ALBERT

Notes: Users of photogrammetric data have often been puzzled by conflicting advice given by companies regarding achievable height accuracies which could be expected from varying scales of aerial photography. The author chairs the Photogrammetry Group which is convened under the auspices of the Council of the UK Land and Hydrographic Survey Association (TSA). The first aim of this Group was to establish some common ground among TSA member companies with regard to achievable heighting accuracies. A series of tests was carried out on the most commonly used photographic scales and guidelines were published to clients based on these tests. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les utilisateurs des données photogrammétriques ont été souvent déconcertés par les avis contraires émanant des entreprises concernant les précisions altimétriques accessibles à partir de diverses échelles des photographies aériennes. Dans ce contexte, le Conseil de ľ‘Association britannique des levées terrestres et hydrographiques (TSA) a mis sur pied un Groupe “Photogrammétrie” et en a confié la présidence àľauteur. Le premier objectif de ce Groupe a consistéàétablir des bases communes aux entreprises membres de la TSA, en ce qui concerne les précisions altimétriques réalisables. On a effectué un ensemble ď essais sur les échelles des photographies aériennes les plus communément utilisées et ľ on a publicé, à partir de ces essais un opuscule destinéà guider les clients. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Nutzer photogrammetrischer Daten werden oft durch widerspriich-liche Ratschläge der Firmen in bezug auf die bei verschiedenen Bildmaβstäben erreichbare Höhengenauigkeit verwirrt. Der Autor leitet den photogrammetrischen Ausschuβ, der unter Aufsicht des Council des UK Land and Hydrographic Survey Association (TSA) einberufen wurde. Erstes Ziel dieses Gremiums war es, eine gemeinsame Grundlage unter den TSA-Mitgliedsgesellschaften im Hinblick auf erreichbare Höhengenauigkeit zu schaffen. Es wurde eine Reihe von Versuchen zu den am meisten verwendeten Bildmaβstäben durchgeführt, undes wurden daraufberuhende Richtlinien für Kunden veröffentlicht.

Notes: Cartography andphotogrammetry have always been strongly linked and this paper emphasises a view of cartography as a process of spatial data representation, rather than as a method of creating a product, a map. Of course, the definition of cartography must change with developments in its practice. An outline of the historical background to the subject is presented, followed by a consideration of the relationship between the cartographer and the user of the product. The basic problems involved in the transfer of information from the complex real world to a generalized cartographic product are analysed and technological aspects of the discipline are described. Contemporary applications of cartography include hazard mapping, links with GIS, tactile products and electronic hydrographic representation, all of which represent customer driven progress. It is concluded that the future of cartography is, overall, dependent on a graphical representation of high quality being supplied to the end user, rather than on the methods used to attain this objective. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé La cartographie et la photogramétrie ont toujours été liées étroitement ľune àľautre, et ľ‘on souligne dans cet article ľ‘idée que la cartographie est un systéme de représentation des données à trois dimensions, plutôt qu‘un ensemble de procédés de fabrication ďun produit, la carte. II est évident que la définition de la cartographie doit changer au fur et à mesure que des évolutions apparaissent dans sa pratique. Aprés un aperçu du contexte historique de ce thème, on examine les relations qui se développent entre le cartographe et ľutilisateur du produit. On analyse les problèmes fondamentaux du transfert ďinformations du monde réel, complexe, à un produit cartographique géneralisé et ľ‘on décrit la technologie qu'utilise cette discipline. Les applications récentes de la cartographie concernent la cartographie des risques naturels, les relations avec les SIG, les cartes qui se lisent par le toucher, et la représentation electronique de ľ‘hydrographic produits qui tous sont issus de cheminements pilotés en aval, par le client. On en déduit que la cartographie est, àľ'avenir, par dessus tout fonction ďune represséntation graphique de haute qualityé fournie à un utilisateur final, plutôt que de processus utilisé pour parvenir à cet objectif.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Kartographie und Photogrammetrie waren immer eng verbunden, und dieser Beitrag betont starker eine Auffassung von der Kartographie als einem Prozeβ der Darstellung von Raumdaten als ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Erzeugnisses, der Karte. Natürlich muβ sich die Definition der Kartographie bei Entwicklungen in ihrer Praxis ändern. Es erfolgt eine Skizzierung des historischen Hintergrundes des Gegenstands, gefolgt von Betrachtungen zur Beziehung zwischen Kartographen und dem Nutzer des Erzeugnisses. Die mit der Übertragung von Informationen aus der komplexen realen Welt in ein generalisiertes kartographisches System verbundenen grundlegenden Probleme werden analysiert, und es werden technologische Aspekte der Disziplin beschrieben. Zeitgenössische Anwendungen der Kartographie schlieβen die Kartierung von Katastrophen, Verbindungen zu GPS, gefühlsmäβge Erzeugnisse und elektronische hydrographische Darstellungen ein, die alle den vom Nutzer beeinflufiten Fortschritt darstellen. Es wird geschluffolgert, daft die Zukunft der Kartographie vor allem von der graphischen Darstellung hoher Qualität, die dem Endnutzer geliefert wird, abhängig ist undnicht so sehr von den Methoden, me dieses Ziel erreicht wird.

Notes: Since its foundation in 1982, the Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya has been dealing with digital images. Though digital images and techniques were initially confined to remote sensing, they have been gradually transferred to and combined with photogrammetry. In addition to the development of remote sensing and digital orthophotography systems, this expertise has facilitated the introduction of commercially available digital photogrammetric systems (scanning and stereocompilation) which are now in full operation. The paper describes the experience in scanning, orthophotography production and stereocompilation, draws some conclusions and gives an insight of the future of digital photogrammetry. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé L‘Institut Cartographique de Catalogue s‘est intéressé au traitement des images numériques depuis le moment où il a été crée, en 1982. Bien qu'au début les images numériques et leur technologie aient été réservées à la télédétection, elles se sont trouvées peu à peu transférées et intégrées à la photogrammétrie. Ce savoir-faire a permis le développement des systèmes de télédétection et ď orthophotographie numérique et a, de plus, facilité la mise à disposition sur le marché de systèmes de photogrammétrie numérique qui sont maintenant pleinement opérationnels. On présente dans cet article ľ expérience acquise dans le domaine du balayage, de la production des orthophotographies et de la stéréocompilation, on en tire quelques conclusions et ľ on termine par un aperçu sur ľ‘avenir de la photogrammétrie numérique. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Seit seiner Gründung im Jahre 1982 hat sich das Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya mit digitalen Bildern beschäftigt. Obwohl digitate Bilder und Verfahren ursprünglich auf die Fernerkundung begrenzt waren, wurden sie schrittweise auf die Photogrammetrie übertragen bzw. mit ihr kombiniert. Zusätzlich zur Entwicklung von Fernerkundung und digitaler Orthophoto-Systeme hat diese Erfahrung die Einführung kommerziell verfügbarer digitaler photogrammetrischer Systeme erleichtert, die jetzt überall in der Praxis angewendet werden. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Erfahrung bei der Abtastung, der Herstellung von Orthophotos und bei der Stereoauswertung und gibt einige Schluβfolgerungen und Aussichten in bezug auf die Digitalphotogrammetrie wieder.

