Next, five case studies are provided to illustrate alternative agriculture successes, limited successes, and failures (Guayule, Jojoba, Muscadine grapes, market windows for fresh fruit and vegetables, and aquaculture). We conclude that alternative agriculture may be viable in select rural areas. However, total employment generation potential is too small and diffused to provide significant rural development impacts.
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  • 108
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine how regional manufacturing responds to a decline in manufacturing activity nationwide. A trivariate VAR model of the relationships between the Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for manufacturing, and two regional manufacturing output indexes is estimated. The regions considered correspond to the Fifth and the Seventh Federal Reserve Districts. A negative shock in the national index is imposed on the system to demonstrate the following: durations and general patterns of the impulse responses; severity of the responses in the two patterns; reaction times; and interregional differences in response patterns. The findings indicate that the response patterns generally differ between the regions.
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  • 109
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    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Liberalization of Economies András Köves and Paul Marer, eds. Development in Small Island Countries David L. McKee and Clem Tisdell. The Challenge of Suburbanization Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. Can Rural America Survive? Janet M. Fitchen Economic Development Policies Timothy J. Bartik. Regional Innovation E. J. Davelaar
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  • 110
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The restructuring of urban economies from manufacturing to service industries has been a major feature of the last twenty-five years. Large cities with a population of at least one million have been at the forefront of this change with the primate cities of the newly industrialized countries increasingly affected. The growth characteristics, planning experiences, and policy implications of the expansion of service industries in large and medium-size metropolitan areas around the world are examined. This has illuminated issues connected with the interurban competition for services. The service sector has shaped new urban planning and public policy agendas and the way in which metropolitan areas in this study have started to reshape their policies provides a good lead for others to follow. It is likely that new pressures will strengthen the need to look beyond their established urban planning policies to broader, integrated urban management policies.
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  • 111
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper reviews some of the past decade's studies of producer or intermediate-services exports from local regions. After a discussion of conceptual and methodological problems and inconsistencies, we present these studies according to the three basic methodologies: surveys, location quotients, and input-output. Overall, our sense is that these studies support limited but important conclusions: (1) If intermediate services are defined broadly, certain of these activities have as their major function interregional or international transfer or trade. By nature, these distributive services have widespread clients, and benefit from locations with substantial physical and communications infrastructure. (2) Among most business-and financial-service activities, most offices are established to serve a local region, but may derive some revenues from beyond this expected zone. (3) The exceptions—the activities and establishments that derive much of their revenue beyond such “normal” zones—are particularly specialized, particularly large, or parts of multiregional enterprises. (4) Such firms tend to locate in larger or more specialized urban places, probably because of the labor force, the corporate connections, and the rapid dissemination of ideas, contacts, and information within and among the largest metropolitan areas. These conclusions lead to some general policy recommendations.
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  • 112
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Service Industries in Regional Development. William J. Coffey and James J. McRae. Skills, Wages & Productivity. Thierry Noyelle (Ed.) Spatial Structure. Huib Ernste and Carlo Jaeger (eds.) Geography of the Information Economy. Mark E. Hepworth Informational City. Manuel Castells Collapsing Time and Space. Stanley D. Brunn and Thomas R. Leinbach, eds.
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  • 113
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Large law firms exert a disproportionate influence over the structure and practice of the legal profession. The spatial structure of these corporations, including the distribution of headquarters and branch offices and their interlinkages, is poorly understood. This paper explores the geography of domestic employment among the largest U. S. 500 law firms using linkage analysis. It highlights the concentration of such firms in large cities and the particular importance of New York and Washington, D. C. In the international arena, U. S. law firms are highly influential. The paper examines the spatial distribution of overseas employment by large U. S. law firms and utilizes input-output analysis to explore the domestic employment impacts of foreign legal services exports.
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  • 114
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the effect of federal government grants on state fiscal decisions. The study presents a disaggregated analysis of state government that allows for the precise measurement of important fiscal effects. State government is modeled as maximizing a social welfare function defined over government expenditures and taxes. The positive theory of grant response is tested and confirmed. The results indicate that matching grants stimulate government expenditures more than nonmatching grants. The results also suggest that federal grant cutbacks will lead to reductions in state expenditures for all key programs but that the composition of this change will depend on the nature of the federal cutbacks.
