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  • Articles  (30)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (30)
  • GIS  (17)
  • methodology
  • 2015-2019
  • 2000-2004  (11)
  • 1990-1994  (19)
  • 1915-1919
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (19)
  • Philosophy  (9)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philosophy of Science and History of Science: A Troubling Interaction (2000)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 31 (2000), S. 109-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: methodology ; philosophy of history ; historiography ; case-history method ; interdisciplinary (philosophy history)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract History and philosophy complement and overlap each other in subject matter, but the two disciplines exhibit conflict over methodology. Since Hempel's challenge to historians that they should adopt the covering law model of explanation, the methodological conflict has revolved around the respective roles of the general and the particular in each discipline. In recent years, the revival of narrativism in history, coupled with the trend in philosophy of science to rely upon case studies, joins the methodological conflict anew. So long as contemporary philosophy of science relies upon history's methodology to construct its case studies, it subjects itself to a paradoxical situation: the better the history, the worse the philosophy. An example of the methodological conflict is presented in the case of Antoine Lavoisier. This example also serves our ultimateconclusion, which is that distinctively philosophical methods of case-study design promise enhanced prescriptive powers for philosophy of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008353021407
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution, Digital Mapping of the Seismic Hazard within the Gulf of Evia Rift, Central Greece Using Normal Fault Segments as Line Sources (2000)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 22 (2000), S. 203-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; central Greece ; Gulf of Evia ; fault segmentation ; FRISK ; GIS ; digital mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Seismic hazard within juvenile rift systems ismodelled by a semi-statistical procedure based onfault segmentation theory. Fault segmentationprovides the physical basis for strong earthquakerecurrence in regions undergoing extension, andtherefore, it may control the position and size of rupture areas for future events. The computercode FRISK (McGuire, 1978) is applied to calculateprobabilistic estimates of ground motion parameters. Six normal fault segments, on average 25 km long, aremodelled as the earthquake sources within the Gulf ofEvia Rift, Central Greece. The position and length ofsegments have been determined from image processing ofremotely-sensed data and field work. FRISK output isdirected to a Geographical Information System (GIS)and a series of high-resolution (0.1 by 0.1 of adegree) digital maps are produced. The results for100 year acceleration (63% not to be exceeded) showa 50% increase in the seismic hazard from previouslyestimated magnitudes. Areas of maximum hazard (over0.4 g) are located on the south coast of the Gulf ofEvia between the towns of Kammena Vourla and Arkitsa. The obtained shape of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)contours is slightly elliptical with the long axis ofthe ellipse trending E-W, and symmetric, with respectto the rift axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008159904873
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of Geographical Information Systems to the Management of Volcanic Crises (2000)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 21 (2000), S. 347-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: volcanic hazard ; risk assessment ; GIS ; physical simulation models ; information systems ; emergency planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation of a set ofcomputer-based tools, such as Geographical InformationSystems and physical models, to the field of riskassessment, introduces a new perspective in thevolcanic risk maps production, increasing the analysisand modelling capabilities available through theapplication of conventional methodologies. Amethodology adapted to the requirements andcharacteristics of the new operating environment hasbeen applied at Tenerife island (Canary Islands,Spain) to carry out a study devoted to analyse thesuitability of these tools for near real-timemanagement of volcanic crises. With this in mind, aseries of potential eruption scenarios have beenselected to identify and characterise which elementsat risk would prove most vulnerable against a specificvolcanic phenomenon, depending on the socio-economiccharacteristics of the area affected and the resultingdistribution of the volcanic products. This kind ofinformation is fundamental to update, adapt or produceeffective risk management and emergency plans orprotocols, where the measures to mitigate or fightagainst a specific volcanic disaster have to be taken,incorporating the existing knowledge of the phenomenonbehaviour and taking into account their potentialeffects on the area of interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008150816028
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GIS and Volcanic Risk Management (2000)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 21 (2000), S. 361-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: volcanic risk assessment ; GIS ; digital cartography ; volcanic hazard ; Etna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Volcanic catastrophes constitute a majorproblem in many developing and developed countries. Inrecent years population growth and the expansion ofsettlements and basic supply lines (e.g., water, gas,etc.) have greatly increased the impact of volcanicdisasters. Correct land-use planning is fundamental inminimising both loss of life and damage to property.In this contribution Geographical Information Systems(GIS), linked with remote sensing technology andtelecommunications/warning systems, have emerged asone of the most promising tools to support thedecision-making process. Some GIS are presented fortwo volcanic areas in Italy, Mt. Etna and Vesuvius.GIS role in risk management is then discussed, keepingin mind the different volcanic scenarios of effusiveand explosive