Notes: The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565–582 (October 1993) and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. In The Photogrammetric Record, 14(83): 769–782 (April 1994), three further Appendices were published which dealt with the Williamson Multiplex equipment and other instruments. In this third extract, the history of five other instruments of the Multiplex type are described. This brings to a close that section of the Archive dealing with instruments using direct optical projection.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On a publicé dans le numéro 14(82) (pp 565–582) ďoctobre 1993 du“Photogrammetric Record”ľarticle intitulé“le projet de la Société (britannique) de Photogrammétrie sur les instruments analogiques” et inséré dans ľannexe A un extrait des Archives relatif a ľhistorie du Stereoplan-igraphe Zeiss en Grande-Bretagne. On a publicé dans le numéro 14 (83) ďavril 1994 du“Photogrammetric Record”(pp 769–782) trois annexes supplémentaires qui traitaient de ľappareil Multiplex de Williamson et ďautres instruments. Dans ce troisième extrait, on présente ľhistorie de cinq autres appareils du type Multiplex. Cette partie des Archives qui traitait des appareils basés sur ľemploi ďuneprojection optique directe, se trouve ainsi achevee.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag mit dem Titel“The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project”wurde im Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565–582 (Oktober 1993) veröffentlicht und enthielt als Anlage A einen Extrakt vom Archiv, das mit der Geschichte des Zeiss Steroplanigraph in Groβbritannien verbunden war. Im Photogrammetric Record, 14(83); 769–782 (April 1984) wurden 3 weitere Anlagen veröffentlicht, die vom Williamson Multiplex und anderen Geräten handelten. In diesem 3. Auszug wird die Geschichte von 5 anderen Geräten des Multiplex-Typs beschrieben. Das führt zum Abschluβ desjenigen Teils des Archivs, das sich mit Geräten mit direkter optischer Projektion befaβt.

Notes: An analysis is given of the modelling of XY stage errors in an analytical plotter by polynomial functions. This is discussed as an alternative to demanding strict mechanical accuracy in the stage construction. In an era of plentiful computational resources, it is concluded that apportioning more of the responsibility to the mathematical co-ordinate refinement is an effective strategy. A second degree polynomial is used for each of the two stages in an analytical plotter, modelling the systematic stage errors to within the variability of a single observation. A requirement for instrument stability is emphasized. Such techniques have application for other instruments such as image scanners. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On étudie la modélisation des erreurs des chariots XY ďun restituteur analytique en utilisant des fonctions polynomials. II s‘agit en fait de trouver une alternative à des exigences de prêcision mêcanique très strictes dans la réalisation de ces chariots. A une époque oùľon dispose ďune abondance de ressources en moyens de calcul, il apparait en effet relever ďune stratégie efficace de s'appuyer davantage sur les traitements mathématiques pour améliorer les valeurs des coordonnées. On utilise, pour chacun des deux chariots, un polynome du second degrè pour modéliser les erreurs systématiques des chariots, et les rendre inférieures aux erreurs propres à une observation unique. On insiste sur la nécessitéďune grande stabilityé instrumental. Ces processus peuvent également s'appliquer àďautres instruments comme les scanneurs ďimages. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird die Modellierung von Fehlern des xy-Wagens bei analytischen Auswertegeräten mit Hilfe von Polynomen analysiert. Des wird als Alternative zur Forderung nach einer strengen mechanischen Genauigkeit bei der Bildwagenkonstruktion diskutiert. Im Zeitalter hervorragender Computer-Ressourcen, so wird geschluβfolgert, ist es eine effektive Strategie, sich mehr der mathematischen Koordinatenverbesserung zuzuwenden. Ein Polynom 2. Grades wird für jeden der 2 Bildträger eines analytischen Auswertegerätes genutzt, um die systematischen Fehler im Bereich der Variation von einzelnen Beobachtungen zu modellieren. Bezüglich der Stabilität des Instruments wird eine Anforderung formuliert. Solche Verfahren kännen auch bei anderen Geräten, wie zum Beispiel Bildscanner angewendet werden.

Notes: Photogrammetry is used extensively in British Coal Opencast to provide surface profiles of both new sites and existing sites. This paper will discuss the development of GPS within Opencast and its deployment as a tool to provide the ground control required for mapping. Comparisons with conventional equipment will also be made and relative cost effectiveness assessed. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On utilise largement la photogrammétrie dans British Coal Opencast, pour déterminer des profiles de surface, à la fois dans les sites nouveaux et dans les sites en cours. On examine dans cet article ľ emploi du GPS dans ces mines et son développement comme outil permettant ď obtenir les points ď appui sur le terrain nécessaires à la cartographie. On se propose defaire les comparaisons avec les équipements classiques et ďévaluer les avantages relatifs coût/efficacité. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Photogrammetrie wird bei den Britischen Kohlen-Tagebauen extensiv zur Beschaffung von Oberflächenprofilen sowohl bei Neuaufschlüssen als auch bei bestehenden Gruben eingesetzt. Im Artikel wird die Entwicklung von GPS und seine Entwicklung als Hilfsmittel zur Beschaffung der für die Kartenherstellung benötigten Paβpunkte diskutiert. Es erfolgen auch Vergleiche mit der konventionellen Ausrüstung und in bezug auf die relative Kosteneffektivität.