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  • 115
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: A Review Article on International Debt Alvaro Cencini and Bernard Schmitt Trading Neighbors Harold Crookell Crime in Victorian Britain Rob Sindall
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  • 116
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study focuses upon changes in three computer-related industries between 1974 and 1985. An attempt is made by means of entropy indices and shift-share analysis to determine if diffusion in those industries conforms to the product-cycle model. We employ primarily state-level data derived from County Business Patterns and supplemented by US. Censuses of Manufacturing and Services. Our findings indicate that all the industries displayed substantial increases in employment and considerable dispersion, although by no means were the changes uniform. The hypothesis that the dispersion is following the product-cycle model, that is, from core areas to peripheral regions, receives little support from this study. The model, however, should not be rejected out of hand, because all three industries studied have a duality in the size of firms that the data masks. This duality may affect the applicability of any model. Further attempts to explain the spatial distribution of any of these industries should begin with disintegrated data. Unfortunately such data are not presently easily attainable.
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  • 117
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The development of a theory for explaining why firms externalize producer services functions is critical to gaining a better understanding of why the producer services industries have enjoyed robust growth within the United States, Canada and the European Community. Scholars of the service economy have attempted to develop explanations for the externalization of producer services functions. These explanations constitute “the externalization debate” since there has been a lack of consistency and agreement as to how and why externalization is taking place. None of the explanations for externalization approach what could be termed a theory of producer services externalization, since they consist of empirical generalizations that are not deductively connected. This paper attempts to move one step toward the development of such a theory by constructing a more comprehensive and systematic conceptual approach to analyzing the extemalization of producer services functions. The motivating factors for externalization that are proposed in the externalization debate are systematically examined. The insights of the transaction cost and production subcontracting literatures are then discussed and the implications of these literatures for producer services externalization are examined. A synthesis of the insights provided by these research literatures is then used to develop a more comprehensive analytical framework for examining producer services extemalization.
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  • 118
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Much of the literature on the location of producer services is concerned with their uneven spatial development across regions. Although this approach is useful, it proves to be limited, and a complementary analytical framework is required. This paper uses data from France's Annual Survey of Services to address producer service location from a novel perspective, that of the firm. A basic distinction is made between single site (compact) and multisite (network) producer service firms, and the natures of these two types are analyzed in terms of business strategies, location and performance. Further analyses are then based upon the distinctions between sales and servuction networks, and between specialized and diversified networks. Although significant for producing higher output levels, a network structure does not necessarily ensure a higher level of profitability.
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  • 119
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 was developed to train the disadvantaged for work or better jobs. The Act that passed targeted the economically disadvantaged but stressed efficiency in the operation of the program. Program performance standards were established, and local Private Industry Councils (PICs) were developed to operate the program and to involve local business in JTPA training. Critics argued that this structure resulted in “creaming” of participants to the exclusion of the most disadvantaged workers. We test the “creaming” hypothesis using data on JTPA participants in Tennessee in 1987 and a sample of disadvantaged workers in Tennessee extracted from the Current Population Surveys. We find that racial and welfare targets are met but that the most able among those groups are chosen for help. We also find some evidence of “channeling.” The most disadvantaged groups are less likely to receive the most successful type of training — on-the-job training. Finally, we present alternative strategies to encourage PICs to do less “creaming,” and we make predictions about their likely success.
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  • 120
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    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Environmental Watchdogs James A. Tober. Native Americans C. Matthew Who Owns the Subsurface? Ronald T. Libby. Middle East Michael Bar-Zohar. A Green World S. Frederick
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  • 121
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    Growth and change 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the question of whether the traditional view of a complementary relationship between universities and local businesses is still appropriate or whether auxiliary activities and other competitive elements have changed this relationship. Cross-sectional data on over 3100 counties and 3300 institutions are used to analyze the effects of university enrollment and auxiliary activities on county-level employment in the retail, financial, and service sectors. Findings indicate that the negative effects of university auxiliary activities are confined to relatively small counties, are small in magnitude, and are more than offset by the positive effects of spending by universities and students. The overall impact is positive, is more pronounced in more populous counties, and has increased over time.
