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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (286)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROBIOLOGY AND NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF AN EDIBLE LARVA (BUNAEA ALCINOE STOLL) OF THE NIGER DELTA (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial load and nutritional composition of the Bunaea alcinoe larvae were investigated. The bacterial population of the skin and intestinal content were 8.16 × 106and 5.70 × 105 cfu/g while the fungal populations were 2.07 × 106and 1.32 × 106 cfu/g, respectively. Twenty bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Micrococcus and Acinetobacter were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus occurred on both the skin and intestinal content. The nutritional composition of the larvae revealed high protein (55%) followed by fat (25%). Total available carbohydrate, moisture and ash were 4, 8 and 8%, respectively. The public health implication of the presence of S. aureus is highlighted. B. alcinoe larva is a rich source of protein and can be recommended in the diet of communities where protein is scarce or expensive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00577.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE SURVIVAL OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN MEXICAN-STYLE SAUSAGE (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in chorizos (Mexican-style sausages) was modeled in relation to initial water activity (aw0) and storage conditions using the Weibull cumulative distribution function. Twenty survival curves were generated from chorizos formulated at aw0 = 0.85–0.97 then stored under four temperature (T) and air inflow velocity (F) conditions. The Weibull model parameters (α and β) were determined for every curve. Predicted survival curves agreed with experimental curves with R2 = 0.945–0.992. Regression models (R2 = 0.981–0.984) were developed to relate α and β to operating conditions. The times to one- and two-log reduction in count (t1D and t2D) were derived from the Weibull model in terms of α and β. A parametric study revealed that L. monocytogenes survival was most sensitive to aw0 between 0.90 and 0.95. The inactivation of L. monocytogenes could be maximized with higher T and lower aw0; however, F did not significantly influence survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00019.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF FOOD RISK ISSUES AND FOOD RISK MESSAGES ON THE ISLAND OF IRELAND: THE VIEWS OF FOOD SAFETY EXPERTS (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Food safety experts have a key role in constructing food risk messages and thus their perceptions will influence how food risk issues are communicated to the public. This research examined the perceptions of food safety experts regarding public understanding of food risk issues and food risk messages on the island of Ireland. It also looked into expert views of the barriers to effective food risk communication and how to improve food risk messages. One hundred and forty-three experts, working in areas related to food safety, completed an online questionnaire. Questionnaire and statement design was guided by the results of four in-depth interviews with food safety experts. The findings indicate that most experts surveyed have little confidence in the public's understanding of food risk issues, their assessment of food risks, their ability to deal with scientific information and their food safety practices. Experts are of the view that the public under-assesses the risk associated with some microbiological hazards and over-assesses the risk associated with other hazards such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The opinion of experts with regard to GMOs is not supported by previous consumer research. Experts noted that the level of education and age were important determinants for the level of understanding of food risk issues and messages. Experts were of the view that early intervention via school curricula was the best method to improve public understanding of food risk messages in the long term. Furthermore, experts are of the view that the media have the ability to improve awareness and knowledge about food risk issues but believe that the media tend to communicate information that is misleading. The majority of experts also believe that they should communicate uncertainty but are not confident that the public is able to cope with this uncertainty. Many of the experts also indicated a desire for training on how to interact with the media. The results may be used by those experts who are involved in the construction of food risk messages to improve the design and communication of food risk messages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00020.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THERMAL RESISTANCE OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT AND ANTIBIOTIC-SENSITIVE SALMONELLA SPP. ON CHICKEN MEAT (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The aim of this research was to investigate the potential relationship, if any, between the acquisition/possession of antibiotic resistance genes in strains of Salmonella and its resistance to heat stress. Chicken pieces were inoculated with antibiotic sensitive (AS) strains of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, its laboratory-acquired antibiotic-resistant (AR) mutant strains (nalidixic acid and streptomycin), or a multiresistant strain of S. Typhimurium DT104. Half of these samples were heat-shocked (48C for 30 min) and all were heat-challenged at 55C for up to 30 min. Samples were then plated on xylose lysine desoxycholate (XLD) and tryptone soya agar (TSA) overpoured with XLD. Heat-shocked cultures of S. Typhimurium DT104 had significantly higher D-values (the time required for a 1 log reduction in the number of bacteria) than their non-heat-shocked counterparts (P 〈 0.05). No significant differences were observed between AR and their AS. However, the D-values for S. Typhimurium DT104 were significantly higher than the D-values for S. Typhimurium (AS) and S. Enteritidis (AS) (P 〈 0.05). This study concluded that laboratory-acquired antibiotic-resistant mutation did not affect heat resistance of the Salmonella strains studied and suggested a potential link between multiantibiotic resistance and heat resistance in S. Typhimurium DT104.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00021.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECT OF PEDIOCIN DT10 ON LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES OZ-N3 CELLS (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pediococcus pentosaceous DT10, isolated from ready-to-eat fish products, produced a bacteriocin active against Gram-positive bacteria, many of which are associated with food spoilage and food-related health hazards. The bacteriocin, named pediocin DT10, was partially purified and was observed to kill sensitive Leuconostoc mesenteroides cells by acting on their cytoplasmic membrane. Exposure of cell suspensions of L. mesenteroides to pediocin DT10 produced cell-viability loss, as shown by the reduction in colony-forming units after treatment. The activity of pediocin DT10 against L. mesenteroides cells was bactericidal in nature, and also induced an important efflux of intracellular material. The transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of L. mesenteroides cells confirmed the way pediocin DT10 causes lysis of the sensitive L. mesenteroides cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00023.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SENSITIVITY OF SUBLETHALLY INJURED GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA TO PEDIOCIN P (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: All Gram-negative bacteria tested were normally resistant to the bactericidal action of pediocin P of Pediococcus pentosaceous Pep1, which had been isolated from vacuum-packaged sausages. However, when they were subjected to sublethal stress (exposure to physical and chemical stresses such as freezing, heating and acid treatment) and were treated with pediocin P, gram-negative bacterial cells that were normally resistant to pediocin P developed sensitivity to it and pediocin P reduced the viability of bacterial cells surviving sublethal stresses, although the extent of reduction varied with strain and type of treatment. When the combined effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sublethal heat and pediocin P was studied by adding EDTA and pediocin P to cell suspensions right before heating them, there was a considerable reduction in the number of viable cells, even at the lowest concentration of pediocin P tested. The results of our preliminary studies showed that sublethal injury can make the gram-negative bacterial cells sensitive to pediocin P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00022.