Notes: An investigation has been made into the feasibility of using a low cost GPS receiver fitted to a light fixed wing aircraft as an aid to flying parallel flight lines for block aerial vertical photography. Two cases were examined: (I) the pilot controlled the heading of the aircraft according to the indications on the course deviation indicator of the GPS receiver; (2) the autopilot, being connected to the GPS receiver, controlled the heading of the aircraft. The results obtained for both sidelap and endlap were equal to or superior to those obtained with a CCTV system. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn a mené une recherche sur la faisabilité du GPS comme aide au maintien du parallélisme des axes de prises de vues d'un bloc de photographies aériennes verticales, en utilisant un récepteur GPS bon marché fié a un avion léger. On a examiné deux cas: (i) celui ou le pilote a maintenu le cap de l'avion en suivant les indications de l'index de changement de route du récepteur GPS; (ii) celui ou c'est le pilote automatique qui, par une liaison au récepteur GPS, a maintenu le cap de l'uvion. Les résultats obtenus pour le recouvrement latéral et l'extrgmité des bandes se sont révélés égaux ou supérieurs ii ceux obtenus avec un systPme CCTV.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wurde eine Untersuchung über die mögliche Nutzung billiger GPS-Empfanger, die in ein Kleinjlugzeug als Hilfsmittel zum Flug paralleler Bildstreifen für die blockweise Luftbildaufnahme eingebaut wurden, durchgefuhrt. Dabei wurden 2 Falle geprüft: (1) Der Pilot steuerte das Flugzeug entsprechend der Anzeige auf dem Kursindikator des GPS-Empfangers. (2) Der mit dem GPS-Empfänger verbundene Autopilot steuerte das Flugzeug. Die Ergebnisse sowohl für Querals auch Längsüberdeckung waren gleich oder besser als die mit einem CCTV-System erhaltenen.

Notes: The authors provide an account of current Directorate of Military Survey approaches to the provision of photocontrol by use of GPS and they pay special attention to the requirements of height control. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryGPS now provides us with a rapid method for determining plan and height for photogrammetric control directly over the points required by the photogrammetrist. By utilizing the slope of the geoid model, orthometric heights can be obtained to an accuracy of 0.15 m to 0.2 m. Surveys can be carried out quickly in all weather conditions and with none of the traditional terrestrial survey skills. Time, cost and manpower are greatly reduced. The plan accuracies are well within any requirements of the photogrammetrist and heights can be achieved to within 0.15 m to 0.2 m on test areas of UK. As photogrammetric height accuracy requires at best 1 m for plotting a 10 metre contour interval, heighting by GPS and the use of a geoid model solves the heighting problem.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les auteurs fournissent un compte-rendu de la façon dont le Directorate of Military Survey aborde actuellement le problème de la fourniture de points ďappui photos avec ľemploi du GPS et prêterit une attention particulière à celui des points ďappui altimétriques.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Autoren geben einen Bericht über die gegenwärtigen Versuche beim Directorate of Military Survey zur Paβpunktbestimmung mit GPS, wobei sie den Anforderungen an die Höhenbestimmung besondere Aufmerksamkeit zollen.

Notes: The operational situation of precise airborne GPS positioning of camera air stations and its use in combined block adjustment for aerial triangulation is reviewed. The acceptance of systematic GPS errors, which occur especially with biased phase ambiguity solutions after loss of lock of signals in-flight, has motivated the method of additional linear GPS drift parameters which are to be solved in the combined block adjustment. It also implies that no absolute GPS co-ordinates are required and that the datum transformation is provided via a few ground control points. A great number of practical examples demonstrates that the method has been successfully applied within a wide range of photoscales and of block sizes. It has proved to be fully operational under various practical conditions. The high accuracy performance of GPS blocks and the economic benefit have been confirmed. It is particularly noticeable that the stationary receiver can be at a great distance, up to 500 km or more from the mission area. The conclusion is drawn that GPS supported aerial triangulation is ready to become standard. The potential improvement from dual frequency receivers and fast ambiguity solutions only enhances that conclusion. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On examine, dans cet article, le degréďopérationnalité atteint par le GPS aéroporté dans le positionnement précis des sommets de prises de vues des caméras aériennes, et son insertion dans la compensation par blocs en aérotriangulation. La possibilityéďerreurs systématiques dans le GPS, en particulier en cas de perte des signaux en vol, qui se manifeste par des ambiguïtés de phase et des biais dans les résultats, à conduit a introduire dans la compensation en bloc des inconnues supplémental s, traduisant une dérive linéaire du GPS. II en résulte qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de disposer de coordonnées GPS absolues et que quelques points ďappui sur le terrain suffisent à assurer les changements de coordonnées. On a utilisé avec succès cette méthode dans de nombreux essaispratiques comportant un large eventail ďéchelles de prises de vues et de tallies des blocs. On a pu ainsi mettre en évidence ľentière opérationnalité de cette méthode, dans des conditions réelles différentes. On a également confirmé la haute précision des résultats des blocs GPS et les avantages économiques de ce système. En particulier, il est tout à fait remarquable que le récepteur fixe puisse se trouver à une grande distance de la zone du lasé, 500 km ou plus. On peut en conclure que ľaérotriangulation appuyée sur le GPS est en train de devenir une méthode standard. Les améliorations possibles que peuvent apporter les récepteurs à deux fréquences et la résolution rapide des ambiguïtés, ne font que renforcer cette conclusion. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die hochgenaue Kamera Positionierung durch GPS und ihre Anwendung für die Aerotriangulation wird zusammengefaβt dargestellt. Die Existenz systematischer GPS Fehler, wie sie inbesondere durch nur genäherte Phasen-Mehrdeutigkeitslösungen nach Signalabrissen im Flug verursacht werden, haben zu der speziellen Methode zusätzlicher linearer GPS Drift Parameter geführt, die in der kombinierten Blockausgleichung bestimmt werden. Ferner wird dabei die Datumtransformation mit Hilfe einiger weniger Paβpunkte bestimmt, d.h. es werden keine absoluten GPS Koordinaten vorausgesetzt. Mit einer groβen Zahl praktischer Beispiele wird demonstriert, daβ die Methode in einem groβen Bereich von Bildmaβstäben und Blockgröβen bereits erfolgreich angewendet wird. Sie hat sich unter den verschiedensten praktischen Bedingungen als voll operationell erwiesen. Dabei wurde die theoretisch erwartete hohe Genauigkeit der GPS Blöcke und ihre Wirtschaftlichkeit bestätigt. Besonders bedeutsam ist der empirische Nachweis, daβ der stationäre GPS Empfänger sehr weit, bis 500 km oder mehr, von dem Fluggebiet entfernt sein kann. Als Ergebnis wird empfohlen, die GPS gestützte Aerotriangulation als verfügbares photogrammetrisches Standardverfahren allgemein zu verwenden. Diese Schluβfolgerung wird durch die neuesten Entwicklungen von Zwei-Frequenz Empfängern und schnellen Mehrdeutigkeitslösungen, in die hohe Erwartungen gesetzt werden, nur noch bekräftigt.

