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  • Articles  (2,283)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (2,283)
  • Springer  (2,282)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (1)
  • 1995-1999  (2,283)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1965-1969
  • 1999  (1,098)
  • 1996  (1,185)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (2,283)
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  • Articles  (2,283)
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  • 1995-1999  (2,283)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1965-1969
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering human glycoprotein hormone superactive analogues (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 14 (1996), S. 1257-1263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] We report the generation of superactive analogues of human glycoprotein hormones, with potential applications in thyroid and reproductive disorders. Current biological and structural data were used to rationalize mutagenesis. The 11–20 region in the α-subunit with a cluster of lysine ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1096-1257
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GTP cyclohydrolase II and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase are rate-limiting enzymes in riboflavin synthesis of an industrial Bacillus subtilis strain used for riboflavin production (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Bacillus subtilis; riboflavin; 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase; GTP cyclohydrolase II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the proteins encoded by the riboflavin operon of Bacillus subtilis, RibA, was identified as the rate limiting enzyme in an industrial riboflavin producing strain. An additional single copy of the ribA gene was introduced into the sacB locus of the riboflavin production strain and was expressed constitutively from the medium strength vegI promoter. This led to improved riboflavin titers and yields of riboflavin on glucose of up to 25%. Both enzymatic activities of RibA, the 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase activity located in the N-terminal half of the protein and the GTP cyclohydrolase II activity of the C-terminal domain, are necessary for the improved riboflavin productivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900590
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thymol-triggered lysis of Escherichia coli expressing Lactobacillus phage LL-H muramidase (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: murein; cell wall hydrolase; phage lysin; thymol-triggered lysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Effective disruption of Escherichia coli cells is achieved by the intracellularly accumulated recombinant murein hydrolase (Lactobacillus bacteriophage LL-H muramidase) after the addition of 5 mM thymol. Thymol destroys the integrity and electric potential of the cytoplasmic membrane, and as a consequence the muramidase can access and hydrolyze the cell wall murein leading to cell lysis. Lysis occurred within 5 min after the addition of thymol and seemed to be efficient at high culture densities. This lysis method does not require cell harvesting or addition of other cell wall weakening substances or exogenous enzymes. As a cell disruption method, thymol-triggered lysis is as efficient as sonication in the presence of 1% Triton. Furthermore, thymol did not interfere with the purification steps of Mur by expanded bed adsorption chromatography (EBA), suggesting that the lysis method presented here is well suited for large-scale production and purification of intracellular proteins of E. coli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900598
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotransformation of 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 52-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: nitro-PAHs; metabolism; Cunninghamella elegans; biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biotransformation of 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene (1-nitro-BeP), an environmental pollutant derived from the nitration of a non-carcinogen, benzo[e]pyrene, was studied using the fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112. After 72 h incubation, 89% of 1-nitro-[3H]BeP added had been metabolized to two major metabolites. These metabolites were separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and identified by 1H NMR, UV-visible, and mass spectral techniques as 1-nitro-6-benzo[e]pyrenylsulfate and 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene 6-O-β-glucopyranoside. Comparison of the fungal metabolism patterns of 1-nitro-BeP and BeP indicates that the nitro group at the C-1 position of BeP altered the regioselectivity of metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900601
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Commercial riboflavin production by recombinant Bacillus subtilis: down-stream processing and comparison of the composition of riboflavin produced by fermentation or chemical synthesis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: recombinant Bacillus subtilis; riboflavin produced by fermentation; down-stream processing; analytics; registration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel process for riboflavin production using a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain has been developed. Here we describe a down-stream processing procedure to obtain riboflavin qualities having a minimal content of 96% (‘feed-grade’) and 98% (‘food/pharma-grade’) riboflavin, respectively. Compared to riboflavin produced by chemical synthesis, products with improved chemical purity were obtained. All compounds representing more than 0.1% of the final products were identified. Feed-grade riboflavin material ex fermentation contained small amounts of amino acids and amino sugars and the biosynthetic riboflavin precursor dimethyl-ribityl-lumazine. All other side products found were derived from riboflavin, resulted from the purification procedure and were also found in riboflavin obtained by chemical synthesis. The Bacillus-produced riboflavin does not contain DNA. The data presented here were used to obtain product approval for the commercial application in the USA, Japan and the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900604
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative sampling of indoor air biomass by signature lipid biomarker analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 80-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: airborne bacteria; phospholipid fatty acids; human health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Exposure to airborne biocontaminants may result in a multitude of health effects and is related to a pronounced increase in adult-onset asthma. Established culture-based procedures for quantifying microbial biomass from airborne environments have severe limitations. Assay of the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) components of airborne microorganisms provides a quantitative method to define biomass, community composition and nutritional/physiological activity of the microbial community. By collecting airborne particulate matter from a high volume via filtration, we collected sufficient biomass for quantitative PLFA analysis. Comparing high (filtration) and low (impaction) volume air sampling techniques at 26 locations within the Eastern United States, we determined that PLFA analysis provided a viable alternative to the established but flawed culture-based techniques for measuring airborne microbial biomass and community composition. Compared to the PLFA analysis, the culture techniques underestimated the actual viable airborne biomass present by between one to three orders of magnitude. A case study of a manufacturing plant at which there had been complaints regarding the indoor air quality is presented. Phospholipid fatty acid characterization of the biomass enabled contamination point source determination. In comparison with samples taken outdoors, increases in the relative proportion of trans PLFA, reflecting shifts in the physiological status of viable airborne Gram-negative bacteria, were detected in the indoor air samples at a majority of sampling sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900609
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermostability of three α-amylases of Streptomyces sp IMD 2679 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 96-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Streptomyces sp; α-amylase; thermostability; structure-function; dimerisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The amylolytic system of Streptomyces sp IMD 2679 is composed of three α-amylases, amylase I, II and III, with temperature maxima of 60, 60–65 and 65°C, respectively. Although each α-amylase displayed higher stability in the pH range 6.0–8.5 than at pH 5.0–5.5, differences in their thermostabilities were more evident as the pH increased from pH 6.0 to 8.5. There was a 14-min difference in half-lives between amylase III, the most thermostable enzyme and amylase II at pH 6.0, and a 46-min difference in the half-lives of amylase III and the least thermostable enzyme, amylase I at pH 6.5. In addition, the α-amylases underwent a pH-dependent monomer-dimer transformation. Increased thermostability of the α-amylases was reflected in the variable contents of amino acids (Arg, His, Ser) responsible for electrostatic interactions, and in the levels of aliphatic and bulky hydrophobic amino acids. There was a two-fold reduction in Cys levels in amylase III relative to amylase I and II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900612
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic batch degradation of phenol using immobilized Pseudomonas putida (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biodegradation; phenol; Pseudomonas putida; immobilized
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alginate concentrations between 2 and 4% had little effect on the degradation rate of phenol by alginate-immobilized Pseudomonas putida. Ten-degree shifts from 25°C resulted in approximately 30% slower degradation. Maximal degradation rates were favored at pH 5.5–6.0. The response of degradation rate to increased air flow in the bubble column used was almost linear and an optimal higher than 16 vol vol−1 was indicated, although free cells appeared in the reaction medium above 12 vol vol−1. When the initial phenol concentration was raised, degradation rate was not significantly affected until levels higher than 1200 mg ml−1 where performance was markedly reduced. Increasing the ratio of total bead volume to medium volume gave progressively smaller increases in degradation rate. At a medium volume to total bead volume ratio of 5:1, the maximum degradation rate was 250 mg L−1 h−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900617
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and characterization of the intracellular β-glucosidase from Aureobasidium sp ATCC 20524 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 160-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: β-glucosidase; cellobiase; cellobiose-hydrolysis; Aureobasidium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Glucosidase hydrolyzing cellobiose was extracted from Aureobasidium sp ATCC 20524 and purified to homogeneity. The molecular mass was estimated to be about 331 kDa. The enzyme contained 26.5% (w/w) carbohydrate. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were pH 4 and 80°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable at a wide range of pH, 2.2–9.8, after 3 h and at 75°C for 15 min. The kinetic parameters were determined. The enzyme was relatively stable against typical organic enzyme inhibitors. The enzyme also hydrolyzed gentiobiose, p-nitrophenyl-β-glucoside and salicin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900618
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cryptococcus nodaensis sp nov, a yeast isolated from soil in Japan that produces a salt-tolerant and thermostable glutaminase (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: umami; L-glutamic acid, glutaminase; Cryptococcus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast, which produced a salt-tolerant and thermostable glutaminase, was isolated from soil in Japan and classified in the genus Cryptococcus. Its substrate specificity suggests that this enzyme is an L-glutaminase asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.38). The strain, G60, resembles Cryptococcus laurentii in the taxonomic criteria traditionally employed for yeasts, however it can be distinguished as a separate species based on DNA–DNA reassociation experiments and sequence analysis of the large sub-unit rDNA. Phenotypically, the isolate can be differentiated from C. laurentii by the inability to utilize arbutin as a sole source of carbon. Based on sequence analysis, the strain is related to a group of hymenomycetous yeasts including Bulleromyces albus, Bullera unica, C. laurentii and C. skinneri. The strain, which is formally described as Cryptococcus nodaensis, is industrially important for the formation of the umami taste during production of proteolytic seasonings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900623
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Closed ecological systems for space travel and extraterrestrial habitation, (Volume 3) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 216-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900634