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EDITORIAL (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.25401.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOFILM FORMATION BY SALMONELLA SPP. ON CANTALOUPE MELONS (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of two strains of Salmonella to form biofilms on whole cantaloupe melons was investigated. Ten microliters of bacterial suspensions was spot-inoculated onto cantaloupe melon rinds in pre-marked areas, and the cantaloupe melons were held at either 10 or 20C. Biofilm formation was monitored using scanning electron microscopy on excised portions of the cantaloupe melon rind at 2, 24, 48, 72 and 144 h postinoculation. Micrographs indicated that biofilm formation occurred rapidly following introduction of cells (2 h at 20C) onto the cantaloupe melon rind. A fibrillar material was visible after just 2 h at 20C, and cells were embedded in extracellular polymeric material after 24 h at either temperature. These results indicate that a human pathogen is capable of forming a biofilm on plant tissue and that biofilm formation may be responsible for the increased recalcitrance of bacteria to aqueous sanitizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00024.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVALUATION OF ATTACHMENT AND PENETRATION ABILITIES OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI ISOLATES OBTAINED FROM HUMANS AND CHICKEN CARCASSES DURING PROCESSING AND AT RETAIL (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The differences in attachment and penetration ability of Campylobacter jejuni were determined by analyzing C. jejuni isolates obtained from chicken carcasses and from humans exhibiting symptoms of campylobacteriosis. INT 407 cells, a human cell line originating from the jejunal/ileal region, were used as the in vitro model, and attachment and penetration abilities were evaluated for each isolate. There were no significant differences between the attachment and penetration abilities of chicken isolates and human isolates (HUMN). In addition, a wide range of attachment and penetration abilities was found for the isolates, with many of the HUMN possessing low attachment and penetration abilities. These data indicate that C. jejuni attachment and penetration into the human ileal and jejunal regions may not be primary virulence factors and may only be important in causing more acute symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00550.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BEHAVIOR OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN FRESH-SLICED CACTUS-PEAR FRUIT (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Storage experiments were conducted to follow the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7, deliberately inoculated on fresh-cut cactus-pear fruits before packaging under modified and control atmosphere and stored at four different temperatures (4, 8, 12 and 20C). L. monocytogenes was able to proliferate during storage at different temperature both in control and modified atmosphere. By comparing the sanitary-risk values with those of shelf life, it is possible to conclude that the storage of cactus-pear samples at temperatures greater than 4C, both in control and in modified atmospheres, could lead to a significant health-time risk, and that this is strictly affected by temperature. E. coli O157:H7 was able to proliferate only in the sample stored at 4 and 8C in both package atmospheres. On the contrary, this species was completely suppressed at the higher temperatures. In our study, E. coli O157:H7 appeared to be much less suited for survival on the surface of the fruit than L. monocytogenes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00570.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ISOLATED FROM FOODS INVOLVED IN HUMAN FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS THAT OCCURRED IN THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL, 1999–2000 (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Antimicrobial resistance was determined for 73 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from foods involved in human foodborne outbreaks that occurred in the South of Brazil, from 1999 to 2000. The isolates were individually tested against 10 antimicrobial agents using a disc diffusion method. Most isolates were susceptible to all drugs tested. No S. enteritidis isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim or chloramphenicol. The predominant resistance observed was to streptomycin (S) (37%), gentamicin (GEN) (13.7%) and nalidixic acid (NAL) (13.7%), while intermediate resistance was observed most often for tetracycline (53.4%), neomycin (NEO) (30.1%) and GEN (15.1%). Resistance was verified in 40 isolates (54%), which were grouped in 15 different patterns. Multiple resistance was presented in 17 (23%) of the isolates, and one isolate exhibited resistance to four drugs (NEO, kanamycin, S and NAL), demonstrating the involvement of multiresistant S. enteritidis strains with foodborne outbreaks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00573.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OCCURRENCE OF HEMOLYSIN-PRODUCING AEROMONADS IN MEAT AND OFFAL SOLD IN PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fresh, different meat types and offal were examined for the occurrence of Aeromonas species by the direct-plating and enrichment methods. The enrichment method (coefficient of variation = 15.1%) enhanced the recovery of Aeromonas species. The major Aeromonas species identified were A. sobria (67.3%) and A. hydrophila (21.2%). Other species occurred in minor proportions and were A. caviae, A. proteolytica and A. salmonicida. Out of the 52 isolates, 50 were motile species except two which were not motile and identified as the species A. proteolytica. Sixteen motile species occurred in cow, 18 in goat and 16 in lamb. The motile species and the two nonmotile species were hemolytic. They were all sensitive to chloramphenicol (30 mg) and resistant to ampicillin (10 mg). The nonmotile A. proteolytica were all resistant to tetracycline. Aeromonas caviae, A. salmonicida, A. hydrophila and A. sobria were killed after exposure to 50C (decimal reduction time, D10 = 30 s). Aeromonads are unlikely to pose a public health problem in Nigeria where meat undergoes prolonged cooking. Meat is a possible factor in the epidemiology of Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00575.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DETERMINATION OF POSSIBLE GENOMIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DIMORPHISM IN CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis. Using a tissue culture system, researchers have found that spiral forms of C. jejuni are more pathogenic than coccoid forms of the same strain. The objective of this research was to investigate genomic changes associated with the dimorphism in C. jejuni using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and sequencing of flaA gene of C. jejuni isolated from chicken carcasses and human stool samples. C. jejuni isolates were cultured for 18 h (spiral form) and 72 h (coccoid form). PFGE profiles of both forms of C. jejuni showed 100% genetic similarity. For sequence analysis of the flaA gene of C. jejuni, its short-variable region (SVR) was analyzed. For the two forms of the same isolate, the nucleic-acid sequences of the SVR of flaA showed 95–100% similarity. It is concluded that morphological dimorphism of C. jejuni was not associated with genetic changes as measured by the mentioned tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00579.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AEROBIC PLATE COUNTS OF PHILIPPINE READY-TO-EAT FOODS FROM TAKE-AWAY PREMISES (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Aerobic Plate Counts (APCs) of some Philippine ready-to-eat (RTE) foods from take-away premises were established for the first time within the context of using the information for the development of Philippine microbial guidelines for RTE foods. The calculated APCs for most of the RTE foods analyzed in the study were ≤ 10 5 cfu/unit of food sample. Among the reasons cited to explain higher APC values were: use of raw ingredients for the final product, temperature abuse during vending, inadequate cooking and use of leftovers. It was recommended that the generally acceptable microbial guideline value for APC of RTE foods set at 〈 105 cfu/unit be adapted locally until more precise microbial criteria for this food type could be developed through an appropriate scientific process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00554.