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  • Articles  (3,573)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (3,573)
  • 1965-1969  (3,573)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (3,573)
  • 1
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A 10-stage digital light beam deflector is described using Kerr cell polarisation switches and calcite birefringent prisms. Optimum design criteria are derived with respect to resolution and drive voltage. The final device had an overall transmission of 91% and could be switched from one direction to another in 0.2μsec.
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  • 2
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 9-12 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-frequency unclamped electro-optic coefficients of proustite have been measured at an optical wavelength of 0.6328μm. The results show thatr 22 is comparable to that of lithium niobate,r 13 andr 33 are considerably lower. The maximum theoretical value is calculated at 10.8×10−12 m/V about three times the largest measured coefficient value.
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  • 3
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple dye-laser system is described in which Rhodamine dyes are pumped by a co-axial linear air flashlamp in a cylindrical elliptical pumping reflector. Output pulses lasting up to 1.5μsec and containing up to 250 mJ energy, have been successfully mode-locked to produce 100% modulated pulse trains. Employing a diffraction grating as cavity reflector to tune the laser frequency, in each case, for maximum absorption by the same Q-switching dye, successful mode-locking has been achieved with both Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G. Time resolved emission spectra have been recorded with an image tube streak camera and the effect of resonant reflectors has been studied.
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  • 4
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 128-133 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theory of spatial frequency domain filters is presented from the standpoint of leastsquare linear estimation. The general expression of this filter is obtained with few assumptions, thus allowing considerable flexibility in its application. Noise common to pictorial information usually can be described as a mutually exclusive process, whereas much of the available signal processing theory assumes additive noise. Types of pictorial noise discussed in this paper include the background of signal patterns, pattern obscurity, and image modulation due to the recording process. It is shown that the additive noise assumption is valid under certain conditions. The general filter is described in terms of spatial frequency estimates which are conveniently expanded for particular applications. A detection filter for determinative patterns is obtained and compared to the matched filter. A filter is derived to restore patterns degraded by noise and a linear distortion filter.
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  • 5
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 134-137 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for producing two controllable pulses from a Q-switched solid state laser, the time separation of the pulses being variable from about 30 nsec to a few microseconds. The technique involves Q-switching the system with a time variant loss which has two steps, the application of the first step only partially depleting the population inversion. The method has been demonstrated with an electro-optically Q-switched Nd:CaWO4 laser.
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  • 6
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 152-154 
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  • 7
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 155-159 
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  • 8
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 151-152 
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  • 9
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. i 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 10
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An equation of quadratic form is derived relating the phase mismatchΔk=¦k sum −k pump −k slgnl ¦ in an optical sum-frequency generation process to the angle ψ between the pump and signal wave vectors. For a special value ofk pump a solution ofΔk=0 exists having degenerate roots and consequently a single value of ψ. Because of this it is possible to choose a non-collinear phasematching situation for an optical up-converter which tolerates a much larger signal beam divergence than if a collinear-beam interaction were chosen. The case of up-conversion of 10.6μm radiation to the visible, using ruby-laser pumped proustite was chosen as an example for experimental study. Under tangential phase-matching conditions an angular acceptance angle of the infra-red beam of 300 mrad was achieved for a crystal 0.45 cm long.
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  • 11
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of the solvent in the passive Q-switching of lasers by solutions of organic dyes has been examined in detail. It was found that several pure organic solvents could themselves partially Q-switch the laser, in the absence of the dye. This behaviour was observed for both ruby and neodymium: glass lasers. Pulse-widths as short as 20 nsec were occasionally recorded. Peak powers up to 2 MW have been observed using 1-chloronaphthalene to switch a ruby laser. It is proposed that Q-switching arises from an enhancement of reflectivity of the liquid, during the evolution of the laser pulse, through the formation of a periodic refractive index modulation in the liquid by the action of standing waves.
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  • 12
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 33-35 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for determining some important laser parameters from the fluorescence changes of an excited media induced by a resonant laser pulse. The parameters measured include stimulated emission cross-section, metastable level population and spectral relaxation rate. Results are reported for Nd3+ in silicate and phosphite glasses and in solution in POCl3 and SeOCl2.
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  • 13
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We first describe the basic linear and non-linear mathematical operations underlying most image enhancement techniques, and compare the hardware available for carrying out these operations which includes digital computers, optical set-ups and special electro-optical devices. Then we give a brief account of the commonly used image enhancement techniques, such as contrast enhancement, crispening, noise elimination, and inverse filtering. Finally, we mention some examples of image enhancement in the biomedical area.
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  • 14
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By means of a simple grating and lens arrangement, the detour phase effect makes it possible to add and subtract any number of one-dimensional functions. This process may also be used for certain logic applications.
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  • 15
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Huygens' principle is derived for short wavelengths in inhomogeneous, isotropic media from considerations of Green's second theorem and the solution to the time-independent wave-equation for a point-source in an inhomogeneous, isotropic medium. This principle leads to an integral equation for the field distribution on optical resonator mirrors, whose parameters depend only upon the geometrical-optics ABCD-matrices. The resonator parametersF, G 1,G 2, the resonance and stability conditions as well as the spot size of the fundamental mode at the mirrors are given as functions of A, B, C, D, for the special case of a rotationally symmetric optical system between square mirrors. The resonator parameters,F, G 1,G 2, are calculated by this new method for a case familiar from the literature.
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  • 16
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 119-120 
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  • 17
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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  • 18
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown how the theory of non-linear interaction between the modes of the open resonator, developed previously [1] and used to study resonant second harmonic generation [2], can be applied to second harmonic generation in the absence of a resonator. The conditions under which the second harmonic output, in the small conversion approximation, can be approximated by a Gaussian beam are derived. The optimum value of the focusing parameter I/z0 (hereI is the length of the crystal, andz 0 is one-half the confocal parameter of the fundamental beam) for the total output is shown to be 5.68 agreeing precisely with the value given by Boyd and Kleinman [3].
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  • 19
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments are reported on 1.06μm scattering from a laser produced plasma. Generally in such experiments scattering is observed on the shock wave front at 90° from the incident beam. In our set-up the plasma is expanding in a Fabry-Perot resonator and we note a strong emission at 1.06μm.
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  • 20
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The absorption of light and subsequent thermalisation of the absorbed energy can be significantly affected by the presence of non-equilibrium population distributions in gases. The phenomenon of thermal blooming in gases is discussed from this standpoint. It is shown that a transient phenomenon of “absorption cooling” can occur, leading to a focusing rather than defocusing of an incident laser beam. Flux densities causing saturation in air and pure CO2 are calculated. For vibrational saturation in air, I 〉 3.66 kw/cm2, for pure CO2, I 〉 4.58 kw/cm2. For rotational saturation, in either gas, I 〉 840 kw/cm2.
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  • 21
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 196-204 
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    Notes: Abstract It is known [1–3] that the statistical properties of the electrons emitted by a detector, which registers a light beam, contain information about light radiation statistics. This method has recently been widely used to measure the statistical properties of laser radiation [4]. In analysing non-linearly-transformed laser or thermal radiation, this method can give information about the non-linear process and also additional data on the statistics of the transformed radiation.
