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  • Articles  (149)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (149)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (149)
  • 1985-1989  (149)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1986  (149)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (95)
  • Geosciences  (54)
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  • Articles  (149)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (149)
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  • 1985-1989  (149)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 111-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100109
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of axial pile-soil interaction in clay (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 367-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A method for predicting the maximum mobilized side resistance and unit shaft resistance-displacement curves (load transfer functions) on piles in clay is described. The method was derived using a numerical solution to model pile installation effects and a finite element scheme to model pile loading. Results of three well-documented pile load tests on steel piles were used to develop intermediate steps and final solutions, and the method was verified by comparing predicted results to two other load tests. An expression is proposed to represent load transfer functins for use by practitioners for the design of bridge and other foundations in clay.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100403
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinematics of axisymmetric vertical slopes at collapse (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 431-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper discusses the kinematic admissibility of axisymmetric velocity fields for the upper bound stability analysis of slopes surrounding cylindrical openings in frictional materials. The governing kinematic equations for two corner regimes of the Mohr-Coulomb yield condition are analysed. Although the equations can be solved by the method of characteristics, the characteristics and the characteristic relations for each regime differ significantly, for the Haar-von Karman regime the characteristics are non-orthogonal and strong discontinuities are admissible, whereas for the other regime the characteristics are orthogonal and strong discontinuities must be excluded. Examples of simple velocity fields and the corresponding stability numbers are, given and compared with the partial collapse mechanisms. The solutions are verified against certain inequalities which must be satisfied for kinematical admissibility of axisymmetric velocity fields.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100407
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time dependence of axial pile response (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 449-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This communication describes an approximate method for generalizing homogeneous, linearly elastic, subgrade type solutions of axial pile response to account for soil creep behaviour. The method is very simple to apply and can be used in conjunction with either analytical or numerical elastic solutions. Exact solutions for limiting cases and finite difference solutions in both space and time are presented to confirm that errors introduced by the approximations are small. Because of the theoretical basis of this approach it is anticipated that method can be used with other pile problems, lateral and axial, for both subgrade adn continuum idealizations. Methods for generalizing the results to more complex conditions such as non-homogeneity or time varying loads are given.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100409
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of u - w and u - π finite element methods for the dynamic response of saturated porous media using one-dimensional models (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 461-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100502
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100601
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A boundary integral equation technique for visco-elastic stress analysis (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 585-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: On the basis of the correspondence principle of visco-elasticity, an application is discussed of the boundary integral equation method to the solution of time-dependent stress analysis problems. The adopted solution technique, in addition to the time-dependent stress and strain distributions, enables the determination of a measure of the error affecting the numerical results. The governing equations for the plane strain visco-elastic problem are derived with reference to a generalized Kelvin model consisting of the series of any number of simple kelvin elements, having both volumetric and deviatoric components. To get some insight into the overall performance of the technique, the results obtained in the solution of some test examples are discussed and compared with those dering from the available closed from solutions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100604
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference diary (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 667-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100608
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A large strain theory for the two dimensional problems in geomechanics (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An incremental finite element formulation for elasto-plastic bodies subjected to large strains and large displacements is presented in this paper. The formulation is in Lagrangian co-ordinates (material description) and the plasticity model employed is the extended von Mises. The bearing capacity of a strip footing and the stability of an earth slope illustrate the applicability of this theory.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100103
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference diary (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 113-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100110
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of a point sink embedded in a porous elastic half space (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 137-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Closed-form solutions are presented for the steady-state distributions of displacement, pore pressure and stress around a point sink embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half space. These solutions have been evaluated for a typical case of a sink (pump) buried in sand and the magnitude of the settlement of the ground surface has been estimated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100204
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An integral method for predicting hydraulic fracture propagation driven by gases or liquids (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 191-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Hydraulic fracture propagation is predicted by a general numerical procedure which satisfies the transport equations in a global or integral sense over the entire fracture and over a small control volume near the leading edge. At each discrete time step the pressure distribution is selected from a four-parameter family of profiles such that the stress intensity is equal to the critical value at the tip of the fracture and the integral equations are satisfied. Comparisons with previous analytical and, numerical solutions indicate accuracy within 10 per cent for a variety of test problems include wedge-shaped and envelope-shaped fractures, laminar and turbulent flows, incompressible liquids and ideal gases, permeable and impermeable media, prescribed inlet pressure and prescribed flow rates. CPU time is typically a few seconds for a tenfold increase in fracture length. The method has been applied to explosively driven and propellant-driven gas fracturing problems as well as the traditional pump-driven hydraulic fracturing problem.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100207
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    The behaviour of an impermeable flexible raft on a deep layer of consolidating soil (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 311-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Analytic solutions to the problem of the time-settlement behaviour of raft foundations have been limited in the past to flexible or rigid loadings, and have treated the foundation as being completely permeable. In this paper, solutions are presented for smooth circular rafts of any flexibility causing consolidation of a deep homogeneous clay layer, where the raft may be considered permeable or impermeable.Results for the time-dependent behaviour of contact stresses, pore pressures, raft displacements and moment in the raft are presented.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100305
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference diary (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 343-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100307
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    A numerical study of the effects of wall deformation on earth pressures (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 383-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: When designing any earth retaining structure it is necessary to estimate the limiting earth pressures. This is usually achieved by assuming a linear pressure distrigution and by using active and passive pressure coefficients obtained by either limit equilibrium, stress field solutions of limit analysis. These coefficients are approximate in a theoretical sense, do not distinguish between modes of wall movement, and provide no pre-failure information. In practice, wall movements are dependent on the construction method and support conditions provided. Any effect of such movements on earth pressures is therefore of practical interest. In this paper the finite element method is used to investigate the effect of the mode of wall movement on the generation of earth pressure. Both smooth and rough walls are considered. It is shown that the distribution of earth pressure is highly dependent on the assumed mode of deformation. The resultant forces on the wall are also affected, but to a lesser degree. The, effect of soil dilatation, the initial horizontal stress and the distribution of soil stiffness with depth are also examined.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100404
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100501