phenomena. Mt. Etna system covers alarge area (more than 1,000 km2) potentiallyaffected by effusive phenomena (lava flows) whichcause damage to both houses and properties in general.No risk to life is expected. The time-scales of lavaflows allow, at least in principle, modification ofthe lava path by the building of artificial barriers.Vesuvius shows typically an explosive behaviour. Inthe case of a medium size explosive eruption, 600,000people would potentially have to be evacuated from anarea of about 200 km2 around the Volcano, sincethey are exposed to ruinous, very fast phenomena likepyroclastic surges and flows, lahars, ash fallout,etc. Ash fallout and floods/lahars are also expectedin distal areas, between Vesuvius and Avellino,downwind of the volcano. GIS include digital elevationmodels, satellite images, volcanic hazard maps andvector data on natural and artificial features (energysupply lines, strategic buildings, roads, railways,etc.). The nature and the level of detail in the twodata bases are different, on the basis of thedifferent expected volcanic phenomena. The GIS havebeen planned: (a) for volcanic risk mitigation (hazard,value, vulnerability and risk map assessing), (b) toprovide suitable tools during an impending crisis, (c)to provide a basis for emergency plans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008016304797
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing alpine plant vulnerability to climate change: a modeling perspective (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated assessment 1 (2000), S. 307-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1545
    Keywords: climate change ; ecological impact assessment ; alpine and subalpine belts ; plant distribution ; statistical modeling ; local scale ; GIS ; GLM ; Swiss Alps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The potential ecological impact of ongoing climate change has been much discussed. High mountain ecosystems were identified early on as potentially very sensitive areas. Scenarios of upward species movement and vegetation shift are commonly discussed in the literature. Mountains being characteristically conic in shape, impact scenarios usually assume that a smaller surface area will be available as species move up. However, as the frequency distribution of additional physiographic factors (e.g., slope angle) changes with increasing elevation (e.g., with few gentle slopes available at higher elevation), species migrating upslope may encounter increasingly unsuitable conditions. As a result, many species could suffer severe reduction of their habitat surface, which could in turn affect patterns of biodiversity. In this paper, results from static plant distribution modeling are used to derive climate change impact scenarios in a high mountain environment. Models are adjusted with presence/absence of species. Environmental predictors used are: annual mean air temperature, slope, indices of topographic position, geology, rock cover, modeled permafrost and several indices of solar radiation and snow cover duration. Potential Habitat Distribution maps were drawn for 62 higher plant species, from which three separate climate change impact scenarios were derived. These scenarios show a great range of response, depending on the species and the degree of warming. Alpine species would be at greatest risk of local extinction, whereas species with a large elevation range would run the lowest risk. Limitations of the models and scenarios are further discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018912114948
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Automated Technique for Delineating and Characterizing Valley-Bottom Settings (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: valley bottoms ; classification ; mapping ; GIS ; automated techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Accurate delineation and characterization of valley-bottom settings is crucial to the assessment of the biological and geomorphological components of riverine systems; yet, to date, most valley-bottom mapping endeavors have been done manually. To improve this situation, we developed automated techniques in a Geographic Information System (GIS) for delineating and characterizing valley-bottom settings in river basins ranging in size from approximately 1,000–10,000 km2. All procedures were developed with ARC/INFO GIS software and fully automated in Arc Macro Language (AML). The GRID module is required for valley-bottom delineation and slope calculations; whereas characterization (i.e., measuring the width of the valley-bottom zone) requires Coordinate Geometry (COGO) in the ARCEDIT module. The process requires three inputs: a polygon coverage of the analysis area; an arc coverage of its hydrography, and a grid representing its digital elevation. The AML is designed to operate within a wide range of computer memory/disk space options, and it allows users to customize several procedures to match the scale and complexity of a given analysis area with available computer hardware.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006471427421
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Traffic Management and Transport Mode on the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Carbon Monoxide (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: carbon monoxide ; traffic management ; transport mode ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The exposure to CO of schoolchildren was assessed in the town of Northampton, UK, both by direct measurement and by GIS-based activity modelling. Personal measurement of CO showed that exposures when travelling by car were significantly greater than those when walking, although journey times by car were shorter. However, journey exposures had little effect on maximum 8h mean CO exposures. CO concentration fields in the study area were modelled from current traffic flows, and those expected under different traffic management scenarios. These fields were then used, in combination with children's home and school location, and their activity profiles, to simulate frequency distributions of exposure for different transport modes and traffic management scenarios. The results show a large variability in the effect of traffic management interventions, depending on the child's home and school location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006431301620