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibiting sulfate-reducing bacteria in biofilms by expressing the antimicrobial peptides indolicidin and bactenecin (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: engineered biofilms; biocorrosion; sulfate-reducing bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To identify novel, less-toxic compounds capable of inhibiting sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas in suspension cultures were exposed to several antimicrobial peptides. The bacterial peptide antimicrobials gramicidin S, gramicidin D, and polymyxin B as well as the cationic peptides indolicidin and bactenecin from bovine neutrophils decreased the viability of both SRB by 90% after a 1-h exposure at concentrations of 25–100 μg ml−1. To reduce corrosion by inhibiting SRB in biofilms, the genes for indolicidin and bactenecin were expressed in Bacillus subtilisBE1500 and B. subtilis WB600 under the control of the constitutive alkaline protease (apr) promoter, and the antimicrobials were secreted into the culture medium using the apr signal sequence. Bactenecin was also synthesized and expressed as a fusion to the pro-region of barnase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Concentrated culture supernatants of B. subtilis BE1500 expressing bactenecin at 3 μg ml−1 decreased the viability of Escherichia coli BK6 by 90% and the reference SRB D. vulgaris by 83% in suspension cultures. B. subtilis BE1500 and B. subtilis WB600 expressing bactenecin in biofilms also inhibited the SRB-induced corrosion of 304 stainless steel six to 12-fold in continuous reactors as evidenced by the lack of change in the impedance spectra (resistance polarization) upon addition of SRB and by the reduction in hydrogen sulfide and iron sulfide in batch fermentations with mild steel. A 36-fold decrease in the population of D. vulgaris in a B. subtilis BE1500 biofilm expressing bactenecin was also observed. This is the first report of an antimicrobial produced in a biofilm for in vivo applications and represents the first application of a beneficial, genetically-engineered biofilm for combating corrosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900627
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungal cellulases and the microbial decomposition of cellulosic fabric, (Volume 5) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 225-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900635
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial protein from hydrocarbons, (Volume 12) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 259-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900638
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic corrosion; metals and microbes in two worlds, (Volume 16) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 288-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900641
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    True short stories in microbiology with surprise endings, (Volume 18) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900645
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermophilic microorganisms in extraction of metals from ores, (Volume 18) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 349-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900648
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial structure in today’s research, (Volume 19) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 394-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900652
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasmid mediation of mercury volatilization and methylation by Estuarine bacteria, (Volume 20) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 418-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900655
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Molecular biology is finally being exploited—let us count some ways, (Volume 21) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 449-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900658
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actinomycetes in the family, (Volume 24) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 518-525 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900661
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  • 22
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    Feast or famine in the deep sea, (Volume 25) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 540-550 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900664
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    The role of bacterial exopolysaccharides in nature and disease, (Volume 26) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 551-563 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900665
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  • 24
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    David Perlman obituary, (Volume 21) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 428-429 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900700
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  • 25
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    Preface (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 187-187 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900630
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Microbial oxidation of n-paraffinic hydrocarbons, (Volume 2) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 206-215 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900633
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Engineering endoglucanase-secreting strains of ethanologenic Klebsiella oxytoca P2 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 600-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: endoglucanase; ethanol; Klebsiella; Erwinia; lignocellulose; biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Klebsiella oxytoca P2 was developed as a biocatalyst for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose by chromosomally integrating Zymomonas mobilis genes (pdc, adhB) encoding the ethanol pathway. This strain contains the native ability to transport and metabolize cellobiose, eliminating the need to supplement with β-glucosidase during SSF. To increase the utility of this biocatalyst, we have now chromosomally integrated the celZ gene encoding the primary endoglucanase from Erwinia chrysanthemi. This gene was expressed at high levels by replacing the native promoter with a surrogate promoter derived from Z. mobilis DNA. With the addition of out genes encoding the type II protein secretion system from E. chrysanthemi, over half of the active endoglucanase (EGZ) was secreted into the extracellular environment. The two most active strains, SZ2(pCPP2006) and SZ6(pCPP2006), produced approximately 24 000 IU L−1 of CMCase activity, equivalent to 5% of total cellular protein. Recombinant EGZ partially depolymerized acid-swollen cellulose and allowed the production of small amounts of ethanol by SZ6(pCPP2006) without the addition of fungal cellulase. However, additional endoglucanase activities will be required to complete the depolymerization of cellulose into small soluble products which can be efficiently metabolized to ethanol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900666
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  • 28
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    Biotin production under limiting growth conditions by Agrobacterium/Rhizobium HK4 transformed with a modified Escherichia coli bio operon (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 590-599 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biotin production; E. coli bio operon; Agrobacterium/Rhizobium HK4; limiting growth conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: E. coli biotin (bio) operon was modified to improve biotin production by host cells: (a) the divergently transcribed wild-type bio operon was re-organized into one transcriptional unit; (b) the wild-type bio promoter was replaced with a strong artificial (tac) promoter; (c) a potential stem loop structure between bioD and bioA was removed; and (d) the wild-type bioB ribosomal binding site (RBS) was replaced with an artificial RBS that resulted in improved bioB expression. The effects of the modifications on the bio operon were studied in E. coli by measuring biotin and dethiobiotin production, and bio gene expression with mini-cells and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The modified E. coli bio operon was introduced into a broad host-range plasmid and used to transform Agrobacterium/Rhizobium HK4, which then produced 110 mg L−1 of biotin in a 2-L fermenter, growing on a defined medium with diaminononanoic acid as the starting material. Biotin production was not growth-phase dependent in this strain, and the rate of production remained high under limiting (maintenance) and zero growth conditions.
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    Enhancement of maltose utilisation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in medium containing fermentable hexoses (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 627-632 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: fermentation; maltose metabolism; yeast; baking; distilling; brewing; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae are unable to maintain high rates of fermentation during transition from catabolism of hexoses to maltose. This phenomenon, termed ‘maltose lag’, presents problems for the baking, brewing and distilling industries, which rely on yeast catabolism of mixtures of hexoses and maltose. Maltose utilisation requires the presence of maltose permease and α-glucosidase (maltase), encoded by MAL genes. Synthesis of these is induced by maltose and repressed by glucose. One strain of baker’s yeast used in this work exhibited a marked maltose lag, whereas a second strain exhibited a shorter lag during conversion from hexose to maltose metabolism. The extent of the lag was linked to the levels of maltose permease and maltase in cells at the time of inoculation into mixed sugar medium. This view is supported by results showing that pulsing yeast with maltose to induce expression of MAL genes prior to inoculation into mixed sugar medium, enhanced sugar fermentation. Maltose pulsing of yeasts could therefore be useful for enhancing some fermentations relevant to baking and other yeast industries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900672
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    Production of raw-starch digesting amyloglucosidase by Aspergillussp GP-21 in solid state fermentation (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 622-626 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: amyloglucosidase; glucoamylase; raw starch hydrolysis; Aspergillus; solid state fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus sp GP-21 produced a raw-starch digesting amyloglucosidase which showed optimum activity at 65°C and pH 5.0–5.5. At 50°C the enzyme converted about 40% of raw corn starch to glucose within 48 h. Enzyme production was studied in solid state fermentation using wheat bran. Productivity was affected by the level of moisture, incubation temperature and the presence or absence of supplements. Maximum enzyme production was observed at a moisture level of 75% and at 30°C. Enzyme production was stimulated by supplementing wheat bran with 0.25% proteose peptone, 1% trace mineral solution, 0.01% CaCl2 and 0.01% MgSO4.
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    In vitro and in vivo antagonism of pathogenic turfgrass fungi by Streptomyces hygroscopicus strains YCED9 and WYE53 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 641-646 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Streptomyces hygroscopicus; biocontrol; fungi; turf; thatch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Disease prevention is a current practice used to minimize fungal diseases of turfgrasses in lawns and golf greens. Prevention is accomplished through fungicide applications, and by periodic thatch removal. During the development of a microbial biodethatch product utilizing the lignocellulose-degrading Streptomyces hygroscopicus strains YCED9 and WYE53, we demonstrated using in vitro plate antagonism bioassays that both strains are antagonists of various turfgrass fungal pathogens. These activities were present when the cultures were growing on thatch, as demonstrated by antifungal antagonism bioassays with culture filtrates. Experiments conducted using a growth chamber demonstrated that a bio-dethatch formulation containing spores of strains YCED9 and WYE53 in a zeolite carrier, provided protection for Kentucky bluegrass seedlings against turfgrass pathogens, including Pythium ultimum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia homeocarpa, Gaeumannomyces graminis and Microdochium nivale. Results showed that by integrating the use of the S. hygroscopicus YCED9/WYE53 bio-dethatch formulation into routine turf management practices, it should be possible to both minimize thatch build-up while also controlling fungal turfgrass diseases by way of the antifungal biocontrol activity of these strains. This in turn would help control fungal pathogens in turfgrass while minimizing the need for routine chemical fungicide applications.
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    A new xylanase from a Trichoderma harzianum strain (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 682-685 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Trichoderma; xylan; xylanase; characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new xylanase (XYL2) was purified from solid-state cultures of Trichoderma harzianum strain C by ultrafiltration and gel filtration. SDS-PAGE of the xylanase showed an apparent homogeneity and molecular weight of 18 kDa. It had the highest activity at pH 5.0 and 45°C and was stable at 50°C and pH 5.0 up to 4 h xylanase. XYL2 had a low K m with insoluble oat spelt xylan as substrate. Compared to the amino acid composition of xylanases from Trichoderma spp, xylanase XYL2 presented a high content of glutamate/glutamine, phenylalanine and cysteine, and a low content of serine. Xylanase XYL2 improved the delignification and selectivity of unbleached hardwood kraft pulp.
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    Kinetic models for astaxanthin production by high cell density mixotrophic culture of the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 691-696 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Haematococcus pluvialis; mixotrophic culture; light irradiance; astaxanthin production; kinetic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High cell density cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis for astaxanthin production was carried out in batch and fed-batch modes in 3.7-L bioreactors with stepwise increased light intensity control mode. A high cell density of 2.65 g L−1 (batch culture) or 2.74 g L−1 (fed-batch culture) was obtained, and total astaxanthin production in the fed-batch culture (64.36 mg L−1) was about 20.5% higher than in the batch culture (53.43 mg L−1). An unstructured kinetic model to describe the microalga culture system including cell growth, astaxanthin formation, as well as sodium acetate consumption was proposed. Good agreement was found between the model predictions and experimental data. The models demonstrated that the optimal light intensity for mixotrophic growth of H. pluvialis in batch or fed-batch cultures in a 3.7-L bioreactor was 90–360 μmol m−2 s−1, and that the stepwise increased light intensity mode could be replaced by a constant light intensity mode.
