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  • Articles  (847)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (847)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (847)
  • 1981  (847)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (847)
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  • Articles  (847)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (847)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A CO2 laser rangefinder using heterodyne detection and chirp pulse compression (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The sensitivities of heterodyne and direct-detection systems at CO2 laser wavelengths are compared to illuminate the design principles involved. It is shown that destruction of the temporal coherence of scattered radiation is a significant effect when heterodyne systems are used on targets with internal motion. The complete system and the results obtained are then described. The compact optics head contains a waveguide laser, an acousto-optic modulator and SAW chirp devices; it has 45 mm diameter transmit and receive apertures. Whem many returns are integrated, ranges of several kilometres are obtained off natural targets with an accuracy of 10 m. From the Doppler shift off a moving target, radial velocity can be determined simultaneously with the range when an up-chirp/down-chirp technique is used; an accuracy of better than 1 m s−1 is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620028
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Détermination de la forme de la section d'une fibre optique non gainée à l'aide de l'analyse harmonique de son diagramme de rayonnement (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In this paper, the movement of the forward scattering pattern of an unclad fibre illuminated by a laser beam perpendicular to its axis is studied when the fibre is rotated. The existence of a linear relation between the coefficients of the Fourier series which represent the angular shift of a bright fringe and the fibre cross-section is shown. Thus it is possible to know to an excellent approximation the shape of the cross-section by monitoring the fringe movement.
    Notes: Résumé Dans cet article, on étudie le diagramme de diffusion vers l'avant d'une fibre optique d'indice uniforme éclairée par un faisceau laser perpendiculaire à son axe lorsqu'elle tourne sur elle-même. On montre qu'il existe une relation linéaire entre les coefficients des développements en série de Fourier des fonctions représentant le déplacement angulaire d'une frange brillante et le contour de la section. Le mesure du déplacement d'une seule frange permet de connaître avec une excellente approximation la forme de la section.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620030
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of splice losses induced by mismatch in fibre parameters (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 91-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620034
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupling-length trimming by metal loading in optical coupled-waveguides (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple method for adjusting light coupling between two waveguides is presented. The method involves trimming the interaction length by loading a metal film on to one of the coupled-waveguides. It is effective only for the TM mode, and trimming can be achieved very simply. The operational principle is experimentally examined using an optical directional coupler fabricated inc-plate LiNbO3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612746
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimum linear equalization of a digital fibre optic communication system (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 153-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The problem is considered of designing an optimum receiver for a digital fibre optic communication system with Poisson signal statistics and additive Gaussian noise when received pulses are overlapped by the transmission channel dispersion. The power signal to noise ratio is the optimization criterion. Like the minimum mean square error optimality criterion, this optimization yields a cascade of prefilter and transversal filter with certain tap gains. The tap gains are different according to whether the minimum of mean square error or the maximum of signal to noise ratio is sought. Numerical comparison between average error rates shows that the maximum signal to noise ratio optimum filter is the better one, and leads to a receiver design with lower average error rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612748
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periodic spectral filter with integrated optical directional coupler (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The direction of light propagation in integrated optical circuits can be inverted at the substrate edges by halved directional couplers with mirror planes at the substrate end facets. Thus the output and input of a directional coupler can be fed back on to the substrate forming a periodic spectral filter with extremely high frequency sensitivity. The filter characteristic is analysed with respect to frequency, feedback efficiency, parameters of the directional coupler and temperature. The filter pass and stop bands can be controlled electrically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620319
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency-dependent steady-state distribution of optical power in multimode fibres (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 229-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach to the steady-state solution of the optical power flow equation in multimode fibres is presented. It takes into account the dependence on the modulation frequency of the optical guided power, starting from a very general trial solution. The steady-state attenuation coefficient and optical power distribution (in amplitude and delay) can be numerically evaluated for any kind of index profile and fibre perturbation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620326
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localized one-dimensional theory for volume holograms (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 415-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Coupled partial differential equations are derived, consistent with localized use of one-dimensional theory in a thin volume hologram, from modifications to both one-dimensional and two-dimensional theory. The approximations inherent in the model and the range of validity of the solution are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620276
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation de phase controlée dans les fibres optiques monomodales (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 393-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In single-mode fibres, the propagation of laser pulses with temporal energy profile P(t) induces a self-phase modulation (due to the optical Kerr effect) which increases along the fibre. Under particular conditions this phase shift is proportional to the derivative of the temporal energy pulse profile at the fibre input. In this paper we describe experiments on self-frequency modulation with laser pulses which exhibit various controlled temporal energy profiles. The experimental results agree quite well with analytic calculations previously given by Stolen and Chinlon Lin; here, they are explained within the framework of a new geometrical interpretation of various properties of pulse spectra which exhibit smooth amplitude modulation and large phase modulation.