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LACTOBACILLUS CURVATUS PRODUCES A BACTERIOCIN-LIKE AGENT ACTIVE AGAINST GRAM-NEGATIVE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Isolates from fermented foods were screened for antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. The most active isolate was identified as a Lactobacillus curvatus by biochemical analysis and ribotyping, and the isolate was designated as OSY-HJC6. Lactobacillus curvatus OSY-HJC6 was further tested for intracellular and extracellular production of antimicrobial agents. A reduction of 〉 8 log10 cfu/mL was observed when cell suspensions of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were treated with equal volumes of Lb. curvatus culture supernatant. Gram-positive bacteria were not sensitive to the culture supernatant, but antimicrobial activity was detected when the cell extract was tested against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Culture supernatant and cell extract retained the antimicrobial activity after heating at 60–100C for 10 min but not after protease treatment. The cell extract of Lb. curvatus retarded the growth of E. coli p220 in broth medium and food extracts (i.e., bacteriostatic action) but showed bactericidal activity against the bacterium in phosphate buffer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00557.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STUDIES ON OCCURRENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS FROM SELECT MEATS (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in meat and to characterize the isolates obtained in the study for virulence factors. A total of 211 meat samples of different animals (70 each of buffalo and goat and 71 of poultry) were screened and the highest occurrence of C. perfringens was observed in goat (91.4%) followed by poultry (70.4%) and buffalo (65.7%). Among the 116 isolates (buffalo-32, goat-37 and poultry-45) of C. perfringens screened for the presence of enterotoxin gene by PCR, 9.3, 32.4 and 15.5% isolates of buffalo, goat and poultry, respectively, were found to possess enterotoxin gene. Screening of 15 enterotoxin gene possessing isolates for verocytotoxicity revealed that 12 isolates exhibited cytopathic effect while 3 isolates did not show any cytopathic effect in spite of the presence of enterotoxin gene. A total of 115 C. perfringens isolates were screened for other virulence markers, i.e., lecithinase and hemolysin. The results revealed that the majority of the isolates expressed these activities. Antibiogram studies of C. perfringens isolates using 16 antibiotics displayed multidrug resistance. The isolates showed resistance to streptomycin, ceftazidime, colistin sulfate, cephalothin, ampicillin and gentamicin. Whereas 100% sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and nitrofurantoin was seen, moderate sensitivity was observed with tetracycline and sulfatriad.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00560.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVALUATION OF FLUORESCENT IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH) AS A RAPID SCREENING METHOD FOR DETECTION OF SALMONELLA IN TONSILS OF SLAUGHTERED PIGS FOR CONSUMPTION: A COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL CULTURE METHOD (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The pork tonsils are an important carrier of Salmonella, which could be involved in the contamination of pork products during the slaughter process. This paper reports a 23S rRNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) method used as a rapid screening tool for Salmonella detection in tonsils of slaughtered pigs and its comparison with the conventional culture method. As a rapid screening method, the FISH technique would reduce the high volume of negative samples that are routinely analyzed, indicating presumptive positive samples in a real and practical time. The use of a Sal3 probe allowed the rapid (7 h) Salmonella detection in 16 (34%) of 47 naturally contaminated tonsils, without pre-enrichment. Salmonella was isolated by the culture method in six samples that were also FISH-positive samples, and FISH failed to identify only one of the culture-positive samples. The results indicate the potential of this technique as a rapid screening method for detecting Salmonella in tonsils from pork slaughtered for consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00563.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALS OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND EXTRACTS ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS SPICE MATERIALS (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of essential oils and acetone extracts of black pepper, cumin, black cumin and mace were carried out by different techniques. The antioxidative capacity of the essential oils and acetone extracts were evaluated against mustard oil by measuring peroxide and thibarbituric acid values at fixed intervals. In addition, their antioxidant potential was evaluated by 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl radical and conjugated diene assays. Their reducing power was determined with standards, which proved the strong antioxidant capacity of essential oils and extracts. The antioxidant activity of essential oils and extracts exerted by all the antioxidant assays can be compared with synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. The antibacterial activity was studied by disk diffusion and poison food methods. Black cumin essential oil showed complete zone of inhibition (P 〈 0.05) against tested bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis at 2 and 6 µL level by disk diffusion method. Black cumin and black pepper extracts showed complete reduction of colonies against tested bacterial strains of S. aureus, B. cereus and B. subtilisat 5 and 10 µL level by poison food method. Poison food method exhibited good results for the tested essential oils and extracts. Essential oils of black pepper, cumin, black cumin and mace may be used to stabilize mustard oil after screening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00564.x
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    MODELING THE EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTRATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI SUSPENSIONS ON THEIR INACTIVATION BY CHLORINE (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this investigation was to model the influence of the initial microbial concentration on the Escherichia coli resistance to chlorine. A suspension test was used to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of chlorine. Chlorine doses ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 mL /L, from 0.3 to 0.7 m L /L, from 0.15 to 0.3 mL/L and from 0.1 to 0.2 mL /L when the initial microbial concentration was 1.2 × 108, 6 × 107, 6 × 106and 6 × 105 CFU/mL, respectively. In order to describe the survival curves of E. coli, a mathematical model based on a biphasic inactivation was used. Initial microbial concentration had a significant influence on the kinetics of inactivation and on the resistance of E. coli to chlorine. In order to obtain a good repeatability and reproducibility of the bacterial suspension test, the initial concentration of bacterial suspensions should be evaluated and standardized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00566.x
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    ACID PH PRODUCED BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA PREVENT THE GROWTH OF BACILLUS CEREUS IN BOZA, A TRADITIONAL FERMENTED TURKISH BEVERAGE (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of food safety 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth and survival of Bacillus cereus, a known pathogen commonly found in cereals, during lactic acid fermentation of boza, a traditional Turkish cereal beverage, was studied. In the boza base inoculated with both the starter culture and B. cereus, the acidity developed to pH 2.6 and 0.8% titratable acidity after 72 h; the growth of B. cereus was reduced from 3.9 log cfu/mL to 1 log cfu/mL within 72 h. The control boza base to which starter was not added had a pH of 3, titratable acidity of 0.8%. The B. cereus in this boza base to which no starter culture was added dropped to 1 log cfu/mL after 72 h. No strains of lactic acid bacteria were found to produce bacteriocins antagonistic to B. cereus. Low pH and acidity were found to be the major factors inhibiting growth of B. cereus in boza.