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  • 122
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    Growth and change 22 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Many states are concerned hat they are losing a disproportionate amount of human capital through interstate migration. This may be happening not only because migrants tend to possess more human capital than nonmigrants, but also because of human-capital selectivity in interstate migration. Using Public Use Microdata Sample A from the 1980 United States Census, human capital measures are developed and used to test whether states experience human-capital migration that is significantly different from human migration. Strong evidence demonstrates that human-capital migration differs significantly from human migration. For example, Arkansas and Vermont are shown to have a net in-migration of people, but a net out-migration of human capital. Conversely, the data for Connecticut and Minnesota indicate a net out-migration of people and a net in-migration of human capital. This study suggests that traditional models of interstate migration mask the flow of human capital.
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  • 123
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    Growth and change 20 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This note presents a method for developing data on poverty at the state level and applies it to produce estimates of state poverty for the mid-1980s. The findings are based on four alternative measures of poverty: the official one, pretransfer poverty, prewelfare poverty and pre-state-transfer poverty, a new measure especially useful for analyzing the impact of state transfer policies on poverty. The data are reported and then used to compare the antipoverty impact of states’income support policies.
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  • 124
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    Growth and change 20 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Reagan and Regulation Marshall R. Goodman and Margaret T. Wrightson, Managing Regulatory Reform: The Reagan Strategy and Its Impâct. The Good Life Boguslaw Galeski and Eugene Wilkening, eds., Family Farming in Europe and America.Alessandro Bonanno, Small Farm: Persistence with Legitimation. Progress of the Global Village William H. Dutton, Jay G. Blumler, and Kenneth L. Kraemer, eds. Allocating Resources J. S. Davis, P. A. Oram, and J. G. Ryan, Assessment of Agricultural Research Priorities: An International Perspective. Socialized Agriculture, Atomized Community Ildiko Vasary, Beyond the Plan: Social Change in a Hungarian Village. The Right Technology Frances Stewart, ed., Macro-Policies for Appropriate Technology in Developing Countries.
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  • 125
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    Growth and change 20 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper extends the traditional shift-share model to incorporate international effects. While some industries compete nationally for markets, other compete internationally. For industries competing nationally, regional growth derives from regional superiority relative to the national economy. For those competing internationally, regional growth is tied to regional advantages from specialization and competitive advantage relative to the international economy. Building on the Esteban - Marquillas concept of homothetic employment, the international shift-share model identifies regional growth due to regional and national competitive advantage and regional and national specialization. We demonstrate that the international model retains the property of region to region additivity.
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  • 126
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    Growth and change 20 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The theory behind employment growth as a strategy for lessening the poverty problem is based on a premise that job opportunities are inadequate. But during rapid employment growth in some nonmetropolitan areas of Kentucky and Georgia the effect on poverty has been limited. A large majority of poor households have no potential to leave poverty via employment since age, health, and other limiting factors among household members restrict entry into the work force. Also, for some the condition of being poor resulted not because they had never worked, but because they tended to have worked at marginal, low-wage jobs. Meanwhile, some jobs went unfilled because employers could not find persons who could meet the right requirements. This study shows that in these two areas, expanding employment opportunities did not significantly reduce the poverty problem. As the literature addressing the issue of the effects of employment growth on poverty is inconclusive and sometimes contradictory, clarification of how employment gains are distributed among local residents is essential.
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  • 127
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    Growth and change 20 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Since the dollar began to decline on international markets in 1985, economic conditions have improved rapidly throughout the Tennessee Valley. The improvement was particularly strong in rural counties and in rural manufacturing. This paper finds the reasons for slow regional growth in the early 1980's were partly cyclical (and hard on the durable goods sector) and partly the strength of the dollar on international markets (which was hard on nondurables). The turnaround in the dollar since 1985 has provided welcome relief. There is little evidence of structural damage to the regional manufacturing base caused by the strong dollar, and manufacturing provides a secure foundation for further growth and development in the Tennessee Valley.