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  • 22
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 219-219 
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  • 23
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract We have determined the two independent “fast” non-linear refractive indices for liquid mixtures of CS2 and CCI4 to within 5% relatively and 8% absolutely over their range of more than a decade. These indices describe non-linear propagation of optical pulses of arbitrary polarisation, which are of a too short duration to be affected by electrostriction. We report measurements, having relative accuracy better than 1 %, of the static Kerr constants of these mixtures. We combine these results with recent data on Rayleigh wing depolarisation ratios for the same mixtures to deduce the desired non-linear indices with the aid of molecular theory. The non-linear refractive index for linearly polarised light is shown to be two-thirds (±5%) of the index difference measured by the Kerr effect, at least for molar concentrations of CS2 greater than 10%. Our measured relative values of the mixture Kerr constants are predicted to within experimental error if one simply replaces the Lorentz local field factors in the classical theory by their 0.6 powers.
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  • 24
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical and electrical problems in the design of a beam-sampling detector for laser power, energy and pulse duration measurements are discussed with a view to achieving an accuracy of 2% relative to a fundamental detector for pulses down to 3 nsec duration. Experiments show that a beam sampler using an ITT F4000 biplanar vacuum cell mounted in a coaxial taper is capable of this accuracy, but that the silicon diodes (EG + G SD100, Mullard BPY13A) trap some of the photoelectric charge and then release it with a time constant of up to a few microseconds giving a pulse length-dependent sensitivity: they can be used for energy measurements, however. The Mullard 90CV vacuum photo-cell holds back about 6% of the photo-electric charge for about 1μsec and can also give erratic currents up to ten times the computed saturation current: effects probably due to residual gas in the cell. The limits set on performance by the rise time and maximum linear current of the various detectors are discussed. The design of a holder for the ITT F4000 photo-cell giving a rise time constant of 0.25 nsec is given.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 29-31 
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    Notes: Abstract There is at present great interest in crystals which are suitable for efficient mixing at optical frequencies. Such a crystal should be acentric, have a wide transmission band, have a large non-linear coefficient and permit phase matching. Proustite possesses such properties [1], and this paper summarises the information that has been obtained to date at R R E on these properties and their use in “up-converting” 10μm radiation to the visible, on the available optical quality, on the electro-optic effect, and on electrical conduction in the crystal; some general observations on the type of damage caused to proustite by laser beams are given.
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  • 26
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 62-64 
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  • 27
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 64-66 
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  • 28
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 67-67 
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  • 29
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 75-87 
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    Notes: Abstract A general equation is proposed for the dynamical electric permittivity tensor, taking into account, besides frequency dispersion, spatial dispersion describing the linear and non-linear optical activities of the medium. It permits one to determine the symmetry relations and value of the optical Kerr effect, a generalised Havelock relation, and the non-linear change in optical rotation angle for arbitrary conditions of observation. Simple examples are adduced to give a microscopic interpretation of the results derived, rendering apparent the basic mechanisms (fluctuations of density, non-linear changes in the optical polarisability tensor and gyration tensor, molecular reorientation, and various radial and angular correlations) leading to induced optical non-linearities. Measurements of non-linear changes in optical rotation angle are shown to be promising in solutions of polymers or colloids, and will permit,inter alia, direct determinations of the anisotropy of gyration properties of molecules macromolecules and colloid particles.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 103-118 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of light near the axis of astigmatic optical systems may be described by the geometrical-optics approximation with the aid of ray-matrices. The application of the theory of diffraction to the propagation of light in such systems leads to integrals containing essentially the elements of the ray-matrices as parameters. The ABCD-law is derived by evaluating these integrals for gaussian beams. Integral equations applicable to astigmatic optical resonators, having nearly vanishing diffraction losses, are set up. They are only valid under certain conditions, which are comprehensively discussed. The eigensolutions and the eigenvalues of these integral equations are given. The spot-sizes at the resonator mirrors are derived from the eigensolutions, and the eigenvalues lead to the resonance condition. Spot-sizes and resonance condition appear as functions of the elements of the characteristic resonator matrices. The methods described here are applied to the propagation of gaussian beams through gas-lenses and to a resonator containing an internal gas-lens.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 89-101 
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the propagation process in fog has been performed by means of the Monte Carlo method. The effect of multiple scattering on image quality and on visibility range has been studied, together with the detailed time dependence of the light at the receiving system. The improvement in visibility achievable with range gating techniques has been evaluated.
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  • 32
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 120-120 
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  • 33
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 123-127 
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    Notes: Abstract Pulse stretching of a passively Q-switched ruby laser is accomplished by the introduction of a non-linear absorber into the laser cavity. Single pulses of length 150 to 400 nsec are observed. The non-linear absorption is obtained by using a Rayleigh-wing scatterer as the solvent for a bleachable dye. This approach is unique in that stretched Q-switched pulses may be obtained by the introduction of a single liquid into the laser resonator with no electronics necessary. Since the Rayleigh Frequency is within the gain lineshape of the active medium, threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh scattering is exceeded at relatively low power densities.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 138-142 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the image upconverter can operate with point source pump-beams as well as the commonly used planar pump source. The major effect of the pump beam divergence is not to degrade the resolution but is to change the transverse and longitudinal magnification of the image. We demonstrate by a paraxial ray-tracing analysis that these changes in image dimensions and location obey relations quite similar to thin-lens formulae.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 143-150 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of techniques for the deposition of semiconductor layers has led, over the last decade, to intensive studies of heterojunction systems. In this paper an outline is given of those properties relevant to the production of photodetectors, illustrated by a summary of the classes of device so far prepared with notes on the way in which their performances differ from classical detectors.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 159-159 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. II 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 61-62 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 160-160 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 172-173 
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    Notes: Abstract Polaritons associated with the 1072 cm−1 optical mode of quartz have been stimulated by a two-beam method and we have directly observed the far-infrared radiation corresponding to the electromagnetic part of the excitation with a HgTe-CdTe detector.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 161-164 
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    Notes: Abstract Wavelength and frequency data for far-infrared c.w. gas laser lines have been scanned using a computer for chains of harmonic coincidences suitable for transferring frequency measurements from the submillimetre to the 10μm wavelength region. A table of selected possibilities using up to three lasers in sequence is presented showing the calculated beat frequencies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 179-181 
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature tunable, 90° phase matchable, parametric fluorescence has been observed in ADP and KDP crystals. The fluorescence was pumped by 2573 Å CW radiation obtained from a second harmonic argon-ion laser. Fluorescence was observed in ADP over the complete visible spectrum by temperature tuning through the range —12 to+40° C. The measurements demonstrate the usefulness of these materials for visible parametric oscillators. The values of d(n 2v e −n v o )/dT deduced from these and other measurements are found to disagree with values in the literature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 182-188 
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    Notes: Abstract The insertion of a multi-photon absorber within a laser cavity has practical importance in providing stabilised laser amplitude and variable pulse duration. We report the relative non-linear absorption coefficients of semiconductors Si, CdSe, CdTe, and GaAs at 1.064μm using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The measurements on Si were carried out from 77 to 450° K, and the results confirm a stepwise process giving rise to induced absorption. The effects of the spatial and temporal distributions of the laser emission on the absolute non-linear coefficient values are briefly discussed. Preliminary observation of stepwise multi-photon absorption in aqueous PrCl3 and NdCl3 measured with a pulsed Nd:glass laser is also reported. The possibility of using a combination of inducible and saturable absorbers, placed within the laser cavity, as a means of providing laser intensities confined to a narrow range centred about a pre-set intensity, is raised.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this experiment, the transmission of the saturable absorber of a mode-locked laser is modulated optically by a train of ultra-short pulses emitted by another laser, with some power reflected inside the cavity to initiate the emission. The laser threshold is only attained during the opening time of the modulator, and stimulated emission is prevented at any other time. Once pulses are formed, the photon density is sufficiently high for auto-modulating the dye. Q-switching of the laser is only realised if the difference between the time of a round-trip in the cavity and the period of modulation is less than ±17 psec. The emission is a series of pulses of 5.2 nsec period lasting for 60 nsec. The total energy in all pulses is 60 mJ for a neodymium doped glass rod of 8 mm diameter. We describe a method for measuring the noise of the series of pulses using a saturated photo-cell. We find a ratio of 100 between the energy of one pulse and the energy emitted between two pulses.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 218-218 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the investigation of a longitudinal electric field (1 V/cm) arising in a homogeneous piezo-electric crystal at a high level of optical excitation. The sign of the effect corresponds to free carrier drag (electrons — in the case of CdS) in the direction of light propagation. The magnitude of the effect and its kinetics have been related to the light intensity, temperature, crystal orientation and the distance between the fest points. The effect is assumed to be a result of generation of a phonon packet, referred to by the authors as an acousto-optical domain, and carrier drag by this domain. Calculations based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the electron distribution function give a reasonable phonon density inside the domain, necessary for generating the electric field observed. Estimates based on the calculated phonon density show considerable mechanical stresses to exist in the domain area. These can result in the destruction of the crystal when there is an increase in light intensity; so the effect observed can be directly related to the problem of optical strength.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 299-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 320-330 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Computing methods for determining optimum conditions in thermal interconnected power system operation are constantly undergoing refinement and improvement. In the course of this process new methods have been developed which take into account practical inequality conditions for the representation of limitations. Additionally, steps have been taken to improve convergence. From the standpoint of experience for future programming of digital process computers, these methods are of considerable importance. The conditions equivalent to the Kuhn-Tucker-conditions were introduced intuitively [9] by the author in an carlier article. The engineer is given easily comprehensible reason for these.