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary potentials in cylindrical electro-osmotic cells (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 555-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A review of literature reveals that regardless of the configuration of electro-osmotic cells, all previous laboratory investigations and interpretations have been based on the assumption of a constant potential gradient in the specimen. Appropriate solutions for electrical potentials for cylindrical cells are presented in this paper.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100507
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    The behaviour of layered soil or rock containing a decaying heat source (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 501-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Solutions are presented for the behaviour of layered soil or rock deposits which contain a heat source. Such a problem arises when high level nuclear waste is placed in deep underground depositaries, as the waste continues to generate heat for many years after placement. This heating of the surrounding soil or rock may lead to expansion and cracking with subsequent contamination of ground water. Results are presented for heat soureces with different decay rates and for heat sources in layers of material with different coefficients of expansion. An example using realistic data for rock is also given.The solution method involves applying Fourier or Hankel transforms to the field quantities and this reduces the two-dimensional or axisymmetric problem to one involving a single spatial dimension. In cases where the soil or rock is horizontally layered, the method has great advantages over other numerical methods such as finite element or finite difference techniques, since little computer storage and data preparation time is required.Solution of the time-dependent problem is carried out by applying Laplace transforms to the field variables, obtaining solutions and then using numerical means to invert the transformed solutions. This enables easy solution of problems involving time-dependent (i.e. decaying) heat sources.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100504
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalized displacements of a rigid elliptical anchor embedded at a bi-material geological interface (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 633-652 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The present paper examines the class of problems related to a flat rigid anchoring region which is embedded at a geological interface. The analysis focuses on the evaluation of the elastic stiffness of the embedded anchor. A boundary element technique is used estimate the axial, rotational and translational stiffnesses of the anchor. These estimates are compared with a set of bounds which are evaluated in exact closed form. These bounds are obtained by invoking kinematic and/or traction constraintsat the geological interface. The numerical results presented in the paper illstrate the manner in which the various stiffnesses of the anchoring region are influenced by the elastic properties of the surrounding geological media.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100606
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Effective stress analysis of seismic site response (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 653-665 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A procedure is presented which allows site response analyses to be performed with any general multidimensional finite element analysis package. Numerical results which corrorate the theory are presented. Also, as an illustration of the procedure, results of an effective stress analysis for the scismic response and liquefaction of a horizontally layered saturated sand deposit are presented.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100607
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Announcements (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 344-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100308
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  • 22
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    Numerical Laplace-Fourier transform inversion technique for layered-soil consolidation problems: I. Fundamental solutions and validation (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 347-365 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A numericl method for solving consolidation problems of layered soils is developed. Starting from the governing differential equations for the coupled poro-elastic medium, the governing partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations by means of the appropriate displacement functions and Laplace-Fourier transformation. Once the fundamental solution in the transformed domain has been found, the solution in the physical domain is obtained by numerically inverting the transformations. A series of soil consolidation problems have been solved and validated against existing solutions in order to compare the feasibility and the accuracy of the present technique.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100402
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  • 23
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    Two-dimensional consolidation analysis using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive equation (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A two-dimensional consolidation analysis of clay deposits was made with an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model and Biot's consolidation theory. One- and two-dimensional consolidation problems were analysed numerically by the finite element and finite difference methods. Results show that the proposed method can describe the effect of sample thickness and aging on consolidation phenomena. The two-dimensional behaviour of a clay foundation during the construction of embankments also was simulated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100102
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  • 24
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    Vibration of a rigid footing - a finite model for the elastic half space (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 73-89 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A problem common to most numerical methods of analysing the vibration of a rigid body on an elastic half space is indentified especially as regards the arbitrary truncation of the semi-infinite half space or the numerically expensive computations involved in some of the methods. This paper presents a boundary integral equation (BIE) method of defining a finite domain to replace the half space and consists of evaluating the BIE over the domain. A mathematical justification is provided for defining the domain, and the error involved in such truncation of the half space in shown to be small. Yet the computations are very cheap owing to the simple trigonometric/algebraic functions involved in the BIE. The accuracy of the method is quite commendable especially as seen from the results presented for the circular foundation for which analytical and experimental solutions are available for comparison.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100106
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  • 25
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    Finite layer analysis of viscoelastic layered materials (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 415-430 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A method is presented for obtaining the creep settlement of strip or circular loadings applied to horizontally layered soil profiles. The solution method involves applying a fourier (strip loading) or Hankel (circular loading) transform to the governing equations, which reduces the two of three dimensional problem to one involving a single spatial demension. This leads to great savings in computer storage and data preparation time, and since an exact solution may be found for each layer of material, the method has advantages over conventional finite layer techniques where field quantities must be approximated at a number of positions within each layer.The type of formulation presented hearein makies it possible to work in terms of the creep functions of the soil rather than the relaxation functions. This has distinct advantages, as it is often easier to measure the creep behaviour of a soil in the laboratory.Numerical techniques are used to invert the laplace and Hankel transforms and this means that any type of creep function (which is invertible) may be used to describe the material properties of the soil.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100406
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  • 26
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    Conference diary (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 459-459 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100410
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  • 27
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    A plasticity model for the mechanical behaviour of anisotropically consolidated clay (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 521-541 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An incremental plasticity theory has been developed to describe the mechanical behaviour of anisotropically consolidated clays. The theory removes some of the shortcomings of the existing critical state models by incorporating the effects of the initial anisotropy due to a known depositional stress history and its subsequent alteration during further plastic deformation under a general stress system.From the extensive comparisons with the reported results in the literature, it is established that the model is satisfactory in predicting the various aspects of drained as well as undrained behaviour of K0-consolidated clays.
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    A probabilistic permeability model and the pore size density function (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 543-553 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Mathematical interpretation of the pore size disribution (PSD) data as measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry was revealed in detail. The PSD data were commonly presented as cumulative intruded volume per gram of specimen versus pore size. In this paper, however, they were expressed in a dimensionless term for convenient mathematical operations. The pore size density function was deduced from the PSD data using the finite difference approximation and curve-fitting technique. For the prediction of permeability, first the published correlations between permeability and pore geometry were critically reviewed. A probabilistic permeability model based on the pore size density function was then developed, which can be thought of as a generalization of Childs and Collis-George's model. Predictions of permeability of the compacted soils studied using the developed model were very good for a wide range of permeabilities.
