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  • Articles  (1,742)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (1,742)
  • Springer  (1,742)
  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984  (1,742)
  • 1925-1929
  • Technology  (1,583)
  • Political Science
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  • Articles  (1,742)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apples and horned toads: On the framework-determined nature of the energy debate (1982)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 23-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A common view of the energy problem holds that what is at stake in most energy policy debates are questions of fact that are in principle susceptible to resolution by objective, scientific research. It is argued in this paper that this view is misguided, and that underlying many of the factual issues apparently in dispute are differences at the framework level, that is differences in basic presuppositions and the patterns of thinking employed. By means of an examination of the debate over soft and hard energy paths, it will be argued that framework differences are fundamental to that debate and that such differences are not susceptible to factual resolution. As a result, the debate has taken on the character of a ritualized performance, as each side strives to convince, not their opponents, but policymakers of the rightness of their opinion. Some of the implications of these findings for energy policymaking are explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143365
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 389-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00146009
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Books reviewed (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 396-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00146010
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incremental budgeting in a decremental age (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138465
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction problem in policy analysis (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 45-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A problem little noted in the literature on policy analysis is that analysis can interact with problems to make them different and more difficult to solve than they would be without analysis. Four varieties of interaction can be distinguished. All are rooted in the methods and assumptions of economics, the discipline that now dominates federal analysis, and particularly in its limited capacity to set policy goals. To prevent interaction, analysts would have to be able to set goals with greater independence so that aims were not swayed by the analytic process. They would need either their own theory of ends or closer political guidance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138467
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 81-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138469
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic theory and government technology policy (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 27-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Recent federal proposals and program experiments aimed at improving the innovative performance of American industry have been based on an inappropriate analytic framework. The neoclassical microeconomic analysis upon which these proposals are based emphasizes the undersupply of R & D. However, a more crucial problem in this context is the utilization of complex research results by firms and industries with low levels of in-house research expertise. This problem is a central concern of an alternative approach to the analysis of innovation, termed the information processing framework. This analytic approach, which receives empirical support from an examination of previous cooperative research programs in the United States and Great Britain and an analysis of independent consulting firms' operations, suggests that cooperative or extramural research does not function effectively as a substitute for in-house research. Public policies to encourage innovation should be attentive to the distribution, as well as the supply, of R & D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138466
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The preconditions for successful evaluation: Is there an ideal paradigm? (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 67-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The dominant paradigm in evaluation research is undergoing serious challenge. This article explores the ideal role of evaluation in decisionmaking, the methodologies for conducting evaluations, the congruence between evaluation methodology and actual organizational behavior, and the relationship between evaluators and program managers. We conclude that although there are serious disparities between the ideal and the actual in each of these four areas, and especially in the congruence between evaluation methodology and organizational behavior, there is not likely to be a change in the dominant paradigm because it is difficult for practitioners to use the language and values of new organizational perspectives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138468
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear deterrence: Bankrupt ideology (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 127-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article argues that nuclear deterrence is a contemporary ideology (an elaborately-developed set of convictions, socio-politically central, stable over time, idealistic in intent, widely and emotionally embraced). And vulnerable. Vulnerable to the critique of the social scientist who can raise questions about the reliability of nuclear deterrence as a cornerstone. Vulnerable to the critique of the moral philosopher who can raise important questions about the propriety of nuclear deterrence and the programmatic activities it underlies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138347
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A technical appraisal of the IIASA energy scenarios (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 199-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Several shortcomings in a major study of the world's energy system are described. The study, entitled Energy in a Finite World, resulted in widely publicized conclusions and urgent policy recommendations that were derived from detailed projections of the global energy future. A set of computer models was used to produce these projections, which are analyzed here in two ways. First, treating the models as a black box, it is shown that several principal results are effectively prescribed informally in input data that pass through the models unchanged. Second, despite claims of robustness, detailed sensitivity analysis shows that the energy supply projections are highly sensitive to perturbations in various input data. Early work that revealed this problem is not cited, and standard sensitivity tests are not provided in the study. Thus, despite the appearance of analytical rigor, the study's conclusions are evidently based on opinions rather than objective robust analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138708
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The institutional context of science, models, and policy: The IIASA energy study (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 277-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article is a complement to Keepin's technical analysis of the energy models and scenarios in the IIASA global energy study, Energy in a Finite World. It analyses the role of formal global energy models in the scenarios and policy conclusions as described in the IIASA Energy System Program's (ESP) own statements. It finds inconsistencies which have confused external audiences, including modelers, as to the importance of properties of formal models in generating authority for policy conclusions. The analysis finds two contradictory images of scientific authority pervading the ESP's published accounts. This article argues that models are more symbolic vehicles for gaining authority than objective technical frameworks. Whilst this is in principle legitimate, it means that the internal processes (and not just the products) of modeling projects are a legitimate subject of public evaluation. Due attention must therefore be paid to the quality and disclosure of such processes. The institutional process of analysis reflects a particular policy style itself and constrains what policies are even conceivable. Claims to scientific analysis and definition of policy problems are themselves symptomatic of a policy framework which is biased at a deeper level than that of specific prescriptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138709
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Among the Energy Tribes: A cultural framework for the analysis and design of energy policy (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 321-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract My four years at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) have provided the opportunity for some participant observation among the Energy Tribes. The uncertainties that envelop trends in energy supply and demand are so wide that the exploratory mode (asking “What would you like the facts to be?”) turns out to be more rewarding than the adversary mode (asking “What are the facts?”). The three Energy Tribes are distinguished by their three contradictory scenarios: “Business as Usual,” “Middle of the Road” and “Radical Change Now.” Each scenario sets very different bounds on what is credible and incredible, possible and impossible, sensible and foolish, rational and irrational. More often than not, the name of any particular tribe turns out to mean simply “the people” in the language of that tribe. Each tribe, seeing itself as the repository of everything that is human, consigns all the others to a sort of unmenschionable limbo. That, in essence, is what has happened in energy policy analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138710
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved methods for strategic analysis (1982)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 51-69 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article is a summary description of the research carried out by Science Applications, Inc. (SAI) in 1980–1981 to improve methods of strategic analysis. “People-in-the-loop” gaming, with extensive support from computer simulations, automated data bases, and an interactive computer and display system are at the heart of SAI's methodology. The basic approach proposed for achieving the Department of Defense (DoD) improvement objectives is to integrate state-of-the-art techniques into an operating system for strategic warfare analysis, so as to allow DoD staffs routinely to include important factors that often are neglected. The article discusses the development of gaming as a tool of analysis, gives an overview of SAI's conceptual architecture, and summarizes the design of the supporting computer and software system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143368
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1982)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 87-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143371
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Publishers note (1982)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 96-96 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143372
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editor's note (1982)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 97-97 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143072