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    Extracellular deoxyribonuclease production by a thermophile, Streptomyces thermonitrificans (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 709-712 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Streptomyces thermonitrificans; thermophilic Streptomyces sp; extracellular DNase; enzyme production; metal ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A thermophilic bacterial strain, Streptomyces thermonitrificans, produced high levels of extracellular deoxyribonuclease (DNase) when grown on NBG medium (containing 1% peptone, 0.3% beef extract, 1% glucose and 0.5% NaCl). Maximum DNase activity (140 U ml−1) was obtained, in 24 h, when the culture was grown on modified NBG medium (containing 1.3% beef extract, 1% glucose, 0.5% NaCl and 50 μM Mn2+ at 45°C. The crude enzyme showed higher activity on native DNA than on sonicated and heat denatured DNA. Moreover, addition of Mn2+ in the assay mixture resulted in a significant stimulation (10–15 fold) of the enzyme activity.
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    Comparative stability of ethanol production by Escherichia coliKO11 in batch and chemostat culture (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 701-708 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: ethanol; recombinant; E. coli KO11; lignocellulosic; chemostat; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differing claims regarding the stability of the recombinant ethanologen E. coli KO11 are addressed here in batch and chemostat culture. In repeat batch culture, the organism was stable on glucose, mannose, xylose and galactose for at least three serial transfers, even in the absence of a selective antibiotic. Chemostat cultures on glucose were remarkably stable, but on mannose, xylose and a xylose/glucose mixture, they progressively lost their hyperethanologenicity. On xylose, the loss was irreversible, indicating genetic instability. The loss of hyperethanologenicity was accompanied by the production of high concentrations of acetic acid and by increasing biomass yields, suggesting that the higher ATP yield associated with acetate production may foster the growth of acetate-producing revertant strains. Plate counts on high chloramphenicol-containing medium, whether directly, or following preliminary growth on non-selective medium, were not a reliable indicator of high ethanologenicity during chemostat culture. In batch culture, the organism appeared to retain its promise for ethanol production from lignocellulosics and concerns that antibiotics may need to be included in all media appear unfounded.
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    Survival of Lactobacillus helveticus entrapped in Ca-alginate in relation to water content, storage and rehydration (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 79-85 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Ca-alginate entrapped lactobacilli; dehydration; water content; protective solutes; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ 303 entrapped in Ca-alginate gel beads was investigated for improved survival and stability during fluidized-bed drying, storage and rehydration. Addition of protective solutes was very important. Studies of the conditions showed that inactivation of entrapped L. helveticus started when the water content exceeded 0.3–0.4 g H2O (g dry wt)−1 for adonitol, glycerol and reconstituted non fat milk solids (NFSM). With Ringer’s solution (control) and betaine, the fall in viability was evident above 1 g H2O (g dry wt)−1. Drying down to 0.2 g H2O (g dry wt)−1 required the removal of 98.5–98.9% of the water. The best survival rate with the least injured cells among survivors was experienced with adonitol and NFMS, respectively, 71% and 57% (compared to the initial) immediately after dehydration. Adonitol and NFMS were also best for survival during storage. The highest cell recovery was obtained by rehydrating the cells in cheese whey permeate between 20–30°C done at pH 6.0–7.0, satisfying the demands for cell survival, repair and slow swelling (adaptions).
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    Expression of the fusion protein recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and leukemia inhibitory factor in a baculovirus vector system (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 103-105 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: GM-CSF; LIF; baculovirus system; transfer vector; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fusion gene coding human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) cDNAs was inserted into the transfer vector pSXIVVI+ X3 with the control of Syn and XIV promoters. The Sf9 cells (Spodoptera frugiperda) were co-transfected with the recombinant plasmid and TnNPV DNA (Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA). The fusion protein recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) could be synthesized in cells infected with recombinant virus at a level of about 23% of their total cellular protein. Activity analysis of the fusion protein in infected cells revealed that it exhibited the dual activities of GM-CSF and LIF. Western blot analysis of the expressed fusion protein in infected larvae showed that the virus-mediated fusion protein, with a molecular weight of ∼35 kDa, is confirmed with immunoreactivity.
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    Preparation of 2-aminomuconate from 2-aminophenol by coupled enzymatic dioxygenation and dehydrogenation reactions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 138-142 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biocatalysis; 2-aminomuconate; 2-aminophenol; Pseudomonas; dioxygenase; dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: 2-Aminomuconate is an intermediate in the oxidative metabolism of tryptophan in mammals. The compound is not commercially available, and studies of its metabolism have been prevented by the lack of a chemical synthesis and the instability of the molecule. We report here the formation of 2-aminomuconate from 2-aminophenol by the coupled action of 2-aminophenol 1,6-dioxygenase and 2-aminomuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes JS45, and isolation of the product by anion exchange chromatography. The overall procedure was completed within 3 h with a yield of 62%. The availability of the dicarboxyl α-amino acid provides the basis for investigation of the physiological function of 2-aminomuconate in the neuropathologically significant oxidative metabolism of tryptophan.
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    Optimal pH control of batch processes for production of curdlan by Agrobacterium species (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: curdlan production; optimal pH profile; batch process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We sought an optimal pH profile to maximize curdlan production in a batch fermentation of Agrobacterium species. The optimal pH profile was calculated using a gradient iteration algorithm based on the minimum principle of Pontryagin. The model equations describing cell growth and curdlan production were developed as functions of pH, sucrose concentration, and ammonium concentration, since the specific rates of cell growth and curdlan production were highly influenced by those parameters. The pH profile provided the strategy to shift the culture pH from the optimal growth condition (pH 7.0) to the optimal production one (pH 5.5) at the time of ammonium exhaustion. By applying the optimal pH profile in the batch process, we obtained significant improvement in curdlan production (64 g L−1) compared to that of constant pH operation (36 g L−1).
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    Investigation of actinomycete diversity in the tropical rainforests of Singapore (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 178-187 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: actinomycete diversity; phylogeny; rRNA; tropical rainforest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five thousand actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples collected from rainforests in Singapore and the generic identities of these isolates were determined by using a procedure that combined morphological, chemotaxonomic and 16S rDNA sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Actinomycetes belonging to a total of 36 genera were identified. The most abundant isolates are members of Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Actinoplanes, Actinomadura, Nonomuria, Nocardia and Streptosporangium. By phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences of our isolates together with those of known actinomycete species, we also evaluated the species diversity of several genera including Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Nonomuria, and Actinomadura. We found that: first, the tropical isolates are present in most clades represented by known species; and second, many tropical isolates form new clades distant from the known species, indicating the presence of unidentified taxa at both species and genus levels. Based on these results, we conclude that actinomycete diversity in the tropical rainforest is very great and should represent an excellent source for discovery of novel bioactive compounds.
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    Influence of antagonist, host fruit and pathogen on the biological control of postharvest fungal diseases by yeasts (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 223-229 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biological control; postharvest diseases; yeasts; fruits; biofungicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis (LS-11), Cryptococcus laurentii (LS-28), Candida famata (21-D) and Pichia guilliermondii (29-A) and the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans (LS-30), previously selected and characterized for mechanisms of action and antagonistic activity against postharvest pathogens in small and large-scale experiments, were used in this study in order to assess interrelationships among the main factors (antagonist, host fruit and fungal pathogen) involved in biological control of postharvest diseases. The antagonists were evaluated for their inhibitory activity (IA) against six common postharvest fungal pathogens on six different host fruits. Artificially wounded fruits were first inoculated with the antagonist and 2 h later with the pathogen; subsequently they were kept at 20°C for 4–6 days. The IA of each antagonist was evaluated and data were submitted to factorial analysis of variance. The populations of antagonists were also monitored on wounded and unwounded fruits kept at 20°C for 7 days. Each factor examined (antagonist, host fruit and fungal pathogen) as well as their interactions significantly affected the IA. However, among the antagonists, isolates LS-28 and LS-30 were only slightly affected by both host and pathogen, showing a wide range of activity, whereas isolate LS-11 had a variable IA. All the antagonists rapidly colonized the wounds, while their population remained substantially unchanged on unwounded fruits. These results suggest that in order to select yeasts with a broad spectrum of action, more suitable for commercial development, it would be advantageous to perform preliminary assays against several pathogens and in particular on different fruit species.
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    Evaluation of rheological properties of the exopolysaccharide of Sphingomonas paucimobilis GS-1 for application in oil exploration (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 442-445 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Sphingomonas paucimobilis GS-1 exopolysaccharide; rheological properties; biopolymer; drilling fluid; oil exploration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analysis of an exopolysaccharide of Sphingomonas paucimobilis GS-1 (EPS/GS-1) with respect to its rheological properties, cross-linking ability with chrome alum and performance test at 75 ± 5°C revealed its strong suspending ability, shear thinning property, and thixotrophic nature which are required to impart desirable rheology to drilling mud. The organism fulfilled all the specified requirements and its properties were superior to those of currently-used XC polymer (a xanthan product) for oil drilling applications. However, EPS/GS-1 was unstable in the presence of bentonite at 100 ± 5°C during performance tests, in contrast to XC polymer.
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    Antagonistic activity of Staphylococcus siderophores and chemical biocides against Bacillus subtilis in a paper-machine environment (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Bacillus; siderophores; antimicrobial; biocides; white water; paper- and boardmachine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The antagonistic potential of nonpathogenic Staphylococcus strains against Bacillus subtilis wild and type strains were studied under conditions simulating a paper- and board-machine environment. The antimicrobial activity was measured by growth inhibition in an automated turbidimeter. The antagonistic potential was compared with that of generally used chemical biocides in a paper- and board-machine environment. The siderophore-containing extracts of Staphylococcus strains significantly inhibited vegetative growth of B. subtilis and delayed the germination of spores both in synthetic and in white-water media. The mill strains were more resistant than type strain against Staphylococcus siderophores and against chemical biocides. The Staphylococcus siderophore-containing extracts did not interfere with the bacteriostatic effect of chemical biocides, but no synergy was detected. The results indicate the potential for application of Staphylococcus siderophore-containing extracts as biocontrol agents in paper- and boardmachine environment.