Notes: A description is given of a heighting accuracy test carried out at Cartographical Services Limited on 1:2000 scale aerial photography. Premarked points, with ground surveyed heights, were established on a dual carriageway road near Worcester and photography was flown using a Leica RC20 aerial camera with EMC. Photogrammetric height measurement was carried out with both a Zeiss P3 analytical plotter and a Cartographic Engineering Limited/Carto Instruments AP190 plotter; respective r.m.s.e. accuracies of ± 25 mm and ± 30 mm were obtained. The new Cartographic Engineering Limited CP2 analytical plotter has subsequently been used for height measurement on similar photography and comparable accuracy has been achieved. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On présente un essai de précision altimétrique, effectué par la Société“Cartographical Services” de Southampton, sur des photographies aérienne àľéchelledu 1:2000. On a utilisé des points pré-balisés, repartis sur une route à double voie près de Worcester, et dont ľaltitude a été déterminé sur le terrain. La prise de vue a été fait avec une caméra Leica RC20 munie ďun système de compensation du filé longitudinal. On a effectué les déterminations photogrammétriques des altitudes en utilisant à la fois un restituteur analytique Zeiss P3 et une restituteur AP190 de la Société“Cartographic Engineering/Carto Instruments.” On a obtenu comme erreurs moyennes quadratique les valeurs de ± 25 mm et ± 30 mm respectivement. On a enfin utilisé le noveau restituteur analytique CP2 de la Société“Cartographic Engineering” pour ces déterminations altimétriques et ľon a obtenu une précision comparable. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Versuch zur Bestimmung der Höhengenauigkeit, der beim Cartographical Services Ltd. in Southampton für den Bildmaβstab 1:2000 durchgeführt wurde beschrieben. Signalisierte Punkte, deren Höhen im Gelände bestimmt wurden, wurden aufeiner Doppelfahrbahn in der Nähe von Worcester angeordnet undmit einerLeica RC20 mit EMC aufgenommen. Die photogrammetrische Höhenbestimmung erfolgte mit einem analytischen Auswertegerät P3 von Zeiss und einem AP 190 Plotter von Cartographic Engineering Ltd./Carto Instruments. Dabei wurden mittlere Fehler von ± 25 mm bzw. ± 30 mm erhalten. Das neue analytische Auswertegerät CP 2 von Cartographic Engineering Ltd. wurde danach für Höhenmessungen bei ähnlichen Luftbildern genutzt, wobei vergleichbare Genauigkeiten erreicht wurden.

Notes: This paper describes a method for modelling the SPOT satellite imaging process using a single Ground Control Point (GCP) and for extracting ground planimetric information. Satellite position is derived using the collinearity condition equations. Initial orbit is obtained from the given ephemeris data and refinement is carried out using an iterative least squares solution. Attitude variations are taken into account by fitting a third order polynomial in time to the attitudes derived from the ephemeris by integration. After refining the satellite position, planimetric co-ordinates can be derived using the collinearity equations with an accuracy of up to 38 m in latitude and 52 m in longitude (average of the r.m.s. errors from two tests) when the GCP used for modelling is obtained from the 1:50 000 scale map. These figures include the measurement errors as well as the modelling error. It has been found that the method is not sensitive to the location of the GCP used for modelling. Résumé On présente dans cet article une méthode de modélisation du traitement des images du satellite SPOT ne faisant appel qu'à un seul point ďappui au sol et permettant ďextraire des informations planimétriques. On obtient la position du satellite à partir des équations traduisant la condition de colinéarité. On part ďune orbite initiale issue des données fournies par les éphémerides, et on ľameliore par une résolution itèrative, basée sur les moindres carrés. On tient compte des variations ďattitude par ľintermédiaire ďun polynome du troisième ordre fonction du temps et correspondant aux attitudes dérivées des éphémérides par intégration. Une fois obtenue la position définitive du satellite, on peut tirer les coordonnees planimétriques des équations de colinéarité avec une précision qui atteint 38 m en latitude et 52 m en longitude (valeurs moyennes des erreurs moyennes quadratiques rèsultant de deux essais), lorsque le point ďappui au sol utilisé dans la modélisation provident de la carte au 1:50 000. Ces chiffres incluent les erreurs de mesure ainsi que ľerreur de modélisation. On a trouvé que la méthode nétait pas du tout sensible à la position qu'occupait le point ďappui au sol utilisé dans le modélisation. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Artikel wird ein Verfahren zur Geländemodellierung des SPOT-Abbildungsprozesses unter Verwendung eines einzelnen Geländepaβpunktes (GCP) und zur Ableitung planimetrischer Informational beschrieben. Die Satellitenposition wird mit Hilfe der Kollinearitätsgleichungen beschrieben. Die Näherungswerte für die Bahnkurve werden aus gegebenen Ephemeriden bestimmt, die durch einen iterativen Prozeβ nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate verbessert werden. Veränderungen der Bahn werden rechtzeitig durch Anpassung mit einem Polynom 3. Grades an die aus den Ephemeriden abgeleitete Bahn durch Integration angepaβt. Nach Verbesserung der Satelliten-position können die Lagekoordinaten mit Hilfe der Kollinearitätsgleichungen mit einer Genauigkeit bis zu 38 m in der Breite und 52 m in der Länge (Mittelwert der mittleren Fehler aus 2 Versuchen) bestimmt werden, wenn der Paβpunkt (GCP) aus einer Karte 1:50 000 entnommen wurde. Dabei ist der Meβfehler ebenso wie der Modellierungsfehler enthalten. Es zeigte sich, daβ das Verfahren nicht empfindlich ist in bezug aufdie Lage des zur Modellierung benutzten Paβpunktes.

Notes: Here the author examines the development and implementation of a computer-based system within a financial services organization. It highlights emerging paradoxes within the developments of systems design which utilise quality management methodologies to support IT intensive business processes.