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    Announcements (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 564-568 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100509
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    Response of poroelastic halfspace to steady-state harmonic surface tractions (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 609-632 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Traditionally, most formulations of dynamic halfspace problems have represented the material as either an elastic or a viscoelastic solid. Herein the counterpart of Lamb's elastodynamic problem is reformulated and solved for a liquid-saturated poroelastic halfspace using Biot's theory of poroelasticity. The responses of the solid and fluid phases are evaluated due to steady-state harmonic concentrated loads applied to each phase at the surface. The solutions are presented over a broad range of permeabilities and are compared to solutions to Lamb's problem for equivalent drained and undrained solids. Methodology is then introduced by which these results are treated as Green functions for the solution of a mixed boundary-value problem. namely, the response of the poroelastic halfspace to steady-state harmonic vertical motion of a rigid. massless plate. It is observed that small differences exist among overall compliance functions for a drained solid, an undrained solid, and a liquid-saturated porous, halfspace. However, use of the poroelastic model permits the distribution between effective skeletal normal stresses and fluid stresses to be determined.
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    Analysis of vertically loaded pile groups (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 59-72 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An approach is presented for the analysis of linear and non-linear responses of vertically loaded pile groups. The soil behaviour of individual piles in modelled using load-transfer curves and the pile-soil-pile interaction is determined based on Mindlin's solution. Good agreement between the present method of analysis and the rigorous boundary integral method is observed for the computation of the response of pile groups embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half-space. The computed non-linear response of pile groups compares favourably with measured results from field load tests.
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    A hierarchical approach for constitutive modelling of geologic materials (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 225-257 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A hierarchical concept is proposed for the development of constitutive models to account for various factors that influence behaviour of (geologic) materials. It permits evolution of models of progressively higher grades from the basic model representing isotropic hardening with associative behaviour. Factors such as non-associativeness and induced anisotropy due to friction and cyclic loading, and softening are introduced as corrections or perturbations to the basic model. The influence of these factors is captured through non-associativeness manifested by deviation from normality of the plastic strain increments to the yield surface, F. Details of four models: isotropic hardening with associative behaviour, isotropic hardening with non-associative behavioural anisotropic hardening and strain-softening with a damage variable are presented. They are verified with respect to laboratory multiaxial test data under various paths of loading, unloading and reloading for typical soils, rock and concrete. The proposed concept is general, yet sufficiently simplified in terms of physical understanding, number of constants and their physical meanings, determination of the constants and implementation.
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986) 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100201
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    Limits to the Jaumann stress rate (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 151-176 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper it is shown that the Jaumann stress rate is not accurate for moderate deformations with deviatoric strains of more than 10 per cent; in such cases the objective stress rate is better calculated using the material rotation rate as calculated by polar decomposition. For very large deformations of granular materials this approach becomes invalid too because then the fabric tends to rotate together with principal stresses. Apparently in general the fabric rotation of a granular material cannot be described by continuum mechanics alone. For the numerical calculation of the material rotation for moderate deformations a numerical subroutine, based on polar decomposition, has been developed.
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    Finite element analysis of mechanisms of pile group behaviour (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 213-221 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Solutions are presented for the non-linear load-settlement behaviour of square-configuration pile groups. The groups are represented by an equivalent axially symmetric model, and a non-linear finite element is used to examine the mechanisms of group behaviour and their variation with pile spacing. It is shown that, at close spacings, the block failure mechanism occurs, with significant plastic zones being developed below the group and full pile-soil slip only being developed along the outer piles. As the pile spacing increases, the failure mechanism gradually changes to the ‘single-pile’ mode, whereby full pile-soil slip occurs along all piles. Within the limitations of accuracy of the finite element solution, the values of group settlement ratio and efficiency are in reasonable agreement with values derived from existing theories.
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986) 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100301
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986) 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100101
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    Three-dimensional analysis of a pile-group foundation (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 41-58 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A non-linear three-dimensional finite element procedur is developed and applied for the analysis of pile group foundations. The numerical procedure allows for elastic, non-linear elastic and elastic-plastic hardening behaviour of sand. In order to include the interaction effects involving relative slip and debonding, the thin-layer interface element is used. The predictions for displacements and loads obtained from the numerical procedure are compared with laboratory model test results of a pile group. Displacements, stresses and forces distribution in various components of the pile group are also examined. Furthermore, the effects of the non-linear soil response and relative motions at the interface are indentified and discussed.
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    Mixed time integration for the transient analysis of jointed media (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 91-110 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A constitutive operator split method with implicit-explicit time integration is presented for the transient analysis of rigid block models of jointed media. The linear portion of the joint constitutive law is integrated by an implicit method and the non-linear, time dependent portion is integrated by an explicit method. The method features the stability of implicit procedures as well as the flexibility of explicit procedures for non-linear problems. The solutions obtained with this method are compared to the solutions obtained by the explicit central difference method; in all cases there is good to excellent agreement. For some problems, particularly for those with low frequency excitation, it is shown that the implicit-explicit method can result in a substantial savings over more conventional explicit methods.
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    Analysis of excavations in jointed rock of infinite extent (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 125-136 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The subject of this work is the development of a code to study the behaviour of stratified and jointed rock masses around underground excavations. The rock mass is divided into two types of regions, one which is supposed to exhibit linear elastic behaviour and which may extend to infinity, and the other which will include discontinuities that behave inelastically. The former has been simulated by a symmetric direct, boundary integral, plane strain, quadratic, orthotropic module, and the latter by quadratic plane strain, membrane and inelastic joint elements. The two modules are coupled in one program. Sequences of loading include static point, pressure, body and residual loads, construction and excavation sequences, and quasi-static earthquake load. The programe is interactive, with graphics. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the method.
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    Conference diary (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 223-223 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100209
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    Influence of a wall system on the interaction between soil and foundation plates (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 283-309 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The paper considers the influence of a building wall system on the interaction between the soil and the foundation plate. A simplified semi-analytical finite element method gives an economical solution for large three-dimensional soil-structure interaction problems. The simplified method appears to be sufficiently accurate for engineering purposes.Numerical results presented show significant influence of building walls on the foundation-plate-soil interaction.