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exploring the use of computer models in participatory integrated assessment – experiences and recommendations for further steps (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated assessment 1 (2000), S. 253-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1545
    Keywords: participatory integrated assessment ; methodology ; focus groups ; computer models ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Integrated assessment (IA) can be defined as a structured process of dealing with complex issues, using knowledge from various scientific disciplines and/or stakeholders, such that integrated insights are made available to decision makers (J. Rotmans, Enviromental Modelling and Assessment 3 (1998) 155). There is a growing recognition that the participation of stakeholders is a vital element of IA. However, only little is known about methodological requirements for such participatory IA and possible insights to be gained from these approaches. This paper summarizes some of the experiences gathered in the ULYSSES project, which aims at developing procedures that are able to bridge the gap between environmental science and democratic policy making for the issue of climate change. The discussion is based on a total of 52 IA focus groups with citizens, run in six European and one US city. In these groups, different computer models were used, ranging from complex and dynamic global models to simple accounting tools. The analysis in this paper focuses on the role of the computer models. The findings suggest that the computer models were successful at conveying to participants the temporal and spatial scale of climate change, the complexity of the system and the uncertainties in our understanding of it. However, most participants felt that the computer models were less instrumental for the exploration of policy options. Furthermore, both research teams and participants agreed that despite considerable efforts, most models were not sufficiently user-friendly and transparent for being accessed in an IA focus group. With that background, some methodological conclusions are drawn about the inclusion of the computer models in the deliberation process. Furthermore, some suggestions are made about how given models should be adapted and new ones developed in order to be helpful for participatory IA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018901603136
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design Flood Estimation Using GIS Supported GIUHApproach (2000)
    Springer
    Water resources management 14 (2000), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: GIUH ; design flood ; GIS ; flood hydrograph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative understanding and prediction of theprocesses of runoff generation and its transmission to theoutlet represent one of the most basic and challenging areasof hydrology. Traditional techniques for design floodestimation use historical rainfall-runoff data for unithydrograph derivation. Such techniques have been widelyapplied for the estimation of design flood hydrograph at thesites of gauged catchment. For ungauged catchments, unithydrograph may be derived using either regional unithydrograph approach or alternatively GeomorhologicalInstantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) approach. The unithydrograph thus derived may be used for the simulation offlood events for the ungauged catchments. In this study Gambhiri dam catchment located inRajasthan, India is selected for applying this approach. Gambhiri river is a small tributary of the Berach/Banasriver of the Chambal basin in Rajasthan, India. Theobjective of the present study is to apply GeographicalInformation System (GIS) supported GIUH approach for theestimation of design flood. A mathematical model has beendeveloped at the National Institute of Hydrology, whichenables the evaluation of the Clark Model parameters usinggeomorphological characteristics of the basin. This modelhas been applied for the present study.From this study it is observed that the peakcharacteristics of the design flood are more sensitive tothe various storm pattern as well as method of criticalsequencing followed for the computation of design stormpatterns. Earlier estimates for the peak and time to peakhydrograph was 9143.74 cumec and 18 hrs. respectively.However, the estimates for the peak characteristics ofdesign flood hydrograph obtained from the GIUH basedapproach are 11870.6 cumec and 19 hrs. respectivelyconsidering the same design storm pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011147623014
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Landscape Ecology of Pastoral Herding: Spatial Analysis of Land Use and Livestock Production in East Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Human ecology 28 (2000), S. 527-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: pastoralism ; GIS ; Sukuma ; Tanzania
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Understanding landscape-scale patterns of herding is critical in identifying and assessing the impacts of pastoral grazing. Here, a general model of herding is developed based on the Sukuma agropastoral system in the Rukwa Valley, Tanzania. Using this conceptual framework, the factors affecting the maximum distances herds travel from home and the distribution of grazing around pastoral settlements are examined. The distribution of dry season water structured the landscape-scale distribution of grazing throughout the year, not just during the dry season. Water availability strongly affected the distances herds ranged from home in the dry season and the distribution of grazing around pastoral settlements throughout the year. Associations between cattle productivity and herding practices were also examined. The effects of traveling further from home, keeping cattle in large herds, and using/living in areas of high settlement densities were examined on the following measures of productivity: intake rates, foraging behavior, milk yields, and body conditions. Cattle from larger herds were observed to walk more while actively foraging and engage in more walking bouts (taking ten steps without taking a bite). The increased walking of large herds may explain why they range farther from home and highlight the importance and ubiquity of herd splitting among pastoralists. However, herd size effects were not apparent in intake rates or milk yields. Milk yields were negatively affected by traveling farther from home. These data demonstrate substantial variability within herding populations and show interesting similarities with herding systems in substantially more arid areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026435714109