Notes: Managerial effort has been moving from maintaining a “steady state” to wrestling with the challenge of continuing change and the ethical dilemmas which this can present. Is it possible to formulate an “ethics of change” to guide individuals in such circumstances? The author is a senior lecturer at Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 OAL, UK, and a visiting research associate at the London School of Economics. His principal interests concern the management of organisational change in settings where technology is either the key driver of change, or is the key enabler of some aspect of organisational or process redesign.

Notes: Stakeholder theory aims at identifying those who have rights or interests at stake in business behaviour. Can we turn the tables and also consider what ethical responsibilities various stakeholders may have for the good behaviour of business? The author is Editor of this Review. This article contains material which also appeared in the Hugh Kay Memorial Lecture for 1993 delivered by the author under the auspices of the Christian Association of Business Executives, London.

Notes: Karl Homann & Franz Blome-Drees (1992). Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen. pp. 207. paperback, 19.80 DM. ISBN 3-8252-1721-3

Notes: Brief thumbnail sketches capture group interest and show the relevance of ethical considerations in real life situations. Bill Bain has considerable experience of business and is currently a PhD student at the Management School of London University's Imperial College, 53 Prince's Gate, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2PG.

Notes: Games have become a standard tool in management education. The authors have cooperated on developing just such a teaching aid for business people and management students interested in playing the business game ethically. Dr Higginson is Director of The Ridley Hall Foundation, Ridley Hall, Cambridge, CB3 9HG and Geoff Moore is Principal Lecturer at Newcastle Business School, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST.

Notes: Despite the social, economic and ethical problems facing government in the Czech Republic, there are positive signs of a growing concern for ethical business, including the development of codes of conduct and a striking example of new corporate social responsibility. Dr Bohatá is a member of the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Politickych Veznu 7, 111 21 Prague 1, and an Associate Editor of this Review.

Notes: The media, advertising and public relations are all regulated in some degree by ethical codes of practice, but do they work and do they help practitioners? The author is Senior Lecturer in public relations and philosophy at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS2 8AF. She is currently preparing material for a new MA in Business Policy and Ethics, to be offered jointly by Leeds Metropolitan University and the University of Leeds.

Notes: Most large frauds develop only gradually and incidentally. When things fall apart it is politic to call it anything but fraud. The author is a member of the Department of Sociology, University of Liverpool, POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX.

Notes: Georges Enderle, Karl Homann, Martin Honecker, Walter Kerber, Horst Steinmann (editors), Lexikon der Wirtschaftsethik. Freiburg im Breisgau, Verlag Herder, 1993. pp. 690, ISBN 3-451-22336-8.

Notes: Action needs to be taken on the ethical issues raised by the commercialising of sport if its integrity is to be maintained and its ethical base is not to be eroded further. The author has worked as an independent consultant in the leisure sector for a number of years and has recently joined the Research Unit of Britain's Sports Council. The views expressed by her in this article are not necessarily those held by the Sports Council.

Notes: The computing occupations are in a state of transition between a technical service and something more central to organizational power and decision-making. This process has had complex implications for the nature of computing work and for careers. There is no certainty that embryonic changes will carry through. But neither should the chances of these occupations of mounting a ‘collective mobility project’ be written off early.

Notes: The relationship between new information and communication technology and organizations is the subject of considerable debate. So too is the nature of organizational transformation. ‘Business process re-engineering’, with its emphasis upon the strategic deployment of information systems, brings both debates together. But does it resolve any of the issues?

Notes: Teaching Company Scheme programmes involve employing graduates known as Teaching Company Associates in companies on projects which are jointly supervised by academics and company staff. This article presents findings of a study of the effectiveness of these programmes in transferring university expertise in science, technology and management, to industry.

Notes: This article critically examines the phenomenon of ‘Reengineering’ (or Business Process Reengineering: as it is sometimes called) as a transfer of ‘just-in-time’ techniques developed in manufacturing to the office environment. The article concludes that its most likely diffusion will be for ‘downsizing’ and ‘cost-reduction’, and may result in a modest degree of success in only some of its applications to manufacturing and office environments.

Notes: This article is concerned with the application in a case study of three inter-related theoretical issues: new perspectives on technological change, learning organizations, and the question of market versus hierarchy in the relationships between firms. The case study is of the software manual printing industry in Ireland, and its relationship with the major, international software companies.

Notes: Drawing on empirical material from comparative research on jobbing printing in Iceland and Sweden, the author argues that the typesetting process has been subjected to deskilling, and he stresses that the development has been far more complex than often is realised. He concludes that gender, firm size, and production run and variety, must be considered in order to explain the diversity in the typesetting process.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Technclogy in Working Order: Studies of Work, Interaction, and Technology Graham Button (Ed.)Communication, Technology and the Development of People Bernard WoodsPhotonic Technology and Industrial Policy: US Responses to Technological Change Ernest StembergBeyond Taylorism: Computerization and the New Industrial Relations Lorraine GiordanoJapanization at Work John BrattonWorking for the Japanese Stephanie JonesTechnology and Work in German Industry Norbert Altmann, Christoph Kohler and Pamela Meil (Eds.)Towards Global Localisation: The Computing and Telecommunications Industries in Britain and France Philip Cooke, Frank Moulaert, Erik Swyngedouw, Olivier Weinstein, Peter Wells, Martine Lemattre and Patrice GrevetNew Technology and Practical Police Work S. Ackroyd, R. Harper, J. A. Hughes, D. Shapiro and K. Soothill

Notes: “There are strong temptations for those at the top of an organisational hierarchy to appropriate to themselves a disproportionate share of the resources of the organisation and to exercise too much power over the activities of other organisational members.” Hence the case for taking a cool look at executive remuneration and other possible breaches of applying the classical virtue of temperance to corporate behaviour. The author is Principal Lecturer in the Business Studies Department, Manchester Metropolitan University, Aytoun Building, Aytoun Street, Manchester M1 3GH.

Notes: “Discrimination on the grounds of disability is seldom malicious, but stems more from a lack of understanding.” A disabled businessman explores the need for businesses to cultivate and implement greater disability awareness. After graduating in engineering, he gained his MBA from London Business School in 1992. He now works as a consultant, capitalising on his background in business management and his personal experience of disability to assist clients in developing anti-discriminatory policies and practice.