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986) 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100401
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    Stratified subsoil modelled by a cross-anisotripic elastic half-space (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 407-414 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method of analysing horizontally stratified subsoil by using as a substiutive model a homogeneous anisotropic elastic half-space is presented. the material parameters for the substitutive model are dependent on the geometric and mechanical properties of the stratified soil.
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    Rheological behaviour effects of non-Newtonian fracturing fluids on propagation of a vertical hydraulic fracture (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 443-448 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This communication investigates the effects fo the non-Newtonian behaviour of the fracturing fluids in the hydraulic fracturing mechanism. These effects are illustrated on the propagation of a vertical hydraulic fracture into an oil reservoir, in which the fracturing fluid is of power law and of pseudo-plastic type. The analytical solutions for evaluating the fracture lengrhs are presented for the cdases of large fluid loss and for no fiuid loss. The results obtained should be useful in the design of fracture treatments, permitting the finding of the rheological properties of the injected fluid for obtaining the desired fracture length and width.
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    Evaluation of higher order, mixed and Hermitean finite element procedures for dynamic analysis of saturated porous media using one-dimensional models (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 483-499 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Conference diary (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 563-563 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Announcements (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. i 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    A hybrid boundary element-finite element analysis procedure for fluid flow simulation in fractured rock masses (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 569-584 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Extension of numerical techniques to the analysis of fissure flow in three-dimensional rock masses of realistic complexity and extent constitutes an important facility in civil engineering and resource exploitation practice. Migration velocities of contaminants and fluid discharge will always be higher for a true three-dimensional network over a two-dimensional representation in that the effect of critical, out-of-plane intersections may be correctly accommodated. Revised direct boundary element formulations are developed that are capable of discretizing individual fissure discs and their intersections with adjacent fissures. Discretization coverage, by definition, is limited to the fissure edges and internal intersections, with this factor alone being a major advantage of the technique over the more conventionally utilized domain methods. Appropriate manipulation of the resulting set of equations is shown to yield a fully populated, positive definite, symmetric tensor representing the geometric conductivity of a single fissure disc. The retained degrees-of-freedom for the ‘super element’ are purely in terms of the fissure intersections with a minimum of 1 degree-of-freedom required per intersection. Global matrix assembly and solution is accomplished by standard finite element techniques, the global matrix being, in general, sparsely populated. The procedure is ideally suited to micro-computer solution in that a reduced degree-of-freedom system is obtained from a much larger and computationally, intractable system. The advantages of boundary solution procedures are realized with minimal data input requirements and effective representation of high potential gradients. The sparsely populated and symmetric from of the global matrix retains one of the more favourable assets of the secondary finite element formulation.
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    Boundary integral equation methods in eigenvalue problems of elastodynamics and thin plates, Michiro Kitahara, Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444 42447-4 (vol. 10). Number of pages: 281 (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 111-111 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    An analytical solution to the design of precast concrete pavements (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 115-123 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Precast concrete pavement units are used in areas with low subgrade CBR values and high static and dynamic loadings. Unlike flexible pavements and rigid pavements, there are no design charts from which pavement engineers can design precast concrete pavements. The author has investigated analytically the relative importance of the factors affecting the ultimate stress and subgrade bearing pressures in precast concrete pavements. Presenting the results in graphical form, the design charts are used toillustrate the new design method.
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    Dynamic stability analysis of undrained simple shear on water-saturated granular soils (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 177-190 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Dynamic stability of undrained, simple-shear deformations on water-saturated granular soil specimens is discussed. The soil is described by a 2D-flow theory of plasticity for frictional and dilatant material. Contractant material becomes unstable (liquefies) at the state of maximum shear stress, whereas dilatant material becomes unstable after the state of maximum effective stress obliquity is reached in the softening regime of the background drained behaviour. In both cases the correct evolution equations for the growth coefficient of the instability are derived and compared with the results of the inertia-free formulation of the problem.
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    Stability analysis of an advanced vault excavation with unlined invert according to the finite element methodTranslation of the paper ‘Standsicherheitsuntersuchung eines Kalottenvortriebs mit offener Sohle nach der FE-Methode’, Geotechnik, 4 (1985). (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 259-281 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper attempts to present questions associated with the stability of advanced vault excavations which are driven according to the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) without lining of the temporary invert. The dimensions of the investigated cross-section correspond to those of the tunnels driven on the new high-speed tracks for the German Federal Railways. Two possible modes of failure are investigated with the aid of continuum mechanics analyses according to the finite element method. Reference is made to structural measures which may positively influence the stability of this construction stage. Furthermore, the manner in which the stress-strain behaviour of a horizontal alternating sequence with open vertical discontinuities may be taken into consideration in a continuum mechanics analysis is also demonstrated. The analysis results presented clearly show that the load-carrying action of the rock mass which characterizes the NATM may be better described by rock mechanics analyses according to the finite element method than by conventional procedures.
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    Comparison of transmitting boundaries in dynamic finite element analyses using explicit time integration (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 329-342 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Explicit time integration schemes provide an efficient solution to non-linear dynamic finite element analyses of geotechnical problems especially when high frequency response is important. Such explicit time integration schemes require one of two distinct transmitting boundary formulations to overcome the problem of radiation damping. These are the superposition boundary approach, which involves the cancellation of the reflected waves by combining the solutions of two different boundary conditions and the viscous boundary approach, which involves the absorption of incident wave energy by frequency independent viscous dashpots. The theoretical justification of these two approaches and their means of implementation are reviewed. The solutions obtained using the two different boundary approaches to the problem of a rigid massless circular footing vibrating on an elastic half-space are compared with an independent theoretical solution. The performance of the boundaries for problems involving step loading is also examined and the implications for any loading pattern with a non-zero time average are discussed.
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    Retrieval of thick sections from glass for high-voltage electron microscopy (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 69-71 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040201
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    A modified goodman's technique for obtaining rocking-beam type patterns (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 343-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: TEM ; CBED ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A new method was developed for convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) and large angle convergent beam electron diffraction (LACBED) in the JEM-100CXII. This method is obtained in the imaging mode using the defocus objective lens and by re-setting condenser-2. A multi-dark field CBED pattern was achieved in two ways.