    Notes: Résumé La propagation d'une impulsion laser de profil énergétique temporel P(t) dans une fibre optique monomodale s'accompagne, par effet Kerr optique, d'une modulation de phase qui s'accumule tout au long de la fibre. Sous certaines conditions particulières, ce déphasage est proportionnel áP(t): la loi de modulation de fréquences que présente l'impulsion à l'extrémité de la fibre est alors proportionnelle à la dérivée par rapport au temps du profil énergétique temporel de l'impulsion injectée à l'entrée de la fibre. Dans cet article, nous décrivons des expériences d'automodulation de fréquences d'impulsions présentant des profils temporels énergétiques variés et contrôlés. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus sont en bon accord avec les prévisions analytiques formulés par Stolen et Chinlon Lin; ici, nous les expliquons dans le cadre d'une interprétation inédite de quelques propriétés des spectres d'impulsions peu modulées en amplitude, largement modulées en phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620273
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Telescopic resonators for large-volume TEM00-mode operation (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 493-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A stable resonator incorporating a suitably adjusted telescope gives reliable operation of an Nd:YAG laser with a large-volume TEM00 mode. The telescope adjustment is chosen to minimize the effect of focal length variations in the laser rod and at the same time ensures the optimum mode-selection properties of a confocal resonator. Simple approximations applied to the ray transfer matrices allow a detailed analysis of the resonator to be performed. This analysis yields simple design equations relating the mode spot sizes, resonator length, telescope magnification and defocusing, and diffraction losses. Experimental results show excellent agreement with the results of this analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00668347
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrigendum (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 525-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00668352
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resonance-Raman-induced Kerr effect in molecules in the ground and electronically excited states (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical investigation of the resonantly enhanced, Raman-induced Kerr effect (resonance-RIKE) is given, taking into account the resonance absorption of the laser wave and the population of excited electronic states. Line shape, maximum amplification and optimum conditions for the resonance-RIKE from the ground state as well as for the resonance-RIKE from an initial excited electronic state are discussed in detail. The possibility is studied of applying this method to the investigation of the vibrational structure of excited electronic states in molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620027
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A two-wavelength oscillation CO2 laser for differential absorption measurements of atmospheric trace molecules (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A two-wavelength oscillation C02 laser was constructed for the differential absorption measurement of low concentrations of atmospheric trace molecules and pollution molecules. A diffraction grating was alternately angle-modulated for the two-branch oscillation using a single C02 laser. The output power of the two wavelengths was balanced to be equal. With these characteristics, the phase-sensitive detection technique can be applied to give highly sensitive detection of the received power difference, which is proportional to the absorption in the optical path of the transmitted beams. A differential absorption spectrometer was used to demonstrate the usefulness of this two-wavelength laser oscillation method incorporating the output power balancing technique. The concentration of ethylene molecules was detected in a calibration cell and was also measured in real time in the exhaust of a combustion engine. From these results it has been shown that this differential absorption scheme offers a minimum detectable absorption of approximately 0.8%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620320
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beam position estimation by means of detector arrays (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The application of detector arrays for the estimation of optical beam position is considered. An estimation algorithm is synthesised, and estimator performance is analysed. Estimator performance depends on the number of detectors in the array and on the received radiation and its associated shot noise. It is shown that by choosing an appropriate number of detectors in the array, the designer can always drive the estimator into shot-noise-limited operation. In this case, the performance may be either quantum-limited or background-noise limited, depending on the energy of the optical beam and on the background field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620322
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A numerical technique for solving the scalar wave equation for Gaussian and smoothed-out profiles (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A numerical technique, based on transforming the scalar wave equation to a finite interval before discretization is applied, is proposed for the solution of the scalar wave equation defining the modal fields and propagation constants of optical fibres. It is used to compute the propagation constants and modal fields of weakly guiding fibres of circular cross-section when the refractive index profile has a Gaussian or smoothed-out form. The smoothed-out profiles are studied because they vary continuously from the Gaussian to the step profile. Results are compared with and shown to be accurately approximated by simply explicit functions, dependent only on the fibre parameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620324
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A general approach to the numerical determination of modal propagation constants and field distributions of optical fibres (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 71-83 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach to modal propagation for optical fibres with arbitrary refractive index profile, based on the Bubnov-Galerkin method, is developed. The theory furnishes an accurate description of modal propagation constants and field distributions. When tested for step-index and truncated parabolic profiles the method is found to agree with the known exact results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620032
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear propagation ofN intense waves: polarization states, refractive indices and self-focusing (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 95-107 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a theoretical study of the nonlinear propagation ofN polarized intense waves in a macroscopically isotropic medium. General formulae are obtained for the polarization states and the nonlinear dependence of the index of refraction. In the absence of self-focusing, it is shown thatN linearly or circularly polarized waves retain their initial state of polarization during propagation. Results have been tabulated for the refractive indices and the polarization states ofN waves according to their initial polarization states. In the self-focusing regime, only circularly polarized waves conserve their polarization. This paper presents a description of the phenomenon of cross-focusing: in a certain power range, a wave of higher power induces self-focusing of a wave of lower power, whereas in some other situation, a stronger wave self-defocuses in the presence of a weak wave. In one of the situations, the phenomenon of an oscillatory waveguide is also exhibited. The polarization states of two waves in the self-focusing range have also been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612741
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal and frequency responses of p-n HgCdTe photodiodes (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 147-152 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical expressions for the high-frequency behaviour of a p-n photodiode, limited by theRC-time constant and the diffusion time to the junction, are given. Comparisons with temporal and frequency response measurements on an HgCdTe photodiode have been performed. The good agreement between theoretical and experimental data suggests that this type of high-mobility semiconductor photodiode can be described using the derived model, in which a constant, saturated diffusion velocity is assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612747
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multipass resonators for annular gain lasers (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The need to obtain a coherent output beam may impose severe constraints on the design of lasers with annular amplifying regions. One solution to the mode control problem involves resonant cavities in which the optical fields make more than one pass through the amplifying medium before returning to their starting point on the cavity mirror. Such multipass cavities and the resulting phase-compensated beam modes are considered in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620321
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochromism and dynamic holographic recording in a rigid solution of fluorescein (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 209-215 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was made of the spectra, the kinetics of induction and thermal decay and the dichroism of the photoinduced triplet absorption band in a rigid solution of fluorescein in orthoboric acid. Dynamic holographic recording was possible on this material. An experimental study was conducted into the polarizing properties of the volume transmission holograms. The experiments on four-wave mixing with continous laser light revealed a very high resolution for this rigid solution when used as a medium for optical recording. As a result of the investigations, some possible applications of the rigid solution of fluorescein are pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620323
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intensity oscillation in a single-frequency CW dye ring laser due to back-reflections (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620328
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser rangefinders (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 259-293 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The review covers both the principles of laser rangefinders and some of their many applications. Descriptions are given of the various types of laser sources used in rangefinders, followed by sections on atmospheric propagation, target effects and receivers. Some of the applications covered are: rangefinders for military use based upon ruby, neodymium and holmium; lunar and satellite ranging systems; instruments for measuring cloud-base heights and sea-depths; surveying instruments based upon semiconductor lasers; applications of CO2 lasers using direct or heterodyne detection; aerosol pollution lidars, etc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619793
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photon correlation studies in proteins and polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 348-351 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619800
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High pressure performance of a u.v. preionized TE CO2 laser (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 433-435 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620279
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A perturbation approach to the propagation characteristics of inhomogeneous optical fibres with deformed core boundaries (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 335-343 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The propagation characteristics of inhomogeneous optical fibres with different types of deformed core boundaries are analysed by a perturbative approach based on the scalar wave equation. The influence of the core deformation on the propagation constants and group delays is studied in detail for the truncated parabolic profile. We can conclude from this analysis that the difference in group delays due to deviation from circularity does not cause any difficult tolerance problems for realistic deformations and is generally negligible for practical optical fibres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619798
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Bayes' optimal receiver for digital fibre optic communication systems (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 469-486 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A rigorous treatment of the optimal receiver for digital fibre optic systems is presented. Starting from physical and theoretical considerations, a signal-plus-noise model is obtained for the input stage of an optical receiver. The model is used to set up a hypothesis-testing problem for a transmitted sequence of binary independent and identically distributed information symbols. The Bayes optimal receiver is next derived using the Karhunen-Loève expansion, and upper bounds of the Chernoff type are obtained for its performance. The derived formulae are applied to a typical system and numerical results are obtained which show an improvement of at least 4 db in favour of the optimal receiver when compared to its conventional counterpart at a 10−9 error rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00668345
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrigendum (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 352-352 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619801
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Third-order nonlinear susceptibility of Mg II and Ca II ions (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 379-383 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The nonlinear coefficientχ (3) (3ω) of the singly ionized atoms Mg II and Ca II has been calculated for a wide range of incident wavelengths from v.u.v. to i.r. In some parts of the spectrum the magnitude of the nonlinear susceptibility is comparable to that of the alkali metal vapours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620271
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  • 29
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    Enregistrement et selection de mode d'une fibre optique par spectroscopie optique cohérente (1981)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 401-410 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Using coherent optical spectroscopic techniques, we perform a temporal selection of the different modes propagating in a multimode optical fibre, with subpicosecond resolution. The intensity patterns of the excited modes are visualized by optical filtering of a Fourier hologram. An experimental demonstration is presented in the elementary case of a bimodal fibre.
