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11

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An analysis of genes for resistance against two Indian cultures of stem rust races of two bread wheats (1981)

Sawhney, R. N. ; Chopra, V. L. ; Swaminathan, M. S.

Springer

Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 157-160

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ISSN: 1432-2242

Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Inheritance

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary Two bread wheat accessions, E5008 and E6160, have been genetically analysed for resistance genes effective against Indian cultures of stem rust races, 15C and 122. The inheritance of resistance to each race has been determined from the F1 and F2 of the crosses (resistant parents with the susceptible variety, ‘Agra Local’) and F2 progenies from the backcross to ‘Agra Local’. Tests have been performed to see if the two varieties carry common genes/s for resistance. The identity of the genes for resistance has been established from relevant crosses with single gene lines carrying known genes for resistance. A single dominant gene effective to race 15C in E5008 has been demonstrated to be Sr9b. Of the two recessive genes, each producing distinct infection types (0; and 1–3) against race 122, one gene has been inferred to be Sr12 and the second to be a hitherto undesignated gene. The resistance of E6160 against race 15C is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive. The dominant gene has been identified as Sr9b. The recessive gene has been inferred to be a new gene. Similarly, a dominant gene effective against race 122 in E6160 has been observed to be different from those so far designated. In addition, the presence of modifier gene/s in the variety, E6160 has been suggested.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264521

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12

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Inheritance of glutenin protein subunits of wheat (1981)

Lawrence, G. J. ; Shepherd, K. W.

Springer

Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 333-337

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ISSN: 1432-2242

Keywords: Wheat ; Seed proteins ; Glutenin protein ; subunits

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary The inheritance of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin protein subunits in hexaploid wheat has been investigated by using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to examine the segregation of these subunits in 496 test-cross seeds. The parents of the f1 hybrid were chosen so that the test-cross seeds segregated for all the HMW glutenin bands. Two glutenin subunits from one parent, believed to be controlled by genes on chromosome 1D, segregated as alternatives to two glutenin subunits from the other parent, a result that supports the assumption that these subunits are controlled by allelic genes at each of two loci that are very closely linked. Similar results were obtained for glutenin subunits believed to be controlled by chromosome IB, which suggests that these subunits are controlled also by allelic genes at each of two loci that are very closely linked. A single glutenin subunit band, believed to be controlled by chromosome 1A, segregated as an alternative to a single glutenin band from the other parent, except that one seed did not possess either band. It was concluded that these bands are controlled either by allelic genes or by nonallelic genes that are very closely linked.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264323

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13

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Some observations on cell wall structure and taxonomy ofPhymatodocis nordstedtiana (Conjugatophyceae, Chlorophyta) (1981)

Engels, Monika ; Lorch, D. W.

Springer

Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 217-225

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ISSN: 1615-6110

Keywords: Conjugatophyceae ; Desmidiales ; Phymatodocis nordstedtiana ; Cell wall ; pore apparatus ; taxonomy ; ultrastructure

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Filaments ofPhymatodocis nordstedtiana Wolle were isolated from a sample of a Texan lake. Cultures were established and examined by light and scanning electron (SEM) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is shown that the pores apparent on light microscopical examination are not of the cosmaroid type as expected. TEM examination disclosed that they are similar to those found in the generaClosterium Ralfs andPenium Bréb. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated by light and SEM microscopy that the primary cell wall is shed during cell division. The remaining secondary cell wall of the mature cell consists of interwoven bands of parallel microfibrils. A conspicuous overlap of the semicell walls clearly denotes the isthmus region. The significance of these deviations unusual for desmids is discussed. Suggestions are made that the taxonomic position ofPh. nordstedtiana should be re-evaluated.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985185

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14

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Chlamydomonas chlorococcoides nova spec., eine neue Art mit gelapptem Chloroplast (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) (1981)

Ettl, H. ; Schwarz, K.