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling Runoff Response to Land Cover and Rainfall Spatial Variability in Semi-Arid Watersheds (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 285-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: watershed modeling simulation ; surface water hydrology ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Hydrologic response is an integrated indicator of watershed condition, and significant changes in land cover may affect the overall health and function of a watershed. This paper describes a procedure for evaluating the effects of land cover change and rainfall spatial variability on watershed response. Two hydrologic models were applied on a small semi-arid watershed; one model is event-based with a one-minute time step (KINEROS), and the second is a continuous model with a daily time step (SWAT). The inputs to the models were derived from Geographic Information System (GIS) theme layers of USGS digital elevation models, the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) and the Landsat-based North American Landscape Characterization classification (NALC) in conjunction with available literature and look up tables. Rainfall data from a network of 10 raingauges and historical stream flow data were used to calibrate runoff depth using the continuous hydrologic model from 1966 to 1974. No calibration was carried out for the event-based model, in which six storms from the same period were used in the calculation of runoff depth and peak runoff. The assumption on which much of this study is based is that land cover change and rainfall spatial variability affect the rainfall-runoff relationships on the watershed. To validate this assumption, simulations were carried out wherein the entire watershed was transformed from the 1972 NALC land cover, which consisted of a mixture of desertscrub and grassland, to a single uniform land cover type such as riparian, forest, oak woodland, mesquite woodland, desertscrub, grassland, urban, agriculture, and barren. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using widely available data sets for parameterizing hydrologic simulation models. The simulation results show that both models were able to characterize the runoff response of the watershed due to changes of land cover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006445811859
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philosophy of science in Hungary (1994)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Philosophy ; science ; linguistics ; psychology ; history ; progress of science ; incommensurability ; paradigm ; paradigm-change ; methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The report gives a survey of the Hungarian philosophy of science after 1973. The report throws some light on the history of Hungarian philosophy in the context of the political circumstances of the late sixties and seventies. It starts with the not so well-known history of ‘persecution of philosophers’ in 1973. Then it treats the emergence of the philosophy of science focussing on the most significant representatives of this branch of philosophy, which was up to that time almost unknown in Hungary. Due to the fact that the important results in Hungarian philosophy of science run parallel with the reception and translation of the significant products of Western philosophy, such as Wittgenstein's, Popper's, Kuhn's, or Polanyi's works, the report gives relatively significant room to treat these achievements. The last part of the report presents a survey of the younger generation of the philosophers of science, concentrating on the most important insights.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00769283
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternativen der Wissenschaftsgeschichte (1994)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 207-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: methodology ; history of 19th century physics ; history of electromagnetism ; subjective activity in research process ; bifurcations in science ; principles of theory valuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Alternatives in the History of Science. The paper deals with the function of the scientist's subjective activity in the research process. This will be discussed at the background of the discourse between distant action and narrow action theories of electromagnetism in 19th century physics. The analysis shows in which high degree the protagonists of these theories (Weber, Maxwell) regarded this situation consciously as a bifurcation (alternative) in the development of their science. This article describes then how the history of science values the case. The result of this valuation is dependent on the different philosophical points of view. Finally we point out some desiderata for the further discussion on methodology of science that would be the consequence of the acknowledgement of real bifurcations in scientific thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00763821
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of road salt contamination using multiple regression and GIS (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 767-773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Road salt ; Statistics ; Streams ; Pollution ; GIS ; NaCl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A multiple regression model of atmospheric deposition of salt, combined with geographic information systems (GIS) data on four classes of roads, is used to predict sodium concentrations in 162 randomly chosen streams in Massachusetts. All four classes of roads, as well as atmospheric deposition, were found to be highly significant in a model that explains 68% of the observed variation in sodium concentration. The highest salt loading rates are associated with interstate and major state roads with an estimated 22,500 and 17,700 kg of salt per kilometer, respectively. Our mass balance calculations indicate road salt is the major source of salt to the streams in Massachusetts. We examined some of the common statistical problems associated with the use of multiple regression for this type of analysis. Our confidence in the accuracy of the loading rates estimated above are limited by the collinear nature of environmental data and uncertainties related to model specification. Our results suggest multiple regression techniques can lead to overconfidence in the accuracy of the estimated loading rates and thus should not be used as the basis for policy unless the model is validated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394639