    Notes: Résumé En utilisant des techniques de spectroscopie optique cohérente, on réalise, avec une résolution subpicoseconde, une sélection temporelle des différentes modes qui se propagent dans une fibre optique multimodale. La structure spatiale, en intensité, des modes excités est visualisée par filtrage optique d'un hologramme de Fourier. Une démonstration expérimentale est présentée dans le cas élémentaire d'une fibre bimodale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620274
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  • 30
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    Ultraviolet laser emission at 337 and 358 nm by collisional energy transfer in fast electron-beampumped, high-pressure Ar-N2 mixtures (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 225-228 
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    Notes: Abstract Successive laser emission at 337.1 nm and 357.7 nm in the second positive band of N2 have been observed in high-pressure Ar-N2 gas mixtures excited by a high current (15 kA) and fast rise time (8 ns) relativistic electron beam. Laser action at 357.7 nm was confirmed in the pressure range 450–6000 torr where output intensity was approximately independent of pressure, while strong pressure dependence of the emission at 337.1 nm was observed in a rather limited pressure range of 760–3000 torr. From the results of spectrally resolved pressure dependences of the laser lines, the processes of successive laser oscillation at these two wavelengths are discussed.
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    Saturation effects in laser plasma X-ray emission (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 255-257 
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    Intensity correlation of the resonance fluorescence radiation from an atom driven by a laser pump with amplitude and phase fluctuations (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 301-307 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of the phase and amplitude fluctuations of a relatively weak laser pump on the intensity correlations of the resonance fluorescence light from a single atom is studied. It is found that the contributions due to a non-Markovian dephasing of the laser light can be neglected in many cases. The amplitude fluctuations and the attendant non-factorizability of the intensity correlation function are shown to lead to a stronger correlation of the intensities of the resonance fluorescence light considered.
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    A simple timing circuit for optical PCM repeaters (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 309-322 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple synchronization system is proposed for timing recovery in optical PCM repeaters. The basic idea is to exploit the spectral line at the transmission rate, which is already present in the unipolar symbol stream travelling along the fibre. Since a nonlinear circuit is no longer needed, the amplified signal at the photodetector output is directly filtered by a resonant circuit to give the clock recovery by means of a zero-crossing detector. The limits of effectiveness of this synchronization system are then discussed, especially with regard to the accumulation of timing jitter as well as of alignment error.
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    Exact modal analysis for buried planar optical waveguides with asymmetric graded refractive index profile (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 429-432 
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    The metal-insulator (tunnel)-silicon-thyristor thresholding transducer in optical systems (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 449-459 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider in this paper the system properties of the optical metal-insulator (tunnel)-silicon-thyristor (MIST) device when operating as a threshold transducer. Measured values of switching speed, noise performance and sensitivity for devices operated in the monostable mode are reported. Improvements in these parameter values are also predicted for operation in the bistable mode. For our non-optimized experimental devices, operation at 2 Mbit s−1 with a−36 dBm receiver sensitivity is shown to be possible, thereby illustrating the suitability of the MIST in its present form for data bus applications. Areas for further improvement and development are outlined.
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    Some comparisons between theoretical and measured differential mode delay responses in graded-index fibres (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 487-492 
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    Notes: Abstract We establish numerically the accuracy of a proposed method for evaluating the index profile of an optical fibre from the results of a differential mode delay (DMD) experiment. Using these results, we demonstrate that substantial improvements in fibre bandwidths can be achieved experimentally.
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    Optical pulsed ranging: effect of atmospheric scintillation on measurement accuracy (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 1-10 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of atmospheric turbulence on the accuracy of optical pulsed range measurements is investigated assuming a Poisson detection process and log normal scintillation. Expressions for the detection cell and the r.m.s. error of detection in the presence of atmospheric scintillation are derived assuming that the optical pulse duration is long compared to the correlation time of the atmospheric scintillation, and evaluated numerically for various optical Gaussian pulse shapes. Numerical results show that in the presence of weak scintillation, the r.m.s. detection error depends primarily on the number of photoelectrons in the pulse, while in the presence of strong scintillation, it depends largely on the strength of scintillation as well as the number of photoelectrons in the pulse. It is also found that the detection error depends largely on the pulse width and the resolution time of the photodetector in the presence of atmospheric scintillation.