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    Shear stress effects on plant cell suspension cultures in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 44-47 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: RWV; shear; Taxol®; Taxus; secondary metabolite; plant cell culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rotating wall vessel, designed for growth of mammalian cells under microgravity, was used to study shear effects on Taxus cuspidata plant suspension cell cultures. Shear stress, as quantified by defined shear fields of Couette viscometers, improved specific cell growth rates and was detrimental to volumetric product formation rates.
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    A chemically-defined medium supporting growth and providing cells converting compactin to pravastatin (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 78-79 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Actinomadura; pravastatin; compactin; nutrition; vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Actinomadura sp strain 2966, which converts compactin to pravastatin, requires vitamins to support its growth. Addition of folic acid, thiamine and cyanocobalamine allowed growth in chemically-defined medium. Cells grown in a chemically-defined medium were as capable of converting compactin to pravastatin as cells grown in a complex medium.
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    Inactivation of polycaprolactone depolymerase (cutinase) in Fusarium cultures by an extracellular protease (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Fusarium moniliforme; cutinase; polycaprolactone depolymerase; acid protease; biodegradable polymer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cultures of Fusarium moniliforme grown on polycaprolactone (PCL) or on cutin as a sole source of carbon and energy had low levels of detectable PCL depolymerase (cutinase) activity in the supernatant medium. A small peak of depolymerase activity was observed after hyphal accumulation had ceased, but this activity soon declined. The low level of the peak of activity and its decline were attributable to proteolytic inactivation of the depolymerase. A decrease in the pH of cultures coincided with the appearance of protease activity in the supernatant at about the same time as the appearance of the transient peak of depolymerase activity. Addition of protease substrates (bovine serum albumin, casein) to the culture at this time caused a dramatic although temporary increase in PCL depolymerase activity. The same effect was seen for cultures of F. solani pisi. Use of a different buffer system for the medium prevented a drop in pH and resulted in higher and stable levels of PCL depolymerase activity.
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    Ethanol fermentation of mixed-sugars using a two-phase, fed-batch process: method to minimize D-glucose repression of Candida shehatae D-xylose fermentations (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: D-xylose; mixed-sugars; fermentation; fed-batch; viability; Candida shehatae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida shehatae cells pre-grown on D-xylose simultaneously consumed mixtures of D-xylose and D-glucose, under both non-growing (anoxic) and actively growing conditions (aerobic), to produce ethanol. The rate of D-glucose consumption was independent of the D-xylose concentration for cells induced on D-xylose. However, the D-xylose consumption rate was approximately three times lower than the D-glucose consumption rate at a 50% D-glucose: 50% D-xylose mixture. Repression was not observed (substrate utilization rates were approximately equal) when the percentage of D-glucose and D-xylose was changed to 22% and 78%, respectively. In fermentations with actively growing cells (50% glucose and D-xylose), ethanol yields from D-xylose increased, the % D-xylose utilized increased, and the xylitol yield was significantly reduced in the presence of D-glucose, compared to anoxic fermentations (YETOH,xylose = 0.2–0.40 g g−1, 75–100%, and Yxylitol = 0–0.2 g g−1 compared to YETOH,xylose = 0.15 g g−1, 56%, Yxylitol = 0.51 g g−1, respectively). To increase ethanol levels and reduce process time, fed-batch fermentations were performed in a single stage reactor employing two phases: (1) rapid aerobic growth on D-xylose (μ = 0.32 h−1) to high cell densities; (2) D-glucose addition and anaerobic conditions to produce ethanol (YETOH,xylose = 0.23 g g−1). The process generated high cell densities, 2 × 109 cells ml−1, and produced 45–50 g L−1 ethanol within 50 h from a mixture of D-glucose and D-xylose (compared to 30 g L−1 in 80 h in the best batch process). The two-phase process minimized loss of cell viability, increased D-xylose utilization, reduced process time, and increased final ethanol levels compared to the batch process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900608
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    Effect of fermentation, aging and thermal storage on total glycosides, phenol-free glycosides and volatile compounds of White Riesling (Vitis vinifera L.) wines (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 100-107 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: glycosides; thermal processing; White Riesling; volatile compounds; glycosyl-glucose (GG)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is growing recognition of the significance of the products of glycoside hydrolysis to varietal wine aroma. White Riesling wines were produced from four strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Wines underwent conventional aging or anaerobic thermal storage (20 days at 45°C) either 2 or 40 months post-fermentation to quantify influences on total glycosides, phenol-free glycosides and selected volatiles. Glycoside and free volatile concentrations were estimated by analysis of glycosyl-glucose and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. Thermal storage of wines 2 months post-fermentation reduced the total glycosides by an average of 33% for all yeasts and increased the concentration of free benzyl alcohol while decreasing the concentration of free linalool and geraniol. Conventional aging for 40 months reduced the total and phenol-free glycosides equally among yeasts by an average of 60%, with phenol-free glycosides averaging 80% of the total. Thermal storage of aged wines reduced the total glycoside concentration by an additional 29%. The effect of thermal storage on selected volatile phenols, higher alcohols, esters, acids, terpenes, carbonyl compounds, C-13 norisoprenoids and six-carbon alcohols was variable depending upon the component.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900613
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    Comparative investigations of growth and solvent formation in ‘Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum’ DSM 2152 and Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 792 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: butanol-acetone fermentation; ‘Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum’; Clostridium acetobutylicum; chemostat; pH-auxostat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The butanol and acetone-producing strain DSM 2152, invalidly described as ‘Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum’ is compared with the type strain C. acetobutylicum, DSM 792, with respect to solvent and acid formation at varying pH values and growth rates. Batch cultures, product-limited chemostat and pH-auxostat cultures were used for characterization. Under all conditions strain DSM 2152 produced much lower amounts of butyric and acetic acids than the type strain. The pH optimum for solvent formation was higher, ie 5.5 instead of 4.5. Solvent formation occurred at higher dilution rates, but below 0.1 h−1 a lower solvent concentration was obtained, indicating that acid production was too low to provide a sufficient amount for acetone formation. The results are discussed in the light of recent publications on the taxonomy of butanol-acetone producing clostridia using 16S rRNA sequence analysis and other nucleic acid data. The presently suggested ‘phylogenetic’ classification of the collective species, C. acetobutylicum, is also reflected in the fermentation characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900616
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    Whole cell immobilization as a means of enhancing ethanol tolerance (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: cell immobilization; ethanol tolerance; lipid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell immobilization by covalent linkage to an epoxide derivative of hydroxyalkyl methacrylate gel via glutaraldehyde-diamine spacers improves the tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to ethanol. This was attributed to membrane compositional changes accompanying this mode of cell attachment. The stability of the membrane alterations was tested under salt stress, and the character of stimuli inducing the phenotype changes of attached cells is discussed.
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    The effect of turbulent flow and surface roughness on biofilm formation in drinking water (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 152-159 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biofilms; potable water; flow rate; stainless steel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is considerable interest in both Europe and the USA in the effects of microbiological fouling on stainless steels in potable water. However, little is known about the formation and effects of biofilms, on stainless steel in potable water environments, particularly in turbulent flow regimes. Results are presented on the development of biofilms on stainless steel grades 304 and 316 after exposure to potable water at velocities of 0.32, 0.96 and 1.75 m s−1. Cell counts on slides of stainless steel grades 304 and 316 with both 2B (smooth) and 2D (rough) finishes showed viable and total cell counts were higher at the higher flow rates of 0.96 and 1.75 m s−1, compared to a flow rate of 0.32 m s−1. Extracellular polysaccharide levels were not significantly different (P〈 0.05) between each flow rate on all stainless steel surfaces studied. higher levels were found at the higher water velocities. the biofilm attached to stainless steel was comprised of a mixed bacterial flora including Acinetobacter sp, Pseudomonas spp, Methylobacterium sp, and Corynebacterium/Arthrobacter spp. Epifluorescence microscopy provided evidence of rod-shaped bacteria and the formation of stands, possibly of extracellular material attached to stainless steel at high flow rates but not at low flow rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900622
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    Analysis and optimization of a two-substrate fermentation for xylitol production using Candida tropicalis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 181-186 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: xylose; xylitol; Candida tropicalis; two-substrate fermentation; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xylitol, a functional sweetener, was produced from xylose using Candida tropicalisATCC 13803. A two-substrate fermentation was designed in order to increase xylitol yield and volumetric productivity. Glucose was used initially for cell growth followed by conversion of xylose to xylitol without cell growth and by-product formation after complete depletion of glucose. High glucose concentrations increased volumetric productivity by reducing conversion time due to high cell mass, but also led to production of ethanol, which, in turn, inhibited cell growth and xylitol production. Computer simulation was undertaken to optimize an initial glucose concentration using kinetic equations describing rates of cell growth and xylose bioconversion as a function of ethanol concentration. Kinetic constants involved in the equations were estimated from the experimental results. Glucose at 32 g L−1 was estimated to be an optimum initial glucose concentration with a final xylose concentration of 86 g L−1 and a volumetric productivity of 5.15 g-xylitol L−1 h−1. The two-substrate fermentation was performed under optimum conditions to verify the computer simulation results. The experimental results were in good agreement with the predicted values of simulation with a xylitol yield of 0.81 g-xylitol g-xylose−1 and a volumetric productivity of 5.06 g-xylitol L−1 h−1.