    Notes: Übersicht Im Zuge der Verfeinerung und Verbesserung der Rechenmethoden zur Ermittlung des optimalen thermischen Verbundbetriebes sind neue Verfahren zur Berücksichtigung der in der Praxis auftretenden Ungleichungsbedingungen zur Darstellung von Begrenzungen, wie auch Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Konvergenz entwickelt worden. Sie sind im Hinblick auf Erfahrungen für eine spätere Programmierung digitaler Prozeßrechner von großer Bedeutung. Die den Kuhn-Tucker-Bedingungen äquivalenten Bedingungen sind seinerzeit [9] vom Verfasser intuitiv eingeführt worden. Für sie wird eine dem Ingenieur leicht verständliche Begründung gegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 376-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For coreless induction furnaces with conductive crucibles formulae are evaluatet for the electrical quantities, for the allotment of the power to the coil, crucible and pool and for the pressure in the pool. The calculations are examplified and compared with practice.
    Notes: Übersicht Für kernlose Induktionsöfen mit elektrisch leitendem Tiegel wird ein Berechnungsverfahren für die elektrischen Größen, für die Aufteilung der Ofenleistung auf Spule, Tiegel und Schmelzgut und für die Größe des Baddruckes abgeleitet. Das Verfahren wird anhand von Beispielen erläutert.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 8-18 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown how the original function of a component describing function can be expressed in the form of a series, thus eliminating the laborious determination of the roots of the denominator polynomial. Equations are derived for the evaluation of the extrema of the transfer functions. In an example the convergence of a series is examined.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird gezeigt, wie die Originalfunktionen von gebrochen rationalen Bildfunktionen in Form von Reihenentwicklungen gefunden werden können, ohne daß die mühsame Bestimmung der Wurzeln des Nennerpolynoms erforderlich ist. Zur Abschätzung der Höchstwerte von Übergangsfunktionen werden Formeln abgeleitet. Anhand eines Beispiels wird das Konvergenzverhalten einer Reihenentwicklung untersucht.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Modern “iron-clad” plates of lead-acid accumulators (type PzS) consist of tubular shaped elements of about 8 mm diameter. In the axis of these tubes, thin lead spines of 3 mm diameter serve as electron collectors. Nowadays, tubes (and plates) are longer as 500 mm and even tubes of greater length as planned. The current distribution along the length of the tube is calculated in the following publication. In particular it can be shown, that it is of no use to manufacture plates exceeding 1000 mm in length.
    Notes: Übersicht Die neuen Panzerplatten (PzS) sind aus rohrförmigen Elementen von etwa 8 mm Durchmesser aufgebaut, die als Elektronenanschluß eine achsiale Bleiseele von 3 mm Durchmesser haben. Die Länge der Röhrchen übersteigt bei den heutigen Konstruktionen bereits 500 mm, noch längere Platten sind geplant. In der nachstehenden Arbeit wird die Stromverteilung entlang der Achse dieser Röhrchen untersucht. Insbesondere zeigt sich, daß es nicht sinnvoll sein dürfte, über eine Plattenlänge von 1 m hinauszugehen.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 101-104 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper shows how a lattice network and its equivalent networks allow to form constant resistance separating networks in a simple manner. The networks that give the double frequency channels work independently from one another. The network known as Darlington-bridge also can be used as a constant resistance separating network.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird gezeigt, daß sich aus einer Brücke und deren äquivalenten Schaltungen in einfacher Weise strenge Weichen bilden lassen. Die die Frequenzaufteilung erzeugenden Vierpole wirken voneinander unabhängig. Die als Darlington-Brücke bekannte Anordnung läßt sich ebenfalls als strenge Weiche anwenden.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 105-111 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In view of the overwhelming importance of the magnetic non-linearity in the theory and application of electrical engineering, a more thorough-going treatment of inductances seems to be desirable. The paper deals at first with the definitions, the variation and the application of basic inductances at d. c. which are considered as an upper concept. These are the flux, the incremental and the energy inductances. Then the three usual possibilities for using the inductances for periodic current are discussed. The incremental inductance includes in the whole the relatively small variations of the variables current and flux. The inductances for harmonics are valid over the whole period, but only for a definitecouple of harmonics, without being associated with the flux as a whole. Which physical definition of inductance is valid for periodic current for the nonlinear part of the saturation characteristic, seems hitherto not to be investigated.
    Notes: Übersicht Angesichts der entscheidenden Bedeutung der magnetischen Nichtlinearität in der Theorie und Anwendung der Elektrotechnik scheint eine gründlichere Behandlung der Induktivitäten angebracht. Die Arbeit erläutert zuerst die Definitionen, die Änderung und die Anwendung der als Oberbegriff genommenen “Grundinduktivitäten” bei Gleichstrom. Diese sind die Fluß-, die Differential- und die Energieinduktivität. Dann kommen die drei herkömmlichen Möglichkeiten für die Verwendung der Induktivitäten bei periodischem Strom zur Sprache. Mit der Differentialinduktivität kann man die verhältnismäßig kleinen Änderungen der Variablen Strom und Fluß im ganzen erfassen. Die “Schwingungsinduktivitäten” sind über die ganze Periode, jedoch nur für eine bestimmte Harmonische gültig. Welche physikalische Definition der Induktivität bei periodischem Strom im nichtlinearen Teil der magnetischen Kennlinie gilt, scheint bisher nicht untersucht zu sein.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 128-132 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The application of the Laplace Transformation for the system of equations describing a heatsource network gives in a simple way expression for the time-dependent temperatures of each source, the number of exponential functions being equal to the number of sources.