Notes: Once a company has identified its core values role play can help its leaders explore their meaning in practice. The author is now working as a freelance adviser on organisation development having worked in this area in a large engineering company. He has a general interest in the industry/church interface.

Notes: Case studies invite students to share in an ethical dilemma and challenge them about their values. Dr Sheldrake is Reader in Modern History at London Guildhall University, Old Castle St., London E1 7NT. A version of his case study appeared in Sarah Vickerstaff (Ed.), 1992, Human Resource Management in Europe: Text and Cases, London: Chapman & Hall.

Notes: ’Those who understand the underlying technology on which the modern business depends have a professional, social and moral obligation to look to the needs of their neighbours who lack that understanding’. Professor Ennals is a member of the Business Information Technology Research Unit of Kingston Business School, Kingston University, Kingston-on-Thames KT2 7LB, England, where he has shared in developing the new Business Information Technology degree.

Notes: Last October the Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry delivered the annual Gresham Special Lecture in Gresham College in the City of London, in which he considered ways of developing a closer and potentially more fruitful relationship between the City and the UK manufacturing industry. The lecture is here reproduced with permission.

Notes: European direct investment in the USA raises many local concerns. Are these concerns justified, or alleviated, by the way in which different European companies exercise corporate citizenship in the host country? The author is Assistant Professor of Strategic Management at the College of Business Administration, University of Oklahoma, 307 West Brooks, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-0450, USA.

Notes: An initial review of the Draft Guidance produced in response to the Cadbury Report by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. The author is Principal Consultant, Corporate Social Responsibility Consultants, 86 Iffley Road, London W6 OPF.

Notes: How common are corporate codes of ethics in the UK and especially among Britain's most admired companies? The author is Wicklander Professor of Professional Ethics at DePaul University, Chicago, and current President of the American Society for Business Ethics.

Notes: Dramatic economic developments have served to highlight ethical questions and responses within business life in Finland, particularly regarding the crisis of the Finnish banking system. Other issues which have aroused public discussion are maintaining the natural biodiversity in the Northern hemisphere forests, and Finland's trade with Russia. The authors, listed alphabetically, are all research fellows at the School of Business Administration in the University of Tampere, PO Box 607, 33101 Tampere,Finland.

Notes: “The potential dangers of ignoring ethical issues exist for all business computer professionals”. Drs Langford and Wusteman, of the Computing Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, reflect on their experience of teaching ethics to computer scientists and on the problems to be encountered in this new field of applied ethics.

Notes: Book reviewed in this articleDavid BarkerJames O'Toole, The Executive's Compass: Business & The Good Society.

Notes: Interesting contrasts and parallels on ethical issues emerge from a recent series of in-depth interviews given by managers in nine companies operating in Europe. The author is Professor of Marketing at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA, on leave during 1993-94 as Visiting Professor in the Department of Management and Marketing, University College Cork, Ireland. He wishes to acknowledge the financial assistance of the College of Business Administration at the University of Notre Dame in supporting this research.

Notes: A philosopher looks at the scepticism of some of her colleagues about just what the study of ethics can contribute to ethical business, and argues that its main purpose is to help business people to engage in constructive ethical dialogue in society as well as in their corporation. The author is a regular contributor to this Review, and Director of the Centre for Business and Professional Ethics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT.

Notes: Teaching business ethics to undergraduates has disclosed difficulties for both students and teacher which raise deeper issues about what is the purpose of teaching ethics and of engaging in business. The author is Lecturer in Business Ethics in the Faculty of Business and Social Studies, Cheltenham & Gloucester College of Higher Education, Swindon Road, Cheltenham, Glos GL50 4AZ, UK.

Notes: The Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Rennes has recently introduced a final year group-taught compulsory course in Business Ethics. Its organisers here describe and discuss their aims, methods and results. Michael Brent is Head of the Human Resources Department at Groupe ESC Rennes, 2 rue Robert-d’Arbrissel, 35065 Rennes, and has an MA in Philosophy and diplomas in business and marketing, as well as several years European consultancy experience. Susan Grinsted teaches production management and related subjects at Rennes, with a first degree in Metallurgy and a PhD in Engineering as well as several years UK industrial experience and a previous appointment at Warwick University, England.

Notes: Australia too is witnessing a growing interest in business ethics. Dr Longstaff, Executive Director of the St James Ethics Centre in Sydney, explores how directors should play an active part in developing ethical business.

Notes: Mike Savage & Anne Witz, eds., Gender and Bureaucracy, Blackwells, Oxford, 1992, pp. 282, pb, £13.99, ISBN: 0631-85283.

Notes: Adrian Furnham, The Protestant Work Ethic. The Psychology of Work-related Beliefs and Behaviour, Routledge, Chapman & Hall, London and New York, 1990, pp. xv + 305, pb, £13.99, ISBN 0-425-01705-X.Carl-Henric Grenholm, Protestant Work Ethics: A Study of Work Ethical Theories in Contemporary Protestant Theology, Uppsala Studies in Social Ethics 15, Uppsala, 1993, pp. 350, np.

Notes: Book reviwed in this articleSAR GEOCODING: DATA AND SYSTEMS. Edited by G. Schreier.INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING. Third edition. By E. C. Barrett and L. F. Curtis.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1993. Eighth edition. Endorsed by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shirvanian.GEOMETRY, RELATIVITY, GEODESY. By H. Moritz and B. Hofmann-Wellenhof.TRATTATO DI FOTOGRAMMETRIA URBANA E ARCHITETTONICA. By M. Fondelli.LE RELEVE ET LA REPRESENTATION DE ĽARCHITECTURE. By J.-P. Saint Aubin.MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS. By P. Swallow, D. Watt and R. Ashton.RELEVES PHOTOGRAMMETRIQUES DU PATRIMOINE EN REGIONS SISMIQUES. By M. Carbonnell.MAP GENERALIZATION: MAKING RULES FOR KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION. Edited by B. P. Buttenfield and R. B. McMaster.COMPILATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC AND SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR THEMATIC/TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING. By U. Frei.PRACTICAL SURVEYING AND COMPUTATIONS. Second edition. By A. L. Allan.IMAGE PROCESSING, ANALYSIS AND MACHINE VISION. By M. Sonka, V. Hlavac and R. Boyle.SATELLITE GEODESY: FOUNDATIONS, METHODS, AND APPLICATIONS. By G. Seeber.VIDEOMETRICS. Edited by S. F. El-Hakim.GEOMETRIC AND RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A CCD-CAMERA BASED PHOTOGRAMMETRIC CLOSE-RANGE SYSTEM. By H. A. Beyer.AUSTRALIA ON PAPER: THE STORY OF AUSTRALIAN MAPPING. By J. D. Lines.VISUALIZATION IN BIOMEDICAL MICROSCOPIES: 3-D IMAGING AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS. Edited by A. Kriete.INTEGRATING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES WITH SCENE ANALYSIS AND MACHINE VISION. Edited by E. B. Barrett and D. M. McKeown.STATE-OF-THE-ART MAPPING. Edited by B. P. Clark, A. Douglas, B. L. Foley, B. Huberty and L. D. Whitmill.STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS AND APPLICATIONS IV. Edited by J. O. Merritt and S. S. Fisher.PROCEEDINGS OF THE OEEPE WORKSHOP ON DATA QUALITY IN LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, APELDOORN, NETHERLANDS, 4-6 SEPTEMBER 1991. Edited by L. A. Koen and O. Kölbl.CONTOURING: A GUIDE TO THE ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY OF SPATIAL DATA. By D. F. Watson.