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  • 128
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    Growth and change 20 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the determinants of Canadian direct investment in Northern New York, focusing on the influence of changing foreign exchange rates. Hypotheses are formulated that new investment should be positively related to the value of the U.S. dollar while expansions of existing facilities ought to be unrelated to exchange rate movements. These predictions are supported by the data. Since Canadian investment is found to behave quite differently from domestic-source investment, we conclude that other factors besides exchange rates account for much of this difference.1
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  • 129
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    Growth and change 20 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Interest in the economic role of the large enterprise has led to numerous studies of economic dependency and regional economic health and performance. In this paper, an interindustry accounting framework is conjoined with Dun and Bradstreet corporate ownership data to provide a fresh perspective on the effects of external economic ownership. The aggregate level measurement method is applied to fifteen multicounty regions in the state of Illinois, and reveals considerable variation in the measures generated. High regional dependence measures are directly related to employment stability and inversely related to employment growth.Although interindustry accounts have been used most commonly in economic impacts assessment and forecasting, a broader range of potential applications lies in their use as descriptive and explanatory measurement tools. This paper addresses the external ownership issue at the macrolevel by testing the relationship between measures of input-output dependence and indices of regional employment growth and stability, and demonstrates, in the process, a non-conventional use of interindustry data. The conjoining of interindustry data and the Dun and Bradstreet data produces a unique set of measures of regional economic structure.
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  • 130
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    Growth and change 2 (1971), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 131
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    Growth and change 2 (1971), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 132
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    Notes: Marginal costs of removing effluent from waste treatment facilities are defined under different assumptions about regulatory policies. Marginal costs are different under a policy of uniform treatment for all plants compared to a least-cost policy, where different plants treat at different levels. The cost savings under these alternative policies are compared for river basins of the Chesapeake Bay when there are economies of scale in treatment costs. Current regulations for treatment plants in the Bay, which are not entirely uniform, are also compared to both the uniform and least-cost solutions. The potential savings from a least-cost policy are substantial for some basins.
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    Notes: Recent analyses of the Reagan budget reallocations suggest that the spatial distribution of public expenditures among the American states have undergone a major change. What remains unclear, however, is why the Reagan budget reallocations generated these clearly defined spatial effects. In trying to answer this question, we identify five explanations of the spatial impacts, explanations focusing on electoral, partisan, wealth, urban-rural, and expenditure base effects. Along with controls for regional effects, these explanations are tested by OLS regression analysis of data on the state allocations of federal expenditures from the last Carter to the first Reagan budgets.
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    Notes: During the 1970s and early 1980s, the South and West Census regions accounted for over 90 percent of incremental national population, which was easily the highest percentage accounted for by these regions in the nation's history. This paper stresses the importance of powerful demographic forces that contributed to the regional shift, but it does not ignore important economic factors. A major theme of the paper is that because the baby boom has now largely matured out of the most mobile age classes, population and employment growth differentials that strongly favored the South and West will moderate in the future.
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    Notes: This article empirically examines whether variations in state environmental regulations have affected the location of manufacturing branch plants by the Fortune 500 companies. Using several measures of environmental regulation, no statistically significant effects of environmental regulation on business location are found. For most manufacturing industries, the estimates are precise enough to rule out the possibility of large effects of environmental regulation on business location. For highly polluting industries, however, the variance in the estimates is quite large. We cannot rule out the possibility of effects of environmental regulation on the location of highly polluting industries that are large enough to be important to policymakers.
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    Notes: In this paper we examine the effects of transfers on the economies of remote regions. A model which describes the consequences of different types of transfers on settlement patterns is developed. The growth of the transfer economy in rural Alaska and its effect on population and income is reviewed. We find that transfer programs in remote regions may have consequences far broader than their original intent. While the programs may improve the standard of living for regional residents, they may also lead to inefficient settlement patterns, increasing dependence on transfers, and a higher cost of eventual adjustment.