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    RESISTANCE OF COTTON TOWARDS XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. MALVACEARUM (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 63-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Interactions between Gossypium spp. and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum are understood in the context of the gene-for-gene concept. Reviewed here are the genetic basis for cotton resistance, with reference to resistance genes, resistance gene analogs, and bacterial avirulence genes, together with the physiological mechanisms involved in the hypersensitive response to the pathogen, including production of signaling hormones, synthesis of antimicrobial molecules and alteration of host cell structures. This host-pathogen interaction represents the most complex resistance gene/avr gene system yet known and is one of the few in which phytoalexins are known to be specifically localized in HR cells at anti-microbial concentrations.
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    ENERGY INTAKE, MEAL FREQUENCY, AND HEALTH: A Neurobiological Perspective * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 237-260 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The size and frequency of meals are fundamental aspects of nutrition that can have profound effects on the health and longevity of laboratory animals. In humans, excessive energy intake is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers and is a major cause of disability and death in industrialized countries. On the other hand, the influence of meal frequency on human health and longevity is unclear. Both caloric (energy) restriction (CR) and reduced meal frequency/intermittent fasting can suppress the development of various diseases and can increase life span in rodents by mechanisms involving reduced oxidative damage and increased stress resistance. Many of the beneficial effects of CR and fasting appear to be mediated by the nervous system. For example, intermittent fasting results in increased production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which increases the resistance of neurons in the brain to dysfunction and degeneration in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders; BDNF signaling may also mediate beneficial effects of intermittent fasting on glucose regulation and cardiovascular function. A better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms by which meal size and frequency affect human health may lead to novel approaches for disease prevention and treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092526
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    THE COW AS A MODEL TO STUDY FOOD INTAKE REGULATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 523-547 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Animal models have been invaluable for studying aspects of food intake regulation that for various reasons cannot be observed in humans. The dairy cow is a unique animal model because of an unrivaled energy requirement; its great drive to eat results in feeding behavior responses to treatments within the physiological range. Cows' docile nature and large size make them ideal for measuring temporal treatment effects because digestion and absorption kinetics and responses in endocrine systems, gene expression, metabolite pools and fluxes, and feeding behavior can be measured simultaneously. Thus, cows are important models to investigate interactions of short-term signals regulating food intake. Furthermore, different physiological states throughout the lactation cycle provide powerful models to study how short- and long-term signals interact to affect long-term energy status. The use of the cow as a model can lead to breakthroughs in understanding the complex interactions of signals regulating food intake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092704
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    REGULATION OF PHOSPHORUS HOMEOSTASIS BY THE TYPE IIA NA/PHOSPHATE COTRANSPORTER (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 197-214 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The type IIa Na/phosphate (Pi) cotransporter (Npt2a) is expressed in the brush border membrane (BBM) of renal proximal tubular cells where the bulk of filtered Pi is reabsorbed. Disruption of the Npt2a gene in mice elicits hypophosphatemia, renal Pi wasting, and an 80% decrease in renal BBM Na/Pi cotransport, and led to the demonstration that Npt2a is the target for hormonal and dietary regulation of renal Pi reabsorption. Regulation is achieved by changes in BBM abundance of Npt2a protein and requires the interaction of Npt2a with various scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Molecular studies in patients with renal Pi wasting resulted in the identification of novel regulators of Pi homeostasis: fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX). In mouse models, increased FGF-23 production or loss of Phex function causes hypophosphatemia and decreased renal Pi reabsorption, secondary to decreased BBM Npt2a protein abundance. Thus, Npt2a plays a major role in the maintenance of Pi homeostasis in both health and disease.
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    ANNUAL LIPID CYCLES IN HIBERNATORS: Integration of Physiology and Behavior (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 469-497 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Mammalian hibernation is a temporary suspension of euthermia allowing endotherms to undergo reversible hypothermia and generate a marked savings in energy expenditure. In most fat-storing hibernator species, seasonal changes in food intake, triacylglycerol deposition, metabolism, and reproductive development are controlled by a circannual clock. In ground-dwelling sciurid rodents (ground squirrels and marmots), for example, energy intake increases during a summer body mass gain phase, and toward the end of this phase metabolic rate also begins to decrease, resulting in a profound increase in lipid deposition as fat. Increased activity of lipogenic hormones and enzymes correspond with this increase. The hibernation mass loss phase begins after the body mass peak in the fall and ends in spring. During this phase, stored lipids are slowly utilized in a programmed manner by undergoing deep torpor or hibernation during which the hypothalamic setpoint for body temperature is typically reduced to just above 0ʻ́C. Throughout the hibernation season, bouts of deep torpor are punctuated by periodic arousals in which brown adipose tissue thermogenesis plays a critical role. Lipid oxidation nearly exclusively fuels deep torpor and most of the rewarming process. The fatty acid composition of stored lipids can affect the depth and duration of deep torpor, and saturated fatty acids may be preferentially used during hibernation, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids may be preferentially retained. Female and underweight male hibernators terminate hibernation in spring when aboveground food becomes available; in contrast, heavier males with sufficient lipid reserves spontaneously terminate hibernation several weeks before females and independent of food availability. Mating occurs shortly after emergence from hibernation, and the lipid cycle begins again with the completion of reproduction. Lipid deposition and mobilization, temperature regulation, reproduction, and circannual timing are intimately interdependent. The unique manner in which they are controlled during the annual cycle, especially lipid reserves, makes hibernators valuable and promising models for research into the mechanisms underlying these processes in all mammals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092514
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    Personal Reflections on Clinical Investigations (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 2 (1982), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.02.070182.000245
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    Regulation of Water Intake (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 2 (1982), S. 73-89 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Development of Lipid Metabolism (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 2 (1982), S. 91-111 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Consumption (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 2 (1982), S. 113-132 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Cellular Folate Binding Proteins; Function and Significance (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 2 (1982), S. 229-248 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.02.070182.001305
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    Caffeine (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 2 (1982), S. 323-341 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Nutrition in Renal Failure (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 125-154 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.03.070183.001013
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    BEING AT THE RIGHT PLACE, AT THE RIGHT TIME, FOR THE RIGHT REASONSĐ??PLANT PATHOLOGY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 1-24 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: This article relates some personal history and influences leading to becoming a plant pathologist. Next a summary of my research experiences on rice and barley diseases and the effect of regulatory changes on efforts to manage rice diseases in California. I conclude with an invitation to consider the opportunities and obligations of plant pathologists to return to the field and for individual introspection regarding attitudes and behavior toward colleagues and factors affecting our profession.