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    Specimen handling and data interpretation in x-ray microanalysis of frozen hydrated etched gastrointestinal tract (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 371-379 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Low temperature ; Microanalysis ; Duodenum ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Low temperature scanning electron microscopy of mammalian tissue allows microanalysis data and morphological results to be considered together, without the risk of elemental diffusion introduced by liquid fixatives and processing agents. The technique, however, is time consuming and there are many areas where errors are possible and standardization of technique is advisable. The present paper describes some of the problems inherent in handling frozen tissue and comparison is made between microanalytical measurements from luminal contents and those from villous epithelium.
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    Fracture - Permeation: A technique to assess cytoplasm compactness after glutaraldehyde-fixation (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 385-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Freeze-fracture ; Ferritin ; Cytoplasmic matrix ; glutaraldehyde ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have developed a method - “fracture-permeation” - to assess the compactness of the cytoplasm in glutaraldehyde-fixed cells. Cells or tissues are fixed in glutaraldehyde, impregnated with glycerol, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The cells are freeze-fractured, thawed, deglycerinated, and immersed in concentrated solutions of globular proteins. In initial experiments, we used native ferritin (NF) to permeate model matrices made of bovine serum albumin (BSA). We show that permeation depends on the concentraion of proteins within the cross-linked matrix: NF permeates matrices made from 10 or 15% (w/v) BSA solutions but do not permeate matrices made from solutions with 20% (w/v) protein or more. With freeze-fractured cells, ferritin molecules were unable to permeate the cross-linked cytoplasm of fungal zoospores and cysts, used here as examples of resting cells. In human lymphocytes from peripheral blood, permeation of ferritin was limited or absent, but it became massive in cells activated by phytohemagglutinin. Massive permeation of ferritin was also observed within the cytoplasmic matrix of other active cells (fungal sporangia, germinating cysts). In the examined resting cells, glutaraldehyde crosslinks the proteins into a dense matrix that effectively excludes ferritin (diameter 12 nm). These findings cannot be explained by models that envisage all cytoplasmic proteins congregated into a single-phase microtrabecular lattice with the nature and dimensions proposed by Porter and co-workers. We conclude that compactness of the cytoplasm matrix depends on the physiological state of the cell: It varies through differentiation and is related to the degree of cellular activity.
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    An improved specimen carrier for large-scale embedment with lowicryl (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 73-74 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Preface (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 81-87 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Section IV: Digital processing methods for structural analysis in high resolution electron microscopy (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 113-125 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Professor Hashimoto and the theory of two-beam lattice fringes (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 131-133 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Lattice fringes ; Planar interfaces ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A simple theory is presented to explain the origin of two-beam lattice fringes and to show how they can be used to derive the displacement vector of planar interfaces. The theory may have some value for pedagogical purposes since it provides some insight and emphasizes the similarity with optical interference experiments.
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    Bas-relief for enhancement of photomicrographs (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 369-370 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Biography of Hatsjiro Hashimoto (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 3-3 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030103
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    The process of amorphization induced by electron irradiation in alloys (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 45-56 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: High voltage electron microscopy ; High resolution electron microscopy ; Amorphous ; Amorphization ; Niti alloy ; Mosaic block ; Electron irradiation damage ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Amorphization induced by electron irradiation in Ni-50 at% Ti crystals has been investigated by electron microscopy. In order to clarify successive stages of amorphization, micrographs were taken in vairous regions where the total dose of electrons was continuously changed. Contrast was manipulated by changing the reflecting condition. Results obtained are summarized as follows: (a) Amorphization occurs inhomogenously; (b) there is a critical size, i.e., about 5 nmø in the crystals, for observing sharp lattice images in small blocks; (c) lattice images change to short and wavy fringe contrasts when the block size becomes smaller than the critical one, and finally they disappear; and (d) boundary contrast of the blocks rapidly decreases with decreasing size, and is hardly observed when the size becomes smaller than the critical one. Based on the results, the cause of abnormal fringe contrasts in fine blocks, the amorphization process, and atomic structures of amorphous materials are discussed.
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    Electron diffraction phenomena observed with a high resolution STEM instrument (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 25-44 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron diffraction ; Scanning transmission electron microscopy ; Microdiffraction ; In-line holography ; Small particles ; Crystal structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Because of the high brightness of the cold field emission source used in a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instrument, it is possible to focus electrons to a cross-over of width 3Å or less and, with a suitable detection system, to obtain diffraction patterns from specimen regions of this size or greater. Coherent interference effects are visible in shadow images (in-line holograms) and in convergent beam diffraction patterns. Special techniques have been developed for gathering information from the diffraction patterns for application to the study of the structures of crystal defects, crystal surfaces and small particles. Possibilities have been explored for holographic reconstruction from shadow images.
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    Announcement (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    A comparison of unidirectional and rotary metal evaporation shadowing by computer simulation (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 169-176 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Shadowing ; Unidirectional ; Rotary ; Computer simulations ; Screening ; Void space ; Resolution ; Interpretation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This work employs a Fortran program to simulate rotary shadowing, that is, metal evaporation deposits in which the substrate is rotating during the deposition process. The results are compared with computer simulations of unidirectional shadowing published in a previous paper. (See Colquhoun et al., 1985). The analysis shows that a substantial improvement in resolution is possible with rotary shadowing. The improved information retrieval amounts to ∼15% with a shadow angle of 33° and ∼37% with a shadow angle of 8°. Unidirectional shadowing results in a grain linearity; the computer simulations show that this undesirable effect is eliminated by the rotary process.These advantages of rotary shadowing are discussed along with the more straight forward interpretability of the rotary shadowed images. These advantages are weighed against the higher contrast generated by the unidirectional shadowing process.
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    Detection and identification of viruses by electron microscopy (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 265-301 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Diagnostic virology ; Clinical virology ; Clinical electron microscopy ; EM techniques ; Virus morphology ; Virus identification ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Electron microscopy can aid in the rapid diagnosis of viral diseases, as it can be performed in a matter of hours, but on a routine basis it should be used in conjunction with other techniques. Initially, the specimen source and patient symptoms should be ascertained, as these will lend suggestions of possible agents while eliminating others; however, this information should not be allowed to prejudice observation in such a way as to cause oversight of an unlikely pathogen. Second, selection of the method of preparation should be based on sample consistency; extraction, debris clarification, concentration, tissue culture amplification, or embedment may be necessary. Finally, false-positive results must be avoided by differentiating viruses from cell organelles or debris, mycoplasmal or bacterial contamination, and bacteriophages.
