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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Central America : on a shoestring (1992)
    Hawthorn : Lonely Planet Publ.
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: 1.8/M 92.1029
    In: Lonely planet on a shoestring
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 594 S.
    ISBN: 0864421222
    Series Statement: Lonely planet on a shoestring
    Classification:
    E.5.
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Rarotonga & the Cook Islands : a travel survival kit (1989)
    Hawthorn : Lonely Planet Publ.
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: 1.8/M 92.1014
    In: Lonely Planet travel survival kit
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 155 S.
    ISBN: 0864420382
    Series Statement: Lonely planet travel survival kit
    Classification:
    E.5.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conservation of structure and function of the aflatoxin regulatory geneaflR fromAspergillus nidulans andA. flavus (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 549-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: allR ; Aflatoxin ; Secondary metabolism ; Zinc binuclear cluster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Under limiting growth conditions,Aspergillus nidulans produces a carcinogenic secondary metabolite related to aflatoxin and called sterigmatocystin (ST). The genes for ST biosynthesis are co-ordinately regulated and are all found within an approximately 60-kilobase segment of DNA. One of the genes within this region is predicted to encode a CX2CX6CX6CX2CX6CX2 zinc binuclear cluster DNA-binding protein that is related to theAspergillus flavus andAspergillus parasiticus aflatoxin regulatory geneaflR. Deletion of theA. nidulans aflR homolog resulted in an inability to induce expression of genes within the ST gene cluster and a loss of ST production. BecauseA. nidulans aflR mRNA accumulates specifically under conditions that favor ST production we expect that activation of ST biosynthetic genes is determined byA. nidulans aflR. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrated that induced expression of theA. flavus aflR gene inA. nidulans, under conditions that normally suppress ST gene expression, resulted in activation of genes in the ST biosynthetic pathway. This result demonstrates that AflR function is conserved betweenAspergillus spp. and thataflR expression is sufficient to activate genes in the ST pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426959
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence-specific binding by Aspergillus nidulans AflR, a C6 zinc cluster protein regulating mycotoxin biosynthesis (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 28 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Aspergillus nidulans aflR gene is found within a 60 kb gene cluster that includes ≈24 other genes that putatively function in the production of the aflatoxin-related mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. Previous work showed that AflR is a C6 zinc binuclear cluster protein that is conserved across Aspergillus spp. and functions as a pathway-specific transcription factor in activating expression of other cluster genes. In this report, we demonstrate that A. nidulans AflR (AnAflR) is a 45 kDa protein that binds to the palindromic sequence 5′-TCG(N5)CGA-3′ found in the promoter regions of several aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin cluster genes (stc genes). The in vivo relevance of this AnAflR binding site was assessed by examining the contribution of the three TCG(N5)CGA elements in the 1.1 kb promoter region of stcU using gene fusions with the bacterial uidA gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS). By mutating one, two or all three of the AnAflR-binding elements and examining GUS activity in wild-type aflR or ΔaflR A. nidulans strains, we found that stc gene activation required both AnAflR and at least one TCG(N5)CGA AflR binding site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00907.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    G-protein signalling mediates differential production of toxic secondary metabolites (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 38 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Filamentous fungi elaborate a complex array of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics and mycotoxins. As many of these compounds pose significant economic and health concerns, elucidation of the underlying cellular mechanisms that control their production is essential. Previous work revealed that synthesis of the carcinogenic mycotoxins sterigmatocystin (ST) and aflatoxin (AF) in Aspergillus species is negatively controlled by FadA, the α-subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein. In sharp contrast, we show here that the dominant activating fadA allele, fadAG42R, stimulates transcription of a gene from the A. nidulans penicillin (PN) gene cluster and elevates penicillin production. Thus, FadA has opposite roles in regulating the biosynthesis of a potent antibiotic (PN) and a lethal mycotoxin (ST) in A. nidulans. Furthermore, expression of fadAG42R in Fusarium sporotrichioides increases trichothecene (TR) mycotoxin production and alters TR gene expression. Our findings reveal that a G-protein defines an important control point for differential expression of fungal secondary metabolites within and across fungal genera. These data provide critical evidence suggesting that targeting G-protein signal transduction pathways as a means of controlling or preventing the production of a single mycotoxin could have serious undesirable consequences with regard to the production of other secondary metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02166.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF SECONDARY METABOLISM IN FILAMENTOUS FUNGI (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 437-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Fungal secondary metabolites are of intense interest to humankind due to their pharmaceutical (antibiotics) and/or toxic (mycotoxins) properties. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the genes that are associated with production of various fungal secondary metabolites. Moreover, the regulatory mechanisms controlling biosynthesis of diverse groups of secondary metabolites have been unveiled. In this review, we present the current understanding of the genetic regulation of secondary metabolism from clustering of biosynthetic genes to global regulators balancing growth, sporulation, and secondary metabolite production in selected fungi with emphasis on regulation of metabolites of agricultural concern. Particularly, the roles of G protein signaling components and developmental regulators in the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans are discussed in depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140214