Notes: Photogrammetrists are acutely aware that remote methods of survey are commonplace. However, it is only relatively recently that high precision levelling of the national motorway network has been conducted in this manner. There are now several competing methods available, all of which have gained some acceptance. This paper describes a low level aerial photographic method employing a helicopter as the platform. It begins with the reasons for the development, describes the system and methods involved, addresses the safety aspects, attempts to outline the necessity for the largest scale possible to maintain precision, analyses the potential developments and discusses the advantages and disadvantages compared with ground based systems.

Notes: This paper discusses analytical relative orientation for two-media photogrammetry. After a brief introduction concerning the collinearity condition, the coplanarity equation is derived, which is similar inform to the conventional expression. By considering the differences from one-medium photogrammetry, the computational strategy of relative orientation for two-media photogrammetry is studied, including linearization of the equation, the correction for refraction and, especially, the determination of the boundary between the two media. Simulated test results verify the theoretical analysis. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On étudie dans cet article ľ orientation relative analytique dans la photogrammétrie à deux milieux. Après une brève introduction relative à la condition de colinéarité, on en dérive les équations de coplanarité dont la forme est tout à fait semblable à celle du cas classique. On dégage ensuite une stratégie de calcul de ľ orientation relative pour la photogrammétrie à deux milieux, en s'attachant aux différences avec celle à un seul milieu, et en mentionnant la linéarisation des équations, la correction de la réfraction et, plus particulièrement, la détermination de la limite entre les deux milieux. Les résultats obtenus sur des simulations sont conformes àľ‘analyse théorique. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung ImArtikelwirddie analytische relative Orientierung für die Zweimedien-Photogrammetrie diskutiert. Nach einer kurzen Einführung, die sich mit der Kollinearitätsbedingung befaβt, weden Komplanaritätsgleichungen ähnlich der konventionellen Form abgeleitet. Unter Beachtung der Unterschiede zur Einmedium-Photogrammetrie wird die rechnerische Strategic der relativen Orientierung für die Zweimedien-Photogrammetrie studiert. Das schließt die Linearisierung der Gleichungen, die Refraktionskorrektur und besonders die Bestimmung der Grenze zwischen den beiden Medien ein. Simulierte Testergebnisse bestdtigen die theoretische Analyse.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:THE MICROSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHS OF J. B. DANCER. By B. Bracegirdle and J. B. McCormick.ROBOT CALIBRATION. Edited by R. Bernhardt and S. L. Albright.BASIC CARTOGRAPHY FOR STUDENTS AND TECHNICIANS: VOLUME 1. Second edition. Edited by R. W. Anson and F. J. Ormeling.A HALF AND HALF AFFAIR: CHRONICLES OF A HYBRID DON. By D. R. Denman.IMAGE INTERPRETATION IN GEOLOGY. Second edition. By S. A. Drury.VERMESSUNG UND ORTUNG MIT SATELLITES NAVSTAR-GPS UND ANDERE SATELLITENGESTUTZTE NAVIGATIONSSYSTEME. Second edition. By M. Bauer.HANDBOOK OF THE MOIRE FRINGE TECHNIQUE. By K. Patorski.LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. Edited by R. Haines-Young, D. R. Green and S. H. Cousins.INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATED GEO-INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. By S. Cassettari.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION 1994: THE SOURCE BOOK FOR GIS. Edited by D. R. Green, D. Rix and J. Cadoux-Hudson.CAMERAS, SCANNERS, AND IMAGE ACQUISITION SYSTEMS. Edited by H. C. Marz and R. L. Nielsen.INVENTORY OF WORLD TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING. Volume 3, Eastern Europe, ASIA, Oceania and Antarctica. Compiled by R. Böhme. English language editor R. Anson.POSTPROCESSING VON SAR-SATELLITENBILDDATEN. By F. Holecz.DISPLAY SYSTEMS. Edited by C. T. Bartlett and M. D. Cowan.STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS AND VIRTUAL REALITY SYSTEMS. Edited by S. S. Fisher, J. O. Merritt and M. T. Bolas.

Notes: Photographic lenses are produced in a variety of types for numerous image formats. Innovations in optical technology enable technically advanced lenses to be produced and camera systems improved. Following descriptions of computer aided design and manufacture and the importance of new optical materials, aspheric surfaces and floating elements, several types of lenses are described in detail, including zoom, soft focus, high resolution, micro, large format and telephoto designs. Also discussed are optical attachments and the optical systems of compact cameras, viewfinders and three-chip video cameras.

Notes: Treaty verification involves the acquisition and interpretation of data to establish a country's compliance to an agreement. Remote sensing and photogrammetry in verification is established in the intelligence community and is progressively entering the civilian sector as well. The Open Skies Treaty and the proliferation of commercial satellite imagery have created a niche for open, multilateral verification. These recent developments come at an opportune moment as the verification task has become more cumbersome and complex.This paper surveys the changes in the field of verification, aerial monitoring and satellite surveillance. It details existing and future verification tasks and presents the operational capabilities for fulfilling those tasks. The limiting factors are also presented.