Springer

Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 115-120

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ISSN: 1615-6110

Keywords: Volvocales ; Chlamydomonas ; Morphology ; reproduction ; taxonomy

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Chlamydomonas chlorococcoides, a morphologically most interesting new species with a lobate chloroplast was isolated from soils of the island Lavsa (Adriatic Sea, Yugoslavia). Description, pictures and remarks on the reproduction are given.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984612

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15

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Resistance to water flow in the intracoleoptile internode of wheat (1981)

Cornish, P. S.

Springer

Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 119-125

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Intracoleoptile internode ; Water uptake ; Wheat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Measurements of xylem vessel number and radii in the seminal roots and intra-coleoptile internode (I.C.I.) of five wheat genotypes showed that the conducting capacity of the I.C.I. was close to the main seminal axis, and would restrict flow when the usual 3–5 seminal axes contributed to uptake. The length and hence resistance of the I.C.I. increased with sowing depth, whilst xylem diameter also fell in two genotypes, which would further restrict flow. The resistance per unit length of I.C.I., assuming Poiseuille flow, was 4×10−4 cm−4 day MPa. A pressure drop of 0.15 MPa along an I.C.I. 5 cm long would be required to maintain transpiration under typical field conditions in southern Australia in spring. In a second study of eleven wheat varieties sown up to 10 cm deep, maximum I.C.I. length ranged from 3.6–6.8 cm amongst varieties with similar maximum coleoptile lengths (6–8 cm). Thus considerable variation in hydraulic resistance may be achieved by the appropriate combination of genotype and planting depth. It was concluded that potentially useful differences in the rate of subsoil water use could result.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183597

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16

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Natural (non-pathogenic) death of the cortex of wheat and barley seminal roots, as evidenced by nuclear staining with acridine orange (1981)

Henry, Christine M. ; Deacon, J. W.

Springer

Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 255-274

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Acridine orange ; Barley ; Cerelas ; Microdochium bolleyi ; Nuclear staining ; Phialophora radicicola ; Rhizosphere ; Root cortex death ; Take-all ; Wheat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Nuclear staining with acridine orange was used to assess cell viability in the cortex of wheat and barley seminal roots from glasshouse and field experiments. Results from this method correlated well with nuclear assessments made in unstained or Feulgen-stained roots, and other evidence is presented to support the validity of the method. The pattern of root cortex death (RCD) was similar in wheat and barley and consistent over a wide range of conditions. Behind the extending root tip and zone of nucleate root hairs, nuclei disappeared progressively from the outer five (of six) cortical cell layers of the root axes, starting in the epidermis. Stainable nuclei remained in the sixth cell layer, next to the endodermis, and in most cell layers around the bases of root laterals and in a small region immediately below the grain. The onset of cell death was apparently related more to the age of a root region than to its distance behind the root tip, and it was not closely correlated with endodermal or stelar development assessed by staining with phloroglucinol/HCl. The rate of RCD was much faster in wheat than barley in both glasshouse and field conditions, and faster in some spring wheat cultivars than in others in the glasshouse. RCD occurred in sterile vermiculite and perlite and was not enhanced by the presence of soil microorganisms; nor was it enhanced in soil by the addition of the non-pathogenic fungal parasitesPhialophora radicicola var..graminicola orMicrodochium bolleyi. RCD is suggested to be endogenously controlled by the amount of photosynthate reaching the cortex. Its implications for growth of soil microorganisms and especially for growth and biological control of root-infecting fungi are discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374110

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17

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The effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen sources on copper uptake and amino acid status of cereals (1981)

Tills, Alison R. ; Alloway, B. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 279-290

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Copper ; Barley ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Wheat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The effects of different nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3, and NH4 NO3) on the uptake of copper by wheat and barley growing in solution culture were compared in three experiments. Both the copper concentration and weight gain of shoots and roots were found to decrease in the order NO3〉NH4 NO3〉NH4 irrespective of the solution copper concentration. Ammonium nitrogen was also found to decrease the copper concentration of wheat grown on a copper deficient soil compared with a nitrate source of nitrogen. Increasing concentrations of ammonium ions in solution culture caused ammonium toxicity and reduced both plant copper concentrations and vegetative yield. Biochemical investigations using paper chromatography revealed that the amino acid asparagine was the major detoxification product of ammonia in wheat. Copper deficient plants were found to have elevated levels of amino acids compared with controls, irrespective of the nitrogen source.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374091

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18

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Effect of temperature on light utilization efficiency of leaves in C3 legumes and C4 grasses (1981)

Ludlow, M. M.