    Notes: Übersicht Die auf das Gleichungssystem des Netzes verwendeteLaplace-Transformation ergibt in einfacher Weise Ausdrücke für die zeitabhängigen Quellentemperaturen, wobei die Anzahl von Exponenten gleich der Quellenzahl ist.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 144-153 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It has been investigated when the expression, which depicts the asymptotic response of the electron flow at the cathode of a Townsend-Discharge in a homogeneous field, is useful as a basis for an approximate calculation.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird untersucht, wann der Ausdruck, der das asymptotische Verhalten des Elektronenstromes an der Kathode einer Townsend-Entladung im homogene Feld darstellt, als Grundlage für eine angenäherte Berechnung brauchbar ist.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 271-290 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is reported on details of a new effect discovered some time ago with positive and negative gliding discharges occurring at the same time on both sides of a plate insulator the surfaces of which are only partly covered by coaxial electrodes. The effect is characterized by the fact that the positive and negative discharges on different plate sides take themselves with one another. Therefore it is named as „Mitnahmeeffekt”. Measurements constituted that the spreading of both side discharges is very regular and obeys in principle equal laws as for one side gliding discharges.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird über Einzelheiten eines vor einiger Zeit gefundenen neuen Effekts berichter, der auftritt, wenn gleichzeitig positive und negative Gleitentladungen auf den beiden, nur teilweise von koaxialen Elektroden bedeckten Seiten eines plattenförmigen Isolators zustande kommen. Der Effekt ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich die positiven und negativen Entladungen auf den verschiedenen Plattensciten gegenseitig mitnchmen. Er wird deshalb als Mitnahmeeffekt bezeichnet. Durch Messungen wurde festgestellt daß die Ausbreitung der beiderseitigen Entladungen sehr regelmäßig ist und im Prinzip gleichen Gesetzen wie für einseitige Gleitentladungen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 315-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Sumary A. Baelde, H. Groendijk andM. T. Vlaardingerbroek[1] have give the relation between the noise figure and stability of an amplifier with a negative conductance in its circuit From (II.4) follows that stability is proportional to bandwithB for large values of |Gt| (Gt= available power gain byFriis The noise figureF tot of the complete is after [1] a monotonously increasing function ofBandwidth B In figure 6,F tot is given as a function ofB of a 1150 Mc/s triodeamplifier preceded by a tunnel diode. It appears that the measurements agree with the theory after [1].
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper is reported on the distribution of an alternating current over the trapezoid crosssection of a metallic and sufficiently long conductor, who ist embedded in an infinitely permeable envelop up to a narrow air slit containing an alternating magnetic field, the feeler of the airgapfield between stator and rotor. The contour of the conductor with the trapezoid cross-section is composed here of two equally long opposite but divergent straight lines. The endpoints of which on the two ends are connected by two concentric circular arcs. The decisive partial differential equation for the field componentE z (ϱ, ϕ) in the direction of the conductor corresponds to the two dimensional wave equation in cylinder coordinates. As in the two other cases which are already counted over conformal with this method, namely in the cases of the rectangular and circular cross-section, the influence of the width of the slit is not exactly to realise. In cases which call for more excit calculations, it would be necessary to have knowledge of the Fourier-components of the magnetic induction in the slits of the grooves.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird in dieser Arbeit die Stromverteilung in einem hinreichend langen, metallischen Stab von trapezförmigem Querschnitt berechnet, der von einem Wechselstrom durchflossen wird und bis auf einen schmalen, von einem magnetischen Wechselfeld erfüllten Luftschlitz von allen Seiten ohne merklichen Luftzwischenraum und isoliert in eine unendlich permeable, metallische Hülle eingebettet liegt. Der Umriß des Leiters mit dem trapezförmigen Querschnitt besteht aus zwei gegenüberliegenden, gleich langen, auseinander-strebenden Geradenstücken, deren Endpunkt oben und unten durch konzentrische Kreisbogen verbunden sind. Die maßgebende partielle Differentialgleichung für die FeldkomponenteE z (ϱ, ϕ) in Richtungz der Längsstreckung eines solchen Nutenleiters entspricht dann der ebenen Wellengleichugn in Zylinderkoordinaten. Nicht streng erfaßbar ist bei Anwendung dieser Methode geradeso wie in den beiden anderen bereits durchgerechneten Fällen, wo es sich um einen rechteckigen oder kreisförmigen Nutenquerschnitt handelt, der Einfluß der Öffnungsweite des Nutenschlitzes in der Oberfläche des Nutenleiters. Ist er hinreichend schmal, so kann die Verteilung der maßgebenden magnetischen Feldkomponente als gleichmäßig angesehen werden. Bei genaueren Rechnungen müßte man über die Fourierkomponenten des Feldes der magnetischen Induktion im Nutenschlitz Bescheid wissen. Diese Annahme wird in der Arbeit gemacht.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 331-342 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to investigate the transient behaviour of induction machines use is made of differential equations following the cross-field theory which are preferably solved by means of an analogue computer. In many cases it is sufficient to proceed from the simple slip-ring motor representation. With squirrel-cage motors, howerver, the skin effect in the rotor bars may no longer be neglected. In these cases the double-cage approximation is used which is moderate in complexity and reasonable in accuracy.
    Notes: Übersicht Für die Berechnung dynamischer Vorgänge bei Asynchronmaschinen werden nach der Zweiachsentheorie aufgestellte Differentialgleichungen verwendet, die im Einzelfall vorteilhaft mit Hilfe des Analogrechners auszuwerten sind. In vielen Fällen reicht es aus, das einfache, für Schleifringläufermaschinen übliche Ersatzbild zugrundezulegen. Bei den meisten Käfigläufermotoren ist jedoch die Stromverdrängung im Läufer nicht mehr vernachlässigbar. In diesen Fällen wird das Ersatzschaltbild der Doppelkäfigläufermaschine verwendet, das geringen Aufwand mit ausreichender Genauigkeit verbindet.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 190-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The article describes a method of calculating the resistance between two diagonal corners of a square network as a function of the number of meshes. The author defines a potential function, which holds good not only in the knots of the network, but also in the whole plane in which the network lies. This function can be calculated out of the impressed current and the boundary conditions with the help of the two-dimensional Laplace transformation. The boundary conditions of this function are ascertained. They allow the determination of the resistance in question and leads to an exact formula. A numerical estimation of the exact formula concludes the problem.