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New methods for strategic analysis: Automating the wargame (1982)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 71-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A new method for automating political-military games as a means of analyzing strategic forces was recently developed and demonstrated by The Rand Corporation. Interest in this technique sprang from dissatisfaction with the dominant methods of analyzing strategic forces: manual political-military games and force exchange models. While each brings important capabilities to the analysis of strategic forces, neither method can independently handle all of the variables required to satisfy the current demands placed on strategic analysis. Rand drew upon the discipline used to develop models and the flexibility inherent in gaming to develop its automated wargame. The method promises significant improvement over the traditional methods of strategic analysis in breadth of input and flexibility of application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143369
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Policy research and analysis: an empirical profile, 1975–1980 (1982)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 99-114 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A content analysis was conducted on 181 randomly sampled articles published in nine leading social policy journals from 1975 through 1980. The purpose of the study was to obtain a methodological and substantive profile of the state of the art of the policy sciences. Results indicate the existence of two prevailing types of policy analysis: quantitative-empirical and rhetorical-discussive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143073
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward credible policy inquiry: A reply to Brunner (1982)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 137-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143075
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Case-wise policy analysis: Another look at the burden of high energy costs (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 97-125 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Variable-wise analysis operates on columns of a typical data matrix, while case-wise analysis operates on rows. In the latter, each observation is construed in the context of all other observations on the same case, and the analysis is biased toward the definition of ideal types. This article explores the potential of case-wise policy analysis using survey data on the burden of high energy costs at the household level. The case-wise and variable-wise alternatives are associated with different policy goals and result in quite different priorities for allocating public assistance to households most in need. The article concludes with a discussion of reasons for institutionalizing the case-wise alternative through periodic data collection and reporting systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138346
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    On evaluating evaluations (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 147-163 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The act of evaluation requires an expenditure of resources. In Part I of this paper, we present a simple decision tree model borrowed from operations research to provide a conceptual framework for considering whether or not to commit such resources. In Part II, once the evaluation is carried out, we address the problem of evaluating the evaluation as a vehicle for producing useful information to decisionmakers. Evaluation inputs, processes, and outcomes are defined and discussed within the context of comprehensive evaluation of evaluations.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    The political feasibility of full ownership property rights: The cases of pollution and fisheries (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 165-180 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper investigates the political feasibility of policies to control pollution and fishing. It first hypothesizes the following: when common or usufruct property rights are changed to full ownership, the new policy is not an unadulterated charge or auctioned license because of the implied wealth transfer. This hypothesis is “tested” by reviewing the cases in which full ownership rights have been established and is found to be consistent with the evidence. The paper then investigates the conditions that facilitate the development of full ownership rights. It concludes that proposing policies that are simple and incremental increases political feasibility, in large part because of greater understanding by fishermen and polluters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138349
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Book reviews (1983)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1983), S. 181-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138350
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  • 24
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    Towards more flexibility of government expenditure: Some recent developments in The Netherlands (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 16 (1984), S. 413-427 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract As government revenues diminish, budgetary discretions or flexibilities have similarly decreased. A pressing question is therefore how to minimize the inflexible elements or components of a budget. This article distinguishes between technical and political inflexibilities as they are reflected in the budgetary process and argues that the latter are much more difficult to correct. After drawing some examples from studies of the Dutch national budget, the article proposes the use of “reconsideration reports” as a means to alleviate the politically inflexible components of the budget, as well as a way to assess government programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00135957
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation and termination in the policy cycle (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 13-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Policy termination is normally treated within a policy cycle view, where the termination stage is expected to follow, and be guided by, the evaluation stage. This hypothesized linking of termination with evaluation is examined here through the lenses of “reformers” and “guardians,” as they relate to the termination question of Project Renewal in Israel. Reformers see the fulfillment of Project Renewal objectives as the precondition for termination. Guardians hold that past commitments are no longer relevant. The question is not whether to evaluate, but what to evaluate; what objectives should count in making cutback and termination decisions. The close linkage posited beween programmatic evaluation and termination seems to have resolved the objectives question, to lead policy analysts to expect, if not prefer, commitment to original objectives. But insofar as we are willing to acknowledge policy termination as a political process, we must refocus our termination lenses to permit a changing set of objectives into this later stage of the policy process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229726
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  • 26
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    Policy analysis: some observations on the West German scene (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 27-47 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The article provides an overview on the development and the state of policy analysis as applied public policy research in West Germany. The developmental sketch shows that, similar to the upsurge of policy research in the United States since the mid-1960s, policy research in the Federal Republic of Germany is an offspring of the reformist period of the late 1960s and early 1970s, carried by a virtual “reformers' coalition” among politicians, bureaucrats, and researchers. Due to extradisciplinary demands and also intradisciplinary shifts in research foci, public policy research became almost a “growth industry” in the course of the 1970s. The article goes on to explore which repercussions the economic crisis, the new conservative moods and majorities and the “end to reforms” has had on the state and the orientation of policy analysis. The argument is presented that, no matter which majorities have the day, policy research remains socially and politically indispensible to detect and test corridors and “niches” for public action under ever narrower financial restraints and to identify the costs and benefits of such policies in a changing world.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229727
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  • 27
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    Deterring discrimination with data (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 49-66 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Discrimination on grounds of race, sex, and handicap persists in many local school districts in spite of nearly twenty years of sustained attention from federal policymakers. Because litigation proceeds slowly and expensively, and because administrative attacks on discrimination have been stymied by political controversy, additional policy strategies merit careful consideration. We studied the operation of one such strategy in nine local districts: the mandatory collection of data concerning civil rights matters in schools. Data collection and reporting shaped local compliance with civil rights laws in four ways: by threatening local officials with future penalties, by providing political ammunition to constituencies that care about civil rights, by allowing local districts to learn about their own performance, and by framing school practices in ways that heighten awareness about equity. In this policy setting, data collection has advantages and disadvantages that complement those of other enforcement strategies. In this and other policy settings, data collection has power to elicit compliance even in the absence of conventional enforcement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229728
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  • 28
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    The development and present state of policy research (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 89-92 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229730
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  • 29
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    Book reviews (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 93-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229731
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  • 30
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    Citizen participation and judgment in policy analysis: A case study of urban air quality policy (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 67-87 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The emphasis currently placed on citizen participation in planning results in part from the recognition that planning requires judgments that have both value and technical components. This article describes a case study of a citizen participation process in which planners' judgments, rather than the judgments of the members of a citizens' task force, seemed to dictate the outcome. Although citizens were supposed to be influential in the policy analysis, they were, in effect, excluded from a meaningful role in the process. The analysis was actually guided by planners' supposedly technical judgments. Those judgments had important value implications, however, and those implications were not made clear to the citizens' task force. Examples are given of judgments made by planners at each stage of the analysis and the value components of those judgments are discussed. In each example, the judgments resulted in elimination of alternatives, selection of information, or integration of information. Two examples of methods of citizen participation which can increase the influence of citizens' judgments are also described.