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    Some relations for the far-field distribution of semiconductor lasers with gain-guiding (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 323-333 
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    Notes: Abstract Simple relations for the phase distribution of the fundamental mode of gain-guided lasers are derived, yielding simple, approximate analytic expressions for the far-field distribution parallel to the junction in the case of strong astigmatism. It is shown that the shape of the far-field distribution is essentially determined solely by the distribution of the effective refractive index parallel to the active layer. The relations may be used for any shape of the effective refractive index distribution to yield simple arguments as to why there are lasers which exhibit far-field distributions with double as well as triple maxima. Because of the simplicity of the expressions for the far-field distribution it is also possible to make an estimate of the shape of the carrier profile, once the near-field and far-field intensity distributions are known. In addition, a general relation between the normalized fundamental mode gain and the shape of the far-field distribution is given.
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    A polarizing device for laser spectroscopy (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 369-378 
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    Notes: Abstract A low-loss polarization prism is described which is highly resistant to the radiation of high-power pulse lasers. The transmission of the ordinary and the extraordinary waves and the angle of deflection have been calculated for KDP, ADP and LilO3 as a function of the angle of incidence, the prism angle, the direction of the optical axis and the wavelength. The numerical results have been compared with the experimental ones and are shown to be in good agreement. Some examples of the application of the new polarization device are presented.
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    Power coupling between core and cladding of an optical fibre and its effect on measurements (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 385-392 
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    Notes: Abstract A model describing ray propagation in both the core and cladding regions of a multimode optical fibre is developed. This model is then used to determine the influence of the fibre outer protective sheath on far-field measurements and to determine the equilibrium source conditions for the modified near-field technique.
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    Degenerate four-wave mixing with a nonplanar object beam (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 411-414 
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    Notes: Abstract We investigate the phase-conjugate fidelity of the image beam produced from a nonplanar object beam by means of degenerate four-wave mixing with two strong plane-wave pump beams. We represent the object wave by an angular superposition of plane-wave components and derive reflection coefficients for each of the components. As the equations are linearized in the strong pump-beam case, the image wave can be found by a linear superposition of the reflected plane-wave components. The result of this analysis shows that in general perfect phase conjugation does not occur because of the unequal interaction length of each plane-wave component in the nonlinear material.
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    On the approximate statistics of integrated speckle patterns due to mixed coherent and diffused light (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 345-347 
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    Some characteristics of phase holographic gratings in the intermediate regime of diffraction (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 515-518 
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    Ge APD receiver sensityvity measurements (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 522-524 
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    Characterization and estimated performance of commercial n+-p Ge APDs for long-wavelength optical receivers (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 353-367 
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    Notes: Abstract For two commercial shallow-junction n+-p Ge APDs, it is shown empirically that the photocurrent multiplication and shot noise can be described over a wide range of wavelengths using expressions derived for single-carrier-type injection. Multiplied bulk leakage current and its associated shot noise may be similarly described, the closest agreement following from the use of photocurrent parameters applying at the longest wavelengths, ∼ 1.8μm. These empirical relationships simplify the estimation of optical receiver sensitivity using Ge APDs. For bit rates up to several hundred megabaud, the performance of Ge APD receivers is expected to be inferior to that demonstrated by the high-impedance InGaAs pin—FET hybrid, particularly where operation in the range 40–60° C is specified. The two alternatives become competitive at ∼ 1 Gbaud, but the bias voltage for the Ge APD must be stable within several hundred millivolts and must be compensated for variations in temperature. Where unbounded disparity coding systems are employed, a hybrid receiver comprising a pin photodiode with a transimpedance preamplifier should still outperform the Ge APD for bit rates up to several hundred megabaud.
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    The effects on joint losses of tolerances in some geometrical parameters of optical fibres (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 11-18 
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    Notes: Abstract Among the many possible contributions to joint or splice loss in an optical fibre system are those attributable to the manufacturing tolerances of the fibres themselves. This paper predicts, from a probability approach, the likely effect of errors in the cladding surface diameter, the circularity of this surface and the concentricity of core and cladding. It is shown that, for one representative set of excitation conditions, the tolerances proposed in a draft CCITT recommendation lead to a mean joint loss of 0.043 dB with a standard deviation of 0.045 dB. The loss exceeds 0.33 dB with a probability of 0.001.
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    Broadband spectral attenuation measurements on optical fibres: an interlaboratory comparison by members of COST 208 (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 47-54 
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    Notes: Abstract Comparative loss measurements on optical fibres are being performed by members of COST 208, and in this paper some preliminary results are reported. Full spectral attenuation measurements have been made, covering the range from 700 to 1800 nm, on graded-index and single-mode fibres. In the multimode fibre the measured loss depends on the energy distribution launched into the fibre. By ensuring similar energy distributions the deviations between loss spectra have been maintained to within about ± 5%. In single-mode fibre the launched power is very small so the transmitted intensity was closer to the noise limit of the detector. Differences between loss spectra amounted to about ± 8% in the low-loss ranges.
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    Loss factors in optical fibres (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 85-89 
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    Noise in optical fibre backscatter measurement (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 117-124 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider in this paper the origin and effect of those sources of noise present in optical fibre backscatter systems which employ large-area semiconductor laser diodes and avalanche photodetectors. Source noise due to the filamentary lasing action of the photodiodes is shown to dominate the near-end performance. The clear superiority of two-point processing over boxcar integration in the presence of source noise is demonstrated.
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    A measurement technique for optical fibre break angles (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 125-131 
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    Notes: Abstract An apparatus which determines optical fibre break angles by a diffraction technique is described. The device measures break angles to an accuracy of 0.15° and is shown to be useful in the evaluation and optimization of breaking machines as well as in the study of properties dependent on the end angle of the fibre in a system.
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    Modes in buried planar optical waveguides with graded-index profiles (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 109-115 
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    Notes: Abstract The refractive index profile of buried graded-index planar optical waveguides fabricated by ion migration can be described by a buried secant hyperbolic function. Using such a profile, we have obtained the exact propagation characteristics for such buried optical waveguides. We have also shown that profiles which deviate slightly from the above profile can be treated as perturbations and a first-order perturbation correction gives very accurate results.
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    Frequency-locking and single-mode operation of a CW dye ring laser near the atomic lines of a gas discharge (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 133-140 
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    Notes: Abstract Assuming lens action by the gas discharge we can theoretically substantiate the features of a CW dye ring laser locked near an atomic transition; features such as the dependence of the laser bandwidth and the frequency separation from the atomic transition on the spacing of the curved mirrors and the occurrence of an asymmetric profile for the laser output. The values experimentally obtained for the 588.2 nm absorption line in a neon discharge show good agreement with those predicted by theory. In the strong-locking regime bistable, unidirectional, single-mode operation occurs. This behaviour could be utilized to obtain sharp frequency marks in the tuning range of a CW dye ring laser.