    Notes: Übersicht Der Aufsatz beschreibt ein Verfahren, nach dem sich der Widerstand zwischen zwei einander gegenüberliegenden Ecken eines quadratischen Gitters abhängig von der Maschenzahl berechnen läßt. Zunächst wird eine Potentialfunktion definiert, die nicht nur in den Knotenpunkten des Gitters erklärt ist, sondern in der ganzen Ebene, in der das Gitter liegt. Diese Funktion läßt sich mit der zweidimensionalen Laplace-Transformation aus den Einströmungen und den Randwerten berechnen. Die Randwerte dieser Funktion werden ermittelt. Sie gestatten, den gesuchten Widerstand zu bestimmen, so daß eine exakte Formel angegeben werden kann. Eine Abschätzung der gefundenen Formel rundet die Untersuchung ab.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 201-206 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper discusses a line whose end is terminated by a capacitor. Let us assume that it is charged to a certain DC voltage. When its input is suddenly short-circuited, transient waves will occur. The variation of the voltage and current across the capacitor is calculated for the two border-line cases in which the attenuation of the line is either small or very high.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird eine Leitung betrachtet, die am Ende mit einem Kondensator abgeschlossen ist; sic sei auf eine bestimmte Gleichspannung aufgeladen. Wird sie am Anfang plötzlich kurzgeschlossen, so entstehen Wanderwellen. Der Spannungs-und Strom-Verlauf am Kondensator wird für die beiden Grenzfälle berechnet, daß die Leitung sehr kleine und sehr große Dämpfung hat.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 228-237 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By values of ship greater than one, moment are developed in induction motors, which may reach values many times that of the rated one. These are due to the eddy currents which are caused in the rotor as a result of improper insulation between laminations. The effects of thuch currents are discussed in the following paper.
    Notes: Übersicht Das Drehmoment von Induktionsmaschinen erreicht im Bremsbereich Werte, die ein Vielfaches des Nennmoments betragen. Diese Momente werden vor allem durch Wirbelströme verursacht, die sich infolge der Überbrückung der Blechisolierung im Läufer ausbilden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluß dieser Überbrückung der Blechisolation untersucht.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 219-227 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a brief general view over signal theory, system theory and their relations the behavior of linear systems is characterized by differential equations in the case of stationary stochastic input signals for which there doesn't exist an analytical description. By means of averaging new differential equations are formed which contain the correlation functions instead of the signals. The coefficients of the differential equations are not influenced by this process. As illustrative examples two linear filters as well as a PID-controller are treated.
    Notes: Übersicht Nach einem kurzen Ausblick in die Signaltheorie und die Systemtheorie sowie deren Querverbindungen wird gezeit, wie man das Verhalten linearer Systeme auch dann durch Differentialgleichungen beschreiben kann, wenn stationäre stochastische Prozesse als Eingangssignale Verwendung finden, für die es keinen analytischen Ausdruck gibt. Durch eine geeignete Mittelwertbildung entstehen neue Differentialgleichungen, in welchen anstelle der Signale Korrelationsfunktionen auftreten. Die Koeffizienten der Differentialgleichungen bleiben dabei unverändert. Als Anwendungsbeispiele werden ein zweistufiges Filter, ein Allpaß sowie ein PID-Regler mit Verzögerung erster Ordnung behandelt.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 207-218 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Estimating the errors committed by applying the conventional approximative expressions of the transmission line theory (for currents, tensions, short circuit impedance, open circuit admittance etc) simle formulae are derived, by which on may ascertain (using only a slide-rule) a limiting length of the line, upto which a certain accuracy is observed. The considerations are confered on derived quantities (such as input-admittance, transfered power, efficiency.) As an example the limiting lengths for a 220 kV-line are calculated if the error may not exceed 1%.
    Notes: Übersicht Auf grund einer Fehlerabschätzung werden einfache Formeln abgeleitct, die es gestatten mit wenigen Griffen am Rechenschieber festzustellen, bis zu welchen Leitungslängen einige häufig angewendete Näherungsausdrücke der Leitungstheorie (für: Spannung, Strom, Kurzschlußwiderstand, Leerlaufleitwert...) mit einer vorgeschriebenen Genauigkeit benutzt werden können. Die Überlegungen werden auf zusammengesetzte Größen (Eingangsleitwert, Leistungen, Wirkungsgrad) übertragen. Für einc 220 kV-Leitung werden die zulässigen Leitungslängen unter Forderung einer oberen Fehlergrenze von 1% (als Beispiel) angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 238-252 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Summary At non-insulated squirrel-cage rotors stray-currents may be caused through the fundamental wave and the harmonics of the rotor current within the rotor core. It is theoretically proved, that the influence of the stray-currents and their reaction on the air-gap leakage and the primary circuit can be taken into account by using a complex skewing factor χ v * in the known equations of a squirrel-cage motor for the fundamental wave as well as for the harmonics instead of the normal skewing factor χ v . This statement is not only valid for three-phase but also for two-and single-phase motors. The complex skewing factor χ v * (eqn. 23/24) is a mere numerical quantity, which is expressed through the absolute value and the phase angle and which is only dependent from the geometry, the resistance and the slip of the rotor. The effect of the stray-currents is discussed with the help of two galvanic equivalent circuits and is demonstrated by numerical results achieved for a 4 pole 15 kW-motor.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 253-265 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The forced motion of a rotating, two-pole turbo-alternator due to mechanical unbalance and unbalanced magnetic pull is investigated. The tangential component of the magnetic pull, which is usually neglected, can be the cause of large or even unrestricted growth in the deflection, despite the presence of friction. An exact, particular integral of a linear system of differential equations with harmonic coefficients provides a possible solution to this problem of mechanical stability
    Notes: Übersicht Die erzwungene Bewegung eines rotierenden, zweipoligen Turbogenerators unter dem Einfluß von mechanischer Unwucht und magnetischem Zug wird untersucht. Die meist vernachlässigte Tangentialkomponente des magnetischen Zuges kann trotz vorhandener Reibunskraft Ursache großer, sogar unbeschränkt wachsender Auslenkungen sein. Ein exaktes partikuläres Integral eines linearen Differentialgleichungssystems mit harmonischen Koeffizienten gibt Aufschluß über dieses mechanische Stabilitätsproblem.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 266-276 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A complete system covering the exact equations required when calculating the powers or tensions of overhead lines and aerial cables with fixed suspension points is submitted as supplement to the papers by other authors. From the exact equations, which are not very suitable for practical calculation, easily computable equations are derived for spans of all degrees of incline. These differ from the known ones in that correction factors are available as families of curves. A method using a chart diagram and having general application is given for listing installation tables.
    Notes: Übersicht Als Ergänzung der Arbeiten zahlreicher anderer Verfasser wird ein vollständiges System der exakten Formeln vorgelegt, die bei Festigkeitsberechnungen an Freileitungen und Luftkabeln mit festen Aufhängepunkten eine Rolle spielen. Aus den exakten, für das praktische Rechnen wenig geeigneten Gleichungen werden einfach zu handhabende Formeln für Spannfalder beliebiger Neigung abgeleitet, die sich von den bekannten dadurch unterscheiden, daß sie durch Korrekturfaktoren praktisch fehlerfrei gemacht sind. Die Korrekturfaktoren stehen in Form von Kurvenscharen zur Verfügung Außerdem wird ein allgemein anwendbares nomographisches Verfahren zur Aufstellung von Montagetabellen angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 277-288 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary eddy currents in a thin rotational conducting shell induced by means of an instantaneous magnetic field of axial symmetry are calculated. For this purpose, the field equations are solved by the method of separation, allowing harmonic expansions of the exciting and excited vector potential. Flux tube formulae discribing the resulting disturbed magnetic field are derived. As a special case, the sinusoidal time varying magnetic field is considered.
