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1

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Growth response of lentil and wheat to Glomus clarum NT4 over a range of P levels in a Saskatchewan soil containing indigenous AM fungi (1997)

Xavier, Lisette J. C. ; Germida, J. J.

Springer

Mycorrhiza 7 (1997), S. 3-8

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ISSN: 1432-1890

Keywords: Key words Glomus clarum NT4 ; Lentil ; Wheat ; Indigenous AMF ; Phosphorus

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The growth responses of lentil (Lens esculenta L. cv. Laird) and two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Laura and Neepawa) to Glomus clarum NT4 in soil containing indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and fertilized with phosphorus at different (0, 5, 10, 20 ppm) levels was studied in a growth chamber. Soil was inoculated with a monospecific culture of G. clarum NT4 to provide an inoculant:indigenous AMF ratio of ca. 1 : 100. The shoot and root growth, and AMF colonization levels of NT4-inoculated lentil were significantly (P≤0.05) greater than the appropriate control plants in the unfertilized soil at 48 days after planting (DAP). At 95 DAP, NT4 inoculation had significantly increased the shoot dry weight (P≤0.08) and AMF colonization (P≤0.05) of lentil plants receiving 5 mg P kg–1 soil, whereas 20 mg P kg–1 soil reduced the shoot growth of NT4-inoculated plants. The NT4 inoculant had no effect (P≤0.05) on shoot P content, but increased (P≤0.08) the P-use efficiency of lentil plants receiving 5 mg P kg–1 soil. In contrast to the inoculant's effect on lentil, NT4 generally had no positive effect on any of the parameters assessed for wheat cv. Laura at any P level at 48 or 95 DAP. Similarly, there was no positive effect of NT4 on shoot or root growth, or AMF colonization of wheat cv. Neepawa plants at any P level at 48 DAP. However, NT4 inoculation increased the grain yield of Neepawa by 20% (P≤0.05) when fertilized with 20 mg P kg–1 soil. This yield increase was associated with a significant (P≤0.05) reduction in root biomass and a significant (P≤0.05) increase in the grain P content of inoculated plants. Thus, NT4 appears to have a preference for the Neepawa cultivar. Our results show that lentil was more dependent on mycorrhizae than wheat and responded to an AMF inoculant even in soil containing high levels of indigenous AMF. It might, therefore, be possible to develop mixed inoculants containing rhizobia and AMF for field production of legumes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050156

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Comparison of pyrites varying in water-soluble sulfur with gypsum for the reclamation of alkali soils under a rice-wheat rotation (1997)

Sharma, P. ; Swarup, A.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 96-101

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Pyrites ; Pyrite oxidation ; Gypsum Alkali soil ; Reclamation ; Soluble sulfur Welland rice ; Wheat ; Thiobacillus thioxidans ; Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract We evaluated the effect of agricultural-grade (AG) pyrites (total sulfur 22%) varying in water-soluble sulfur (1–8%) and gypsum on the soil properties and yields of rice and wheat in alkali soils during the years 1993–1995 at the Gudha and Saraswati experimental farms at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India. Gypsum and pyrites were applied on the basis of gypsum requirement (GR) of the soils. Results showed that the efficiency of AG pyrites in decreasing soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and increasing crop yields was dependent on their water-soluble sulfur content at the time of application to the field. Pyrites with 5.5% and 8% soluble sulfur were as effective as gypsum. The freshly mined pyrite (water-soluble S 1%) was found to be inefficient in reclaiming alkali soils. We also explored the possibility of increasing the water-soluble sulfur content of pyrite by optimizing its storage conditions. When pyrite (1% water-soluble S) was stored under moist conditions by sprinkling water over the bags under a rain shelter, there was an enrichment of indigenous iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of pyrite, and the water-soluble sulfur increased to 5% within a period of 6 months. However no such increase occurred when pyrite was stored dry. We conclude that the soluble sulfur content of pyrite increased during its storage under moist conditions and should be between 6% and 8% at the time of its application to the field.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420227

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3

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Comparison of pyrites varying in water-soluble sulfur with gypsum for the reclamation of alkali soils under a rice-wheat rotation (1996)

Sharma, P. ; Swarup, A.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 96-101