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    Notes: This study has three purposes. The first is to determine, for the 30 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in 1980. the relationship among population size, the number of major corporations headquartered in these centers, and the number of subsidiaries located there. The expectation is that there will be positive relationships in all cases. Second, this study, based on variations in the relationships examined above, sets forth a corporate classification of the 30 metropolitan areas and identifies common characteristics and locations among six categories of centers. Finally, using the six-fold classification of centers, metropolitan employment growth between 1980 and 1986 is analyzed, especially job growth in services and in finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE). The six-fold classification proves useful in understanding employment growth in these 30 centers during the 1980s and, with modifications, perhaps beyond.
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    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Changing Commodity Regulation Jerry W. Markham, The History of Commodity Futures Trading and Its Regulation. Sitte and Cities George R. Collins and Christine Crasemann Collins, Camillo Sitte: The Birth of Modern City Planning with a Translation of the 1889 Austrian Edition of his City Planning According to Artistic Principles. Suburbs Here and Abroad Donald N. Rothblatt and Daniel J. Garr, Suburbia, an Znternutional Assessment. New Approaches to Development Inderjit Singh, Lyn Squire, and John Strauss, eds. Is the U.S. Economy All Right? F. Stevens Redburn, Terry F. Buss, and Larry C. Ledebur, eds. Revitalizing the U.S. Economy. A Success Story John R. Westley, Agriculture and Equitable Growth Mathematical Land Rent Models James B. Kau, C.F. Lee, and C.F. Sirmans, Urban Econometrics: A Wealth of Valuable Information F. Larry Leistritz and Brenda L. Ekstrom, Social Impact Assessment and Management
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    Notes: Recent research has indicated that individual income distribution in the United States has tended toward greater inequality in recent years. Hypotheses are presented on the expected effect of that trend on suburban municipalities within large metropolitan areas. One major expectation is that the distribution of per capita incomes among the municipalities will be found to bifurcate. A methodology that rests on a graphical depiction of income and a revision of the famous Pearson plane is used to identify trends. Results indicate that the long term trend (at least since 1960) toward income homogeneity came to a halt by 1979 and began to reverse itself in the early 1980s, although bimodal distributions of income are not yet (1983) in evidence. Rapidly growing and rich communities are tending toward greater internal income homogeneity.
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    Notes: State-level financial assistance programs for water projects are expected to become more important as federal funding levels drop and mechanisms change. In some western states such as Texas and California, constitutional restrictions are placed on tax and spending limits and the issuance of general obligation bonds to finance projects is subject to voter approval through a referendum process. Seven water-related referenda have been held in Texas between 1957 and 1985. Election results indicate that through 1968 voters from across the state supported the concept of state-level financial assistance for water projects and ratified three consecutive referenda, thus establishing the Water Development Fund and its $400 million authorization limit. Between 1969 and 1981, three amendments intended to increase authorization and expand the Fund's scope were defeated in elections that exhibited a regionalized voting pattern between East and West Texas voters. In 1985, this cleavage was not evident and the Water Development Fund was increased by an additional $980 million. These shifts reflect changes in voter perceptions of the state's water development policy and coincide with release of the 1968 and 1984 versions of the Texas Water Plan. The Texas experience, which is particularly relevant to California, could also be useful to other states considering similar state-level financial programs that would require voter approval.
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    Notes: The period 1966 to 1976 was a decade of change, contrast and challenge. In this article a model is developed and estimated contrasting the labor market experiences of young men who participated in post-school occupational training during this period with those young men who did not participate. Participation in post-school forms of occupational training is identified as a significant contributor to individual labor market success during the period and racial differences in returns to training participation are highlighted. The results prompt questions concerning the direction of current federal training policy.
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    Notes: Human capital is becoming recognized as an increasingly important factor in rural economic development. Economic research, however, has not provided clear empirical support of the relationship between human capital investment and economic growth. This paper applies stock and flow concepts to human capital and suggests an operational approach for applying stock and flow concepts to the analysis of the impact of human capital investments through education on economic growth.