    Notes: Übersicht Berechnet werden die Wirbelströme in einem dünnwandigen, leitenden Rotationskörper, die durch ein zeitlich beliebig veränderliches, axialsymmetrisches Magnetfeld hervorgerufen werden. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Feldgleichungen nach der Separationsmethode gelöst, wodurch das erregende und das erregte Vektorpotential nach den Lösungsharmonischen entwickelt werden können. Abgeleitet werden ebenfalls die Gleichungen der Flußröhren, die das resultierende, gestörte magnetische Feld beschreiben Als ein Sonderfall wird das zeitlich sinusförmig veränderliche magnetische Feld betrachtet.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 289-296 
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    Notes: Übersicht In dieser Arbeit ist das Problem der Berechnung optimaler komplexer Übersetzungsverhältnisse der regelbaren Netztransformatoren gelöst. Es werden Übersetzungsverhältnisse von Transformatoren berechnet in parallel arbeitenden Hochspannungsübertragungssystemen von verschiedenen Nominalspannungen. Die Hauptbedingung der Optimalisation ist das Minimum der Übertragungswirkverluste des ganzen Verbundbetriebsnetzes. Abgeleitete Gleichungen zur Berechnung optimaler Werte komplexer Übersetzungsverhältnisse mit technischen Begrenzungen, die in dem Problem das Netz darstellen, benutzen moderne mathematische Methoden und können in einem Programm für eine elektronische digitale Rechenmaschine zusammengestellt werden.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 311-318 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In consequence of the fact that the transient response in a sampled-data system is determined by the system input at the last sampling instant the ways and means which enable a controller to predict signals without causing dead-time in the transient response will be derived from the theory of linear sampled-data control systems.
    Notes: Übersicht Ausgehend von der Tatsache, daß in Systemen mit schrittweiser Signalübertragung der Verlauf der Signalgröße während des Intervalls zwischen zwei Abtastpunkten bereits zu dessen Beginn festliegt, wird die Frage untersucht, welche grundsätzliche Möglichkeiten bestehen, den Vorgang in geschlossenen Wirkungsabläufen durch Ableitung und Aufschaltung zukünftiger, mit Sicherheit vorhergesagter Werte zu beeinflussen, und welche Ergebnisse zu erwarten sind.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 332-340 
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    Notes: Summary The incremental susceptibility is a non-linear vector function for anisotropic material. The a. c. fields $$\vec \Delta {\rm H}$$ and $$\vec \Delta {\rm M}$$ are influenced by the biasing fields $$\vec {\rm M}_V $$ , wherby vectors have to be considered in terms of both rate and direction. A method of measurement was developed which enabled the determination of $$\vec \Delta {\rm H}$$ , $$\vec \Delta {\rm M}$$ and $$\vec {\rm M}_V $$ in sheet samples. 50% Ni−Fe-alloys having a cubic texture were examined at audio-frequency.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 395-400 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From the equation for the capacity of an excentric cylindrical capacitor with parallel axes a diagram is derived which facilitates numerical calculations. Then approximation formulae for the capacity of cylindrical capacitors with nonparallel axes are derived. The analogous formulae for the heat flux between such conductors are given also.
    Notes: Übersicht Mit Hilfe der Gleichung für die Kapazität eines exzentrischen achsenparallelen Zylinderkondensators wird zunächst ein Diagramm zur raschen Bestimmung von Zahlenwerten gezeichnet. Sodann werden mit einem parabolischen Näherungsansatz Formeln für die Kapazität von Zylinderkondensatoren mit nichtparallelen Leiterachsen hergeleitet. Die analogen Formeln für den Wärmefluß zwischen solchen Leitern werden ebenfalls angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 407-407 
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 408-408 
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    Electrical engineering 51 (1967), S. 255-261 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents By complex representation of a plane vector field a finite expression (in elementary functions) is derived for the magnetic field produced by an even number of infinitely long IOFFE bars with non-zero radial and angular extension.
    Notes: Übersicht Unter Verwendung der komplexen Darstellung eines ebenen Vektorfeldes wird ein geschlossener Ausdruck (in elementaren Funktionen) für das Magnetfeld hergeleitet, das von einer geraden Anzahl unendlich langer IOFFE-Stäbe von kreisringsektorförmigem Querschnitt erzeugt wird.
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    Electrical engineering 51 (1967), S. 274-280 
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    Electrical engineering 51 (1968), S. 309-316 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Researches on the influence of high main-field saturation in direct axis to cross-field inductance with salient-pole machines had to be done. The experiments were carried out with a synchronous machine which only moved oscillating. First the course of open-circuit voltage and of angular velocity, then the course of shortcircuit current and angular velocity was taken into account. Observance was given to a range of parameters (oscillation frequency and saturation) as wide as possible. Cross-field inductance of this machine has prooved to be practically independent of saturation in direct axis. This result can be called to be typical for salient-pole machines.
    Notes: Übersicht Es sollte untersucht werden, welchen Einfluß hohe Längsfeldsättigung auf die Querinduktivität bei Schenkelpolmaschinen hat. Die Untersuchungen wurden an einer Synchronmaschine, die reine Pendelbewegungen machte, durchgeführt. Verglichen wurden zunächst der zeitliche Verlauf der Leerlaufspannung und der Winkelgeschwindigkeit, dann der Verlauf des Stromes und der Winkelgeschwindigkeit. Auf möglichst weiten Bereich der Parameter (Pendelfrequenz und Sättigungszustand) wurde geachtet. Die Ankerquerinduktivität der Versuchsmaschine erwies sich als praktisch unabhängig von der Längsfeldsättigung. Das Ergebnis darf als typisch für Schenkelpolmaschinen angesehen werden.
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    Electrical engineering 51 (1968), S. 317-321 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The most economical shape of toriodal core components are investigated under the condition of minimum cost of material. Due to the rather complicated geometry of the coil the problem is quite difficult to solve. In principle the same method is applied which was used by the autor in his former works on economically optimal shapes of ordinary small transformers.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird die wirtschaftlichste Form des Ringkern bauelementes gesucht und man denkt dabei an kleinste Materialkosten. Die Aufgabe ist nicht einfach wegen der komplizierten Geometrie der Wicklung; im Prinzip bedient sich der Autor der gleichen Methode, mit welcher er schon in früheren Arbeiten die wirtschaftlich optimale Gestalt von gewöhnlichen Kleintransformatoren bestimmt hat.
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    Electrical engineering 51 (1968), S. 334-334 
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1968), S. 176-195 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents A numerical method to calculate with digital computers twodimensional or rotationssymmetric magnet fields in devices with iron, air, currents and permanentmagnets is described.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird ein numerisches Verfahren zur Berechnung zweidimensionaler, bzw. rotationssymmetrischer Magnetfelder in Anordnungen mit Eisenteilgebieten, Lufträumen, stromdurchflossenen Wicklungen und Permanentmagneten mittels digitaler Rechenmaschinen beschrieben.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1968), S. 163-175 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The most general case of a rotating-field-machine with anisotropic rotor is the synchronous machine with salient poles, damper cage and — during asynchronous starting — shortcircuited field winding. For calculating the asynchronous performance of this machine, from which only the design datas but not measurement results are known, usually certain assumptions of the damper current distribution are made. Those assumptions are dropped in this treatment. A system of voltage equations is derived regarding each damper mesh. The parameters necessary for calculation are defined with respect to the individual machine geometry. The system of equations can only be matched on a digital computer. A computer programs is given.