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040401
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    Comparison of polyethylene glycol and diethylene glycol distearate embedding methods for the preservation of fungal cytoskeletons (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 347-360 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Fungus ; Embedment-free sections ; Freeze substitution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Hyphae of the fungus Basidiobolus magnus were embedded in extractable polyethylene glycol (PEG) or diethylene glycol distearate (DGD) to prepare embedment-free sections in order to seek components of the cytoskeleton that may be obscured in epoxy-embedded sections. All methods showed that hyphae possess an intricate filamentous matrix, which is apparently unoriented. However, the appearance of the cytoskeleton depended on the embedding medium, the solvent used during embedding, and whether cells were fixed by conventional fixation or freeze-substitution. PEG proved to be the best embedding medium for fungal cells because DGD caused cell shrinkage and produced a more lamellar than filamentous matrix. Also, the cytoskeletal filaments were clearer in freeze-substituted cells than in conventionally-fixed cells. Since we failed to find microtubules in the embedment-free sections, we re-embedded cells in Epon to discern whether microtubules or other cytoplasmic components had changed. Neither PEG nor DGD adequately preserved microtubules as compared to regular Epon-embedded sections, and other cellular structures were significantly altered. Therefore, alternative methods need to be employed to further characterize fungal cytoskeletons.
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    Ultrastructural patterns of ferritin permeation into glutaraldehyde-fixed freeze-fractured sarcomeres characterize stages of contraction in striated muscle (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 329-342 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Fracture-permeation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We show that “fracture - permeation” - a method developed to assess the compactness of the cytoplasm - can establish the distribution of intermolecular spaces in the sarcomeres of glutaraldehyde-fixed striated muscle. As examples of striated muscle, we use sartorius muscle from toad (Bufo marinus) and papillary cardiac muscle from the left ventricle of Sprague - Dawley rats. Tissues were fixed in glutaraldehyde, frozen, cross-fractured in liquid nitrogen, and thawed. Tissue fragments were immersed in concentrated solutions of native ferritin (30% w/v). Random fractures gave ferritin direct access to all regions of the sarcomere. We show that a sequence of four qualitatively distinct patterns of ferritin distribution is associated to a progressive sequence of sarcomere lengths. The correspondence between sarcomere lengths and patterns of ferritin permeation permits the recognition of sarcomeres in rigor (no penetration of ferritin), stretched (penetration into the I band and H zone), or at rest length (penetration restricted to the I band). Similar patterns of ferritin permeation can also be recognized in oblique sections. In cardiac muscle, ferritin permeates into the A bands of contracted sarcomeres and shows an increase in disorder within the filament lattice during contraction. The patterns of ferritin permeation observed in sarcomeres in rigor, stretched, or at rest length are those predicted from changes in filament overlapping proposed by Huxley's “sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.” Our results illustrate the power of fracture-permeation to investigate intermolecular distances in cytoplasmic matrices.
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    Preparation of lithium specimens for transmission electron microscopy (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 381-383 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Chemical polishing ; Double tilt vacuum specimen holder ; Electron beam irradiation ; In situ growth of crystals ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A method of preparing undeformed thin lithium specimens for TEM is described. A solution of dehydrated methanol and toluene is used both for initial dishing of the foil by chemical polishing and also for final thinning. Under electron beam irradiation in the TEM, new pure Li crystals can grow out of the existing Li specimen. These in situ crystals can be used for the study of the microstructure and electronic structure of Li using TEM and electron energy loss spectrometry.
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    A survey of ultra-rapid cryofixation methods with particular emphasis on applications to freeze-fracturing, freeze-etching, and freeze-substitution (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 177-240 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Announcement (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 315-315 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Freezing and drying of biological tissues with a toggle-link helium freezer and an improved freeze-drying apparatus: Application to neuropeptide immunocytochemistry (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 315-328 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Enkephalin ; Brain ; Liver ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A freezing apparatus has been developed for bringing blocks of tissue into contact with a block of sapphire chilled to 17°K. A toggle linkage minimizes rebound by slowing the rate of approach of the tissue to the cold surface to a velocity of zero. A glove box limits condensation on the surface of the sapphire, and a miniature moist chamber protects the specimen from drying and premature freezing. About 50 blocks of tissue can be frozen in an hour and a half by using 5 liters of liquid helium. The tissue is then frozendried at controlled temperature, fixed with OsO4 vapor, and infiltrated with epoxy resin in a simple bench-top freeze-drier without breaking vacuum. About two-thirds of the blocks are useful for electron microscopy. Brain tissue frozen and dried by using these methods retains enough immunoreactivity for enkephalin in plastic sections to permit its detection with immunohistochemistry by using both the light microscope (with immunofluorescence) and the electron microscope (with colloidal gold).
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    Cross-Section preparation for tem of film-substrate combinations with a large difference in sputtering yields (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 361-369 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Cross-section specimen ; Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy ; Thin films ; Titanium nitride ; High speed steel ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The preparation of cross-section samples of thin films for TEM, may be difficult and tedious, especially if the difference in chemical or physical etching rates is large between the film and the substrate. In this paper, a method is presented whereby cross-sections can be prepared even if the film and the substrate have a large difference in sputtering yield. By utilizing the strong angular dependence of the sputtering yield and sputter at a low ion incidence angle with respect to the substrate surface of 7-12° and, furthermore, by avoiding sputtering parallel to the interface, samples with homogeneous thickness can be obtained. The technique is demonstrated on reactively sputtered titanium nitride coatings on high speed steel substrates. The difference in sputtering yields is about three for this film-substrate combination with the substrate being sputtered fastest.