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    Statistics of speckle in synthetic aperture radar imagery from targets in random motion (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 165-173 
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    Notes: Abstract We derive and discuss expressions for the autocorrelation functions of speckle patterns in synthetic aperture radar imagery both when the scattering surface is stationary and in random motion. The effects of the motion of a point target on the point spread function are also discussed.
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    Comparison between back-scattering and forward-scattering studies of an unclad optical fibre (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 241-245 
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    Effect of peaking capacitor on the discharge characteristics and output parameters of TE CO2 lasers (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 251-253 
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    Self-oscillations in a hybrid bistable optical device (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 295-300 
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    Notes: Abstract The Van der Pol, Krylov-Bogoliubov method for self-oscillation calculations in nonlinear systems is applied to a piezoelectrically driven Fabry-Perot interferometer which is operated as a hybrid bistable optical device. It is shown that in cases where the time delay in the feedback signal cannot be ignored, or when a reactive element is inserted in the appropriate place in the electrical circuit, self-oscillation will result. Experiments in which a piezoelectric element serves as the basic component of a hybrid bistable device demonstrate that self-oscillation occurs with a frequency which is very near the piezoelement self-frequency.
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    Optimum transimpedance broadband optical preamplifier design (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 65-69 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider in this paper the optimum design of a broadband transimpedance optical preamplifier which utilizes a GaAs MESFET first stage. An alternative configuration to the feedback cascode is suggested which offers significant improvement in the noise performance. This configuration employs a common-source FET first stage followed by a shunt feedback bipolar second stage.
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    A matrix transfer function for an optical fibre based on coupled power theory (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 175-178 
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    Optical second-harmonic generation in atomic calcium vapour (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 436-438 
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    Target azimuth estimation by means of optical detector arrays (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 421-427 
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    Notes: Abstract Estimation of a target azimuth by means of arrays of optical detectors is investigated. A maximum likelihood algorithm of estimation is developed, and simpler suboptimum algorithms are described. The performance of the maximum likelihood estimator is analysed. It is shown that for a small detector beamwidth the array accuracy becomes an oscillating function of the target azimuth. The minimum accuracyà depends on the detector beamwidth and onN, the number of detectors in the array. The largerN, the largerÃ; with a givenN, the optimum beamwidth which provides maximum accuracy can be found. The optimum beamwidth implies 100% overlapping of the detector beams, i.e., the semiangle of detector sensitivity should equal the angular separation of the detectors.
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    Nonlinear circuit model for semiconductor lasers (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 461-468 
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    Notes: Abstract The multimode rate equations are transformed to the circuit equations of the electro-optical system by expressing the charge carrier concentrations and recombination rates in terms of voltage across the active layer, and representing the photon densities of the respective modes by a set of voltages. By proper approximation of functions describing the recombination rates, the equivalent circuit can be composed of conventional linear and nonlinear circuit components.
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    The effect of hard mode locking in a dye laser (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 439-447 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of the relaxation time of a saturable absorber on the dynamics of a quasi-continuous ring laser is investigated. It is shown that in a dye laser with a fast absorber, bistability arises; thus two multimode regimes coexist. The regime of shallow stochastic modulation is established spontaneously. Transition to the mode-locking regime accompanied by a sharp increase in the number of generated modes is feasible only under the action of an initiating pulse (hard mode locking). The analytical criterion for hard locking has been obtained. If the criterion is not satisfied, the only stable regime of a laser is mode locking. In this case the transient process is the longer the smaller the relaxation time of a saturable absorber.
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    Commentaires sur les mesures de flux dans les fibres optiques (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 509-514 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    The ergodicity of laser light in connection with optical fibre transmission (1981)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 13 (1981), S. 519-521 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    A new model for the nucleation and growth of thick polycrystal films. I Calculation of volume transforms (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 1-6 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Volume transforms for the collision of 3D crystals are calculated for the case where the crystal centres are distributed randomly in a 2D plane. The transforms connect the volumes of collided crystals with the volumes the crystals would have had if they had not collided. The results obtained are consistent with the known mathematical bounds on the problem, and they also connect with nearest-neighbour theory in 2D. Because the transforms are calculated on the basis of ‘almost catastrophic’ collisions, it is not necessary to explicitly consider the detailed mechanisms responsible for the termination of the crystal growth processes.
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    Behaviour of lead electrodes in sulphate electrolytes. I. Effect of electrode preparation on discriminant curve cyclic voltammograms (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 11-21 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new technique called discriminant curve cyclic voltammetry (DCCV) has been developed to study the cycling behaviour of battery plate materials. The method is used to investigate the effect of various electrode pretreatments on the cycling behaviour of pure lead in sulphate electrolytes. It is found that three distinctive patterns of response are observed depending upon the surface condition of the lead. The results are correlated with photographic evidence obtained by scanning electron microscopy.
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    A new magnesium — air cell for long-life applications (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 33-39 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A novel type of magnesium-air primary cell has been evolved which employs non-polluting and abundantly available materials. The cell is based on the scheme Mg/Mg(NO3)2, NaNO2, H2O/O2(C). The magnesium anode utilization is about 90% at a current density of 20 mA cm−2. The anode has been shown to exhibit a low open-circuit corrosion, a relatively uniform pattern of corrosion and a low negative difference effect in the electrolyte developed above as compared to the conventional halide or perchlorate electrolytes. In the usual air-depolarized mode of operation, the cell has been found to be capable of continuous discharge over several months at a constant cell voltage of about 1 V and a current density of 1 mA cm−2 at the cathode. The long service-life capability arises from the formation of a protective film on the porous carbon cathode and fast sedimentation of the anodic product (magnesium hydroxide) in the electrolyte. The cell has a shelf-life in the activated state of about a year due to the low open-circuit corrosion of the anode. These favourable features suggest the practical feasibility of developing economical, long-life, non-reserve magnesium-air cells for diverse applications using magnesium anodes with a high surface area and porous carbon-air electrodes.