    Notes: Übersicht Den allgemeinsten Fall einer Drehfeldmaschine mit anisotropem Läufer stellt die Synchronmaschine mit ausgeprägten Polen, Dämpferkäfig und — während des Anlaufs — kurzgeschlossener Erregerwicklung dar. Zur Vorausberechnung des asynchronen Betriebsverhaltens dicser Maschine, von der lediglich die Entwursdaten aber noch keine Meßergebnisse bekannt sind, werden üblicherweise bestimmte Annahmen über die Dämpferstromverteilung gemacht. Davon wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit abgeschen. Es wird ein System von Spannungsgleichungen angegeben, das jede cinzelne Dämpfermasche berücksichtigt. Dabei ergeben sich die zur Berechnung erforderlichen Kennwerte aus der Ableitung mit engem Bezug auf die jeweilige Maschinengeometrie. Das Gleichungssystem kann nur auf digitalem Wege gelöst werden. Ein Rechenprogramm wird mitgeteilt.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Starting from a simple rectifier bridge amplitude comparator the characteristics in the complex impedance plane of distance relays, made up of intermediate current transformers, rectifier bridges and polarised moving coil relays, are derived in complex terminology, from which practical conclusions for the design of a distance relay with desired characteristic can be easily drawn. Through examples the effectiveness of the method is brought out.
    Notes: Übersicht Ausgehend von einer einfachen Gleichrichterbrückenschaltung wird eine Darstellung der Ortskurven von Distanzmeßgliedern, die aus Zwischenwandlern, Gleichrichterbrücken und Drehspulrelais aufgebaut sind, in komplexer Schreibweise abgeleitet, die leicht die Verwirklichung einer gewünschten Ortskurve erkennen läßt. An Beispielen wird die Zweckmäßigkeit der Darstellungsweise gezeigt.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 205-210 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In the transient state an asynchronous machine has additional torques besides the well known torque which depends on the rotor slip. The maximum values of these additional torques are functions of different factors, primarily of the acceleration constant and the critical slip. In this paper the limiting values of these torques are calculated. It is shown that the theoretically interesting asynchronous machine with super-conductive secundary winding can operate like a synchronons machine. The maximum value of its torque is equal to the double critical torque of a normal asynchronous machine.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der Asynchronmaschine treten bei Ausgleichsvorgängen außer dem stationären, schlupfabhängigen noch zusätzliche Momente auf. Die Maximalwerte dieser Zusatzmomente hängen von verschiedenen Faktoren, wie vor allem der Anlaufzeitkonstante und dem Kippschlupf ab. Über diese Zusammenhänge liegen schon verschiedene Arbeiten vor [1, 2, 3, 6, 8]. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll untersucht werden, welche Grenzwerte diese Momente annehmen können. Dabei wird von der theoretisch interessanten Maschine mit Supraleitung im Sekundärkreis ausgegangen, die, wie gezeigt wird, zur Synchronmaschine wird und bei der ein Maximalmoment gleich dem doppelten Kippmoment der normalen Asynchronmaschine auftritt.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 211-231 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In the present paper the synchronous machine is considered as a technical three-winding transformer in the direct-axis respectively as a technical two-winding transformer in the quadrature-axis. For the most usual construction of the damping system the coefficients of leakage and the time-constants will be calculated by general geometrical factors, independent of special quantities. With the parameters of the damping system the transient and the subtransient reactances and time-constants can be calculated by the two-axis-theory.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Synchronmaschine wird als technischer Dreiwicklungstransformator in derd-Achse, bzw. als technischer Zweiwicklungstransformator in der Querachse aufgefaßt. Für die häufigste Ausführungsform des Dämpferkäfigs werden dessen Streuungskoeffizienten und Zeitkonstanten über allgemeine, von der speziellen Maschinenauslegung unabhängige geometrische Faktoren berechnet. Mit den Parametern der Dämpferwicklung lassen sich die transienten und subtransienten Reaktanzen und Zeitkonstanten nach der Zweiachsentheorie bestimmen.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Referring to earlier papers equations are given to calculate fields of excentricity and unbalanced magnetic pull. These equations are functions of the magneticaly efficient excentricity of the rotor which is established as a fictive mathematical protion. In this paper mainly relations are established between this fictive excentricity of the rotor and the mechanical one. By this way fields of excentricity and unbalanced magnetic pull can be represented in a relatively simple and clear way in dependence of the mechanical excentricity too. Furtheron a correcting factor is found out to consider the influence of the magnetic tension in the yoke approximately. Results of experimental tests are given.
    Notes: Übersicht Bezugnehmend auf frühere Arbeiten sind Gleichungen zur Berechnung der Exzentrizitätsfelder und des einseitigen magnetischen Zuges als Funktionen der magnetisch wirksamen Läuferexzentrizität angegeben, die aber nur eine fiktive Rechengröße ist. Im wesentlichen werden in vorliegender Arbeit Beziehungen abgeleitet, nach denen der Zusammenhang zwischen dieser fiktiven und der mechanischen Läuferexzentrizität berechnet werden kann. Damit lassen sich dann die Exzentrizitätsfelder und der einseitige magnetische Zug in relativ leichter und übersichtlicher Weise auch in Abhängigkeit von der mechanischen Exzentrizität darstellen. Außerdem ist ein Korrekturfaktor ermittelt, mit dem näherungsweise der Einfluß der magnetischen Jochspannung berücksichtigt werden kann. Die Ergebnisse experimenteller Überprüfungen der Theorie sind angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 240-261 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The paper presents for the case of horizontal overhead H. V. lines a simplified method for the calculation of modal components, which are known to be the most adequate for studying wave propagation on three-phase transmission lines, as they propagate independently and distorsionless. As a first step of transformation,Clarke (α, β, o)-components were used, the ultimate transformation and the propagation constants resulting as a correction to the former. Computed results were compared with published data.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird ein einfaches Verfahren zum Bestimmen von verzerrungsfreien, sogenannten Modalkomponenten für Wellenausbreitung auf horizontalen Hochspannungsfreileitungen angegeben. Durch Anwenden einer Vortransformation in α, β, o-Komponenten kann die Transformation in Modalkomponenten anhand leicht berechenbarer Hilfsgrößen ermittelt werden. Die Berechnungen sind auch für den Fall einer Leitung mit Erdseilen durchgeführt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse sind mit bekannten veröffentlichten Angaben verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 301-305 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The propagation of travelling waves is considered in case of one-phase and three-phase wires. By means of the harmonic analysis the distortion by the influence of the earth resistance is calculated.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Wanderwellenausbreitung bei Ein- und Dreiphasenleitungen wird untersucht. Auf Grund des Spektralverfahrens wird der Einfluß des Erdwiderstandes auf die Verzerrung berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 306-317 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Magnetic fields can now-a-days be calculated on large digital computers using difference equations. These equations are derivated for cartesian and polar grid-systems. Three methods of relaxation are specified to achieve an acceleration of convergence. To show the efficiency the magnetic forces at the pole of a d-c-machine are calculated.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Berechnung magnetischer Felder kann heute mit Hilfe der Differenzenrechnung auf großen Digitalrechnern erfolgen. Die hierfür notwendigen Differenzengleichungen werden für kartesische und polare Gitternetzwerke hergeleitet. Zur Konvergenzbeschleunigung werden drei Methoden der Blockrelaxation angegeben. Als Beispiel werden die magnetischen Kräfte auf den Pol einer Gleichstrommaschine berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 327-340 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents For the sake of direct calculation of switching-surge phenomena produced by energizing an overhead line, some formulas which permit the consideration of earth-influence were derived using a Fourier-transform. A method of computing phase voltages when energisation is not simultaneous is indicated, and the calculated values for some examples are compared with published data.