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key words Pyrites ; Pyrite oxidation ; Gypsum ; Alkali soil ; Reclamation ; Soluble sulfur ; Wetland rice ; Wheat ; Thiobacillus thioxidans ; Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract We evaluated the effect of agricultural-grade (AG) pyrites (total sulfur 22%) varying in water-soluble sulfur (1–8%) and gypsum on the soil properties and yields of rice and wheat in alkali soils during the years 1993–1995 at the Gudha and Saraswati experimental farms at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India. Gypsum and pyrites were applied on the basis of gypsum requirement (GR) of the soils. Results showed that the efficiency of AG pyrites in decreasing soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and increasing crop yields was dependent on their water-soluble sulfur content at the time of application to the field. Pyrites with 5.5% and 8% soluble sulfur were as effective as gypsum. The freshly mined pyrite (water-soluble S 1%) was found to be inefficient in reclaiming alkali soils. We also explored the possibility of increasing the water-soluble sulfur content of pyrite by optimizing its storage conditions. When pyrite (1% water-soluble S) was stored under moist conditions by sprinkling water over the bags under a rain shelter, there was an enrichment of indigenous iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of pyrite, and the water-soluble sulfur increased to 5% within a period of 6 months. However no such increase occurred when pyrite was stored dry. We conclude that the soluble sulfur content of pyrite increased during its storage under moist conditions and should be between 6% and 8% at the time of its application to the field.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420227

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4

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Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1995)

Hamid, A. ; Ahmad, M.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 185-189

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336556

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5

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Solubilization of hydroxyapatite by Enterobacter agglomerans and cloned Escherichia coli in culture medium (1997)

Kim, K. Y. ; McDonald, G. A. ; Jordan, D.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 347-352

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key words Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria ; Hydroxyapatite ; Enterobacter agglomerans ; Organic acids ; Phosphate-solubilizing genes ; Rhizosphere ; Wheat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) possessing the ability to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of wheat. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the solubilization of phosphate by a known PSB, Enterobacter agglomerans, and by a genetically manipulated bacterium, Escherichia coli. A second laboratory study investigated the release of P from E. agglomerans compared with known acids. For the first laboratory study, a cosmid (pHC79) library of phosphate-solubilizing gene(s) from E. agglomerans chromosome DNA was constructed in E. coli JM109. The clone JM109 (pKKY) showing phosphate solubilization properties was screened on standard medium containing hydroxyapatite (HY). The P concentration significantly increased at 5 and 10 days for JM109 (pKKY) compared with JM109 (pHC79), the control. Although the P concentration increased, there was no significant change in their pHs. Furthermore, an increase in colony-forming units (CFUs) was seen at 5 and 10 days for JM109 (pKKY) but not for JM109 (pHC79). Artificial acidification of the culture medium with HCl, citric acid, oxalic acid, and lactic acid was achieved by shaking for 48h. Acidification with these selected acids solubilized more HY than E. agglomerans growing for 42h at similar pHs. However, a high P concentration was measured in culture medium with E. agglomerans growing for 84h despite similar pHs. Our results suggest that acid production may play an important role in HY solubilization, but is not the sole reason for the increase in P concentration in culture medium.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050256

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6

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Increased emergence of spring wheat after inoculation with Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate 2E3 under field and laboratory conditions (1996)

Kropp, B. R. ; Thomas, E. ; Pounder, J. I. ; [et al.]

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 200-206

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key words Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria ; Pseudomonas spp. ; Wheat ; Rhizoctonia solani

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Inoculation at the time of planting with Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 2E3 increased the emergence of spring wheat by 8% and 6% at two different sites in northern Utah. Isolate 2E3 strongly inhibited the growth of the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum on artificial media. A second isolate of P. chlororaphis (strain O6) also inhibited fungal growth on artifical media but did not increase emergence of the spring wheat at the same field sites. Inoculation of winter wheat by 2E3 did not promote emergence when planted into field soil sterilized by fumigation with methyl bromide. Under laboratory conditions, emergence of spring wheat in sterilized soils from both sites was at least 90%. In the soils that were not sterilized, emergence was below 25% in soil from one site and below 50% in soil from the other. Treating seeds with 2E3 significantly improved emergence in a sterile soil-containing matrix that had been inoculated with the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum. Consequently, we propose that increases in wheat emergence can be attributed to the suppression by 2E3 of pathogenic organisms present in the native field soils. A strain of Rhizoctonia solani, shown to the pathogenic on winter wheat, was isolated from one of these soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336064

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7

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Gram-positive bacterial flora on the root surface of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under different soil conditions (1996)

Sato, K. ; Jiang, H. -Y.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 121-125

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Wheat ; Rhizosphere ; Soil Microflora ; Gram-positive Bacteria ; Coryneform Bacteria ; Arthrobacter spp. ; Mol% G+C ; Diaminopimelic acid ; DAP

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract We identified 108 Gram-positive bacterial strains isolated from the root surface of wheat grown under different soil conditions. The strains were divided into four groups based on morphological and physiological characteristics, but most appeared to be coryneform. The taxonomic position of the various groups was verified by the guanine+cytosine DNA contents of the strains. In general, the ranges of these values agreed with those described for the respective taxonomic positions in the literature, with a few exceptions. With soil improvement the distribution of the various groups on the root surface changed, with the coryneform group becoming dominant. This group was further divided into five subgroups, according to cell wall components, cellulose-decomposition, and morphological characteristics, and were identified to genus level. The distribution of these subgroups on the root surface of wheat did not alter with soil improvement. The genus Arthrobacter, the dominant subgroup, predominated in every plot.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336051

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Increased emergence of spring wheat after inoculation with Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate 2E3 under field and laboratory conditions (1996)

Kropp, B. R. ; Thomas, E. ; Pounder, J. I. ; [et al.]