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    Fate of pBR322 DNA in a wastewater matrix (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 164-166 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: sludge; wastewater; DNA; pBR322; genetically manipulated organisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recombinant organisms used in biopharmaceutical production processes are destroyed prior to environmental release into a private or municipal wastewater treatment system. However, concern over the fate of recombinant DNA used in these processes may adversely affect product regulatory approval. This study examined the fate of DNA from the plasmid pBR322 in an activated sludge-derived matrix. DNA suitable for PCR amplification was extracted from the activated sludge matrix and a 1042-bp fragment from pBR322 rapidly decreased in concentration from 0 to 2 h after it was spiked into the activated sludge matrix at an initial DNA concentration of 25 ng ml−1. While some evidence of the 1042-bp fragment was observed at 4 h, no evidence of amplified DNA was observed at 6 h. Plasmid DNA in buffer that served as a positive control exhibited no significant reduction in concentration over time. The intensity of each DNA band over the first 4 h was analyzed. A linear regression of the natural log transformation of these results yielded a mean first-order rate constant of 3.55 h−1 and half-life of 0.2 h. This study demonstrated that recombinant DNA released from industrial processes into wastewater treatment systems should be rapidly degraded.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900629
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    Two decades of strain development in antibiotic-producing microorganisms, (Volume 7) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 241-253 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900636
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    A prejudiced look at fermentation by a microbial biochemist, (Volume 13) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 270-274 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900639
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    The two faced microbiologist; contributions of pure and applied microbiology to good research, (Volume 16) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 298-306 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900642
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    The oxidation of metallic iron by Escherichia coli and other common heterotrophs, (Volume 17) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 311-314 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900644
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    Computer-assisted fermentation developments, (Volume 18) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 336-348 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900647
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    Advances in biological nitrogen fixation, (Volume 19) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 381-393 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900651
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    Chemotaxonomic characterisation of Sphingomonas (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 242-251 
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    Keywords: Keywords: Sphingomonas; chemotaxonomy; ubiquinone system; polyamine patterns; polar lipid profiles; fatty acid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on published results and investigations done for this study, chemotaxonomic characteristics of all validly described species of the genus Sphingomonas, as well as unnamed strains of this genus and related genera such as Rhizomonas and Blastomonas, are presented. All representatives of this group, here designated as sphingomonads, contain ubiquinone (Q-10). The two different polyamine patterns characterized either by the predominant polyamine sym-homospermidine or spermidine separate the sphingomonads into two major groups. Complex polar lipid profiles were found in sphingomonads in addition to the characteristic compound sphingoglycolipid. Identical profiles were found only in a few phylogenetically highly related species. Common to all sphingomonads is a fatty acid composition with 2-hydroxy fatty acids (14:0 2OH in all currently recognized species) and the lack of 3-hydroxy acids, which distinguishes them from taxa outside this group. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the fatty acid compositions, in several cases, were also suitable for identification at the species level. Thus, the differences in the chemotaxonomic characteristics demonstrate that the analyses of these low molecular weight cell compounds are suitable for classification of sphingomonads.
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    Chlorophenol and nitrophenol metabolism by Sphingomonas sp UG30 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 232-241 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: dechlorination; degradation; nitrophenols; pentachlorophenol (PCP); Sphinogomonas; xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sphingomonas sp UG30 is a pentachlorophenol (PCP)-degrading bacterial strain capable of degrading several nitrophenolic compounds, including p-nitrophenol (PNP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), p-nitrocatechol and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC). The ability to degrade both chlorophenolic and nitrophenolic compounds is probably not restricted to UG30, but may also be possessed by other pentachlorophenol-degrading Sphingomonas spp. The interesting question arises as to whether there is any point of convergence between the initial pathways of PCP and nitrophenol degradation in these microorganisms. There is some experimental evidence that PCP-4-monooxygenase is involved in metabolism of both p-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Further studies are needed to confirm this and to examine the role(s) of other PCP-degrading enzymes in nitrophenol metabolism by this microorganism. In this paper, we review some of the taxonomic, biochemical, physiological and ecological properties of Sphingomonas sp UG30 with respect to biodegradation of PCP and nitrophenolic compounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900749
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    Detection of sphingomonads and in situ identification in activated sludge using 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 261-267 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH); gene probes; activated sludge; floc structure; alpha-4 Proteobacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increasing significance of members of the genus Sphingomonas in biotechnological applications has led to an increased interest in the diversity, abundance and ecophysiological potential of this group of Gram-negative bacteria. This general focus provides a challenge to improve means for identification of sphingomonads; eg molecular genetic methods for rapid and specific detection could facilitate screening of new isolates. Here, fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes targeted against 16S rRNA were used to typify strains previously assigned to the genus. All 46 sphingomonads tested including type strains of 21 Sphingomonasspecies could be detected with a probe originally designed for the genus and all but one with a probe designed for the alpha-4 subgroup of the Proteobacteria. The two probes are suitable for direct detection of sphingomonads in pure and mixed cultures as well as in environmental samples of unknown composition. The probes were used to identify sphingomonads in situ in activated sludge samples. Sphingomonads were rather abundant accounting for about 5–10% of the total cells in municipal sludges. Distinct patterns in aggregation of the cells suggest that these organisms could be involved in the formation process of sludge flocs.
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    Interaction of peptides and proteins with bacterial surface glycolipids: a comparison of glycosphingolipids and lipopolysaccharides (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 414-424 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: outer membrane; glycolipid; reconstituted membranes; porins; complement activation; polycationic antibiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bacterial cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria consists, in addition to the cytoplasmic membrane, of another permeability barrier, the outer membrane. The lipid distribution between both sides of this membrane is strictly asymmetric. The outer leaflet is made up of glycolipids, usually lipopolysaccharides. In Sphingomonas spp glycosphingolipids were found to substitute for lipopolysaccharides. In this review, it is shown by an electrophysiological approach that glycosphingolipid can replace lipopolysaccharide with respect to its function as antigenic surface structure as well as to its contribution to the diffusion barrier properties of the outer membrane. This review is focused on: (i) the function of porins, as examples of transmembrane proteins, in the different glycolipid environments; (ii) the interaction of polymyxin B with the outer membrane, as an example of polycationic antibacterial peptides; and (iii) the activation of the human complement system by lipopolysaccharides and glycosphingolipids.
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    Special cell surface structure, and novel macromolecule transport/depolymerization system of Sphingomonas sp A1 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 425-435 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Sphingomonas; macromolecule transport; pit; polysaccharide lyase; ABC transporter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A bacterium isolated from soil as an alginate lyase producer shows characteristic morphological and taxonomical properties consistent with being classified in the genus Sphingomonas. The bacterium utilizes high molecular weight (HMW)-alginate for growth by depolymerization of the polymer with intracellular alginate lyases, which are generated from a common precursor protein through autoregulated post-translational modifications. Electron microscopic observations of the cell surface and of thin sections of cells grown on HMW-alginate revealed dynamic changes in both cell surface and membrane structures. The most remarkable change is recognized in the formation of mouth-like pits which open and close depending on the presence or absence of HMW-alginate. Enzymatic and genetic analyses of HMW-alginate incorporation processes confirmed the presence of a pit-dependent and macromolecule-specific ABC transporter system in cells of Sphingomonas species A1. This is the first description of a bacterium with a pit on the cell surface and a pit-dependent endocytosic uptake system for macromolecules.
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    Detection of bacterial cytotoxic activities from water-damaged ceiling tile material following incubation on blood agar (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 653-655 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: ceiling tiles; bacteria; cytotoxicity; water damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Samples of ceiling tiles with high levels of bacteria exhibited cytotoxic activities on a HEP-2 tissue culture assay. Ceiling tiles containing low levels of bacterial colonization did not show cytotoxic activities on the HEP-2 tissue culture assay. Using a spread plate procedure on blood agar plates, the levels of bacteria colonizing portions of cellulosic indoor ceiling tiles were easily identified. Levels of bacteria measured by this simple procedure may be a good indicator of microbial colonization of indoor building materials especially in the case of water damage. We suggest that bacterial levels above 150 CFU g−1 of ceiling tile material indicate colonization has occurred.
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    Some structural features of an insoluble α-D-glucan from a mutant strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1355 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 656-660 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: glucosyltransferase; dextransucrase; alternansucrase; Leuconostoc mesenteroides; glucan; dextran; polysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain NRRL B-1355 produces two soluble extracellular α-D-glucans from sucrose: alternan and dextran. An unusual mutant strain derived from NRRL B-1355 has recently been isolated which produces practically no soluble polysaccharide, but significant amounts of an insoluble D-glucan. Methylation analysis shows it contains linear (1→3) and (1→6) linkages as well as (1→2) and (1→3) branch linkages. The insoluble glucan was partially digestible by endodextranase, giving rise to a series of oligosaccharides, a high-molecular weight soluble fraction and an insoluble residue. Treatment of the soluble dextranase-limit fraction with an α(1→2) debranching enzyme led to further dextranase susceptibility. Methylation, FTIR and NMR analyses of the dextranase-treated fractions indicate a non-uniform structure with domains bearing similarities to L. mesenteroides strain NRRL B-1299 dextran and to insoluble streptococcal D-glucans.
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    Production, purification and characterization of a constitutive intracellular α-galactosidase from the thermophilic fungus Humicola sp (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 661-667 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: α-galactosidase; intracellular; thermophilic fungus; Humicola sp; purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermophilic fungus Humicola sp constitutively produces intracellular α-galactosidase (1.33 U mg−1 protein) within 48 h at 45°C in shaken flasks, when grown in a medium containing 7% wheat bran extract as a carbon source and 0.5% yeast extract as a nitrogen source. The enzyme has been purified to homogeneity by ultrafiltration, ethanol precipitation, DEAE cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 chromatography with a 124-fold increase in specific activity and 29.5% recovery. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 371.5 kDa by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and 87.1 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has an optimum temperature of 65°C and an optimum pH of 5.0. Humicola α-galactosidase is a glycoprotein with 8.3% carbohydrate content and is acidic in nature with a pI of 4.0. The K m S for p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, O-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, raffinose and stachyose are 0.279, 0.40, 1.45 and 1.42 mM respectively. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by Ag+ and Hg2+. D-Galactose inhibited α-galactosidase competitively and the inhibition constant (K i) for galactose was 11 mM.