Notes: In a continuing drive to reduce the radiation exposure of nuclear workers, many routine aspects of nuclear plant maintenance and refurbishment are increasingly undertaken by robotic or remote handling tools. Accurate “as built” documentation of plant records is vital to the successful planning and execution of such operations since an unexpected obstruction or undocumented site modification may result in a costly disruption or even failure of the intervention. In recognition of the importance of such documentation, a recent European Community† sponsored project has been directed towards the development of techniques for cost effective survey and modelling of such plant. This paper will detail the rationale behind the design of such a system and will describe typical results from a number of pilot projects.

Notes: Some of the economic and operational aspects of mapping are discussed, including the conditions that may offer air survey a competitive advantage over other methods. The financing of national mapping programmes around the world is increasingly market oriented, driven by the need to provide the end users with information that they can turn into sustainable economic growth and social progress. Despite these economic pressures, map makers seem to find their work more enjoyable and rewarding than most professionals.

Notes: The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565-582 (October 1993). It contained, as Appendix A, the entry from the Archive that dealt with the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph. This paper provides a second extract from the Archive concerned with the entries relating to the Barr & Stroud ZA1 plotter, the Williamson Multiplex equipment and the Thompson pinhole plotter.

Notes: A case is made for the development of an inexpensive and portable data capturing unit which could be used with existing mirror stereoscopes and which could provide an accuracy sufficient for most digital map databases. The results of simulation experiments to test the accuracy of the system are presented.

Notes: The pianoforte in the Mozarthaus at Salzburg is a state of the art instrument of the late 18th century. It was recorded photogrammetrically in order to enable fundamental musicological investigations to be carried out. An important aspect of the piano survey was high precision three dimensional point determination performed by combined bundle adjustment. The process was optimized by use of software tools for simulation, automatic error detection and graphical analysis of the adjustment results. This procedure considerably increased the efficiency and reliability of the photogrammetric reconstruction.

Notes: Although accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs) can be quantified and measured in different ways, each is influenced by three main factors: terrain character, sampling strategy and interpolation method. These parameters, and their interaction, are discussed. The generation of DEMs from digitised contours is emphasised because this is the major source of DEMs, particularly within member countries of OEEPE. Such DEMs often exhibit unwelcome artifacts, depending on the interpolation method employed. The origin and magnitude of these effects and how they can be reduced to improve the accuracy of the DEMs are also discussed.

Notes: When bad business behaviour is so much in the news is this a time for tighter regulation? But can standards be set for “good behaviour” in business? The author is Senior Lecturer in Public Relations and Philosophy at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS2 8AF.

Notes: Arguments may have little effect in changing people's views, but trying to sympathise with another's point of view can open the possibility of changing one's own attitude. Dr.Griseri is Director of the MBA Programme at the Management Centre, London Guildhall University, 84 Moorgate, London EC2M 6SQ.

Notes: Doing business ethics and conducting ethical business has to be much more than conducting a rational enquiry. Much also depends on the motivation of individuals and how a positive moral vision of business can unite intellectual and affective approaches to the conduct of business. The author is a lecturer in Philosophy at Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, and a Research Associate at the Local Government Centre at Warwick Business School. He is also an independent organisation development consultant specialising in helping organisations develop their learning processes and value-based forms of leadership.

Notes: What ethical issues are raised when employees are going to be given notice to leave? Are some approaches more ethical than others? This paper analysing the ethics of the situation and offering ethical guidelines was prepared for the Swedish Association of Graduates in Business Administration and Economics in its work to formulate a professional code of conduct. The author holds a PhD in business administration and is a member of The Swedish Council for Management and Work Life Issues, P.O. Box 5042, S-10241 Stockholm, Sweden.

Notes: Social responsibility on the part of business has various meanings, to some of which English law is more favourable than others. But the law could be changed. The author is a Solicitor and Lecturer in Law in the University of Bristol. His Corporate Power and Responsibility: Issues in the Theory of Company Law has recently been published by Oxford University Press.

Notes: In 1990-92 Britain's Institute of Management commissioned a working party of its Professional Practice Committee to review the Institute's Code of Conduct and Guides to Professional Management Practice. Sheila Evers, currently Vice-Chairman of the Institute of Management, chaired the working party; and based on further discussions she has now written and compiled a supporting document, “The Manager as a Professional”, with checklists for the individual manager. Copyright of the documents, reproduced here with permission, rests with The Institute of Management, which is, however, willing to permit their being used and quoted with due acknowledgement.

Notes: Book publishers seem to have found a new niche judging by the number of review copies coming our way. This column just aims to give a line or two on some of them to help the reader decide whether to buy, borrow or leave it for now.

Notes: In spite of strengthened financial regulation, ethical concern continues about the promotion and distribution of financial services in Britain, including savings and investment products. Greater ethical attention needs to be paid to products, price, promotion and distribution. The authors are all faculty members of the School of Management and Finance, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Correspondence should be addressed to Dr Ennew. Alison McGregor gratefully acknowledges funding provided by the Association of British Insurers.

Notes: Last June, Moscow was the setting for a Russian-sponsored conference on business ethics. One of the participants from the USA, Professor Thomas W. Dunfee, here gives his impressions of what was clearly an instructive occasion. Professor Dunfee is Kolodny Professor of Social Responsibility at the Wharton School of Business of the University of Pennsylvania and is an international authority on business ethics.“Older people have an ethics problem. By that, I mean they have ethics. To survive, I can break a law if I need to and if the risks aren't too large. Older people wouldn't even think in such a way.” Dimitri Zotov, explaining why young people are in high professional demand in the new Russia, Wall Street Journal, p.A5, Col.1, 8/2/93.“Shell-shocked men and women spend their days hacking through the post-Soviet wilderness in search of a near-mythical creature, an honest joint-venture partner.” David Brooks, “Cracking That Post-Soviet Market”, Wall Street Journal, editorial page, 8/24/93.

Notes: As indicated in the previous article, a Russian-sponsored conference on business ethics was recently held in Moscow. Another participant from the USA, Professor Joanne B. Ciulla, comments here on what could prove to be a new beginning for business in Russia. Professor Ciulla is an Associate Editor of this Review and occupies the Coston Family Chair in Leadership and Ethics at the University of Richmond, Virginia.

Notes: ‘The days of our years are threescore yeas and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength labour and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and we fly away.’