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    Freeze-Fracture of physiologically identified neuromuscular junctions from single frog muscle fibers (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 147-156 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Identified neuromuscular junctions ; Freeze fracture ; Active zones ; Synaptic efficacy ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We developed a technique for freeze-fracturing single physiologically identified neuromuscular junctions. This technique permits direct comparison of quantal content with morphological variables such as active zone length per unit terminal length for the same cell. The technique was developed to elucidate the structural basis for variability in transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. The procedures were as follows: (1) record quantal content by conventional intracellular recordings; (2) mark cells for identification by fluorescent dye injection; (3) fix and stain endplate cholinesterase; (4) glycerinate and remove single fibers from the muscle; (5) draw endplate morphology; (6) freeze-fracture single muscle fibers; (7) examine in a transmission electron microscope; and (8) photograph and measure nerve terminal membrane ultrastructure. We found that approximately 15% of freeze-fractured single muscle fibers exhibited nerve terminal active zones. To demonstrate the usefulness of this technique, physiological and morphological information from an identified junction is presented. Freeze-fracture of identified cells has several advantages over thin sections, which cannot accurately show such things as active zone length, spacing, or intramembrane particles. This technique also has applications to the study of active zone ultrastructure in situations where neurotransmitter release is known to differ from normal levels. In addition, direct correlations between membrane structure and function can be studied in other preparations by this method.
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    Foreward (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030102
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    Merits of high resolution electron microscopy in the study of alloy structures (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 57-66 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: High resolution electron microscopy ; Alloy structures ; Domain boundaries ; Solute atoms ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We found that high resolution electron microscopy has the following merits in the study of alloy structures: (1) New phases too small to be studied by x-rays, such as σ-related phases, may be studied; (2) local and highly disordered structures, such as domain boundaries and domains of only a few unit cells, are more easily studied; and (3) it is easier to order solute atoms, such as Ti atoms columns in Cu4Ti.
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030201
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030401
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    Use of mixed glycosidase for the removal of mucus from the rat nasal epithelium in SEM studies (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 407-411 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Mucus removal ; Nasal epithelium ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The surface layer of mucus, which obscures the epithelium from view, is a major obstacle when performing scanning electron microscopic studies of the nasal mucosa. Samples treated with a 1% mixed glycosidase solution for 1 or 2 minutes, followed by agitation, removed most of the mucus from the conchae without damaging the underlying epithelium. Removal of mucus allows the complete evaluation of the underlying epithelium in normal animals and the localization and characterization of lesions in animals exposed to nasal toxicants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030405
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    Monolayer freeze-fracture - a modified procedure (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 439-451 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Monolayer freeze-fracture ; Trans-membrane proteins ; Erythrocyte membrane proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Monolayer freeze-fracture of biological membranes is a valuable tool for integrating membrane morphology with biochemical analysis of membrane components. This correlation has been restricted by the purity of the biochemical sample. In this article, the method is reviewed, and an improved method is described. The essential modification was the use of a polysaccharide-coated microscope slide, instead of a copper plate, to cover cells attached to a polylysine-coated coverslip. It was found that proper freeze-fracture will not occur unless there is a distinct temperature gradient, with its accompanying stresses, across the cell monolayer during the freezing process. This gradient is achieved by using glass slides of different thickness to cover each side of the monolayer. Comparison of the results with those obtained when using a copper-glass system demonstrated a consistently purer sample for the glass-glass system, with whole-cell contamination of the external membrane leaflet being reduced to 0.4%. Problems associated with obtaining pure samples for biochemical analysis are discussed, and the results of freeze-fracture with the glass-glass and glass-copper systems are compared. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of polypeptides associated with the separate halves of the erythrocyte membrane demonstrated that band 3, the anion transport protein, separates with the cytoplasmic face, whereas only sialoglycoproteins and their fragments are retained in the external face. This finding, obtained with the glass-glass system, is consistent with results of our earlier freeze-fracture study that used a copper-glass system which showed that covalent bonds may be broken during this procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030407
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    Cytochemical identification of cerebral glycogen and glucose-6-phosphatase activity under normal and experimental conditions: I. Neurons and glia (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 413-437 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Enzyme Cytochemistry ; Glycogen ; Glucose-6-phosphatase ; Central nervous system ; Neurons ; Glia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Reliable ultrastructural techniques are applied for cytochemical identification of glycogen and localization of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity within neurons and glia of the adult mammalian CNS. Modulations in the cerebral localizations of glycogen and G6Pase activity are identified during various experimental conditions (i.e., salt-stress, fasting, and trauma). The cytochemical reaction for demonstration of G6Pase activity implies that the enzyme acts as a phosphohydrolase to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose. The degradation of glycogen in vivo is one source of glucose-6-phosphate as a substrate for G6Pase. Glycogen is preserved by perfusion-fixation of the brain with 2% glutaraldehyde-2% formaldehyde. Chopper sections of this material are postfixed in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide-1.5% potassium ferrocyanide, which serves as a contrast stain for glycogen, or in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide. Plastic-embedded ultrathin sections of CNS tissue postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide are stained for glycogen with periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver protein. Intracellular glycogen appears as electron-dense isodiametric particles and, under normal and experimental conditions, is most abundant within astrocytes. Neuronal glycogen is sparse to negligible normally but appears increased within specific neuronal populations during stressful states.Optimal preservation of G6Pase activity in the brain is obtained by brief perfusion-fixation with 2% glutaraldehyde. Tissue sections are incubated in a modified Leskes medium containing glucose-6-phosphate or mannose-6-phosphate as substrate and lead nitrate. Utilizing the Gomori lead capture technique, G6Pase reaction product is localized within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and related organelles (i.e., nuclear envelope, Golgi complex) of perikarya, dendrites, and glia. The ER in axons and axon terminals fails to express G6Pase activity under normal conditions but does so in some neurons exhibiting a degenerating appearance. A transient, cytochemical decrease in G6Pase activity may occur within some perikarya during stressed conditions.The results indicate that within neurons and glia of the adult CNS cytochemical stains are well suited for ultrastructural identification of glycogen and localization of G6Pase activity. Modulations in glycogen particle concentration and in localization of G6Pase activity in the neuron can occur in response to conditions that influence the energy metabolism of the cell. These modulations may reflect differences in the regional utilization of glucose as an energy-producing substrate and as a derivative of glycogenolysis within the CNS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030406
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040101
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    Wheat germ agglutinin fracture-label of lymphocyte plasma and intracellular membranes (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 41-46 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Freeze-fracture ; Cytochemistry ; Fracture-label ; Wheat germ agglutinin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Conventional lectin cytochemistry or immunocytochemistry can be associated with freeze-fracture in fracture-label techniques: The thin section fracture-label and the critical point drying fracture-label. In the first method, which is particularly useful for investigating intracellular membranes, cells or tissues are freeze-fractured, thawed, labeled, and embedded in resin. Wheat germ agglutinin labeling on freeze-fractured human lymphocytes confirms the existence of two compartments of intracellular membranes, based on the sialoglycocomponent content.