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  • 31
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    Announcement (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 99-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00146922
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  • 32
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    Announcement (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 98-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229732
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  • 33
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    Retention and retirement: The case of the U.S. military (1984)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 101-121 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
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    Notes: Abstract The military retirement system provides an immediate, lifetime, inflation-protected annuity to personnel who complete 20 or more years of service. The cost of this system has risen substantially in the past 15 years, and the system's actuarial costs now comprise almost one-third of total military manpower costs. Because of its importance in the total military compensation system, the military retirement system exerts a significant influence on the age structure of the force and on personnel turnover patterns. This article evaluates the relative efficiency of the current retirement system by comparing it with two recently proposed alternatives, one by a presidential commission and one by the Department of Defense. It estimates the impact of these proposed alternatives on the military personnel force structure and on manpower costs. It is concluded that these alternatives would provide a force as capable as today's force at significantly lower cost.
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    Defining risk (1984)
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    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 123-139 
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    Notes: Abstract Risk is the focal topic in the management of many activities and technologies. For that management to be successful, an explicit and accepted definition of the term “risk” is essential. Creation of that definition is a political act, expressing the definers' values regarding the relative importance of different possible adverse consequences for a particular decision. Those values, and with them the definition of risk, can change with changes in the decisionmaker, the technologies considered, or the decision problem. After a review of the sources of controversy in defining risk, a general framework is developed, showing how these value issues can be systematically addressed. As an example, the approach is applied to characterizing the risks of six competing energy technologies, the relative riskeness of which depends upon the particular definition used.
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    Technology, behavior, and safety: An empirical study of automobile occupant-protection regulation (1984)
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    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 141-151 
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    Notes: Abstract Technology and human behavior can influence the effectiveness of safety policies. In the field of traffic safety, rational-choice theorists postulate that automobile safety devices induce increased driver risk taking. Such behavioral responses could partly or totally nullify the lifesaving potential of governmental safety rules for new cars, such as the crashworthiness standards adopted by the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This study explores the behavioral-response hypothesis in the context of a car-vintage model of U.S. car occupant death rates. Results from the model imply that U.S. standards have reduced the occupant death rate by roughly 30 percent, a finding consistent with minimal driver response to safety devices. The study provides support for the technological approach to safety policy and suggests that policymakers might consider adopting additional crashworthiness regulations, such as some form of passive-restraint program.
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    Deep-draft dredging of U.S. coal ports: A cost-benefit analysis (1984)
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    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 153-178 
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    Notes: Abstract This article discusses whether U.S. society should invest in large-scale coal port development and examines specifically financing the deep-draft dredging of coal ports on the East and/or Gulf Coasts (Baltimore, Hampton Roads, Mobile, and New Orleans) so that fully loaded, large coal-carrying colliers can export coal to Western Europe. By assuming a society-wide perspective, no costs and benefits are attributed to various parties. Although the multifaceted nature of the coal port issue is acknowledged, the core of this study is a large number of different simulations. Each simulation “optimizes” the United States-Western Europe coal trade for a given demand, ocean transportation cost structure, and cost of capital. This relatively simple model focuses on the key tradeoff: the cost of dredging versus lower ocean transportation costs. The study supports those recommending caution in coal port development. The most striking conclusion is the robustness of two solutions - no dredging or dredge only Hampton Roads - depending on the assumptions. Our conclusions also generally do not support simultaneously dredging all deep-draft options, the concurrent dredging of more than one port, or dredging either of the Gulf ports before the two East Coast ports.
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    Do not cry wolf until you are sure: The manufactured crises in evaluation research (1984)
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    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 179-191 
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    Notes: Abstract This article argues that the so-called crisis in evaluation is phenomenological rather than empirical. That is, our statements about evaluation, the presentational strategies used to define our expertise, and the ceremonies surrounding the dissemination of results are more problematic than what it is we actually do. If we can avoid calling attention to imaginary wolves, people might well listen when we do have something to say.
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    Book reviews (1984)
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    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 193-195 
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    Editors' introduction: The IIASA energy study (1984)
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    Policy sciences 17 (1984), S. 197-197 
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    Equity, efficiency and political feasibility in federal project selection procedures (1982)
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    Policy sciences 14 (1982), S. 331-345 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes four criteria to evaluate the implementation of U.S. federal grant agency project processing procedures. The criteria - anonymity, non-perversity, implementation of program goals and adequacy - go beyond the arguments over rational-analytic versus incremental policymaking by suggesting criteria which both models can meet. Examples of two federal programs' selection procedures are used to illustrate the applicability of, and divergency from, the proposed criteria. The paper concludes with a discussion of the factors important to administrators in selecting project processing procedures.
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    Values and value tradeoffs in higher education policy (1982)
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    Policy sciences 14 (1982), S. 365-378 
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    Notes: Abstract Public policies represent tradeoffs between values. Policy analysts should see one of their main tasks as identifying the nature of such tradeoffs, both as a general phenomenon and as they vary between specific policy areas. In this article five basic values of higher education are identified: equality, excellence, autonomy, accountability and efficiency. Their occurrence in Swedish higher education is analyzed, as well as the specific tradeoffs arrived at within the framework of that policy.
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    Policy analysis as a hermeneutic activity (1982)
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    Policy sciences 14 (1982), S. 309-329 
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    Notes: Abstract Any piece of policy analysis must be appropriate to the context of its intended use. Social science often fails as policy analysis due to insensitivity to context. This paper explores a number of different modes of policy analysis to determine the circumstances in which the application of each is appropriate. It is argued that each mode is appropriate only under a fairly limited set of conditions; many of the problems policy analysis encounters are a result of attempts to apply a mode outside its niche. Greater use should be made of what is developed here as a hermeneutic model of policy analysis, appropriate in a residual set of conditions which none of the traditional models of policy analysis copes with adequately.
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    Letter from the editors (1982)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    Book reviews (1982)
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    Policy sciences 14 (1982), S. 379-383 
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    Editor's note (1982)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 46-46 
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    A program to improve analytic methods related to strategic forces (1982)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 47-50 
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    Notes: Abstract In an effort to improve the strategic assessment capabilities of the U.S. Department of Defense, contractors were asked to integrate advanced wargaming techniques with other analytic approaches. This paper sets out the deficiences in past and current analysis methods which the project sponsor wished to have the contractors address.
