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  • Articles  (13)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (13)
  • methodology
  • 2015-2019
  • 2000-2004  (2)
  • 1990-1994  (11)
  • 1915-1919
  • Philosophy  (9)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (3)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philosophy of Science and History of Science: A Troubling Interaction (2000)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 31 (2000), S. 109-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: methodology ; philosophy of history ; historiography ; case-history method ; interdisciplinary (philosophy history)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract History and philosophy complement and overlap each other in subject matter, but the two disciplines exhibit conflict over methodology. Since Hempel's challenge to historians that they should adopt the covering law model of explanation, the methodological conflict has revolved around the respective roles of the general and the particular in each discipline. In recent years, the revival of narrativism in history, coupled with the trend in philosophy of science to rely upon case studies, joins the methodological conflict anew. So long as contemporary philosophy of science relies upon history's methodology to construct its case studies, it subjects itself to a paradoxical situation: the better the history, the worse the philosophy. An example of the methodological conflict is presented in the case of Antoine Lavoisier. This example also serves our ultimateconclusion, which is that distinctively philosophical methods of case-study design promise enhanced prescriptive powers for philosophy of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008353021407
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exploring the use of computer models in participatory integrated assessment – experiences and recommendations for further steps (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated assessment 1 (2000), S. 253-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1545
    Keywords: participatory integrated assessment ; methodology ; focus groups ; computer models ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Integrated assessment (IA) can be defined as a structured process of dealing with complex issues, using knowledge from various scientific disciplines and/or stakeholders, such that integrated insights are made available to decision makers (J. Rotmans, Enviromental Modelling and Assessment 3 (1998) 155). There is a growing recognition that the participation of stakeholders is a vital element of IA. However, only little is known about methodological requirements for such participatory IA and possible insights to be gained from these approaches. This paper summarizes some of the experiences gathered in the ULYSSES project, which aims at developing procedures that are able to bridge the gap between environmental science and democratic policy making for the issue of climate change. The discussion is based on a total of 52 IA focus groups with citizens, run in six European and one US city. In these groups, different computer models were used, ranging from complex and dynamic global models to simple accounting tools. The analysis in this paper focuses on the role of the computer models. The findings suggest that the computer models were successful at conveying to participants the temporal and spatial scale of climate change, the complexity of the system and the uncertainties in our understanding of it. However, most participants felt that the computer models were less instrumental for the exploration of policy options. Furthermore, both research teams and participants agreed that despite considerable efforts, most models were not sufficiently user-friendly and transparent for being accessed in an IA focus group. With that background, some methodological conclusions are drawn about the inclusion of the computer models in the deliberation process. Furthermore, some suggestions are made about how given models should be adapted and new ones developed in order to be helpful for participatory IA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018901603136
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philosophy of science in Hungary (1994)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Philosophy ; science ; linguistics ; psychology ; history ; progress of science ; incommensurability ; paradigm ; paradigm-change ; methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The report gives a survey of the Hungarian philosophy of science after 1973. The report throws some light on the history of Hungarian philosophy in the context of the political circumstances of the late sixties and seventies. It starts with the not so well-known history of ‘persecution of philosophers’ in 1973. Then it treats the emergence of the philosophy of science focussing on the most significant representatives of this branch of philosophy, which was up to that time almost unknown in Hungary. Due to the fact that the important results in Hungarian philosophy of science run parallel with the reception and translation of the significant products of Western philosophy, such as Wittgenstein's, Popper's, Kuhn's, or Polanyi's works, the report gives relatively significant room to treat these achievements. The last part of the report presents a survey of the younger generation of the philosophers of science, concentrating on the most important insights.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00769283
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternativen der Wissenschaftsgeschichte (1994)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 207-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: methodology ; history of 19th century physics ; history of electromagnetism ; subjective activity in research process ; bifurcations in science ; principles of theory valuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Alternatives in the History of Science. The paper deals with the function of the scientist's subjective activity in the research process. This will be discussed at the background of the discourse between distant action and narrow action theories of electromagnetism in 19th century physics. The analysis shows in which high degree the protagonists of these theories (Weber, Maxwell) regarded this situation consciously as a bifurcation (alternative) in the development of their science. This article describes then how the history of science values the case. The result of this valuation is dependent on the different philosophical points of view. Finally we point out some desiderata for the further discussion on methodology of science that would be the consequence of the acknowledgement of real bifurcations in scientific thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00763821