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    The role of impregnants in determining the behaviour of graphite anodes (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 49-54 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The lifetime of graphite anodes in sulphuric acid media can be increased by a factor of 3.2 by multiple impregnation with coal tar pitch. For single impregnation, linseed oil yielded the largest improvement. The results were interpreted on the premise that properties such as viscosity, melting point and coking value determine the effectiveness of the impregnant. The proper selection of the impregnant and procedure of impregnation is dependent on the electrolysis temperature.
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    A new type of organic electrosynthesis reactor with a two-phase gas-electrolyte stream flowing through a mercury cathode, II. Limiting currents and mass-transfer studies in organotin electrosynthesis (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 69-75 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new electrochemical reactor involving a mercury cathode and a two-phase (gas-liquid) flow has been studied with a view to continuously manufacturing hexaphenyl and hexabutyldistannane b'y reduction of triorganotin chloride R3SnCl. In each case the interpretation of the determining step of the process is discussed after a study of the electrochemical kinetics. In the reactor an efficient renewal of the cathodic surface is obtained by passing the electrolysis solution together with nitrogen gas through the mercury pool. Results of mass transfer rate studies with the cell working either as a plug-flow reactor or as a continuously stirred reactor are compared for different gas and electrolyte flows. The experiments show that gas and electrolyte flows through a mercury pool offer attractive possibilities of application for large-scale preparative electrolysis, by solving simultaneously the problems of mass transport and electrode surface renewal.
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    In situ evaluation of container corrosion in sodium — sulphur batteries (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 103-110 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent improvements in container materials for Na/S cells (central sodium type) have led to greatly enhanced cell life and performance. Although problems with rapidly decreasing capacity are no longer observed, cells appear to exhibit a slowly increasing resistance with time. This paper describes anin situ technique for assessing the electrical stability of various container materials and determining the extent that corrosion processes influence cell resistance changes. Potentials within the sulphur electrodes of operating cells were measured over prolonged cycling times. Results indicate that chromized steel possesses excellent electrical stability compared to 347 stainless steel and that container corrosion accounts for only a fraction of the increase in total cell resistance.
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    Design of an ion-selective electrode analytical system for monitoring copper in electrochemical reactors (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 117-127 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A flow-through cell using ion-selective electrodes has been designed for continuous on-line monitoring of electrochemical reactors. A full range of design considerations is discussed and the characteristics of the cell investigated. Optimal operating conditions are found, of which solution flow rate and constancy of temperature are particularly important. The cell was also designed to have a rapid response time and minimal ‘dead’ volume so as to give continuous measurements of gradually changing metal ion concentrations. Performance has been evaluated using laboratory-simulated conditions and pilot-plant operation of the Ecocell, a rotating-cylinder electrode reactor for the electrowinning of copper from dilute solutions (10–1000 ppm).
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    Electrolytic reduction of vanillin to vanillyl alcohol at amalgamated copper, lead and zinc electrodes (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 173-176 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrolytic reduction of vanillin to vanillyl alcohol was investigated as a function of temperature, pH and current density at a stationary amalgamated copper cathode. The results were compared with those for amalgamated lead and zinc electrodes.
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    The reasons for the loss of activity of titanium-ruthenium dioxide anodes in sulphuric acid media (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 143-144 
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    Notes: Abstract The interruption method has been employed to follow the change with time of theiR potential gradient corresponding to the potential fall between the anode and the end of a Haber-Luggin capillary. According to the experimental results the process of anodic discharge of oxygen on a Ti/RuO2 + TiO2 electrode in 1 M H2SO4 is accompanied by a loss of the active layer and by the simultaneous formations of a nonconducting, most probably oxidic, film.
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    An electron microscope investigation of electrolytic copper powders (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 177-185 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The size and nature of copper powders deposited in conditions close to those found in production units are investigated with a scanning electron microscope. It is shown that an increase in the current density or the concentration of sulphuric acid decreases the size of the particles and makes their dendritic structure more pronounced. In contrast, an increase of copper ion concentration or agitation increases the size of the particles and obscures their dendritic character. It is shown that the changes in the particle size and type are primarily dependent on cathode potential. A change from −100mV to —900mV versus SCE causes a decrease in the powder size from 80–100μm to 5–10μm and a successive appearance of the following types of particles: (a) round particles or dendrites with round tips, due to electrocrystallization in one plane (a compact deposition); (b) a transient structure, apparently a change to polycrystal growth on the pyramidal tips; (c) particles with pyramidal tips and (d) dimeric and trimeric dendrites.
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    Electrochemical separation of phases in a copper alloy containing beryllium, nickel and zirconium (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 205-208 
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    Notes: Abstract To determine the chemical composition of phases in a heterogeneous Cu-Be-Ni-Zr alloy, a 50% citric acid solution was used to permit selective electrochemical dissolution of the copper matrix from the second phase. Using the potentiostatic method it was found that quantitative dissolution of the copper matrix could be achieved at —250 mV (versus SSE). The method described for the separation of the copper matrix from the second phase could also be successfully applied to other heterogeneous copper alloys.
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    Study of Ti(III) solutions in various molten alkali chlorides. II. Raman spectroscopy investigation (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 193-196 
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    Notes: Abstract Raman spectroscopic investigation of Ti(III) solutions in various alkali metal chlorides and mixtures shows that the solvent cations affect the nature of the complex anions formed. We have studied in detail the effect of adding lithium chloride upon the anion TiCl 6 3− , which is the only species present in Ti(III) solutions in molten caesium chlorides at 700° C. At 20 mol% LiCl a new band appears in the TiCl 6 3− spectrum, and it becomes the most important one from 80% LiCl onwards. This line cannot be associated with any vibration of TiCl 6 3− nor TiCl 4 − but could be attributed to the condensed form Ti2Cl 9 3− .
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    Dendritic electrocrystallization and the mechanism of powder formation in the potentiostatic electrodeposition of metals (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 239-246 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A mechanism for metal powder formation, based on the theories of dendritic growth and nondendritic surface roughness amplification in potentiostatic deposition, is proposed. The mechanism takes into account all those variables recognized in practical systems.
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    Notice (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 268-268 
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    Formation of sorbitol by cathodic reduction of glucose (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 261-267 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state formation of sorbitol by cathodic reduction of glucose was studied in a parallel-plate reactor of 200 cm2 electrode area. Earlier work was extended to explore the effect of flow rate, pH and current density. The effect of temperature between 20° and 47° C and the use of amalgamated lead as compared with chemical lead and other metals is discussed. It is shown that addition of Zn2+ ions accelerates the reaction and the reasons for this are discussed. The implications for industrial application are considered.