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    U.S. Government solar policy: Appropriate roles for nonfinancial incentives (1982)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 3-21 
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    Notes: Abstract During 1975–1980, U.S. solar policy emphasized financial incentives to potential purchasers as the primary means of stimulating the introduction and spread of residential solar heating systems. This article examines the importance of nonfinancial factors in decisions to purchase residential solar heating systems during these early stages of market penetration and discusses the implications these factors have for policy design. Drawing upon research on the diffusion of innovations, on the effectiveness of income tax credits for solar heating systems, and on solar energy system purchasing decisions themselves, the argument is developed that nonfinancial factors such as system reliability, warranty protection, environmental concerns, adequate information about system costs and performance, and confidence in system suppliers and installers are at least as important as initial system cost to early purchasers. These considerations were not reflected in U.S. solar policy to the extent warranted. As a result, that policy failed to promote the balanced development of all elements essential to a viable residential solar heating industry and probably failed to alter the intentions of many prospective solar system purchasers. The reasons U.S. policymakers were relatively insensitive to nonfinancial factors are discussed and an alternative strategy for increasing the rate of market penetration of residential solar heating systems is offered.
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    War gaming: For whom and what? (1982)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 85-86 
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    The policy sciences as science (1982)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 115-135 
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    Notes: Abstract The preceding evaluation of the policy sciences by Schneider, Stevens, and Tornatzky is based on a rather narrow conception of science that emphasizes quantitative and rigorous methods. It overlooks the limitations of such methods, as revealed by the results of applications, and certain adjustments to these limitations. The latter include the adoption of more modest but realizable aspirations and the synthesis of diverse methods-qualitative as well as quantitative, exploratory as well as confirmatory. It also overlooks differences and trends in epistemological preconceptions that underlie the conduct of research and the interpretation of research results. This article reviews the relevant literature in the hope that it might eventually contribute to more enlightened evaluations of the emerging discipline.
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    Book reviews (1982)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 183-194 
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    The effects of fiscal contraction on innovation in the public sector (1982)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 141-165 
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    Notes: Abstract Beginning in the mid-1970s, fiscal limitation laws, shrinking revenue bases in older cities, and reductions in state and federal grants all have reduced the resources available to carry out the functions of local government. What do these changes portend for the amount of innovation in local government, the types of innovations that are introduced, and the processes of introduction? This paper examines these questions by reviewing the literature on factors related to innovation in public service agencies and reorienting its implications in the new fiscal environment. We conclude that on the whole the innovative process in the public sector has fallen on hard times. Yet, we identify those factors that a creative, innovative administrator can use to advantage in a period of fiscal constraints to bring about innovation. We also identify types of innovations that are likely to succeed.
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    Interpreting model results — examples from an energy model (1982)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1982), S. 167-181 
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    Notes: Abstract With the increasing use of complex computer models for high-level policy decisionmaking, the problem of correctly interpreting and communicating model results becomes a more general concern. This paper traces misconceptions about the use of models to the existence of different conceptions of the term “model.” Policy models are quite often less theory-based than models in the traditional disciplines, especially in cases where the policy models deal with the long-term developments of sociotechnical systems. The authors examine the use of an example of one such model. Generalising from the authors' experiences in other fields of application, e.g., global modeling, the problems of interpreting model results are discussed. The proper use of future-oriented policy models is clarified by the introduction of typologies implying distinctions, e.g., between forecasting, “what-if,” and learning models, and between different “levels” of results, viz. model outcomes, model inferences and policy-issue oriented interpretations.
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    Governance in Crisis and withering of the welfare state: the legacy of the policy sciences (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 195-203 
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    Notes: Abstract The introductory essay to this special issue on Governance in Crisis has three objectives. Firstly, it tries to show that current dilemmas of governance in advanced industrial Western nations can be analysed within the common framework of the thesis of the withering of the modern welfare state. Secondly, it argues that the policy sciences have a legacy of problem-oriented and value-conscious scholarship, bestowed by Lasswell and others, which can and should be taken up in the analysis of the comprehensive problems of governance confronting advanced industrial nations. Thirdly, it considers the requirement that the policy sciences go significantly beyond a managerial perspective and take up the timely but challenging task of linking up problem-orientation to contextuality. Contributions to this issue are seen to constitute a promising step in this direction.
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    The scissors crisis in public finance (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 205-224 
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    Notes: Abstract The late 1970s saw the beginnings of a “scissors crisis” in public finance, i.e., a growing divergence between the expansion of government revenues and the increase in government expenditures. Unless strong measures are taken, the 1980s threaten to become the age of mega-deficits. The sluggish growth of public receipts and the buoyant development of public outlays are linked to a number of structural tendencies in the economies of the industrialized world. Efforts to close the gap have included both tax increases and expenditure cuts, but as more and more governments gain experience with the phenomenon of “fiscal cannibalism,” i.e., that taxes eat up each other, the main thrust of the counter-offensive has come to be directed against the growth of public spending. Current strategies to reinforce expenditures control include such elements as global norms, new indexing techniques, new methods of decentralizing hard choices, better methods of cash management, well-balanced policy packages, and incentives especially designed to stimulate cutbacks and policy termination.
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    Overcrowded policymaking: Some British and European reflections (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 247-268 
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    Notes: Abstract In practice many descriptions of the policy process appear to be more or less related to two main features of policymaking and implementing systems. (1) A government's approach to problem solving in terms of either an anticipatory or a reactive approach. (2) A government's relationship to other actors in the policymaking and implementing process. The interaction between these two features is defined as “policy style.” In the British case, the policy style is best characterized as bureaucratic accommodation, with five overlapping features - sectorization, clientelism, consultation and negotiation, the institutionalization of compromise, and the development of exchange relationships. This policy style, which is typical of much of Western Europe, leads to the overcrowding of the policy process and makes policy change more difficult.
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    Letter to the editor (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 305-305 
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    Things fall apart; The center cannot hold: The crisis in governing (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 289-304 
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    Notes: Abstract In the United States the Reagan Administration has proposed a number of policy initiatives which have the effect of decentralizing governmental services. The services, until recently, had increasingly become the responsibility of the federal (i.e., centralized) government. This paper inquires as to the possible effects of such decentralization tendencies. Drawing upon approaches advocated by the policy sciences and futures studies, the analysis weighs goals, trends, and conditions to propose a set of projections and policies.