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    REPLICATION OF ALFAMO- AND ILARVIRUSES: Role of the Coat Protein (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 39-62 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: In the family Bromoviridae, a mixture of the three genomic RNAs of bromo-, cucumo-, and oleaviruses is infectious as such, whereas the RNAs of alfamo- and ilarviruses require binding of a few molecules of coat protein (CP) to the 3' end to initiate infection. Most studies on the early function of CP have been done on the alfamovirus Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). The 3' 112 nucleotides of AMV RNAs can adopt two different conformations. One conformer consists of a tRNA-like structure that, together with an upstream hairpin, is required for minus-strand promoter activity. The other conformer consists of four hairpins interspersed by AUGC-sequences and represents a strong binding site for CP. Binding of CP to this conformer enhances the translational efficiency of viral RNAs in vivo 40-fold and blocks viral minus-strand RNA synthesis in vitro. AMV CP is proposed to initiate infection by mimicking the function of the poly(A)-binding protein.
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    PRINCIPLES OF PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 141-169 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Economic, environmental, and technological influences complicate the task of achieving disease-free products in the ornamentals industry. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a cornerstone of floriculture and nursery crop production: strategies include sanitation, clean stock, host resistance, and control through biological, cultural, environmental, chemical, and regulatory means. Sanitation measures and cultural controls must keep pace with new production technologies. Clean stock programs are used for many crops that are propagated vegetatively. Breeding, selection, and biotechnology provide crops resistant to pathogens. Offshore production for economic competitiveness can introduce pathogens that make regulatory programs necessary. New biocontrol and chemical products continue to improve control while meeting the requirement for minimal environmental impact. Continual introduction of new crops and new production technologies creates new opportunities for pathogens to exploit, such that new disease management tactics must be discovered and old ones rediscovered to achieve optimum health management for ornamentals.
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    LIPIDS, LIPASES, AND LIPID-MODIFYING ENZYMES IN PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 229-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Lipids and lipid metabolites influence pathogenesis and resistance mechanisms associated with plant-microbe interactions. Some microorganisms sense their presence on a host by perceiving plant surface waxes, whereas others produce toxins that target plant lipid metabolism. In contrast, plants have evolved to recognize microbial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), sphingolipids, and lipid-binding proteins as elicitors of defense response. Recent studies have demonstrated that the plasma membrane provides a surface on which some plant resistance (R) proteins perceive pathogen-derived effectors and thus confer race-specific resistance. Plant cell membranes also serve as reservoirs from which biologically active lipids and precursors of oxidized lipids are released. Some of these oxylipins, for example jasmonic acid (JA), are important signal molecules in plant defense. Arabidopsis thaliana is an excellent model plant to elucidate the biosynthesis and metabolism of lipids and lipid metabolites, and the characterization of signaling mechanisms involved in the modulation of plant defense responses by phytolipids. This review focuses on recent studies that highlight the involvement of lipids and lipid metabolites, and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism and modification in plant disease resistance.
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    COMMERCIALIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOCONTROL 1 (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 337-359 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Although the number of biocontrol products is increasing, these products still represent only about 1% of agricultural chemical sales. Yet these are important contributions because biocontrol agents offer disease management alternatives with different mechanisms of action than chemical pesticides. Trends in research include the increased use of biorational screening processes to identify microorganisms with potential for biocontrol, increased testing under semicommercial and commercial production conditions, increased emphasis on combining biocontrol strains with each other and with other control methods, integrating biocontrol into an overall system.
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    MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TOMATO AND THE LEAF MOLD PATHOGEN CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 395-436 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The interaction between tomato and the leaf mold pathogen Cladosporium fulvum is controlled in a gene-for-gene manner. This interaction has provided useful insights to the molecular basis of recognition specificity in plant disease resistance (R) proteins, disease resistance (R) gene evolution, R-protein mediated signaling, and cellular responses to pathogen attack. Tomato Cf genes encode type I membrane-associated receptor-like proteins (RLPs) comprised predominantly of extracellular leucine-rich repeats (eLRRs) and which are anchored in the plasma membrane. Cf proteins recognize fungal avirulence (Avr) peptides secreted into the leaf apoplast during infection. A direct interaction of Cf proteins with their cognate Avr proteins has not been demonstrated and the molecular mechanism of Avr protein perception is not known. Following ligand perception Cf proteins trigger a hypersensitive response (HR) and the arrest of pathogen development. Cf proteins lack an obvious signaling domain, suggesting that defense response activation is mediated through interactions with other partners. Avr protein perception results in the rapid accumulation of active oxygen species (AOS), changes in cellular ion fluxes, activation of protein kinase cascades, changes in gene expression and, possibly, targeted protein degradation. Here we review our current understanding of Cf-mediated responses in resistance to C. fulvum.