Springer

Photosynthesis research 1 (1981), S. 243-249

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ISSN: 1573-5079

Keywords: C4 grass ; C3 legume ; light utilization efficiency ; temperature

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The effect of temperatures between 15 and 50°C on the light utilization efficiency of leaf net photosynthesis was studied in two C4 grasses and two C3 legumes. In the legumes, light utilization efficiency (μ mol of CO2 fixed per μ Einstein of incident photosynthetic quantum flux) declined linearly with temperature between 15 and 45°C. On the other hand, it was independent of temperature between 15 and 40°C in the grasses, but it declined rapidly between 40 and 50°C. Values for grasses were greater than those for legumes at all temperatures; for example, at 30°C the ratio of the mean values of grass to legume was 1.6–1.7 which is similar to a previously published value of 1.6. Light utilization efficiency was similar for grasses and legumes only at temperatures below 10 and above 50°C. These findings are compared with published data, especially those of Ehleringer and Björkman, and their implications for predicting or interpreting the distribution of C3 and C4 species are briefly discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034267

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19

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Phenotypic relationships among Australian and Mexican wheat cultivars (1981)

Syme, J. R. ; Thompson, J. P.

Springer

Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 467-481

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Keywords: Wheat ; Australia ; Mexico ; morphology ; physiology ; numerical classification ; ordination ; time trend

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Plants of 43 Australian wheat cultivars of historical and contemporary importance and 7 Mexican introductions were grown in a glasshouse and measured for 27 morphological and physiological attributes. Phenotypic relationships among the cultivars across all attributes were examined by hierarchical classification and ordination procedures. Seven major groups of cultivars delimited in the classification were broadly related to extremes of plant type (3 tall, late-flowering Australian wheats and 2 early-flowering Mexican wheats of high harvest index were contrasting extremes), region of breeding origins (southern/western versus northern Australian cereal regions) and pedigree (strong influences of the Norin 10 x Brevor cross in some Mexican cultivars and Mexican derivatives; of Federation and Early Gluyas in the pedigrees of southern/western wheats; and of Gabo in the northern wheats). Some attributes of the Australian cultivars were correlated with the year of release suggesting the progressive development of cultivars that are shorter. earlier to ear emergence and with a high harvest index.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034012

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20

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Physiological aspects of domestication in diploid wheat (1981)

Kishitani, Sachie ; Tsunoda, Shigesaburo

Springer

Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 247-252

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum boeoticum ; wild einkorn ; Triticum monococcum ; einkorn ; water stress ; leaf water potential ; photosynthesis ; domestication ; adaptation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary A comparative study of photosynthetic response to water stress was conducted with one genotype of wild einkorn (Triticum boeoticum, W) and one of domesticated einkorn (T. monococcum, C). Per unit leaf area, W showed a better performance for photosynthetic and transpiration activities, even under dry air and dry soil conditions. Its leaf water potential was always higher than that of C at any level of soil water potential. The difference in photosynthetic recovery from severe drought between W and C was also obvious. The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water status of the leaves observed at 20 h after rewatering was almost the same as non-stressed leaves in W, whereas in C the photosynthetic rate was about half that of the non-stressed leaves, which was accompanied with a low transpiration rate and a high gas diffusion resistance. The ability of W to maintain a proper water balance over a wide range of soil water potential and to recover rapidly from severe drought seems to be a result of adaptation to its hard habitats. However, under favourable water supply, the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf nitrogen was higher in C than in W. This may be advantageous to bring about a better plant growth than W on the arable land where the improved water supply is guaranteed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033984

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