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    Separation of strains of the yeasts Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhousand Phaffia rhodozyma based on rDNA IGS and ITS sequence analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 677-681 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: yeast; Phaffia; molecular markers; strain differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The type strains of the anamorph Phaffia rhodozyma (CBS 5905) and the teleomorph Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (VKM Y-2786) were analyzed by nucleotide sequence analysis and compared to the sequences found in three additional strains (ATCC 24228, ATCC 24230 and CBS 6938). The results of ribosomal DNA Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and Intergenic spacer (IGS) region analyses indicate that P. rhodozyma, which was isolated from a beech tree, is a distinct species from the other four strains. The latter that were collected from birch trees are considered to be strains of X. dendrorhous. These individual strains of X. dendrorhous, which have geographically distinct isolation sources, can be distinguished by nucleotide substitutions and deletion/insertion gaps in sub-repeat regions of the Intergenic spacer. The conclusions demonstrate that differences in the IGS region provide molecular markers for denoting strains that may differ in their biochemical and physiological capabilities. The hypothesis is presented that strain differences in the IGS region may be useful to demonstrate geographic and host specificity.
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    Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to inanimate polymers including biomaterials (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 713-717 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: adherence; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; polymers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were adhered to polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, mixed-acrylic, silicone, and natural latex materials. Planktonic bacteria and bacteria that adhered to the test materials were compared for their uptake of either L-[3,4,5-3H] leucine or [methyl-3H] thymidine during growth in a minimal medium. Leucine incorporation was reduced and thymidine uptake was negligible in adherent bacteria for up to 8 h following primary attachment by which time cells in the planktonic state showed active uptake of both substrates. These reduced uptake periods correlated with lag phases of growth of adherent cells as determined with a sonication-release plate count procedure and analyses of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The extent of the lag phase of the adherent populations was dependent on initial densities of adhered cells and the nature of the substratum.
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    Microbial decolorization of azo dyes by Proteus mirabilis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 686-690 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: azo dyes; biodegradation; biosorption; enzymatic reduction; Proteus mirabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A bacterium identified as Proteus mirabilis was isolated from acclimated sludge from a dyeing wastewater treatment plant. This strain rapidly decolorized a deep red azo dye solution (RED RBN). Features of the decolorizing process related to biodegradation and biosorption were also studied. Although P. mirabilis displayed good growth in shake culture, color removal was best in anoxic static cultures. For color removal, the optimal pH and temperature were 6.5–7.5 and 30–35°C, respectively. The organism exhibited a remarkable color removal capability, even at a high concentration of azo dye. More than 95% of azo dye was reduced within 20 h at a dye concentration of 1.0 g L−1. Decolorization appears to proceed primarily by enzymatic reduction associated with a minor portion, 13–17%, of biosorption to inactivated microbial cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900689
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    Utilization of protein-hydrolyzed cheese whey for production of β-galactosidase by Kluyveromyces marxianus (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 91-96 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: cheese whey; β-galactosidase; Kluyveromyces marxianus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We studied the utilization of protein-hydrolyzed sweet cheese whey as a medium for the production of β-galactosidase by the yeasts Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 712 and CBS 6556. The conditions for growth were determined in shake cultures. The best growth occurred at pH 5.5 and 37°C. Strain CBS 6556 grew in cheese whey in natura, while strain CBS 712 needed cheese whey supplemented with yeast extract. Each yeast was grown in a bioreactor under these conditions. The strains produced equivalent amounts of β-galactosidase. To optimize the process, strain CBS 6556 was grown in concentrated cheese whey, resulting in a higher β-galactosidase production. The β-galactosidase produced by strain CBS 6556 produced maximum activity at 37°C, and had low stability at room temperature (30°C) as well as at a storage temperature of 4°C. At −4°C and −18°C, the enzyme maintained its activity for over 9 weeks.
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    Cadmium accumulation and its effects on intracellular ion pools in a brewing strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 204-208 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: cadmium; magnesium; potassium; intracellular localisation; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The presence of glucose resulted in a two- to three-fold increase in levels of Cd2+accumulated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae after 5 h compared with those observed in the absence of glucose. However, time-dependent Cd2+ uptake continued in the absence of glucose over 5 h, resulting in an appreciable increase in cellular Cd2+levels. Substantial K+ efflux but little Mg2+ and negligible Ca2+release was observed. Cell fractionation revealed that the bulk of intracellular Cd2+ was located in the vacuolar (25%) and bound (60%) fractions. Accumulation of Cd2+ ions impacted most noticeably on K+ rather than Mg2+ levels in intracellular compartments. Cytoplasmic and particularly vacuolar K+ levels decreased as Cd2+ sequestration continued resulting in increased extracellular levels. In contrast, corresponding intracellular Mg2+ pools were only modestly affected with a slight increase and decrease observed in the cytoplasmic and vacuolar fractions respectively. However, levels of bound Mg2+ decreased in response to continued Cd2+ accumulation.
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    Sphingomonads from marine environments (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 268-272 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: marine; Sphingomonas; phylogeny; oligotroph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sphingomonas species play an important role in the ecology of a range of marine habitats. Isolates and 16S-rRNA clones have been obtained from corals, natural and artificial sources of marine hydrocarbons and eutrophic and oligotrophic waters, and have been isolated as hosts for marine phages. In addition they are found in oceans spanning temperature ranges from polar to temperate waters. While less is known about marine sphingomonads in comparison to their terrestrial counterparts, their importance in microbial ecology is evident. This is illustrated by, for example, the numerical dominance of strain RB2256 in oligotrophic waters. Furthermore, the known marine sphingomonads represent a phylogenetic cross-section of the Sphingomonas genus. This review focuses on our present knowledge of cultured isolates and 16S-rDNA clones from marine environments.
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    Catabolism of 2,7-dichloro- and 2,4,8-trichlorodibenzofuran by Sphingomonas sp strain RW1 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 359-363 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biotransformation; Sphingomonas; 2,7-dichlorodibenzofuran; 2,4,8-trichlorodibenzofuran; 6-chloro-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one; 7-chloro-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one; 6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Due to their physicochemical and toxicological properties, polychlorinated dibenzofurans are regarded as a class of compounds providing reason for serious environmental concern. While the nonhalogenated basic structure dibenzofuran is effectively mineralized by appropriate bacterial strains, its polychlorinated derivatives are not. To elucidate the ability of the strain Sphingomonas sp RW1 to metabolize some of these chlorinated derivatives, we performed turnover experiments using 2,7-dichloro- and 2,4,8-trichlorodibenzofuran. As indicated by the oxygen-uptake rates determined for these two chlorinated dibenzofurans, Sphingomonassp RW1 can catabolize these chlorinated dibenzofurans yielding small quantities of oxidation products, which we isolated and subsequently characterized employing GC/MS and 1H- as well as 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In the case of 2,7-dichlorodibenzofuran, two metabolites accumulated, which we identified as 6-chloro- and 7-chloro-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one. The single metabolite isolated from the turnover experiments performed with 2,4,8-trichlorodibenzofuran was unequivocally identified as 6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900739
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    The effect of molybdenum on biofilm development (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 112-117 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biofilms; stainless steel; potable water; bacteria; molybdenum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Little is known about the formation and effects of biofilms on stainless steel pipes in freshwater environments, particularly as they are considered as a direct replacement for copper pipes for ‘problem’ water. There is some cause for concern especially as stainless steel cannot claim the inherent biocidal potential of copper. As molybdenum is known to be leached out of stainless steel grade 316, in very small amounts, a study was set up to see if molybdenum could retard the development of biofilms. When a comparison of biofilm viable and total cell counts was made between pure molybdenum metal and stainless steel grade 304, it was found that cell counts were significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) on grade 304 stainless steel after 5 weeks exposure to flowing water (0.64 m s−1). Molybdenum (above a concentration of 1 g L−1) affected the growth rate of Acinetobacter sp, a pioneering bacterium of biofilms in potable water.
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    Microbial production of gallic acid by modified solid state fermentation (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 173-177 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: teri pod; Rhizopus oryzae; tannase; modified solid state fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bioconversion of tannin to gallic acid from powder of teri pod (Caesalpinia digyna) cover was achieved by the locally isolated fungus, Rhizopus oryzae, in a bioreactor with a perforated float for carrying solid substrate and induced inoculum. Modified Czapek-Dox medium, put beneath the perforated float, with 2% tannic acid at pH 4.5, temperature 32°C, 93% relative humidity, incubated for 3 days with 3-day-old inoculum was optimum for the synthesis of tannase vis-à-vis gallic acid production. Conversion of tannin to gallic acid was 90.9%. Diethyl ether was used as the solvent for extraction of gallic acid from the fermented biomass.
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    Effect of culture conditions on growth and esterase production by the moderate thermophile Bacillus circulans MAS2 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 188-193 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: esterase; Bacillus circulans; bacterial growth; enzyme production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth and esterase production (activity on p-nitrophenyl caprylate) by the newly isolated Bacillus circulans MAS2 bacterial strain were studied. The growth rate at 50°C was high (0.9 h-1) on LB medium with glucose added. Esterase production followed growth with the majority of activity being intracellular during exponential growth phase. During stationary phase, the esterase activity was released in the culture medium. The strain was able to grow at 35– 55°C with maximum growth rate at 50°C, showing a pattern typical of a moderate thermophile. Growth occurred at pH 6–9 with a maximum at 8, with a similar pattern for the esterase production. Addition of glucose, fructose, sucrose or sodium acetate greatly promoted both growth and esterase production while starch, inulin, tributyrin or glycerol showed no effect. Complex nitrogen sources such as tryptone or yeast extract increased growth and esterase production while mineral sources (ammonium chloride or sulfate), glycine or glutamate showed no effect. An increase of tryptone plus yeast extract and glucose concentrations stimulated growth and esterase production which reached 160 U L−1.