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    SIGNAL CROSSTALK AND INDUCED RESISTANCE: Straddling the Line Between Cost and Benefit (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 545-580 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: This review discusses recent progress in our understanding of signaling in induced plant resistance and susceptibility to pathogens and insect herbivores, with a focus on the connections and crosstalk among phytohormone signaling networks that regulate responses to these and other stresses. Multiple stresses, often simultaneous, reduce growth and yield in plants. However, prior challenge by a pathogen or insect herbivore also can induce resistance to subsequent challenge. This resistance, or failure of susceptibility, must be orchestrated within a larger physiological context that is strongly influenced by other biotic agents and by abiotic stresses such as inadequate light, temperature extremes, drought, nutrient limitation, and soil salinity. Continued research in this area is predicated on the notion that effective utilization of induced resistance in crop protection will require a functional understanding of the physiological consequences of the "induced" state of the plant, coupled with the knowledge of the specificity and compatibility of the signaling systems leading to this state. This information may guide related strategies to improve crop performance in suboptimal environments, and define the limits of induced resistance in certain agricultural contexts.
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    THE BIOLOGY OF PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS AT ITS CENTER OF ORIGIN * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 171-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The central highlands of Mexico are considered to be a center of genetic diversity for both the potato late blight pathogen and for tuber-bearing Solanum spp. Recent work conducted in Mexico and South America sheds new light on the biology and evolution of Phytophthora infestans and other related Phytophthora pathogens. It now appears that Mexican Solanum species, which coevolved with P. infestans and were previously known for providing a source of R-genes, also provide a source of quantitative, rate-reducing resistance that is highly effective, stable, and durable. It is now apparent that Mexico is the center of origin not only of the potato late blight pathogen P. infestans, but also of several related Phytophthora species including P. mirabilis, P. ipomoeae, and possibly P. phaseoli. We close with the hypothesis that these Phytophthora species evolved sympatrically from one ancestral host through adaptive radiation onto their respective four host families.
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    PATHOGEN TESTING AND CERTIFICATION OF VITIS AND PRUNUS SPECIES * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 261-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Strategies to screen horticultural crops for graft-transmissible agents, particularly viruses and phytoplasmas, have advanced substantially over the past decade. Tests used for Vitis and Prunus are reviewed in detail, including both biological indexing procedures and laboratory-based assays. Despite advances in laboratory molecular-based detection techniques, a strong case is presented for the continued use of slower biological tests in programs requiring high levels of confidence in detection of pathogens that must be excluded from valuable germplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135919
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    Dietary Choline: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Pharmacology (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 95-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.000523
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    Metabolic Fate of Food Colorants (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 175-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.001135
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    Some Nutritional Considerations in the Conditioning of Athletes (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 319-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.001535
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    Nutritional Significance of Fructose and Sugar Alcohols (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 437-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.002253
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    PEDIATRIC OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE: Chronic Disease Risk and Implications for Treatment and Prevention Beyond Body Weight Modification (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 435-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The study of childhood obesity has continued to grow exponentially in the past decade. This has been driven in part by the increasing prevalence of this problem and the widespread potential effects of increased obesity in childhood on lifelong chronic disease risk. The focus of this review is on recent findings regarding the link between obesity and disease risk during childhood and adolescence. We describe recent reports relating to type 2 diabetes in youth ( 2 ), prediabetes ( 69, 166 ), metabolic syndrome ( 33, 35 ), polycystic ovarian syndrome ( 77 ), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( 58, 146 ), and the mediating role of insulin resistance in these conditions. In addition, we review the implications of this research for the design of more effective treatment and prevention strategies that focus more on the improvement of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and chronic disease risk reduction than on the conventional energy balance approach that focuses on weight management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092625
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    REDOX REGULATION BY INTRINSIC SPECIES AND EXTRINSIC NUTRIENTS IN NORMAL AND CANCER CELLS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 261-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Cells in multicellular organisms are exposed to both endogenous oxidative stresses generated metabolically and to oxidative stresses that originate from neighboring cells and from other tissues. To protect themselves from oxidative stress, cells are equipped with reducing buffer systems (glutathione/GSH and thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase) and have developed several enzymatic mechanisms against oxidants that include catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Other major extrinsic defenses (from the diet) include ascorbic acid, ?‚-carotene and other carotenoids, and selenium. Recent evidence indicates that in addition to their antioxidant function, several of these redox species and systems are involved in regulation of biological processes, including cellular signaling, transcription factor activity, and apoptosis in normal and cancer cells. The survival and overall well-being of the cell is dependent upon the balance between the activity and the intracellular levels of these antioxidants as well as their interaction with various regulatory factors, including Ref-1, nuclear factor-?”B, and activating protein-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092633
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    POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID REGULATION OF GENES OF LIPID METABOLISM (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 317-340 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Apart from being an important macronutrient, dietary fat has recently gained much prominence for its role in regulating gene expression. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affect gene expression through various mechanisms including, but not limited to, changes in membrane composition, intracellular calcium levels, and eicosanoid production. Furthermore, PUFAs and their various metabolites can act at the level of the nucleus, in conjunction with nuclear receptors and transcription factors, to affect the transcription of a variety of genes. Several of these transcription mediators have been identified and include the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4ʼ̛, and liver X receptor (LXR) and the transcription factors sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and nuclear factor-?”B (NF?”B). Their interaction with PUFAs has been shown to be critical to the regulation of several key genes of lipid metabolism. Working out the mechanisms by which these interactions and consequent effects occur is proving to be complicated but is invaluable to our understanding of the role that dietary fat can play in disease management and prevention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.051804.101917
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    REGULATION OF VITAMIN C TRANSPORT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 105-125 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA, oxidized vitamin C) are dietary sources of vitamin C in humans. Both nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the intestine and renal tubules by, respectively, enterocytes and renal epithelial cells. Subsequently vitamin C circulates in the blood and enters all of the other cells of the body. Concerning flux across the plasma membrane, simple diffusion of ascorbic acid plays only a small or negligible role. More important are specific mechanisms of transport and metabolism that concentrate vitamin C intracellularly to enhance its function as an enzyme cofactor and antioxidant. The known transport mechanisms are facilitated diffusion of DHAA through glucose-sensitive and -insensitive transporters, facilitated diffusion of ascorbate through channels, exocytosis of ascorbate in secretory vesicles, and secondary active transport of ascorbate through the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2 proteins that are encoded by the genes Slc23a1 and Slc23a2, respectively. Evidence is reviewed indicating that these transport pathways are regulated under physiological conditions and altered by aging and disease.