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blockage of methylcitrate cycle inhibits polyketide production in Aspergillus nidulans (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 52 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Aspergillus nidulans produces the polyketide toxin sterigmatocystin (ST) of which the biosynthetic and pathway specific regulatory genes compose a stc gene cluster. A previous mutagenesis screen identified 23 mutants defective in production of ST. Five mutants constitute a single locus. Genetic complementation and sequencing analysis revealed the mutant locus to be mcsA encoding methylcitrate synthase that converts propionyl-CoA to methylcitrate. Feeding downstream products of methylcitrate synthase, methylcitrate and pyruvate, did not restore ST production in mcsA mutants, indicating that loss of methylcitrate cycle products is not the cause of the ST defect. However, propionate, a precursor for propionyl-CoA, inhibited ST production and induced transcription of mcsA in the wild type. Furthermore, propionate impaired formation of two polyketide spore pigments whereas overexpression of mcsA relieved inhibition of ST production by propionate. Transcription analyses revealed that disruption of mcsA did not affect expression of the specialized fatty acid synthase genes (stcJ and stcK) or polyketide synthase gene (stcA) required for formation of norsolorinic acid (NOR), the first stable intermediate in the ST biosynthetic pathway. Feeding studies showed that NOR but not hexanoic acid (the fatty acid produced by StcJ/StcK and primer unit of StcA) or malonate (source of the extender unit of StcA) restored ST production in the mcsA mutant. We hypothesize that excess buildup of propionyl-CoA in mcsA mutants interferes with polyketide synthase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.03994.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial β-oxidation in Aspergillus nidulans (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Molecular microbiology 54 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: β-Oxidation (β-ox) occurs exclusively in the peroxisomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts, leading to the supposition that fungi lack mitochondrial β-ox. Here we present unequivocal evidence that the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans houses both peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-ox. While growth of a peroxisomal β-ox disruption mutant (ΔfoxA) was eliminated on a very long-chain fatty acid (C22:1), growth was only partially impeded on a long-chain fatty acid (C18:1) and was not affected at all on short chain (C4–C6) fatty acids. In contrast, growth of a putative enoyl-CoA hydratase mutant (ΔechA) was abolished on short-chain and severely restricted on long- and very long-chain fatty acids. Furthermore fatty acids inhibited growth of the ΔechA mutant but not the ΔfoxA mutant in the presence of an alternate carbon source (lactose). Disruption of echA led to a 28-fold reduction in 2-butenoyl-CoA hydratase activity in a preparation of organelles. EchA was also required for growth on isoleucine and valine. The subcellular localization of the FoxA and EchA proteins was confirmed through the use of red and green fluorescent protein fusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04340.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    cAMP and ras signalling independently control spore germination in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 44 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of cAMP signalling during germination of asexual spores (conidia) of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans was investigated. A. nidulans strains defective for adenylate cyclase (CyaA) or for the functionally overlapping cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PkaA) and newly characterized SchA protein kinase, homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sch9, show altered trehalose mobilization and kinetics of germ tube outgrowth, in addition to other defects in colony formation. cAMP-dependent trehalose breakdown is triggered by the addition of a carbon source independently of further catabolism, suggesting that cAMP signalling controls early events of conidial germination in response to carbon source sensing. Additional results suggest that cAMP has targets other than PkaA and SchA and that PkaA retains activity in the absence of cAMP. Conversely, PkaA regulates cAMP levels in A. nidulans because these are elevated by ≈ 250-fold in a strain that lacks PkaA. Furthermore, analysis of mutant strains impaired in both adenylate cyclase and RasA GTPase previously implicated in the control of A. nidulans spore germination suggested that RasA and cAMP signalling proceed independently during germination in A. nidulans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02933.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Requirement of spermidine for developmental transitions in Aspergillus nidulans (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 46 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Deletion of the spermidine synthase gene in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans results in a strain, ΔspdA, which requires spermidine for growth and accumulates putrescine as the sole polyamine. Vegetative growth but not sporulation or sterigmatocystin production is observed when ΔspdA is grown on media supplemented with 0.05–0.10 mM exogenous spermidine. Supplementation of ΔspdA with ≥ 0.10 mM spermidine restores sterigmatocystin production and ≥ 0.50 mM spermidine produces a phenotype with denser asexual spore production and decreased radial hyphal growth compared with the wild type. ΔspdA spores germinate in unsupplemented media but germ tube growth ceases after 8 h upon which time the spores swell to approximately three times their normal diameter. Hyphal growth is resumed upon addition of 1.0 mM spermidine. Suppression of a G protein signalling pathway could not force asexual sporulation and sterigmatocystin production in ΔspdA strains grown in media lacking spermidine but could force both processes in ΔspdA strains supplemented with 0.05 mM spermidine. These results show that increasing levels of spermidine are required for the transitions from (i) germ tube to hyphal growth and (ii) hyphal growth to tissue differentiation and secondary metabolism. Suppression of G protein signalling can over-ride the spermidine requirement for the latter but not the former transition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03201.x
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