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    Ecology, physiology, and phylogeny of deep subsurface Sphingomonas sp (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 273-283 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Sphingomonas aromaticivorans; S. stygia; S. subterranea; deep subsurface; aromatic compound; plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several new species of the genus Sphingomonas including S. aromaticivorans, S. stygia, and S. subterranea that have the capacity for degrading a broad range of aromatic compounds including toluene, naphthalene, xylenes, p-cresol, fluorene, biphenyl, and dibenzothiophene, were isolated from deeply-buried (〉200 m) sediments of the US Atlantic coastal plain (ACP). In S. aromaticivorans F199, many of the genes involved in the catabolism of these aromatic compounds are encoded on a 184-kb conjugative plasmid; some of the genes involved in aromatic catabolism are plasmid-encoded in the other strains as well. Members of the genus Sphingomonas were common among aerobic heterotrophic bacteria cultured from ACP sediments and have been detected in deep subsurface environments elsewhere. The major source of organic carbon for heterotrophic metabolism in ACP deep aquifers is lignite that originated from plant material buried with the sediments. We speculate that the ability of the subsurface Sphingomonas strains to degrade a wide array of aromatic compounds represents an adaptation for utilization of sedimentary lignite. These and related subsurface Sphingomonas spp may play an important role in the transformation of sedimentary organic carbon in the aerobic and microaerobic regions of the deep aquifers of the ACP.
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    Degradation of the phenoxy acid herbicide diclofop-methyl by Sphingomonas paucimobilis isolated from a Canadian prairie soil (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 332-335 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: diclofop-methyl; biodegradation; herbicide; phenoxyalkanoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sphingomonas paucimobilis , isolated from a soil in Manitoba, Canada, was able to utilize diclofop-methyl, (R,S)-methyl-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propionate, as the sole source of carbon and energy. An actively growing aerobic culture completely degraded 1.5 μg diclofop-methyl ml−1 to diclofop acid within 54 h, at 25°C. A biphasic growth pattern indicated that this organism was capable of degrading diclofop acid to 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol and/or phenol. The accumulation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in the growth medium, however, suggested that Sphingomonas paucimobilis was unable to utilize this compound as a source of carbon and energy.
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    Degradation of azo dyes containing aminonaphthol by Sphingomonas sp strain 1CX (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 341-346 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: azo dyes; Sphingomonas; biodegradation; sulfanilic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sphingomonas sp strain 1CX was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant and is capable of aerobically degrading a suite of azo dyes, using them as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen. All azo dyes known to be decolorized by strain 1CX (Orange II, Acid Orange 8, Acid Orange 10, Acid Red 4, and Acid Red 88) have in their structure either 1-amino-2-naphthol or 2-amino-1-naphthol. In addition, an analysis of the structures of the dyes degraded suggests that there are certain positions and types of substituents on the azo dye which determine if degradation will occur. Growth and dye decolorization occurs only aerobically and does not occur under fermentative or denitrification conditions. The mechanism by which 1CX decolorizes azo dyes appears to be through reductive cleavage of the azo bond. In the case of Orange II, the initial degradation products were sulfanilic acid and 1-amino-2-naphthol. Sulfanilic acid, however, was not used by 1CX as a growth substrate. The addition of glucose or inorganic nitrogen inhibited growth and decoloration of azo dyes by 1CX. Attempts to grow the organism on chemically defined media containing several different amino acids and sugars as sources of nitrogen and carbon were not successful. Phylogenetic analysis of Sphingomonas sp strain 1CX shows it to be related to, but distinct from, other azo dye-decolorizing Sphingomonas spp strains isolated previously from the same wastewater treatment facility.
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    Sphingomonas herbicidovorans MH: a versatile phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide degrader (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 336-340 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Sphingomonas herbicidovorans MH; phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides; enantioselectivity; transport; α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sphingomonas herbicidovorans MH was isolated from a dichlorprop-degrading soil column. It is able to grow on phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides, such as mecoprop, dichlorprop, 2,4-D, MCPA, and 2,4-DB. Strain MH utilizes both enantiomers of the chiral herbicides mecoprop and dichlorprop as sole carbon and energy sources. Enantiomer-specific uptake systems are responsible for transporting the acidic substrates across the cell membrane. Catabolism is initiated by two enantiomer-specific α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that catalyze the cleavage of the ether bond of the respective enantiomer to yield the corresponding phenol and pyruvate. Therefore selective degradation of the enantiomers of mecoprop and dichlorprop by strain MH is not only due to enantioselective catabolism but also to enantioselective transport.
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    Chemical structure and function of glycosphingolipids of Sphingomonas spp and their distribution among members of the α-4 subclass of Proteobacteria (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 408-413 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Sphingomonas; glycosphingolipid; chemical structure; outer membrane; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sphingomonas spp are phylogenetically placed in the α-4 subclass of Proteobacteria. They have glycosphingolipids (GSL) in their membranes instead of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as in other Gram-negative bacteria. S. paucimobilis, the type species of the genus, has GSL-1, which contains only glucuronic acid (GlcA) as a sugar moiety, and GSL-4A, which contains a tetrasaccharide including GlcA. GSL-1 and GSL-4A form the outer membrane of S. paucimobilis with outer membrane proteins and phospholipids. In the outer membrane, GSLs are assumed to locate and function as does the LPS of other Gram-negative bacteria. Sphingomonas spp closely related to the type species contain both GSL-1 and the oligosaccharide-type GSL such as GSL-4A, but other Sphingomonas spp and other genera in the α-4 subclass of Proteobacteria contain only GSL-1. Structural variations of fatty acids and dihydrosphingosines in the GSL-1 are presented.
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    Planktonic/sessile dimorphism of polysaccharide-encapsulated sphingomonads (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 436-441 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: exopolysaccharide; capsule; motility; dimorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sphingomonads have acquired diverse metabolic activities to inhabit a wide range of environments. Several strains of Sphingomonas display phenotypic dimorphism and can adopt either a planktonic or sessile behavior in liquid media. The sessile state is marked by the presence of a viscous exopolysaccharide capsule. Specific types of these capsular polysaccharides are harvested from large-scale fermentations for use as rheology modifiers in many industrial and food applications. Sensing of environmental stimuli and genetic control over synthesis of the capsule are key events in alternating between these two phenotypes.
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    Beijerinckia sp strain B1: a strain by any other name . . . . . (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 284-293 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biphenyl; naphthalene; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; dioxygenase; cis-dihydrodiol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Beijerinckia sp strain B1 grows with biphenyl as its sole source of carbon and energy. A mutant, strain B8/36, oxidized biphenyl to cis-(2S,3R)-dihydroxy-l-phenylcyclohexa-4,6-diene (cis-biphenyl dihydrodiol). Strain B8/36 oxidized anthracene, phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene to cis-dihydrodiols. Other substrates oxidized to cis-dihydrodiols were dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene and dibenzo-p-dioxin. Biphenyl dioxygenase activity was observed in cells of Beijerinckia B1 and B8/36 after growth in the presence of biphenyl, m-, p-xylene and salicylate. Recent studies have led to the reclassification of Beijerinckia B1 as Sphingomonas yanoikuyae strain B1. Subsequent biotransformation studies showed that S. yanoikuyae B8/36 oxidized chrysene to a bis-cis-diol with hydroxyl substituents at the 3,4- and 9,10-positions. Dihydronaphthalene was oxidized to cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, naphthalene, cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene and 2-hydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene. Anisole and phenetole were oxidized to phenol. Thus the S. yanoikuyae biphenyl dioxygenase catalyzes cis-dihydroxylation, benzylic monohydroxylation, desaturation and dealkylation reactions. To date, the genes encoding biphenyl dioxygenase have not been cloned. However, the nucleotide sequence of a S. yanoikuyaeB1 DNA fragment contains five different α subunits as determined by conserved amino acids coordinating iron in a Rieske [2Fe-2S] center and mononuclear iron at the catalytic site. The specific role of the different putative oxygenases in biotransformation reactions catalyzed by S. yanoikuyae is not known and presents an exciting challenge for future studies.
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    Functional analysis of genes involved in biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and m-xylene degradation by Sphingomonas yanoikuyae B1 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 294-302 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: phenanthrene; naphthalene; biphenyl; xylene; Sphingomonas; biodegradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sphingomonas yanoikuyae B1 is able to utilize toluene, m-xylene, p-xylene, biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and anthracene as sole sources of carbon and energy for growth. A forty kilobase region of DNA containing most of the genes for the degradation of these aromatic compounds was previously cloned and sequenced. Insertional inactivation of bphC results in the inability of B1 to grow on both polycyclic and monocyclic compounds. Complementation experiments indicate that the metabolic block is actually due to a polar effect on the expression of bphA3, coding for a ferredoxin component of a dioxygenase. Lack of the ferredoxin results in a nonfunctional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dioxygenase and a nonfunctional toluate dioxygenase indicating that the electron transfer components are capable of interacting with multiple oxygenase components. Insertional inactivation of a gene for a dioxygenase oxygenase component downstream of bphA3 had no apparent effect on growth besides a polar effect on nahD which is only needed for growth of B1 on naphthalene. Insertional inactivation of either xylE or xylG in the meta-cleavage operon results in a polar effect on bphB, the last gene in the operon. However, insertional inactivation of xylX at the beginning of this cluster of genes does not result in a polar effect suggesting that the genes for the meta-cleavage pathway, although colinear, are organized in at least two operons. These experiments confirm the biological role of several genes involved in metabolism of aromatic compounds by S. yanoikuyae B1 and demonstrate the interdependency of the metabolic pathways for polycyclic and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation.