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical progress: Between reason and society (1993)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 24 (1993), S. 43-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: mathematics ; progress ; rationality ; methodology ; historiography ; cognitive and social factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Is mathematical knowledge the product of a method fulfilling temporally and locally invariant criteria and thus manifesting a rationality which sets it entirely apart from all other cultural products? Or is it a socially constructed product, sharing in the accidental and conventional nature of all historically contingent cultural products? In order to be able to take the latter point of view at all seriously into consideration, the most sophisticated and historically informed methodological model is carefully and critically examined. This (Lakatosian) model, however liberal and history-directed it may seem, turns out to incorporate the former, (methodo)logical view of the development of mathematics. It will be demonstrated that the basic assumption underlying Lakatosian methodology is both unwarranted and superfluous for the rational explanation of the growth of mathematical knowledge. This leads to the provisional conclusion that the relevant question is not whether mathematical progress derives ultimately from irreducibly cognitive or from irreducibly social factors, but how cognitive and social factors are interrelated and together, in their indivisible unity, are constitutive of the development of mathematical knowledge. In the forthcoming second part of the article, a model of this socio-cognitive interplay, relying heavily on empirical analyses, will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00769514
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unification and coherence as methodological objectives in the biological sciences (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 8 (1993), S. 301-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Beadle ; coherence ; genetics ; historiography of science ; integration of disciplines ; methodology ; molecular biology ; reduction ; Tatum ; unity of science
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I respond to Wim van der Steen's arguments against the supposed current overemphasis on norms ofcoherence andinterdisciplinary integration in biology. On the normative level, I argue that these aremiddle-range norms which, although they may be misapplied in short-term attempts to solve (temporarily?) intractable problems, play a guiding role in the longer-term treatment of biological problems. This stance is supported by a case study of apartial success story, the development of the one gene — one enzyme hypothesis. As that case shows, thegoal of coherent interdisciplinary integration not only provides guidance for research, but also provides the standard for recognizingfailed integrations of the sort that van der Steen criticizes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00860431
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of GEMSAFE to ITER CDA and Its comparison with FER (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion safety analysis ; methodology ; function-based ; GEMSAFE ; ITER
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A safety analysis for the design of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in the Conceptual Design Activity stage was performed by the GEMSAFE methodology, and its results were compared with those of Fusion Experimental Reactor (FER), a Japan's facility planned next to JT-60. The objectives of this study are to confirm the applicability of GEMSAFE to ITER and to select design basis events of ITER and identify R&D items with comparison to FER. Function-Based Safety Analyses (FBSA) were carred out to select 19 and 25 design basis events for FER and ITER, respectively. The major reason for the difference is that ITER has a class-2 RI source, e.g., tritium of 7.5 × 105 Ci in mobile form, in the coolant for the first wall and blankets as well as a class-3 RI source, e.g., the immobile tritium of 2.2×107 Ci absorbed in first wall and dust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059364
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short-term effects of herbicides on primary productivity of periphyton in lotic environments (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 123-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: periphyton ; herbicides ; net primary productivity ; lotic ; methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Freshwater algae are quite sensitive to herbicides that enter running water ecosystems through direct application, aerial drift, and/or watershed run-off. However, due to a lack of suitable methodologies, few studies examine the effects of such contamination on naturally occurring attached algal communities under field conditions (i. e., exposure regimes using pulsed doses or brief episodes of peak concentrations to simulate surface run-off during storm events). This paper describes a method for determining the acute short-term effects of four herbicides (hexazinone, atrazine, tebuthiuron and metolachlor) on the net primary productivity (NPP) of periphytic algae in the field using a portable bankside incubator; NPP was measured by monitoring changes in oxygen production (mg O2 per m2) upper surface of rock substrate per h and mg O2 h per mg chlorophyll using the light-dark technique. All herbicides with photosynthetic inhibition as a mode of action significantly reduced NPP. The lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) for the herbicides were 43 μg hexazinone l−1, 109 μg atrazine l−1 and 137 μg tebuthiuron l−1. The no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) for these chemicals were 〈43 μg hexazinone l−1, 93 μg atrazine l−1 and 52 μg tebuthiuron l−1. Metolachlor did not significantly reduce NPP at the concentrations that were tested (range 19.6–274 μg l−1). However, community respiration (which included respiration by invertebrates) was significantly reduced at the highest metolachlor concentration (274 μg l−1). Community respiration was not significantly affected by any concentration of the other three herbicides used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119435
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coming in the 1990s: The agency-friendly travel survey (1992)
    Springer