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    Announcement (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 306-306 
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    Erratum (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 306-306 
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    Innovation traditions, energy conditions, and state energy policy adoption (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 307-324 
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    Notes: Abstract From 1974 to 1980, many conservation and renewable energy policies were adopted at the state level in the United States. Some states were particularly active in enacting such policies while others were totally inactive. The variation in state policy activity is only modestly related to the states' past policy innovation traditions and conservation/renewable energy opportunities. Differences in energy vulnerability, and the relative hardship imposed by the energy crisis, have apparently had even less impact on the adoption pattern. These weak or insignificant relationships are typical of other efforts to explain state energy policy variations and are attributed to six qualitative factors: Federal preemption and inconsistency, ambivalent public opinion, conflicting values, lack of information on state energy conditions, and ignorance of the impacts of renewable energy and conservation policies. The findings identify several actions to increase sensitivity toward state energy conditions in policymaking.
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    The Federal Photovoltaics Utilization Program: An evaluation and learning framework (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 325-343 
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    Notes: Abstract The Federal Photovoltaics Utilization Program(FPUP) was established in 1978 with the belief that getting photovoltaic cells into the market was a “bootstrap problem” - one of eliminating market uncertainties through federal procurements to enable investments in improved production processes. A lack of clearly defined program objectives and expected results, however, was translated into continuing difficulties in implementation. Using the FPUP experience as an example, an alternative model of photovoltaic procurement is proposed which is simultaneously more structured (in that greater analytical control is used in selecting applications to fund) and more adaptive (in that continuous feedback is built in). A discussion of such a framework and sequential evaluation design is followed by some comments pertaining to the future of other commercialization efforts.
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    Towards a contextual theory of innovation (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 367-387 
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    Notes: Abstract A contextual theoretical strategy should be pursued to overcome past deficiencies in the study of organizational innovation. The strategy is likely to lead to greater success in efforts to promote innovation. The heart of this strategy is to define the types of innovation processes at work and the contexts in which they operate. There are at least three innovation processes at work which operate in contexts defined by organizational and environmental characteristics and by the type of innovation under consideration.
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    Environmental mediation: An alternative approach to policy stalemates (1983)
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    Policy sciences 15 (1983), S. 345-365 
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    Notes: Abstract Environmental mediation is a new and innovative attempt to overcome the policy stalemates that frequently hinder effective environmental policymaking. It brings together environmentalists, business groups, government officials, and a neutral mediator in an attempt to negotiate a binding settlement to a specific controversy. This essay describes this approach, discusses its advantages over more traditional dispute resolution processes, and explains how it is able to produce acceptable agreements in such a difficult policy area.
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    Introductory statement (1981)
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    Energy-transfer processes in decaying helium-cadmium plasmas (1981)
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 53-64 
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    Keywords: Energy transfer ; helium ; cadmium ; gaseous plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Light absorption and emission spectroscopy were used in studies of the time dependences of the CdII spectral emission and Hem(23S) number density in the stationary afterglow of helium-cadmium mixtures. Transitions from 12 CdII energy levels were monitored in the afterglow. The five CdII states below 20 eV are produced, either directly or via cascading, by the Penning ionization of Cd by Hem(23S). The remaining CdII states studied are produced by the chargeexchange excitation of Cd by He+. No evidence was found for the production of CdII energy levels by charge transfer between Cd and He 2 + or by Penning ionization of Cd by He 2 m (23σ u + ). A value of (5.4±0.3)×10−10 cm3 sec−1 was measured for the reaction rate coefficient for the Penning ionization of Cd by Hem(23S), and a value of (2.1±0.2)×10−10 cm3 sec−1 was measured for the reaction rate coefficient for charge exchange between He+ and Cd at a gas temperature of 200°C.
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    Mechanisms of radical production in CF3Cl, CF3Br, and related plasma etching gases: The role of added oxidants (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 37-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma etching ; formation of etchants ; polymers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented that accounts for the formation of various etchants, unsaturated species, and polymers in halocarbon/oxidant plasma etching mixtures. It is discussed in terms of emission and mass spectral measurements of stable and unstable products in CF3Cl, CF3Br, C2F6, and related systems. In this reaction scheme, fluorocarbon precursors derived from the building block radical CF2 are saturated during reactions with atoms and reactive molecules. The most reactive species are preferentially removed by the saturation reactions. An ordering of this reactivity can be used to predict the dominant atomic etchants as a function of halocarbon and additive gas compositions.
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    Novel techniques for plasma diagnostics: Electron paramagnetic resonance and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 3-18 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: “Cold” plasmas ; plasma diagnostics ; concentration of species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Diagnostic techniques for low-pressure, “cold” plasmas have mostly been limited to emission and mass spectrometry. Herein, the techniques of gas-phase electron paramagnetic resonance and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy are briefly reviewed. Particular attention is paid to their attributes which make them good candidates for plasma diagnostic tools. It is found that gas-phase electron paramagnetic resonance can be used to determine and monitor the absolute concentration of a number of important plasma species, e.g., free radicals and atoms. Laser-induced fluorescence can also monitor, with even more sensitivity, but perhaps not so well absolutely, the concentrations of many plasma species, e.g., free radicals, metastable excited states, and molecular ions.
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    Drift tube investigations on the reactions of O 2 + with CH4 and of CO 2 + with NO in various buffer gases (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Drift tube ; rate coefficients ; internal excitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of internal excitation on the reactions of O 2 + + CH4 and of CO 2 + + NO has been investigated using a slow flow drift tube. The rate coefficients for these reactions obtained as a function of relative kinetic energy in various buffer gases like He, Ne, Ar, and Kr showed higher values under conditions where the internal excitation of the reactant ions was enhanced. For both reactions the lowest reactivity at all kinetic energies was observed to occur in He, indicating that He is the least effective buffer for collisionally inducing internal excitation of molecular ions.
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    Kinetic and spectroscopic analysis of NH3 decomposition under R.F. Plasma at moderate pressures (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 19-35 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Decomposition of NH3 ; kinetics ; optical spectroscopy ; gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The plasma decomposition of NH3 has been studied as a function of the residence time, power input, and pressure. The process follows apparently zero-order kinetics, which can be interpreted on the basis of a kinetic mechanism involving as initial step the rupture of an N-H bond from vibro-rotationally excited modecules. Simultaneous spectroscopic observations of the emission light due to electronically excited NH2, NH, H, and N2 have been used to confirm the suggested mechanism and to show that NH2 and NH are successive intermediate species and that the final step of the decomposition process is the bimolecular recombination NH+NH→N2+H2.