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  • 15
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    Gaining forests but losing ground: A GIS evaluation in a Himalayan watershed (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 139-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Himalayas ; Deforestation ; Watershed ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract GIS overlay techniques were used to provide a quantitative historic documentation of deforestation and land-use dynamics in the Middle Mountains of Nepal between 1947 and 1990. Deforestation was most critical in the 1960s, but active afforestation programs in the 1980s have reversed the process. In spite of these trends, the degradation problem is more complex. The GIS evaluation showed that 86% of the recently afforested land is now under pine plantations located primarily at lower elevations and moderately steep slopes. In contrast, rainfed agricultural expansion is most pronounced on acidic soils and steeper, upper elevation sites, suggesting marginalization of agriculture. Agricultural expansion coupled with major losses of grazing land to pine forests are the key processes pointing towards major animal feed deficits. An alternative animal feed source is suggested through GIS using a topographically based microclimatic classification to generate a tree-planting map where the optimum ecological conditions for selective native fodder tree species are identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393756
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  • 16
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    Ecosystem modeling with GIS (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: GIS ; Model ; Management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Management of natural resources is becoming a complex problem. To ensure sustainability of the resources, the manager must have better tools with which to make decisions. The development of simulation models that make use of GIS data bases is an emerging area of resource management. This paper examines several grid-based models and addresses the use of GIS programs to construct spatial dynamic models. Some considerations for the implementation of modeling using GIS data bases are provided. The capability to simulate ecosystem processes such as fire, erosion, and other factors will allow the resource manager to make more informed decisions by evaluating potential consequences on the computer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393865
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  • 17
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    Using a geographical information system for monitoring space shuttle launches: Determining cumulative distribution of deposition and an empirical test of a spatial model (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 465-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Space shuttle launch ; Acid deposition ; GIS ; Environmental monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Space shuttle launches produce localized hydrochloric acid deposition. The interaction of solid rocket motor exhaust and deluge water released on the pad at the time of launch results in the formation of an exhaust cloud. The spatial pattern and extent of deposition from the launch cloud are predicted by the rocket exhaust effluent diffusion (REED) model. The actual pattern of deposition has been mapped by field surveys for each shuttle launch since 1981. In this paper we use a geographical information system (GIS) to compare model predictions with ground patterns for 49 shuttle launches. We also compile cumulative maps of deposition patterns needed to consider long-term impacts. The direction of launch cloud movement did not differ significantly from model predictions. The REED model overpredicted both the area that received deposition and the maximum distance from the launch pad that deposition occurred. Severe vegetation damage was restricted to near-field deposition areas within 1980 m north of each launch pad. Total area impacted from launches has been 87.0 ha around pad 39A and 52.9 ha around pad 39B. Far-field deposition has caused leaf spotting from acid droplets or aluminum oxide over a wider and more variable area than near-field. A total of 19,397 ha has received deposition, but 63.6% of this area has received deposition only one time and 92.2% not more than three times. GIS techniques provide means to test spatial models and compile information useful for assessing cumulative impacts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393874
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Land use change in the Amazon estuary: Patterns of caboclo settlement and landscape management (1994)
    Springer
    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 249-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: land use ; land cover ; Amazon ; estuary ; flooded forest ; aÇai ; palms ; agriculture ; pastures ; swidden ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; succession ; remote sensing ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Landsat TM scenes for 1985 and 1991 are used to produce a georeferenced map of land cover and land use for an area of the Amazon estuary inhabited by three populations of caboclos with distinct patterns of land use. This information is combined in a geographic information system with ethnographic and survey research carried out over the past 5 years to develop representative spectral “signatures” which permit measurement and differentiation of land uses and the detection of change even between small areas of managed floodplain forest and unmanaged forest, and between three distinct age/growth classes of secondary succession following deforestation. Implementation of these procedures permit the scaling up or down of research at different resolutions. Three distinct patterns of land use are examined with differential