    Transportation 19 (1992), S. 79-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: comparison ; interview ; methodology ; questionnaire ; survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Area wide travel surveys formed the backbone of transportation analysis and methodology in the initial development of transportation plans during the 1960s and early 70s, particularly in the United States. These general purpose surveys were extremely valuable as key elements of travel descriptions, new systems analysis, and plan development. Unfortunately, they were also very expensive, were often large and unwieldy, took many years to process, and produced less than manageable data sets which were often under-utilized; in short, decidedly agency-unfriendly. Squeezed by goals of shorter time frame, budget constraints, survey timing, limited analysis and single purpose usage, transportation agencies evolved during the 1970s and 80s a generally “kinder, gentler” survey methodology, focusing primarily on meeting immediate agency objectives with minimum hassle. In the 1970s, modal and group surveys were most common, and in the 1980s project surveys were the norm. The“agency-friendly travel survey” of the 1990s is described in this paper in terms of its general characteristics, its target population, cost, effectiveness, and timeliness. The paper suggests a survey structure which probably will rely heavily upon aggregate statistics collected by periodic censuses, match exactly the categorical classifications of aggregate data bases, targets choice behavior, and focuses on sites rather than cities. Various high-tech GIS-based procedures, unobtrusive measurements, and other“on-board” data collection systems are also likely. The paper concludes that while transportation agencies are not in danger of losing the survey as a data gathering device, analysts must work within agency structures to conduct good surveys, private and public, since it is generally their requirements that will control such items.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02132832
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kant-Forschungen als Beispiel für Selbstverschuldeten Methodenmangel (1992)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 23 (1992), S. 105-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: abstraction ; alternative ; conception order ; hermeneutics ; methodology ; thing-in-itself ; transcendental idealism/realism ; truthfulness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The researches on Kant are one example of the high degree of differences in opinions about mentalities. The lack of methods is one reason. Kant researchers have regretted this too. But as available methods are not developed, these regrets are not very convincing. For instance, the old method to sort concepts in different degrees of abstraction is not developed as a method of interpretation. This method will be exemplified for the question whether Kant was idealist or realist. It could have been an old well-known method as a method of interpretation, but this has not yet been done. Other reasons for this lack of methods are to be inquired. Some philosophical positions presuppose the lack of methods and this could be a fundamental reason for the lack of methods of interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801798
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The knowledge content of science and the sociology of scientific knowledge (1992)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 23 (1992), S. 241-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: sociology of science ; sociology of translation ; knowledge representations ; strong programme ; scientometrics ; methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Several, seemingly unrelated problems of empirical research in the ‘sociology of scientific knowledge’ can be analyzed as following from initial assumptions with respect to the status of the knowledge content of science. These problems involve: (1) the relation between the level of the scientific field and the group level; (2) the boundaries and the status of ‘contexts’, and (3) the emergence of so-called ‘asymmetry’ in discourse analysis. It is suggested that these problems can be clarified by allowing for cognitive factors as independent (‘heterogeneous’) variables, in addition to and in interaction with (i.e., not only as attributes of) social factors. In the ‘sociology of translation’, ‘heterogeneity’ among scientists, cognitions and textual elements has been made a basic assumption. This heterogeneity is bound together in an ‘actor network’. However, since the ‘actor network’ is an empirical category, the methodological problems remain unresolved. This has consequences for the relation between empirical data and theoretical inferences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801451
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philosophical ideas and scientific practice: A note on the empiricism of T.H. Morgan (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Empiricism ; gene ; methodology ; T.H. Morgan ; preformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In a reply to Marga Vicedo the philosophical inconsistency of Morgan is emphasized. It is argued that even if a strict classification of scientists according to their philosophical position is not possible, their science may still be influenced by their philosophical ideas. Finally it is suggested that philosophical ideas influence science less by a direct effect on the scientists than indirectly through science policy and administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130165
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrating psychology and methodology (1990)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 21 (1990), S. 293-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: psychology ; Külpe ; methodology ; Popper ; rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The importance of the problem of how to integrate psychology and methodology was rediscovered by Oswald Külpe. He noted that Wundt's psychology was inadequate and that a new methodology was needed to construct an alternative. Külpe made real progress but his program turned out to be quite difficult: he had no appropriate method for integrating the two fields. August Messer tried to fill the gap but failed. The problem was largely dropped due to poor methods at hand for studying it but remained important due to Popper's methodology and de Groot's psychology at least. We may now more effectively return to it by using a bootstrap method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801040
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