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    Heating and quenching of metastable superconducting compounds with a plasma jet (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 73-82 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma jet ; heating and quenching ; superconducting compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Superconducting compounds, such as cubic α-MoC1−x, cubic β-WC1−x, hexagonal MoB2, and cubic δ-TaN, which are metastable at room temperature, have been formed by heating and quenching of their respective equilibrium phases, such as hexagonal η-MoC1−x, hexagonal WC, rhombohedral Mo2B5, and hexagonal ε-TaN in a plasma jet. From calculations based on a simple model, the quenching rate of particles has been estimated to be 105 deg s−1.
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    New design of a radio-frequency plasma torch (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 113-129 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Radio-frequency plasma ; temperature and flow fields ; injection method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A numerical model has been developed for predicting the two-dimensional flow and temperature fields in a radio-frequency (rf) plasma torch. The method employed here is based on Boulos' model with the exception of the boundary conditions for the electric and magnetic field equations. Calculations have been made for the confirmation of a new sample injection method, which is capable of completely evaporating refractory materials at high feeding rates without interfering with the stability of the plasma. In the newly designed torch, the reagent is radially injected into the hottest part of the plasma through quartz capillary tubes set symmetrically between an inductor coil. Experimental investigations have also been performed for verifying the proper function of the design. These results provide evidence that our radial injection method developed here is more effective in practical processing than the conventional axial injection methods.
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    Another jounrnal from Plenum Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics vol. 9, no. 1 February 1981 (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566382
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    Announcements (1981)
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 133-133 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566381
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    Summary of meetings (1981)
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 131-132 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566380
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    UF6 plasma chemistry reconstitution experiments using high-temperature fluorine (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 83-111 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: RF-plasma ; UF6 plasma core reactor ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Prior results indicate techniques have been developed for fluid mechanical confinement of high-temperature uranium hexafluoride (UF6) plasma for long test times while simultaneously minimizing uranium compound deposition on the walls. Follow-on investigations were conducted to demonstrate a UF6/argon injection, separation, and reconstitution system for use with rf-heated uranium plasma confinement experiments applicable to UF6 plasma core reactors. A static fluorine batch-type regeneration test reactor and a flowing preheated fluorine/UF6 regeneration system were developed for converting all the nonvolatile uranium compound exhaust products back to pure UF6 using a single reactant. Pure fluorine preheat temperatures up to 1000 K resulted in on-line regeneration efficiencies up to about 90%; static batch-type experiments resulted in 100% regeneration efficiencies but required significantly longer residence times. A custom-built, ruggedized time-of-flight (T.O.F.) mass spectrometer, sampling, and data acquisition system permitted on-line quantitative measurements of the UF6 concentrations down to 30 ppm at various sections of the exhaust system; this system proved operational after long-time exposure to corrosive UF6 and other uranium halides.
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    Thermal plasma synthesis of transition metal nitrides and alloys (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 135-147 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Thermal plasmas ; synthesis ; transition metal nitrides ; alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Applications of arc plasma processing to high-temperature chemistry of Group V nitrides and Si and Ge alloys are studied. The transition metal nitrides δ-VN, δ-NbN, and δ-TaN are directly synthesized in a dc argon-nitrogen plasma from powders of the metals. A large excess of N2 is required to form stoichiometric δ-VN, while the Nb and Ta can only be synthesized with a substoichiometric N content. In a dc argon plasma the alloys V3Si, VSi2, NbSi2, NbGe2, Cr3Si, and Mo3Si are obtained from powder mixtures of the corresponding elements. The compounds are identified by x-ray diffraction patterns and particle shape and size are studied by electron microscopy.
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    Reduction and dephosphorization of molten iron oxide with hydrogen-argon plasma (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 149-160 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma ; reduction ; iron oxide ; hydrogen dephosphorization ; reaction rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory-scale test was made in which iron oxide contained in a water-cooled crucible was melted and reduced by using a 10–50% H2-Ar transferred arc plasma. The degree of reduction was found to be proportional to the amount of hydrogen fed. The efficiency of hydrogen utilization for the reduction was 50–70%, which is much higher than equilibrium values below 3000 K. This high efficiency was attributable partially to the reactivity of the hydrogen atom in a plasma and partially to the continuous contact of the hydrogen plasma with the molten iron oxide layer floating over the liquid iron formed. During the plasma reduction, evaporative loss of phosphorus was observed. The degree of phosphorus removal depended on the weight ratio, CaO/(SiO2+Al2O3). H2-Ar plasma was shown to be far superior for the phosphorus removal, compared with Ar and Ar-N2 plasma.
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    A 100-kW three-phase AC plasma furnace for spheroidization of aluminum silicate particles (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 161-178 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma furnace ; air plasma ; three-phase arcs ; sheathed electrodes ; spheroidization ; fired clay particles ; low-binder-consumption foundry molds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A 100-kW three-phase ac plasma furnace with sheathed copper electrodes (sheathing gas: air) is presented. It is used for spheroidizing “chamotte” (refractory-fired clay) particles having a smooth, pore-free surface. A simple, one-dimensional numerical model for the heat transfer to the particles explains the maximum processing rate and the detrimental influence of an inhomogeneous particle size distribution.
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    Reactions of hydrogen peroxide vapor dissociated in a microwave plasma (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 191-200 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma chemistry ; microwave discharge ; hydrogen peroxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the plasma emission from a low-pressure microwave cavity discharge through flowing hydrogen peroxide vapor showed that both H and OH were produced in proportions which varied with the applied power. When the dissociated vapor was condensed at 195 K only water was obtained; at 77 K, H2O2 and H2O4 were also obtained. Their formation could not be increased by increasing the H atom or OH radical concentration in the plasma. When the reaction time of the dissociated vapor between the plasma exit and the cold surface was increased, the rate of H2O2 formation increased mostly at the expense of water formation. It appears that, as in the case of the reaction of H with O2, the rate of H2O2 formation is dependent on the concentration of O2 produced in the spatial afterglow by the gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl radicals.
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    Desulfurization of thiophenes by radio-frequency plasma processing (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 179-189 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma desulfurization ; thiophene ; alkylthiophenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thiophene and several alkylthiophenes are desulfurized by glow discharges to 50–80%, the main products being ethine, ethene, and low-boiling hydrocarbons. Addition of oxygen increases the desulfurization, augments the production of C2-hydrocarbons, and reduces polymer formation.
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    Another journal from Plenum Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics vol. 9, no. 3 June 1981 (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00564582
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    DC plasma etching of silicon by sulfur hexafluoride. Mass spectrometric study of the discharge products (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 201-215 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: SF6 discharge ; silicon ; mass spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Polycrystalline silicon wafers were etched in dc discharges of SF6. SFx species were extracted from the discharges and measured with a mass spectrometer. A systematic procedure was used to measure the SF x + signals such that they are indicators of events in the discharge close to the sample undergoing etching. The picture that emerges is remarkably simple and shows the relative stability of several SFx species including SF6, SF4, SF2, and SF which are shown to be extracted from the discharge both in the presence and absence of the silicon sample. When silicon is being etched on the cathode of the discharge cell, the only significant additional products are SiF4 and S2F2. A comparison of blank and sample data for opposite substrate polarities shows that there is only a small cation-assisted etching effect and suggests that ions do not play an important role in the etching of silicon by SF6 discharges.