    Notes: Übersicht Zur Berechnung der Ausgleichsvorgänge beim Schalten einer Drehstromleitung werden mit Hilfe der Fourier-Transformationen Ausdrücke ermittelt, die es ermöglichen, auch den Erdeinfluß zu berücksichtigen. Es wird ein Verfahren zum Verfolgen der Spannungen beim nichtgleichzeitigen Schalten der Phasen angegeben. Mit den erhaltenen Beziehungen sind Beispiele berechnet und mit veröffentlichten Angaben verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 398-408 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The analog computing of dipole chain transient response may be sensibly simplified and the drift inaccuracy reduced by a suitable computer setup. The principe is explained in the particular case of resistive high voltage dividers, afterwards the general solution is derived. In addition, two diagrams for instantaneous value determination relative to quickly variable voltages are presented. Experimental results prove the good computer setup performance and accuracy of the measuring diagrams.
    Notes: Übersicht Die analoge Nachbildung von Zweipolketten kann durch eine eigenartige Programmierung wesentlich vereinfacht und der Driftfehler verringert werden. Den Grundgedanken erläutert man am Beispiel des abgeschirmten ohmschen Teilers, worauf die allgemeine Lösung hergeleitet wird. Anschließend gibt man zwei Anordnungen zur Augenblickswertbestimmung von verhältnismäßig schnell veränderlichen Spannungen. Versuchsergebnisse bestätigen die vorteilhaften Eigenschaften der neuen Programmierungsart sowie die zufriedenstellende Genauigkeit der vorgetragenen meßtechnischen Verfahren.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 13-30 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In this paper a theory is presented, dealing with transient operational behavior of AC—squirrelcage-motors. Using a method developed byKovacs andStepina the voltages and currents are represented by “Raumzeiger”. This theory is based on the squirrel cage havingZ2-rotor circuits. The time-dependence of the voltages and currents is arbitrary. As a result of this not only the basic magnetic arrow but also the arrow due to the triple numbers of pairs of poles is taken into consideration in the calculation.
    Notes: Übersicht In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Theorie des transienten Betriebsverhaltens von Drehstromkäfigankermotoren behandelt. Die Spannungen und Ströme wurden nachKovacs-Stepina mit Hilfe von Raumzeigern dargestellt. Die Theorie geht vom Käfiganker mit neuenZ2-Läufermaschinen aus und läßt einen beliebigen zeitlichen Verlauf der Spannungen und Ströme zu. Aus diesem Grunde werden neben den magnetischen Grundfehlern auch die Felder dreifacher Polpaarzahl in den Rechnungsgang einbezogen.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Equivalent thermal circuit for a cross section—Network for a stator winding with direct cooling —Network for an axial and radial heat flow in an electrical machine—Solution of the set of equations — Example.
    Notes: Übersicht Wärmequellennetzwerk für einen Maschinenquerschnitt — Netzwerk für einen direkt gekühlten Leiter—Netzwerk für achsiale und radiale Wärmeströmung in einer elektrischen Maschine—Lösung des Gleichungssystems—Beispiel.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 184-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The semi-controlled back and boost connection of two three-phase bridges is obtained by the series connection of a fully controlled and an uncontrolled three-phase bridge. The calculating process for the determination of the characteristic data of the circuit for supplying consumers is dealt with in a service quadrant. Based on the curve shape of the direct voltage, the exact non-continuity and ripple factors of the direct current are determined. The connection between ripple content and current fluctuation is also treated. Finally, the reactive power characteristics are discussed.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der halbgesteuerten Zu- und Gegenschaltung zweier Dreiphasenbrücken handelt es sich um die Reihenschaltung einer vollgesteuerten und einer ungesteuerten Dreiphasenbrücke. Es wird der Rechengang zur Ermittlung der Kenndaten der Schaltung zur Speisung von Verbrauchern in einem Betriebsquadranten behandelt. Ausgehend von der Kurvenform der Gleichspannung werden die exakten Lück- und Welligkeitsfaktoren des Gleichstromes ermittelt. Ferner wird auf den Zusammenhang von Welligkeit und Stromschwankung eingegangen. Abschließend wird das Blindleistungsverhalten diskutiert.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The usual computation of soil electrodes is based upon the assumption that the surface of earth is plain. In the present paper this assumption is abandonned. Therefore, the field equations of electric currents in uniformely conducting bodies are integrated under the boundary conditions adapted to an irregular surface. Though this solution is, in general, not exactly computable, it can be substituted by a practically sufficient approximation allowing its elementary performance. Some important cases are treaten both analytically and numerically.
    Notes: Übersicht Die übliche Berechnung von Erdern beruht auf der Voraussetzung einer ebenen Erdoberfläche. Um die tatsächlich stets wirksamen Unregelmäßigkeiten des Bodens zu berücksichtigen, werden die ihnen angepaßten Feldgleichungen der Erdströmung integriert. Die Lösung ist in der Regel der strengen Berechnung unzugänglich; doch kann sie in hinreichender Genauigkeit durch eine elementare Integration ersetzt werden, welche für eine Reihe praktisch wichtiger Fälle explizit durchgeführt und an Hand von Zahlenbeispielen erläutert wird.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper describes the principle and electronic realization of a Learning Machine based on the method of learning by trial and error. The details of a learning process are defined and graphically presented in a flow chart. As to the realization of the Learning Machine three stores have been found necessary. A behaviour store contains all forms of behaviour that can be produced by the Learning Machine. A memory store marks the successful behaviour and an experience store follows up the step by step change of the Learning Machine's experience.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden Prinzip und elektronische Realisierung eines Lernenden Automaten beschrieben, dem die Methode “Lernen durch Erfolg” zugrunde liegt. Der Lernprozeß wird in seinen Einzelheiten festgelegt und in einem Flußdiagramm dargestellt. Zur Realisierung eines Lernenden Automaten wurden drei Speicher verwendet. Es sind dies ein Verhaltensspeicher, der die verschiedenen Verhaltensweisen des Lernenden Automaten enthält; ferner ein Merkspeicher, in dem die erfolgreiche Verhaltensweise gespeichert wird; schließlich ein Erfahrungsspeicher, der zur Speicherung eines schrittweise sich ändernden Erfahrungsschatzes dient.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 24-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present paper deals with problems in the field of modern electrical engineering, called by the author and others “nonlinear electrotechnics.” It presents a detailed analysis of the fundamental equation of nonlinear circuits with respect to its solution by analog computation and offers a general programming schedule for the analog computer.
    Notes: Inhaltsübersicht Die vorliegende Arbeit, die sich in den neuen, vom Verfasser und anderen als nichtlineare Elektrotechnik bezeichneten Abschnitt der modernen Elektrotechnik einreiht, verfolgt die ins einzelne gehende Analyse der Grundgleichung nichtlinearer Stromkreise hinsichtlich ihrer Lösung durch Analogrechenverfahren und die Aufstellung einer allgemeinen Rechenschaltung dieser Gleichung für den Analogrechner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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