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    Lessons learned from Sphingomonas species that degrade abietane triterpenoids (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 374-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: abietane; biological treatment; DhA-33; DhA-95; hybridization; RNA:DNA ratio; Sphingomonas; resin acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abietane terpenoid-degrading organisms include Sphingomonas spp which inhabit natural environments and biological treatment systems. An isolate from the high Arctic indicates that these organisms occur far from trees which synthesize abietanes and suggests that some of these organisms can occupy a niche in hydrocarbon-degrading soil communities. Abietane-degrading Sphingomonas spp provide additional evidence that the phylogeny of this genus is independent of the catabolic capabilities of its members. Studies of Sphingomonas sp DhA-33 demonstrate that biological treatment systems for pulp mill effluents have the potential to mineralize abietane resin acids. On the other hand, these studies indicate that some chlorinated dehydroabietic acids are quite recalcitrant. Strain DhA-33 grows relatively well on some chlorinated dehydroabietic acids but transforms others to stable metabolites. Using strain DhA-33, a novel method was developed to measure the metabolic activity of an individual population within a complex microbial community. Oligonucleotide hybridization probes were used to assay the 16S rRNA:rDNA ratio of DhA-33 as it grew in an activated sludge community. However, this method proved not to be sufficiently sensitive to measure naturally occurring resin acid-degrading populations. We propose that the same approach can be modified to use more sensitive assays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900731
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    Characteristics and purification of an oxygen insensitive azoreductase from Caulobacter subvibrioides strain C7-D (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 476-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: azo dyes; Caulobacter subvibriodes; oxygen-insensitive azoreductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An azo dye-degrading bacterium, Caulobacter subvibrioides strain C7-D, semi-constitutively produces an azoreductase that reduced the azo bond of the dyes Acid Orange (AO) 6, AO7, AO8, AO12, Acid Red (AR) 88, AR151, and Methyl Red (MR). This activity was oxygen insensitive. Of the dyes tested, AO7 was the best inducer and the most rapidly reduced substrate suggesting that dye AO7 most closely mimics the natural physiological substrate for this enzyme. The K m for AO7 was 1 μM. Purification of the azoreductase from C. subvibrioides strain C7-D was achieved through dye-ligand affinity chromatography using the dye Orange-A covalently coupled to an agarose support. The azoreductase is approximately 30 kDa and enzyme studies indicate a single azoreductase. The optimal activity, pH, cofactor usage, substrate specificity, molecular weight and K m characteristics of the enzyme set it apart from other known oxygen-insensitive azoreductases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900734
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  • 88
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    The effect of complex carbon and nitrogen, salt, Tween-80 and acetate on delta-endotoxin production by a Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 497-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis; delta-endotoxin; gruel; fish meal; proteases; sodium chloride; sodium acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Delta-endotoxin production by a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstakion complex media based on crude gruel and fish meal was investigated. High proteolytic activities were concomitantly produced with the bioinsecticide. In such complex media, the repressive regulation due to readily consumed carbon sources was partially overcome. In order to improve substrate assimilation, 0.5 g L−1 sodium chloride and 0.1% Tween-80 were supplemented to the production medium, increasing delta-endotoxin yields when using gruel concentrations below 59 g L−1. At and beyond 75 g L−1 gruel, delta-endotoxin yields were not affected in the presence of 0.5 g L−1 NaCl and 0.1% Tween-80, but proteolytic activity yields were remarkably reduced. Thus, the use of sodium chloride and Tween-80 allowed reduction of the initial gruel concentration to 42 g L−1 for the production of 3350 mg L−1 delta-endotoxin, while it was only 3800 mg L−1 with 92 g L−1 gruel. Moreover, similar to 0.5 g L−1 NaCl and 0.1% Tween-80, the use of 10 g L−1 sodium acetate significantly improved delta-endotoxin production and also reduced the proteolytic activity to 250 U ml−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900756
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  • 89
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    Effects of salinity on cell growth and docosahexaenoic acid content of the heterotrophic marine microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 508-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: microalgae; Crypthecodinium cohnii; salinity; fatty acid composition; docosahexaenoic acid; heterotrophic production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of salinity on cell growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of three marine microalgal strains, Crythecodinium cohnii ATCC 30556, C. cohnii ATCC 50051 and C. cohnii RJH were investigated. The lag phases of the three strains increased with increasing salinity in Porphyridium medium. The specific growth rate of C. cohnii ATCC 30556 was the highest at 9 g L−1 NaCl while the other two strains had their highest specific growth rates at 5 g L−1 NaCl. The highest cell dry weight concentrations of 2.51 g L−1 and 1.56 g L−1 were achieved at 9 g L−1 NaCl for C. cohnii ATCC 30556 and ATCC 50051, respectively, while the highest dry weight concentration of 2.49 g L−1 was achieved at 5 g L−1 NaCl for C. cohnii RJH. The highest cell growth yield coefficient on glucose was 0.5 g g−1 for both C. cohnii ATCC 30556 and C. cohnii RJH and 0.45 g g−1 for C. cohnii ATCC 50051. All three strains responded to the change of salinity by modifying their cellular fatty acid compositions. At 9 g L−1 NaCl, C. cohnii ATCC 30556 had the highest total fatty acid content and DHA (C22:6) proportion. In contrast, C. cohnii ATCC 50051 and C. cohnii RJH had the highest DHA content at 5 g L−1 NaCl. C. cohnii ATCC 30556 and ATCC 50051 had the highest DHA yield (131.55 and 68.24 mg L−1 respectively) at 9 g L−1 NaCl while C. cohnii RJH had the highest DHA yield (128.83 mg L−1) at 5 g L−1 NaCl.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900759
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    Theoretical and practical significance of bacteria at interfaces, (Volume 20) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 400-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900653
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  • 91
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    Mud, microbes, and mineralization, (Volume 21) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 439-448 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900657
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  • 92
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    Development of a cloning system for Streptomyces, (Volume 21) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 472-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900660
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  • 93
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    Virus survival and transplant in groundwater, (Volume 24) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 535-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900663
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  • 94
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    Impact of basic research on the practical application of fungal processes, (Volume 22) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 500-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900683
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  • 95
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    The past and future of the society for industrial microbiology, (Volume 1) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900632
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  • 96
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    Conversion of corn fiber to ethanol by recombinant E. coli strain FBR3 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 575-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: alcohol; biofuel; pentoses; corn fiber; ethanologenic; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli strain FBR3 that is an efficient biocatalyst for converting mixed sugar streams (eg, arabinose, glucose, and xylose) into ethanol. In this report, the strain was tested for conversion of corn fiber hydrolysates into ethanol. Corn fiber hydrolysates with total sugar concentrations of 7.5% (w/v) were prepared by reacting corn fiber with dilute sulfuric acid at 145°C. Initial fermentations of the hydrolysate by strain FBR3 had lag times of approximately 30 h judged by ethanol production. Further experiments indicated that the acetate present in the hydrolysate could not solely account for the long lag. The lag phase was greatly reduced by growing the pre-seed and seed cultures on corn fiber hydrolysate. Ethanol yields for the optimized fermentations were 90% of theoretical. Maximum ethanol concentrations were 2.80% w/v, and the fermentations were completed in approximately 50 h. The optimal pH for the fermentation was 6.5. Below this pH, sugar consumption was incomplete and above it, excess base addition was required throughout the fermentation. Two alternative neutralization methods (overliming and overliming with sulfite addition) have been reported for improving the fermentability of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. These methods further reduced the lag phase of the fermentation, albeit by a minor amount.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900628
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    Fermentation production of keratinase from Bacillus licheniformisPWD-1 and a recombinant B. subtilis FDB-29 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 608-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: keratinase production; fermentation; Bacillus; recombinant strain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1, the parent strain, and B. subtilis FDB-29, a recombinant strain. In both strains, keratinase was induced by proteinaceous media, and repressed by carbohydrates. A seed culture of B. licheniformis PWD-1 at early age, 6–10 h, is crucial to keratinase production during fermentation, but B. subtilis FDB-29 is insensitive to the seed culture age. During the batch fermentation by both strains, the pH changed from 7.0 to 8.5 while the keratinase activity and productivity stayed at high levels. Control of pH, therefore, is not necessary. The temperature for maximum keratinase production is 37°C for both strains, though B. licheniformis is thermophilic and grows best at 50°C. Optimal levels of dissolved oxygen are 10% and 20% for B. licheniformis and B. subtilis respectively. A scale-up procedure using constant temperature at 37°C was adopted for B. subtilis. On the other hand, a temperature-shift procedure by which an 8-h fermentation at 50°C for growth followed by a shift to 37°C for enzyme production was used for B. licheniformis to shorten the fermentation time and increase enzyme productivity. Production of keratinase by B. licheniformis increased by ten-fold following this new procedure. After respective optimization of fermentation conditions, keratinase production by B. licheniformis PWD-1 is approximately 40% higher than that by B. subtilis FDB-29.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900667
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  • 98
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    Pullulan production from deproteinized whey by Aureobasidium pullulans (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 617-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: pullulan; deproteinized whey; Aureobasidium pullulans; mixed culture; shake flask culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aureobasidium pullulans P56 was investigated using an adaptation technique and a mixed culture system. The adaptation of A. pullulans and the mixed cultures of A. pullulans and/or Lactobacillus brevisX20, Debaryomyces hansenii 194 and Aspergillus niger did not increase the production of polysaccharide. Enzymic hydrolysis of lactose in deproteinized whey gave a higher polysaccharide concentration and polysaccharide yield than acidic hydrolysed lactose. Maximum polysaccharide concentration (11.0 ± 0.5 g L−1), biomass dry weight (10.5 ± 0.4 g L−1), polysaccharide yield (47.2 ± 1.8%) and sugar utilization (93.2 ± 2.8%) were achieved using enzyme-hydrolysed whey (pH 6.5) containing 25 g L−1 lactose and supplemented with K2HPO4 0.5%, L-glutamic acid 1%, olive oil 2.5%, and Tween 80 0.5%. In this case the pullulan content of the crude polysaccharide was 40%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900675
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    Keyword index to Volume 22 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 638-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900702
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  • 100
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    Genetic engineering of doxorubicin production in Streptomyces peucetius: a review (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 647-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: anthracyclines; antibiotic resistance; antitumor drug; biosynthesis; daunorubicin; industrial fermentation; metabolite overproduction; streptomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The genetics and biochemistry of daunorubicin and doxorubicin production by Streptomyces peucetius is reviewed, with a focus on how such information can be used for the genetic engineering of strains having improved titers of these two antitumor antibiotics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900673
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