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    Review of oxide formation in a plasma (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 217-232 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Anodization ; oxidation ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The physical processes occurring at the surface and in the bulk of an oxide during plasma oxidation or anodization are discussed. It is shown that (i) the majority of oxygen ions used in the growth are formed by electron-assisted surface processes, (ii) the nature of the oxide surface and especially the presence of electrode contamination can have a determinant role in the oxygen exchange between the plasma and the oxide, and (iii) ion space charge can control the anodization kinetics. Two applications (formation of the insulating barrier of Josephson junctions, and GaAs MOSFET devices) are presented.
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    Mechanism and kinetics of polymerization of propylene in a microwave plasma (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 233-245 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma ; kinetics ; polymerization ; propylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Flowing microwave plasma of propylene and propylene with argon was studied by mass spectrometry. Plasma composition was investigated as a function of external parameters such as pressure, argon/propylene ratio, and microwave-induced power. It was found that the propylene broke down to C2H2 and CH4, or reacted further with propylene. Two main products, leading to the determination of three main chain reactions for the polymerization of propylene by ion-molecule interactions, were observed, namely, C2H2 and CH4. These were the propylene, acetylene, and ethylene chain reactions. It was also found that the propylene disappeared in a pseudo-first-order reaction. Consequently an overall rate constant for the polymerization was determined (50 sec−1 at 1 torr pressure for propylene plasma). This constant is found to be linearly dependent upon the propylene percent concentration, and nonlinearly dependent upon plasma pressure.
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    Decomposition of CCl4 in an RF discharge—A gas chromatography and time-resolved emission spectroscopy study (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 247-260 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma chemistry ; plasma etching ; spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition of CCl4 in an rf discharge starts by a very fast electron attachment mechanism $$\begin{gathered} CCl_4 \xrightarrow{{ + e}}(CCl_4^ - ) \to CCl_3 + Cl^ - \hfill \\ \hfill \\ k_0 \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ A first-order rate constant, (k0 · ne) ≈ 10+2−10+3 s−1, is estimated by two-channel time-resolved emission spectroscopy. The ability of the method to detect the change of concentrations in plasma processes is discussed. A steady-state product distribution containing CCl4, C2Cl4, C2Cl6, Cl2, and glow polymer as main products is formed via recombination processes. The influence of plasma power density on this product distribution is given by gas-chromatographic results.
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    Vacuum lithography—A completely dry lithography using plasma processing (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 261-269 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Vacuum lithography ; electron-beam resist ; plasma-polymerized methyl methacrylate (PPMMA) ; plasma etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe a thoroughly dry lithography using plasma polymerization and plasma etching. The new lithography is named vacuum lithography because all processes are performed at reduced pressures. Resist films were formed in bell-jar-type and argon-flow-type reactors. The controllability of plasma polymerization is discussed with respect to the type of reactor and gas mixture. A pattern was delineated in the resist using an electron beam, and it was developed by plasma etching with a mixture of argon and oxygen. It was found that the quality of the plasma-polymerized resist depends strongly on the polymer structure and on the plasma etching conditions. In this experiment, the recorded values of sensitivity and γ value of plasma-polymerized methyl methacrylate were 700 µC/cm2 and 1, respectively.
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    Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: Time-integrated applications (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 271-279 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Spectrochemistry ; laser-induced breakdown ; atomic detection ; spectroscopy ; coal gasification ; sodium detection ; potassium detection ; beryllium detection ; organophosphates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Spectral analysis of the plasma produced by laser-induced breakdown was demonstrated to be an effective real-time technique for the detection of atomic constituents in gases and gas-entrained particulates. The time-integrated technique, LIBS (laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy), was applied to the detection of sodium and potassium in a coal gasifier product stream, of airborne beryllium, and of phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine in various organic molecules. In a companion paper (following) the time-resolved technique will be discussed.
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    Editorial (1981)
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 315-315 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00565991
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    Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: Time-resolved spectrochemical applications (1981)
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 281-293 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Spectrochemistry ; laser-induced breakdown ; time-resolved spectroscopy ; chlorine detection ; phosphorus detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We have added time resolution to laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in two forms, by gating an optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) and by time-resolving the output of a photomultiplier with a boxcar amplifier. Spectra were obtained for temporal segments of 25 to 100 ns, from 25 ns to 50 µs after initiation of the breakdown. OMA spectra of oxygen illustrate the power of this technique for survey purposes. The photomultiplier-boxcar arrangement was used to detect phosphorus atoms from diisopropylmethyl phosphonate in air, and also to detect chlorine in air, both in real time. In the former experiments we detected 690 ppm (w/w) of phosphorus and project a limit of detection with our current apparatus of 15 ppm (w/w). For chlorine, we observed signal from 120 ppm (w/w) and project a limit of detection of 60 ppm (w/w).