impact on the environment. Mechanized agriculture at one site has eliminated virtually all the mature upland forest and is now dominated by secondary successional vegetation. The more traditional system of diversified land use at the next site shows a subtle cycling of flooded forest to managed palm forest through time in response to the price of palm fruit and cycling in the use of fallow land. A third site, based on palm fruit extractivism, shows minimal changes in land cover due to persistent specialization on management of flooded forest extraction. There is little evidence that the community with the greatest impact on forest cover is any better off economically than the two communities which have minimal impact on the landscape. This study suggests how a balance between use and conservation in Amazonia may be achieved in floodplain and estuarine areas, and the effectiveness of monitoring these types of land cover from satellite platforms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168853
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    Mathematical progress: Between reason and society (1993)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 24 (1993), S. 43-62 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: mathematics ; progress ; rationality ; methodology ; historiography ; cognitive and social factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Is mathematical knowledge the product of a method fulfilling temporally and locally invariant criteria and thus manifesting a rationality which sets it entirely apart from all other cultural products? Or is it a socially constructed product, sharing in the accidental and conventional nature of all historically contingent cultural products? In order to be able to take the latter point of view at all seriously into consideration, the most sophisticated and historically informed methodological model is carefully and critically examined. This (Lakatosian) model, however liberal and history-directed it may seem, turns out to incorporate the former, (methodo)logical view of the development of mathematics. It will be demonstrated that the basic assumption underlying Lakatosian methodology is both unwarranted and superfluous for the rational explanation of the growth of mathematical knowledge. This leads to the provisional conclusion that the relevant question is not whether mathematical progress derives ultimately from irreducibly cognitive or from irreducibly social factors, but how cognitive and social factors are interrelated and together, in their indivisible unity, are constitutive of the development of mathematical knowledge. In the forthcoming second part of the article, a model of this socio-cognitive interplay, relying heavily on empirical analyses, will be presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00769514
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    Application of a GIS-based stream buffer generation model to environmental policy evaluation (1993)
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    Environmental management 17 (1993), S. 817-827 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental policy evaluation ; Geographic information systems ; GIS ; Riparian environmental buffer ; Decision support
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this article a GIS method is presented for riparian environmental buffer generation. It integrates a scientifically tested buffer width delineation model into a GIS framework. Using the generally available data sets, it determines buffer widths in terms of local physical conditions and expected effectiveness. Technical burdens of data management, computation, and result presentation are handled by the GIS. The case study in which the method was used to evaluate the stream buffer regulations in a North Carolina county demonstrates its capability as a decision support tool to facilitate environmental policy formulation and evaluation, and environmental dispute resolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393902
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    Unification and coherence as methodological objectives in the biological sciences (1993)
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    Biology and philosophy 8 (1993), S. 301-318 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Beadle ; coherence ; genetics ; historiography of science ; integration of disciplines ; methodology ; molecular biology ; reduction ; Tatum ; unity of science
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I respond to Wim van der Steen's arguments against the supposed current overemphasis on norms ofcoherence andinterdisciplinary integration in biology. On the normative level, I argue that these aremiddle-range norms which, although they may be misapplied in short-term attempts to solve (temporarily?) intractable problems, play a guiding role in the longer-term treatment of biological problems. This stance is supported by a case study of apartial success story, the development of the one gene — one enzyme hypothesis. As that case shows, thegoal of coherent interdisciplinary integration not only provides guidance for research, but also provides the standard for recognizingfailed integrations of the sort that van der Steen criticizes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00860431
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    Application of GEMSAFE to ITER CDA and Its comparison with FER (1993)
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    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 107-113 
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    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion safety analysis ; methodology ; function-based ; GEMSAFE ; ITER
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A safety analysis for the design of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in the Conceptual Design Activity stage was performed by the GEMSAFE methodology, and its results were compared with those of Fusion Experimental Reactor (FER), a Japan's facility planned next to JT-60. The objectives of this study are to confirm the applicability of GEMSAFE to ITER and to select design basis events of ITER and identify R&D items with comparison to FER. Function-Based Safety Analyses (FBSA) were carred out to select 19 and 25 design basis events for FER and ITER, respectively. The major reason for the difference is that ITER has a class-2 RI source, e.g., tritium of 7.5 × 105 Ci in mobile form, in the coolant for the first wall and blankets as well as a class-3 RI source, e.g., the immobile tritium of 2.2×107 Ci absorbed in first wall and dust.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059364