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    Notes: State lotteries are the fiscal gimmick for the 1980s, receiving widespread popular and legislative approval. Unfortunately, the impact of structural and external influences on lottery sales is not well understood. This analysis sheds light on these influences, demonstrating that state economic activity, age of the game, interstate lottery competition, and game portfolios significantly affect sale and, consequently, benefit to the state.
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    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Vintage Wine James M . Buchanan, Liberty, Market and State: New Trade Outlook James J. Emery, Norman A. Graham, and Michael F. Oppenheimer An Interdisciplinary Approach Allan Schnaiberg, Nicolas Watts, and Klaus Zimmermann, eds. Small-Scale Farming Gerald G. Marten, ed. Traditional Agriculture in Southeast Asia: A Human Ecology Perspective. Technological Advancement Nathan Rosenberg and Claudio Frischtak, eds. Dividing up the Oil Walter J. Mead, Asbjorn Moseidjord, Dennis D. Muraoka, and Philip E. Sorensen A Substantial Work Herman Van der Wee, Prosperity and Upheaval: The World Economy 1945-1980. Development: Red, Blue, or Green? Herb Addo, et al. eds., Development as Social Transformation: Reflections on the Global Problematique. The European Experience Graham Hall, ed., European Industrial Policy. Urban Homesteading David P. Varady, Neighborhood Upgrading Assessment and Future Directions Martin Fransman, Technology and Economic Development. Technology, Economics, Energy Norman K. Whittlesey, ed., Energy and Water Management in Western Irrigated Agriculture. Israeli Enigma S.N. Eisenstadt, The Transformation of Israeli Society: An Essay in Interpretation.
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    Notes: Incentive and liquidity effects of Pittsburgh's land value tax system are hypothesized to encourage new housing development. To test this hypothesis, an econometric model is estimated using building permit data for the dependent variable and tax rates and other determinants of new housing demand and supply for the independent variables. For the case of new housing, it is shown that the incentive effect is significant but the liquidity effect is not. The incentive effect is found to encourage increases in the number of new units constructed in Pittsburgh rather than increases in the average cost of new units.
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    Notes: A modified core-periphery model of economic spatial relations is tested by an examination of U.S. corporate merger behavior from 1955 to 1980. A core, a number of semicores, semipheripheries, and a periphery describe the merger-defined relationships between states and SMSAs. The core-periphery structure is not stable across time and is related to the merger cycle.
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    Notes: The Arizona Community Data Set (ACDS) now contains the results of 40 separate establishment-level, community-wide surveys. These communities can be classified into different functional types, and OLS regression models can be used to explore the relationships among community functions, levels of public transfer payments, and magnitudes of economic base multipliers. The statistical analysis suggests that employment-derived estimates of the base multiplier tend to be biased upward unless transfer payments are specified in the model.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Geographia's Quest Peter Gould. The Geographer at Work. London Whither the Welfare State? S. N. Eisenstadt and Ora Ahimeir, eds. The Welfare State and Its Aftermath. Away from Stereotypes: Appalachia Karl B. Raitz and Richard Ulack with Thomas R. Leinbach. Appalachia: A Regional Geography Land People and Development. Production Sharing and Distribution of Benefits Joseph Grunwald and Kenneth Flamm. The Global Factory: Foreign Assembly in International Trade. Planning and Embedded Values Martin Wachs, ed. Ethics in Planning. Approaches to Urban Development Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development. Cities and Self-Reliance Paul R. Porter and David C. Sweet, eds. Rebuilding America's Cities: Roads to Recovery. Sir Arthur's Careful Consideration W. Arthur Lewis. Racial Conflict and Economic Development. Keeping the Soil Where We Want It Edwin H. Clark II, Jennifer A. Haverkamp, and William Chapman. Eroding Soils: The Off-Farm Impacts. Should Workers Buy the Factory? Raymond Russell. Sharing Ownership in the Workplace. Aspects of Chinese Urbanization R. J. R. Kirkby. Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949–2000 A.D. Centralization or Multiple Jurisdictions? David L. Chicoine and Norman Walzer. Governmental Structure and Local Public Finance.Book Review Essay: The Dual Gaps of Development Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. The Gap betweeen Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectivies on the Political Economy of Development.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Measuring Poverty John W. Mellor and Gunvant M. Desai, Agricultural Change and Rural Poverty: Variations on a Theme. Third World Cities Robert B. Potter. Urbanisation and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation. Urban Economics for the Practitioner John M. Levy. Urban and Metropolitan Economics. Perspectives on Europe George Demko, ed., Regional Development: Problems and Policies in Eastern and Western Europe. Southern Land Use Robert G. Healy, Competition for Land in the American South: Agriculture, Human Settlement, and the Environment. Change in the United Kingdom A. Amin and J. Goddard, eds., Technological Change, Industrial Restructuring, and Regional Development. A Look at Marketing Boards Kwame Arhin, Paul Hesp, and Laurens van der Laan, eds., Marketing Boards in Tropical Africa. A Significant Step Ann Roell Markusen, Profit Cyucle, Oligopoly, and Regional Development. Steering Group Study Catherine Stirling and John N. Yockelson, eds., Under Pressure: U.S. Industry and the Challenges of Structural Adjustment.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Be It Ever So Humble
 Stephen Merrett with Fred Gray, Owner-Occupation in Britain.Life in the Barriadas
 Susan Lobo, A House of My Own: Social Organization in the Squatter Settlements of Lima, Peru.More about Unemployment
 Philip L. Martin, Labor Displacement and Public Policy.From Goods to Services
 Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. and Thierry J. Noyelle, Cities in Transition: Changing Job Structures in Atlanta, Denver, Buffalo, Phoenix, Columbus (Ohio), Nashville, and Charlotte.Supply-side Housing Program
 James P. Zais, Raymond J. Struyk, and Thomas Thibodeau, Housing Assistance for Older Americans: The Reagan Prescription.Four Case Studies
 Richard Hellman and Caroline J. C. Hellman, The Competitive Economics of Nuclear and Coal Power.Canada and the United States
 Gary Sands, Land-Office Business: Land and Housing Prices in Rapidly Growing Metropolitan Areas.Internal Cleavages
 Kent A. Price, ed., Regional Conflict and National Policy.Development from Below
 Guy Gran, Development by People: Citizen Construction of a Just World.Also of Interest
 Robert E. Looney, Saudi Arabia's Development Potentid: Application of an Islamic Growth Model.Dean E. Mann, ed., Environmental Policy Implementation: Planning and Management Options and Their Consequences.Michael Marien, ed., Future Sumey Annual, 1980–81: A Guide to the Recent Literature of Trends, Forecasts, and Policy Proposals.William H. Miernyk, Regional Analysis and Regional Policy.Caròl A. OConnor, A Sort of Utopia: Scarsdule, 1891–1981.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Cleveland's Experience
 Todd Swanstrom, The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism.Jobs and the Young
 Michael E. Borus, ed., Youth and the Labor Market: Analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey.Fuel for Thought
 Jonathan Bradshaw and Toby Harris, eds., Energy and Social Policy.Difficult Choices
 Roy Bahl, Financing State and Local Government in the 1980's.A Different Drummer?
 The World Bank, Tribal Peoples and Economic Development.
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    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleE. Owen Smith, ed., Trade Unions in the Developed EconomiesNorman Walzer and Glenn W. Fisher, Cities, Suburbs, and Property TuxesStephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in AmericaW. Patrick Beaton, John H. Weyland, and Nancy C. Newman, Energy Forecasting for Planners: Transportation ModelsRobert Emil Botsch, We Shall Not Overcome: Populism and Southern Blue-Collar WorkersRichard C. Carlson, Willis W. Harman, and Peter Schwartz, Energy Futures, Human Values, and Lifestyles: A New Look at the Energy CrisisK. J. Button, A. D. Pearman, and A. S. Fowkes, Car Ownership Modelling and ForecastingFred C. Shapiro, Radwaste: A Reporter's Investigation of a Growing Nuclear MenaceDonald Appleyard, Livable Streets
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