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    Another journal from Plenum Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics vol. 9, no. 3 June 1981 (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00568838
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    Two-temperature modeling of an arc plasma reactor (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 295-314 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Arc plasma reactor ; two-temperature modeling ; nonequilibrium properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a two-temperature plasma model is established and applied to the injection of cold gases into an atmospheric-pressure, high-intensity argon arc. The required nonequilibrium plasma composition and the non-equilibrium transport properties are also calculated. The results show that the arc becomes constricted at the location of gas injection due to thermal and fluid dynamic effects of the injected cold flow. Enhanced Joule heating in the constricted arc path raises the electron as well as the heavy-particle temperatures. This temperature increase resists, via secondary effects, the penetration of the cold gas into the hot arc core which behaves more or less as a “solid body” as far as the injected flow is concerned. The temperature discrepancy between electrons and heavy particles is most severe at the location of cold flow injection, a finding which may have important consequences on chemical reactions in an arc plasma reactor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00568837
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    The design of plasma etchants (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 317-363 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma etching ; etchant gas mixtures ; etching parameters ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Theory and practice of plasma etching are critically reviewed. Some unifying principles are extended to explain a large body of experimental data, encompassing more than 20 substrate materials in dozens of etchant gas mixtures. These basic concepts can be used to select new etchants and plasma etching parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00565992
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    Diagnostics of microwave-induced plasmas and polymerization of gaseous hydrocarbons (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 377-395 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Microwave plasma ; polymerization ; plasma diagnostics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The microwave plasmas of gaseous mixtures of methane-argon and propyleneargon were analyzed along the flow stream by the electrical double floating probe system, optical spectroscopy, and quadrupole mass spectrometry. The plasma variables measured and considered were current density, electric field strength, electron temperature, positive ion and electron concentrations, and concentration of pyrolyzed and polymerized species. The results indicate that an irreversible process of polymerization of the hydrocarbons takes place in the plasma. The polymerization process reaches its maximum conversion downstream beyond the microwave cavity. The extent of polymerization was correlated to the concentration of positive ions and electrons in the plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00565994
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  • 94
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    The use of “actinometer” gases in optical diagnostics of plasma etching mixtures: SF6-O2 (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 365-375 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma etching (SF6-O2) ; spectroscopic analysis ; actinometer gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The spectroscopic emission intensities from excited F atoms in SF6-O2 discharges at 1 torr have been correlated to the densities of atoms in their ground electronic state by measuring the excitation efficiencies of the electrons in the energy range 11 to 17 eV with a method which essentially consists in the analysis of the emission of Ar or N2, added as “actinometer” gases to the discharge mixtures. The general applicability of the method has been tested by a direct titration of F atoms with chlorine. The spectroscopic analysis has allowed the determination of useful information on the trends of both the electron densities and their energies as a function of the oxygen percent in the feed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00565993
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    Preparation of photovoltaic silicon by purification of metallurgical grade silicon with a reactive plasma process (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 397-418 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Silicon ; metallic impurities ; plasma zone melting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The main methods of silicon purification involve physicochemical techniques of separation. They yield an ultrapure metal, but its price is not compatible with photovoltaic central power generation. The plasma zone melting process consists in the horizontal displacement of a melted zone under an argon-hydrogen-oxygen plasma. The melt zone is characterized by a vertical gradient of concentration and temperature which drains impurities toward the upper surface of the bar. Moreover, the displacement of the zone from the head to the tail of the bar ensures a horizontal drainage of impurities toward the tail. This technique has been used with success for purification of metallurgical grade silicon; for example, iron was reduced from 3500 ppm to 0.5 ppm at a displacement rate between 20 and 40 cm/h. The final impurity level was less than 1 ppm. The mass transfer was independent of the displacement rate at 40 cm/h, but dependent on the heat transfer rate. The segregation of the metals is caused by drainage toward the tail of the bar, while the plasma vaporizes impurities since the metallic and metalloidic impurities have high vapor pressures (e.g., S, P, C, O, Mn). Acid (HF-HNO3) is used to dissolve the impurities between each passage of the zone. Boron elimination depends directly on the plasma oxygen concentration. Classical mathematic models of zone melting are not valid for plasma melting zone processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00565995
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    Synthesis of β-WC1−x in an atmospheric-pressure, thermal plasma jet reactor (1983)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 3 (1983), S. 115-133 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Thermal plasma synthesis ; tungsten carbides ; x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of the chemical reactions between α-WC and CH4 as well as between WO3 and CH4 in an atmospheric argon plasma jet reactor reveal that the high-temperature tungsten carbide (β-WC1−x) may be formed by injecting either α-WC or WO3 with methane as carrier gas into an argon plasma jet. The maximum conversion of α—WC into β-WC1−x reaches 52%, whereas conversion ratios in excess of 98% are observed when WO3 is used as the primary reactant. X-ray diffraction studies indicate a new FCC phase with a lattice parameter smaller than that of β-WC1−x which is typically produced in some of the reactions. This new phase shows a sharp lattice parameter change between 700 and 800°C upon annealing in argon. The temperature of transition of β-WC1−x to the other two more common carbide phases occurs around 470°C. The β-WC1−x is more stable than β-W2C to acid attack and its resistance is approximately the same as that of α-WC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566031
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    Announcements (1983)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 3 (1983), S. 137-137 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566033
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    Plasma polymerization of ethane. I. Experimental studies of effluent gas composition and polymer deposition rates (1983)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 3 (1983), S. 139-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: RF plasma ; plasma polymerization ; gas chromatrography ; experimental
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The plasma polymerization of ethane was studied in a flow reactor of rectangular cross section. The plasma was sustained between parallel-plate electrodes by an RF generator operating at 13.56 MHz. The composition of the gas leaving the reactor was analyzed by gas chromatography. Polymer deposition rates were measured as a function of axial position in the reactor, using a quartz-crystal microbalance. The effluent gas is composed primarily of unreacted C2H6 and H2. Significant concentrations of CH4, C2H4, C2H2, and C3H8, and small amounts of C3H6, i-C5H12, and n-C5H12, are also observed. The distribution of these products is a strong function of the discharge power and of the gas pressure and residence time in the plasma. These experimental variables also affect both the rate of polymer deposition and the shape of the deposition profile along the reactor axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566018
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    Chemical relaxation study of the heterogeneous silicon-hydrogen system under plasma conditions (1983)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 3 (1983), S. 219-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Silicon/hydrogen discharge ; mass spectrometry ; chemical relaxation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical relaxation technique consists of measuring the response of a chemical system to a small disturbance of an equilibrium or a nonequilibrium steady state. Since, for a small perturbation, the response of any complex and stable system is linear, rate constants of elementary processes under actual plasma conditions can be evaluated directly from the relaxation data. Applications of this technique to the kinetic study of the formation and decomposition of silane are presented and compared with previous data obtained by a flow method. In addition, relaxation data are presented which show that the main reaction channel of silance decomposition in glow discharges is the electron-impact-induced fragmentation into SiH2 radicals (or ions) and H2 molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566021
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    Plasma polymerization of ethane. II. Theoretical analysis of effluent gas composition and polymer deposition rates (1983)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 3 (1983), S. 163-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: RF plasma ; plasma polymerization ; modeling ; theoretical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model has been developed to describe the deposition of polymer occurring in a capacitatively coupled, low-pressure, RF discharge sustained in ethane. The reaction mechanism chosen for this model assumes that polymer formation is controlled by the formation of free radicals in the plasma and the subsequent reaction of these species at the surface of the electrodes used to sustain the plasma. Convective and diffusive transport is taken to occur in the direction parallel to the electrodes. Diffusive transport perpendicular to the electrodes is considered to be rapid, and hence the gradients in this direction are taken to be negligible. Both the composition of the gas leaving the plasma reactor and the axial profile of polymer deposition rate within the reactor, observed experimentally, are predicted accurately by the model. Results obtained from the model have also been used to estimate the kinetic chain length and degree of unsaturation in the polymer. Both predictions are found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566019
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