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    Short-term effects of herbicides on primary productivity of periphyton in lotic environments (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 123-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: periphyton ; herbicides ; net primary productivity ; lotic ; methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Freshwater algae are quite sensitive to herbicides that enter running water ecosystems through direct application, aerial drift, and/or watershed run-off. However, due to a lack of suitable methodologies, few studies examine the effects of such contamination on naturally occurring attached algal communities under field conditions (i. e., exposure regimes using pulsed doses or brief episodes of peak concentrations to simulate surface run-off during storm events). This paper describes a method for determining the acute short-term effects of four herbicides (hexazinone, atrazine, tebuthiuron and metolachlor) on the net primary productivity (NPP) of periphytic algae in the field using a portable bankside incubator; NPP was measured by monitoring changes in oxygen production (mg O2 per m2) upper surface of rock substrate per h and mg O2 h per mg chlorophyll using the light-dark technique. All herbicides with photosynthetic inhibition as a mode of action significantly reduced NPP. The lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) for the herbicides were 43 μg hexazinone l−1, 109 μg atrazine l−1 and 137 μg tebuthiuron l−1. The no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) for these chemicals were 〈43 μg hexazinone l−1, 93 μg atrazine l−1 and 52 μg tebuthiuron l−1. Metolachlor did not significantly reduce NPP at the concentrations that were tested (range 19.6–274 μg l−1). However, community respiration (which included respiration by invertebrates) was significantly reduced at the highest metolachlor concentration (274 μg l−1). Community respiration was not significantly affected by any concentration of the other three herbicides used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119435
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    Coming in the 1990s: The agency-friendly travel survey (1992)
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    Transportation 19 (1992), S. 79-95 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: comparison ; interview ; methodology ; questionnaire ; survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Area wide travel surveys formed the backbone of transportation analysis and methodology in the initial development of transportation plans during the 1960s and early 70s, particularly in the United States. These general purpose surveys were extremely valuable as key elements of travel descriptions, new systems analysis, and plan development. Unfortunately, they were also very expensive, were often large and unwieldy, took many years to process, and produced less than manageable data sets which were often under-utilized; in short, decidedly agency-unfriendly. Squeezed by goals of shorter time frame, budget constraints, survey timing, limited analysis and single purpose usage, transportation agencies evolved during the 1970s and 80s a generally “kinder, gentler” survey methodology, focusing primarily on meeting immediate agency objectives with minimum hassle. In the 1970s, modal and group surveys were most common, and in the 1980s project surveys were the norm. The“agency-friendly travel survey” of the 1990s is described in this paper in terms of its general characteristics, its target population, cost, effectiveness, and timeliness. The paper suggests a survey structure which probably will rely heavily upon aggregate statistics collected by periodic censuses, match exactly the categorical classifications of aggregate data bases, targets choice behavior, and focuses on sites rather than cities. Various high-tech GIS-based procedures, unobtrusive measurements, and other“on-board” data collection systems are also likely. The paper concludes that while transportation agencies are not in danger of losing the survey as a data gathering device, analysts must work within agency structures to conduct good surveys, private and public, since it is generally their requirements that will control such items.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02132832
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    Kant-Forschungen als Beispiel für Selbstverschuldeten Methodenmangel (1992)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 23 (1992), S. 105-128 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: abstraction ; alternative ; conception order ; hermeneutics ; methodology ; thing-in-itself ; transcendental idealism/realism ; truthfulness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The researches on Kant are one example of the high degree of differences in opinions about mentalities. The lack of methods is one reason. Kant researchers have regretted this too. But as available methods are not developed, these regrets are not very convincing. For instance, the old method to sort concepts in different degrees of abstraction is not developed as a method of interpretation. This method will be exemplified for the question whether Kant was idealist or realist. It could have been an old well-known method as a method of interpretation, but this has not yet been done. Other reasons for this lack of methods are to be inquired. Some philosophical positions presuppose the lack of methods and this could be a fundamental reason for the lack of methods of interpretation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801798