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    MECHANISMS OF DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF DIETARY VITAMIN A * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 87-103 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Mechanisms involved in the digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A require the participation of several proteins. Dietary retinyl esters are hydrolyzed in the intestine by the pancreatic enzyme, pancreatic triglyceride lipase, and intestinal brush border enzyme, phospholipase B. Unesterified retinol taken up by the enterocyte is complexed with cellular retinol-binding protein type 2 and the complex serves as a substrate for reesterification of the retinol by the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). The retinyl esters are then incorporated into chylomicrons, intestinal lipoproteins containing other dietary lipids, such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and free and esterified cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B. Chylomicrons containing newly absorbed retinyl esters are then secreted into the lymph. Although under normal dietary conditions much of the dietary vitamin A is absorbed via the chylomicron/lymphatic route, it is also clear that under some circumstances there is substantial absorption of unesterified retinol via the portal route. Evidence supports the idea that the cellular uptake and efflux of unesterified retinol by enterocytes is mediated by lipid transporters, but the exact number, identity, and role of these proteins is not known and is an active area of research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092614
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    DROSOPHILA NUTRIGENOMICS CAN PROVIDE CLUES TO HUMAN GENE-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 499-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Nutrigenomics refers to the complex effects of the nutritional environment on the genome, epigenome, and proteome of an organism. The diverse tissue- and organ-specific effects of diet include gene expression patterns, organization of the chromatin, and protein post-translational modifications. Long-term effects of diet range from obesity and associated diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease to increased or decreased longevity. Furthermore, the diet of the mother can potentially have long-term health impacts on the children, possibly through inherited diet-induced chromatin alterations. Drosophila is a unique and ideal model organism for conducting nutrigenomics research for numerous reasons. Drosophila, yeast, and Caenorhabditis elegans all have sophisticated genetics as well as sequenced genomes, and researchers working with all three organisms have made valuable discoveries in nutrigenomics. However, unlike yeast and C. elegans, Drosophila has adipose-like tissues and a lipid transport system, making it a closer model to humans. This review summarizes what has already been learned in Drosophila nutrigenomics (with an emphasis on lipids and sterols), critically evaluates the data, and discusses fruitful areas for future research.
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    UPTAKE, LOCALIZATION, AND NONCARBOXYLASE ROLES OF BIOTIN * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 25 (2005), S. 175-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signaling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signaling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-?”B, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in modulating these cell signals, greater than 2000 biotin-dependent genes have been identified in various human tissues. Many biotin-dependent gene products play roles in signal transduction and localize to the cell nucleus, consistent with a role for biotin in cell signaling. Posttranscriptional events related to ribosomal activity and protein folding may further contribute to effects of biotin on gene expression. Finally, research has shown that biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthetase mediate covalent binding of biotin to histones (DNA-binding proteins), affecting chromatin structure; at least seven biotinylation sites have been identified in human histones. Biotinylation of histones appears to play a role in cell proliferation, gene silencing, and the cellular response to DNA repair. Roles for biotin in cell signaling and chromatin structure are consistent with the notion that biotin has a unique significance in cell biology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.121304.131724
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    Physiology of the Control of Food Intake (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 2 (1982), S. 371-418 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.02.070182.002103
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    Food Faddism, Cultism, and Quackery (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 35-52 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.03.070183.000343
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    Niacin (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 289-307 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.03.070183.001445
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    Food Consumption by Individuals in the United States: Two Major Surveys (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 413-432 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.03.070183.002213
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    Protein Metabolism and Injury (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 433-466 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Nutritional Energetics of Animals (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 101-114 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000533
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    Calcium and Osteoporosis (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 471-491 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002351
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    Vitamin D: Metabolism and Biological Actions (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 493-520 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    A Feast for Aesculapius: Historical Diets for Asthma and Sexual Pleasure (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 1-34 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Absorption and Metabolism of Dietary Cholesterol (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 71-96 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The Placenta in Nutrition (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 97-124 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Opportunity and Obligation in Plant Pathology (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Taxonomy of the Soft Rot Coliform Bacteria (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 13-42 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Parasitism Among Neotropical Phanerogams (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 43-56 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Reproduction in Plant and Soil Nematodes (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 57-80 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Role of Cuticle in the Defense against Plant Disease (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 81-100 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Influence of Plant Exudates on Root-Infecting Fungi (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 101-132 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Host-Specific Plant Toxins (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 133-156 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Biochemistry of Pathological Darkening of Plant Tissues (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 157-178 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Infection Process in Plant Virus Diseases (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 179-202 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Biological and Physiological Aspects of Bacterial Wilt Caused by Pseudomonas Solanacearum (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 203-230 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.02.090164.001223
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    Host Responses to Vascular Infection (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 231-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.02.090164.001311
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    Ozone Damage to Plants (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 253-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.02.090164.001345
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  • 76
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    Effect of Crop-Residue Decomposition Products on Plant Roots (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 267-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.02.090164.001411
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  • 77
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    Soil Fungicides (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 293-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.02.090164.001453
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  • 78
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    Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Compounds (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 321-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.02.090164.001541
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  • 79
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    Soil Fungistasis (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 341-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.02.090164.002013
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  • 80
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    Role of Mycorrhizae in Root Disease (1964)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), S. 377-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.02.090164.002113
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  • 81
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    HEMIPTERANS AS PLANT PATHOGENS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 491-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Integration of the tools of genetics, genomics, and biochemistry has provided new approaches for identifying genes responding to herbivory. As a result, a picture of the complexity of plant-defense signaling to different herbivore feeding guilds is emerging. Plant responses to hemipteran insects have substantial overlap with responses mounted against microbial pathogens, as seen in changes in RNA profiles and emission of volatiles. Responses to known defense signals and characterization of the signaling pathways controlled by the first cloned insect R gene (Mi-1) indicate that perception and signal transduction leading to resistance may be similar to plant-pathogen interactions. Additionally, novel signaling pathways are emerging as important components of plant defense to insects. The availability of new tools and approaches will further enhance our understanding of the nature of defense in plant-hemipteran interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135944