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 200-206

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria ; Pseudomonas spp. ; Wheat ; Rhizoctonia solani

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Inoculation at the time of planting with Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 2E3 increased the emergence of spring wheat by 8% and 6% at two different sites in northern Utah. Isolate 2E3 strongly inhibited the growth of the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum on artificial media. A second isolate of P. chlororaphis (strain O6) also inhibited fungal growth on artifical media but did not increase emergence of the spring wheat at the same field sites. Inoculation of winter wheat by 2E3 did not promote emergence when planted into field soil sterilized by fumigation with methyl bromide. Under laboratory conditions, emergence of spring wheat in sterilized soils from both sites was at least 90%. In the soils that were not sterilized, emergence was below 25% in soil from one site and below 50% in soil from the other. Treating seeds with 2E3 significantly improved emergence in a sterile soil-containing matrix that had been inoculated with the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum. Consequently, we propose that increases in wheat emergence can be attributed to the suppression by 2E3 of pathogenic organisms present in the native field soils. A strain of Rhizoctonia solani, shown to the pathogenic on winter wheat, was isolated from one of these soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336064

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9

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Fate and recovery of 15N derived from grass/clover residues when incorporated into a soil and cropped with spring or winter wheat for two succeeding seasons (1997)

Haynes, R. J.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 130-135

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key words Grass/clover residues ; Nitrogen 15N ; N mineralization-immobilization ; N recovery ; Particle size fractionation ; Wheat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The fate of N when 15N-labelled perennial ryegrass/white clover residues were incorporated into field lysimeters (rate equivalent to 150kgNha–1) and two successive crops of winter or spring wheat were grown was investigated. Loss of 15N over the first winter amounted to 23% and 22% respectively for winter and spring wheat and corresponding losses in the 2nd year were 10% and 14%. Both winter- and spring-sown crops recovered about 10% of residue 15N in the first season and about 1.5% in the second. The percentage of total crop N uptake originating from residue 15N was only 14% and 12% respectively for winter and spring wheat in the first season and 2.5% and 1.9% respectively for the second season. The bulk of the 15N recovered was incorporated into the soil organic matter fraction and at harvest of the 2nd year 55% of added 15N was present as soil organic N. In order to investigate the nature of this soil organic 15N, soil was fractionated into different particle size separates. Both 14N and 15N were concentrated in the medium and fine silt and coarse, and to a lesser extent, medium and fine clay fractions. However, in spring of the first season, 15N was preferentially present in the floating organic matter and to a lesser extent sand-sized fractions (i.e. as particles of decomposing residue). Between then and harvest of the second season there was a redistribution of 15N from these fractions and the medium- and fine-sized clay particles toward the coarse and medium silt-sized fractions. This suggested a movement of 15N toward more aromatic humified material in silt-sized fractions and away from decomposing organic material in sand separates and away from labile organic material in the clay-sized fractions. A laboratory incubation experiment showed that the availability (percentage mineralization) of recently immobilized 15N was greater than that of native soil 14N.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050292

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Growth and yield responses of a Nepalese spring wheat cultivar to the inoculation with Nepalese Azospirillum spp at various levels of nitrogen fertilization (1997)

Bhattarai, T. ; Hess, D.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 72-77

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key wordsAzospirillum ; Inoculation response ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; Wheat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The Azospirillum 10SW used in our experiments was isolated from roots of wheat growing in nitrogen-poor soil of a hilly region of Nepal, where inorganic nitrogen fertilizers were never used. The main objectives of this work were to assess the effects of inorganic nitrogen fertilization in the yield responses of wheat grown in association with the bacteria. The in vitro experiments were done in laboratory, whereas the pot experiments were performed in a greenhouse. The nitrogenase activities of in vitro grown Azospirillum were repressed by nitrate. The magnitude of repression was lower when the bacteria were growing in association with wheat. The number of roots per plant was increased significantly in inoculated plants irrespective of the nitrate concentration of the medium. Inoculation with Azospirillum 10SW also increased the yield of wheat grown in pots with medium levels of nitrogen fertilization. These data show the possibility of inoculation of this Azospirillum spp. in combination with nitrogen fertilizer to improve the yield of wheat. Azospirillum inoculation enhanced the development of roots and shoots in the early growth stages of wheat. It may be one of the factors responsible for the yield increases.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050345

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