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    Digital image processing for nonperiodic objects and an on-line image processing system for high resolution electron microscopy (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 55-62 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Autocorrelation ; Noise removal ; On-line image processing ; Diffractogram ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A digital image processing method for noise removal and image enhancement in nonperiodic structural images is described. The method for noise removal uses a reversible transform between an image and image autocorrelation function. The Laplacian filter is then employed for image enhancement. Furthermore, an on-line image processing system for highresolution TEM is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040106
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    A method for scanning electron microscopic observation of glomerular vascular poles in rat kidneys (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 63-64 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040107
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    Review: Conference on recent advances in electron and light imaging in biology and medicine held at the new york city sheraton centre hotel, march 18-21, 1986. Sponsored by the new york academy of science, and chaired by Dr. Andrew Somlyo, University of Pennsylvania (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 75-75 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040111
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    Section I: Freeze-fracture (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 87-95 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040203
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  • 93
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    A simple method for quick-freezing (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 233-241 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Quick-freezing ; Deep-etching ; Balzers' freeze fracture device ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In conventional freeze-fracture replicas produced from tissue cryoprotected with glycerol, the hydrophobic inner surfaces of membranes are revealed, but hydrophillic structures are obscured in the surrounding ice. Quick-freezing of tissue obviates the need for glycerol, which prevents the removal of this ice by etching or freeze-drying, but the major problem in freezing without glycerol cryoprotection is ice crystal formation. We describe here a simple method for quick-freezing tissue, in the absence of glycerol, on a nitrogen-cooled copper block with a hand-held specimen holder. This method freezes samples well enough to preserve molecular detail that can be revealed by subsequent etching. We show some examples of the quality of this freezing with respect to the visualization of molecular detail in isolated protein molecules such as ferritin and catalase. Furthermore, we show examples of in situ cellular structures that are revealed by this method, and we compare the structure seen in these replicas with structures preserved by quick-freezing at liquid helium temperatures.
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    Cryo preparation of isolated rabbit pancreatic islets (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 337-342 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ; Cryoanalysis ; Freeze substitution ; Preservation of structural and metabolic cell components ; Processing tissue isolates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A Flotronic silver membrane has been used as a vehicle to process, via freeze substitution, collagenase-derived rabbit pancreatic islets. The procedure provides: (1) a simple, inexpensive method for handling larger numbers of tightly clustered islet aggregates; (2) a metal surface for rapid heat transfer from specimen to cryogen resulting in an increased circumferential zone of fine structural preservation; (3) the elimination of possible artifacts associated with impact or rotation of biological specimens against a cooled, highly polished metal block; (4) superior preservation of structural components not usually observed by conventional modes of fixation; (5) retention of metabolic components which may subsequently be available for immunocytochemical or X-ray energy dispersive procedures.
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    Cross-sectional tem specimens from metal-ceramic composites“This work was supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Number DE-AC03-76SF00098.” (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 361-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030310
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    Detection of sulfur in fixed and embedded rat peritoneal mast cell granules by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 347-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Proteoglycans ; Rat mast cells ; Sulfur ; X-ray spectroscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Purified rat peritoneal mast cells contained 3.3 × 10-5 gm SO4 and 2.2 × 10-8 gm Ca/106 cells. The molar ratio of S/Ca in the whole cell was 600:1. Frozen thin sections of unfixed mast cells contained only sulfur (S) in the granules when examined by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Mast cells fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde and 1.5% formaldehyde in 75% ethanol (Et/Ald) or in mixed buffered aldehydes and embedded in Epon 812 or the low viscosity resin diepoxyoctane (DEO) contained S in all granules and Ca in some of the granules measured. Neither element was found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or resin. Isolated, Et/Ald fixed and embedded granules also contained S. The presence of Ca in the granules was artifactual in that the Ca was absorbed from water in the trough of the diamond knife and/or from the filter paper used to blot the sections dry. This phenomenon was investigated further. Sections of Et/Ald fixed and embedded mast cells were incubated with 5 × 10-6 to 10-2 M CaCl2. Ca was detectable in 100% of the granules incubated at concentrations ≥ 10-4 M and reached a constant S/Ca ratio of 2.0 at concentrations ≥ 10-3 M. Ca was not detectable in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or resin at 10-2 M. A plot of S versus Ca counts from the granules of cells incubated with 10-2 M CaCl2 was linear with a slope of 2.0 and a correlation coefficient of 0.88. Et/Ald fixed cells incubated with distilled H2O had fewer granules containing Ca, 10%, than unincubated cells, 77%. Further, H2O removed all Ca from Et/Ald fixed cells embedded in DEO. These studies show that S, which is present as SO4 on the proteoglycan heparin, is readily detectable by X-ray EDS in fixed and embedded cells. An artifact of the technique is that weak anionic sites, which are most probably carboxyl groups on the proteoglycan, can bind the divalent cation Ca and cause spurious localization.
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    An efficient procedure for staining electron microscope grids (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 375-376 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030317
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    Toward an understanding of liposome structure through the use of computer graphic image correlation (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 385-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Freeze fractures ; Vesicles ; Liquid crystal ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A computer-aided graphics approach to correlating transmission electron microscope images of freeze-fractured and thin-sectioned samples is outlined. Any three-dimensional model of the imaged structure can be mathematically sectioned to provide a two-dimensional representation of the model in the “fracture” plane. The method is used to demonstrate that the structure of lamellar liquid crystalline liposomes is based on a family of Dupin cyclides; closed, parallel surfaces with a conjugate ellipse and hyperbola as curvature defects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030403
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    Flashing as a means of lowering the effective contrast of photographic papers (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 77-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040112
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    Section II: Electron energy loss spectroscopy (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4 (1986), S. 95-102 
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    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040204
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