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  • 82
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    PLANT DISEASE: A Threat to Global Food Security (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 83-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: A vast number of plant pathogens from viroids of a few hundred nucleotides to higher plants cause diseases in our crops. Their effects range from mild symptoms to catastrophes in which large areas planted to food crops are destroyed. Catastrophic plant disease exacerbates the current deficit of food supply in which at least 800 million people are inadequately fed. Plant pathogens are difficult to control because their populations are variable in time, space, and genotype. Most insidiously, they evolve, often overcoming the resistance that may have been the hard-won achievement of the plant breeder. In order to combat the losses they cause, it is necessary to define the problem and seek remedies. At the biological level, the requirements are for the speedy and accurate identification of the causal organism, accurate estimates of the severity of disease and its effect on yield, and identification of its virulence mechanisms. Disease may then be minimized by the reduction of the pathogen's inoculum, inhibition of its virulence mechanisms, and promotion of genetic diversity in the crop. Conventional plant breeding for resistance has an important role to play that can now be facilitated by marker-assisted selection. There is also a role for transgenic modification with genes that confer resistance. At the political level, there is a need to acknowledge that plant diseases threaten our food supplies and to devote adequate resources to their control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.113004.133839
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    PLANT PATHOLOGY AND RNAi: A Brief History (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 191-204 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: This article describes the discovery of RNA-activated sequence-specific RNA degradation, a phenomenon now referred to as RNA silencing or RNA interference (RNAi). From 1992 to 1996, a series of articles were published on virus resistant transgenic plants expressing either translatable or nontranslatable versions of the coat protein gene of Tobacco etch virus (TEV). Certain transgenic plant lines were resistant to TEV but not to closely related viruses. In these plants a surprising correlation was observed: Transgenic plant lines with the highest degree of TEV resistance had actively transcribed transgenes but low steady-state levels of transgene RNA. Molecular analysis of these transgenic plants demonstrated the existence of a cellular-based, sequence-specific, posttranscriptional RNA-degradation system that was programmed by the transgene-encoded RNA sequence. This RNA-degradation activity specifically targeted both the transgene RNA and TEV (viral) RNA for degradation and was the first description of RNA-mediated gene silencing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140228
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    MECHANISMS OF FUNGAL SPECIATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 279-308 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The objective of this review is to provide a synthesis of speciation theory, of what is known about mechanisms of speciation in fungi and from this, what is expected, and of ideas on how speciation can be elucidated in more fungal systems. The emphasis is on process rather than pattern. Phylogeographic studies in some groups, such as the agarics, demonstrate predominantly allopatric speciation, often through vicariance, as seen in many plants and animals. The variety of life history factors in fungi suggests, however, a diversity in speciation mechanisms that is borne out in comparison of some key examples. Life history features in fungi with a bearing on speciation include genetic mechanisms for intra- and interspecies interactions, haploidy as monokaryons, dikaryons, or coenocytes, distinctive types of propagules with distinctive modes of dispersal, as well as characteristic relationships to the substrate or host as specialized or generalist saprotrophs, parasites or mutualists with associated opportunities and selective pressures for hybridization. Approaches are proposed for both retrospective, phylogeographic determination of speciation mechanisms, and experimental studies with the potential for genomic applications, particularly in examining the relationship between adaptation and reproductive isolation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135958
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    REGULATION OF SECONDARY METABOLISM IN FILAMENTOUS FUNGI (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 437-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Fungal secondary metabolites are of intense interest to humankind due to their pharmaceutical (antibiotics) and/or toxic (mycotoxins) properties. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the genes that are associated with production of various fungal secondary metabolites. Moreover, the regulatory mechanisms controlling biosynthesis of diverse groups of secondary metabolites have been unveiled. In this review, we present the current understanding of the genetic regulation of secondary metabolism from clustering of biosynthetic genes to global regulators balancing growth, sporulation, and secondary metabolite production in selected fungi with emphasis on regulation of metabolites of agricultural concern. Particularly, the roles of G protein signaling components and developmental regulators in the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans are discussed in depth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140214
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    RNA SILENCING IN PRODUCTIVE VIRUS INFECTIONS 1 (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 523-544 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: RNA silencing can reduce the expression of specific genes through posttranscriptional gene silencing, the microRNA pathway, and also through transcriptional gene silencing. Posttranscriptional gene silencing also acts as an antivirus mechanism. By suppressing this antivirus defense mechanism, viruses affect all three silencing pathways in addition to the intercellular signaling mechanism that transmits RNA-based messages throughout the plant. Productive virus infection may therefore disrupt the normal gene expression patterns in plants, resulting, at least in part, in a symptomatic phenotype. This review examines the cellular world that viruses exploit to provide some insight into the molecular interactions that occur during the virus infection cycle and how these produce the symptoms on infected plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140204
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    BIOLOGY OF PLANT RHABDOVIRUSES * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 623-660 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The Rhabdoviridae, whose members collectively infect invertebrates, animals, and plants, form a large family that has important consequences for human health, agriculture, and wildlife ecology. Plant rhabdoviruses can be separated into the genera Cytorhabdovirus and Nucleorhabdovirus, based on their sites of replication and morphogenesis. This review presents a general overview of classical and contemporary findings about rhabdovirus ecology, pathology, vector relations, and taxonomy. The genome organization and structure of several recently sequenced nucleorhabdoviruses and cytorhabdoviruses is integrated with new cell biology findings to provide a model for the replication of the two genera. A prospectus outlines the exciting opportunities for future research that will contribute to a more detailed understanding of the biology, biochemistry, replication and host interactions of the plant rhabdoviruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.011205.141136
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    Iron Absorption and Transport in Microorganisms (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 27-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.000331
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    Cultural Nutrition: Anthropological and Geographical Themes (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 47-68 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.000403
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    The Role of Nutrition in Toxicology (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 207-234 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.001231
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    The Germfree Animal in Nutritional Studies (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 257-279 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.001353
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    Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese in Milk (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 149-174 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.001053
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    Taurine in Metabolism (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 401-425 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.002153
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    Fluoride and Health: Dental Caries, Osteoporosis, and Cardiovascular Disease (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 1 (1981), S. 427-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.002235
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    Endemic Goiter and Cretinism at the Dawn of the Third Millennium (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 341-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.03.070183.002013
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    Government Regulation of the Integrity of the Food Supply (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000245
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    Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 21-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000321
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    Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 69-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000441
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    Adverse Effects of Excessive Consumption of Amino Acids (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 157-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001105
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    The Nutritional Biochemistry of Selenium (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 257-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001353
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