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    The failure of porous lead dioxide electrodes (positives) to accept recharge during potential step experiments (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 269-271 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemistry of porous lead dioxide electrodes has been followed during short cycling experiments at high discharge rates using the potential step technique. The inability of the electrode to accept recharge is explained in terms of the formation of a passivating form of lead sulphate.
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    Electrodeposition of mercury from the HgNO3-CH3OH-H2O system at low temperature (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 287-289 
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    Notes: Abstract Peculiar dendritic deposits of mercury were obtained galvanostatically from the mercurous nitratemethanol-water system at −50° C. These deposits could not be maintained at a constant shape because, when the current was interrupted, they transformed and shrank immediately to a spherical shape with hydrogen evolution. It seems that when the electrical potential was removed, the mercury deposits liquefied and the hydrogen stored in them was released during the period of shrinking.
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    Electrodeposition of tantalum and tantalum-chromium alloys (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 291-297 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract As part of a programme to develop erosion resistant coatings for advanced gun barrels, electrodeposition of tantalum and tantalum-chromium alloys from fused Flinak has been investigated. Tantalum-chromium alloys containing 2–6% chromium were obtained by co-depositing tantalum and chromium from an electrolyte containing 10 wt% TaF5 and 0.5–1.5% Cr (as K3CrF6) at 800° C. The alloy coatings are smooth and columnar in structure. The microhardness of these coatings increases with the increase of chromium content. With chromium-rich alloys, an equiaxed alloy structure is observed, with a hardness greater than for pure tantalum or chromium.
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    The mechanism of electrodeposition of acrylic resin on aluminium (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 319-323 
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    Notes: Abstract A mechanism for the electrodeposition of acrylic resin on aluminium is proposed, based on experimental studies of acid value, anodic gas evaluation and anodic film resistance. The mechanism can be expressed as Alf Al3+ + 3e 2Al3+ + 3H2Of Al2O3 + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 6H2Of 2Al(OH)3 + 6H+ H+ + RCOC− f RCOOH↓. This is different from the mechanism for zinc and steel, where it is metal ions from anodic dissolution which neutralize the macro-ions and cause a deposit on the anode surface.
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    The breakdown of passive films on active metal anodes by halide ions in oxidizing molten salts (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 325-333 
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    Notes: Abstract The various effects of halide ions on calcium, zinc and magnesium anodes in oxidizing molten salts can be related to a corrosion model involving a nonstoichiometric passive film containing an excess of metal ions. Competitive adsorption between passivating and aggressive anions attracted to the positively charged surface determines the stability of the film. The addition of chloride ions in molten LiNO3 leads to pitting corrosion of the calcium anode and improvement of the open-circuit potential by as much as 1.3 V. In molten NaNO3 and KNO3, the formation of passivating peroxide and Superoxide anions greatly diminishes the effects of added chloride ions on the calcium anode. In molten LiClO4 and NaClO3, breakdown of the passive film occurs spontaneously due to the direct reaction of calcium with the molten oxyhalide salt to produce sufficient chloride ions to activate the anode. The best performance of the calcium anode is obtained in the oxyhalide molten salts.
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    Electrolyte limitations in molten salt batteries (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 335-338 
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    Notes: Abstract A pelletized LiAl-FeS battery employing an immobilized LiCl-KCl electrolyte has been tested under various operating regimes. The ampere-hour capacity of cells was found to be inversely proportional to discharge rate. This behaviour has been interpreted in terms of electrolyte phase separation in regions near to the surface of the iron sulphide electrode. Further evidence was provided by the temperature dependence of active materials utilization. Close agreement was obtained between predicted results and experimental data.
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    Oxidation states of lead in anodic oxide films formed in sulphuric acid solutions containing antimony (III) species (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 357-360 
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    Notes: Abstract The oxidation states of lead in anodic oxide films formed in sulphuric acid solutions containing antimony(III) species were investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of divalent lead ions in the anodic oxide films was confirmed. The content ofα-PbO2 in these anodic oxide films was found to be higher than that in films prepared in an antimony-free solution. The formation of the complex oxide, containing divalent lead ions andα-PbO2, was studied.
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    The impedance of the alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide cell. I. Variation with state of charge (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 365-372 
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    Notes: Abstract The impedance spectra of undischarged commercial alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide cells (Mallory, type MN 1500) have been measured. Newly produced cells have different impedance characteristics from ones stored for periods of time (up to one year). The difference introduced by the ageing process is interpreted as the effect of Hg on the zinc particle electrode. The impedance behaviour of the cells is dominated by the zinc negative electrode which behaves as a relatively simple charge transfer and diffusion process. The porous nature of the particulate electrode has relatively little effect on the behaviour of the zinc which behaves as quasiplanar. On discharging, the frequency spectrum changes as does the open-circuit potential, the latter due to the progressive change in composition of the positive electrode. The former changes as a consequence of the negative electrode reaction.
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    Corrigendum (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 401-401 
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    Impregnation of porous nickel plates by cathodic polarization (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 443-446 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of cathodic polarization during the precipitation of Ni(OH)2 in porous plates prepared from sintered nickel powder has been studied and the influence of the preparation method on the properties of the electrodes examined under conditions which do not lead to the dissolution of the sintered nickel plate. An increase of electrode capacity is recorded for electrodes produced by cyclic polarization between treatment of the plates by immersion in KOH solution.
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    Analogue and microprocessor control of an electrochemical waste-acid treatment process (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 407-412 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical cells used for effluent treatment may, in many cases, require automatic control to handle load changes in the waste discharge. Results are presented for the automatic neutralization of a simulated chloralkali waste-acid stream using hydroxyl generated by an electrochemical cell operating under current control. The performance of a simple analogue PID controller is compared with that of a modern microprocessor-based adaptive controller.