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    The knowledge content of science and the sociology of scientific knowledge (1992)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 23 (1992), S. 241-263 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: sociology of science ; sociology of translation ; knowledge representations ; strong programme ; scientometrics ; methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Several, seemingly unrelated problems of empirical research in the ‘sociology of scientific knowledge’ can be analyzed as following from initial assumptions with respect to the status of the knowledge content of science. These problems involve: (1) the relation between the level of the scientific field and the group level; (2) the boundaries and the status of ‘contexts’, and (3) the emergence of so-called ‘asymmetry’ in discourse analysis. It is suggested that these problems can be clarified by allowing for cognitive factors as independent (‘heterogeneous’) variables, in addition to and in interaction with (i.e., not only as attributes of) social factors. In the ‘sociology of translation’, ‘heterogeneity’ among scientists, cognitions and textual elements has been made a basic assumption. This heterogeneity is bound together in an ‘actor network’. However, since the ‘actor network’ is an empirical category, the methodological problems remain unresolved. This has consequences for the relation between empirical data and theoretical inferences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801451
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    Philosophical ideas and scientific practice: A note on the empiricism of T.H. Morgan (1992)
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    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 69-76 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Empiricism ; gene ; methodology ; T.H. Morgan ; preformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In a reply to Marga Vicedo the philosophical inconsistency of Morgan is emphasized. It is argued that even if a strict classification of scientists according to their philosophical position is not possible, their science may still be influenced by their philosophical ideas. Finally it is suggested that philosophical ideas influence science less by a direct effect on the scientists than indirectly through science policy and administration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130165
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    Usefulness of natural regions for lake management: Analysis of variation among lakes in northwestern Wisconsin, USA (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental management 15 (1991), S. 281-293 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; Eutrophication ; Lake management ; Water quality ; Regionalization ; Ecoregions ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A map of summer total phosphorus in lakes was compiled recently for a three-state area of the upper Midwest for purposes of identifying regional patterns of total phosphorus in lakes and attainable lake trophic state. Spatial patterns in total phosphorus from approximately 3000 lakes were studied in conjunction with maps of geographic characteristics that tend to affect phosphorus balance in lakes to identify regions of similarity in phosphorus concentrations in lakes or similarity in the mosaic of values as compared to adjacent areas. While degrees of relative homogeneity are apparent at many scales, the map was designed at a scale that would yield regions with sufficient homogeneity to be useful for lake management throughout the area. In this study, data from 210 lakes in a 1560-mi2 area in northwestern Wisconsin, sampled by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in the spring of 1988 (subsequent to the compilation of the phosphorus map), were examined to: (1) substantiate the existence of the regions depicted on the map in northwest Wisconsin, (2) determine the nature and relative precision of the regional boundaries, (3) determine the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic watershed characteristics, lake types, lake area, and lake depth in explaining within-region differences in lake phosphorus, and (4) demonstrate how the regions might be used by local lake managers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393860
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    Food, feed, and fuelwood resources of Nepal: A GIS evaluation (1991)
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    Environmental management 15 (1991), S. 815-822 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Resource evaluation ; Food ; Feed ; Fuelwood ; Nepal ; Overview ; GIS ; Spreadsheet model ; Scenarios ; Resource sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A GIS-based land evaluation model was developed to determine the food, feed, and fuelwood sufficiency of all districts in Nepal. Resource surpluses or deficits were calculated for each district for 1981, the year for which the national land resource data were available. Of the three resources, feed supplies were found to be the most critical. Feed deficits occurred in 57% of all districts in 1981, while food and fuelwood deficits occurred in less than 10% of all districts. Different scenarios were carried out for the year 2000 to estimate the magnitude of future resource deficits, assuming resource use and yields in Nepal remain constant in the face of growing population and livestock numbers. Linking resource data with spreadsheet and GIS systems provides a new way to understand and evaluate resources at the district and national levels. To more fully capture the usefulness of this approach, information on rates of change in productivity and land use is needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394819
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    Integrating psychology and methodology (1990)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 21 (1990), S. 293-308 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: psychology ; Külpe ; methodology ; Popper ; rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The importance of the problem of how to integrate psychology and methodology was rediscovered by Oswald Külpe. He noted that Wundt's psychology was inadequate and that a new methodology was needed to construct an alternative. Külpe made real progress but his program turned out to be quite difficult: he had no appropriate method for integrating the two fields. August Messer tried to fill the gap but failed. The problem was largely dropped due to poor methods at hand for studying it but remained important due to Popper's methodology and de Groot's psychology at least. We may now more effectively return to it by using a bootstrap method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801040
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