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    Some aspects of the electrochemical response of iron hydroxide precipitated on different conducting substrates (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 417-422 
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    Notes: Abstract The potentiodynamic behaviour of different conducting substrates (Pt, Au and vitreous carbon) covered with iron hydroxide formed by colloidal precipitation in 0.01 M NaOH is investigated in the potential range associated with the electrochemical stability of water at 25° C. The electrochemical characteristics are mainly related to the Fe(OH)2/FeOOH redox couple formed from both thin and thick iron hydroxide layers. The results can be interpreted through the complex reaction pattern already discussed for the electrochemical behaviour of Fe in alkaline solutions.
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    Experimental problems in the use of solid oxide electrolytes (1981)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 433-442 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Several observations are described concerning the use of solid oxide electrolytes in kinetic and thermodynamic studies in liquid-metal-oxygen systems. These observations include: degradation of commercially available oxide electrolytes, degradation of electrodes and contamination from conventionally purified argon protective atmospheres. The conductivity of commercially available calciastabilized zirconia (CSZ) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) decreased with use at elevated temperatures in contact with liquid metals. This decrease causes discrepancies in the values of oxygen diffusivity unless appropriate correction factors are used. Tungsten-wire-liquid-metal electrodes were observed to oxidize even when the average oxygen activity in the liquid metal was below the threshold level for tungsten oxidation; however, rhenium and tungsten-rhenium alloys performed satisfactorily. A low residual oxygen level in purified argon introduces large errors in oxygen solubility measurements. The rate of absorption of the residual oxygen in argon by liquid indium was studied and a rate constant established. A method for oxygen solubility measurements which avoids these sources of error is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01132430
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  • 93
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    Effects of ionic migration on the concentrations and mass transfer rate in the diffusion layer of dissolving metals (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 453-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The transport processes occurring within the diffusion layer of dissolving anodes are analysed with the help of a mathematical model which takes into account mass transfer by both diffusion and ionic migration in the presence of a supporting electrolyte. The steady-state transport equations are solved for the ionic concentrations and potential difference as a function of distance within the diffusion layer, metal-ion charge and diffusivity, supporting electrolyte concentration and metal dissolution rate. Upon normalization of the variables, a dimensionless group $$(I = ix/zFc^0 D_{M^{z + } } )$$ is obtained. This group includes the transport properties of the system and shows the inter-relationship between them. The anodic dissolution of Cu in HClO4 was chosen to test some of the predictions of the system. The measured metalion concentrations were much less, while the potential gradient was much higher, than predicted. This is explained on the basis of ionic interactions which operate at higher concentrations. It is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that in this strong acid medium the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases in the diffusion layer of a dissolving anode due to ionic migration of the hydrogen ions in accord with the prevailing potential gradient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01132433
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  • 94
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    Electrodeposition of aluminium from a nonaqueous medium consisting of Al2Br6 and LiBr in ethylbenzene: The effects of additives (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A search was conducted to find suitable additives to act as levelling agents in the electrodeposition of aluminium from a nonaqueous bath consisting of Al2Br6 and MBr in an aromatic hydrocarbon. Two nitro-compounds were found to act effectively. The current-potential relationships were determined in the presence of different concentrations of these compounds in stirred and unstirred solutions and the effects observed were interpreted on the basis of a simple model. The increase of overpotential (at constant current density) with increasing mass transport rate was used as a qualitative criterion for the identification of an effective leveller.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01132434
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  • 95
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    The electrochemical properties of imidazol-linked iron phthalocyanine—carbon electrodes (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 489-492 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrodes for the electrochemical reduction of oxygen have been studied galvanostatically. The electrodes were of the activated carbon-polymeric iron phthalocyanine (FePc) type, made hydrophobic with a Teflon treatment. A link between the FePc and the carbon was achieved by covalently binding imidazol to the carbon surface and then letting the FePc co-ordinate to the free nitrogen of the imidazol molecule. In this way an initial improvement of the stability of the electrode potential and the polarization data was achieved. It has furthermore been established that the potential responds more rapidly to changes, i.e. it is more reversible, than an analogous electrode based on carbon that has not been treated with imidazol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01132437
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  • 96
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    Notice (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 536-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01132443
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  • 97
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    Further studies on the epoxidation of propylene in a bipolar trickle bed (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 531-535 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Further studies on the epoxidation of propylene via electrogenerated hypobromite in a trickle bed have been carried out with the aim of increasing the space-time yield. Factors which have been studied in more detail include electrode material, applied voltage, sense of polarity, cell packing arrangements, electrolyte flow rate and sodium bromide concentration. By suitable choice of conditions a significant increase in space-time yield can be obtained, up to a limit set by the depletion of propylene, without a large increase in energy consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01132442
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  • 98
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    A single-equation experimental model of electrode polarization (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 583-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A numerical method, based on the principle of modified asymptote superposition, is described which can represent electrode polarization data by a single equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616677
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  • 99
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    Mass transfer characteristics of a novel gas-evolving electrochemical reactor (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 537-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mass transfer coefficients were measured for the deposition of copper from acidified copper sulphate solution at a vertical-plate cathode stirred by the oxygen evolved at a coplanar, vertical-plate lead anode placed upstream from the cathode. The variables studied were: oxygen discharge rate, electrolyte concentration and height of the cathode. The cathodic mass transfer coefficient was increased by a factor of the order of 2 to 5 over the natural convection value depending on the rate of oxygen discharge at the lead anode. The relationship between the mass transfer coefficient and the oxygen discharge rate was found to be logK=a+0.296 logV. The mass transfer coefficient was found to decrease initially with increasing electrode height, but then reached a constant value independent of further change in electrode height. A new, modified parallelplate reactor stirred by the counter electrode gases is described. The advantage of the design is that it offers more efficient stirring with no added power consumption. Details of the design are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616672
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  • 100
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    Bromine chloride as a cathode component in lithium inorganic cells (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 563-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Investigations were conducted on a Li inorganic battery system using BrCl and SOCl2 as co-depolarizers. The Li/BrCl, SOCl2 cell exhibited an open-circuit voltage of 3.90±0.02 V at room temperature. The discharge results of cells of various sizes showed that an energy density of l W h cm−3 is possible at low discharge rates at room temperature. The storage tests showed no significant capacity loss after a storage period of 15 months at ambient temperature or three months at 72° C. The cells were subjected to abuses such as short circuiting, forced overdischarge and charge. No hazard of any kind was encountered during these tests. In view of these results, we concluded that Li/BrCl, SOCl2 is a practical system for high energy density batteries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616675
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