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  • Articles  (1,321)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (1,321)
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  • 1980  (1,321)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (782)
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  • Articles  (1,321)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (1,321)
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  • 1
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 300-312 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Equilibrium Prices ; Nonconvex Mathematical Programming ; Shadow Prices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a definition is proposed for the concept of shadow prices in nonconvex programming. For a nonlinear program with equality and inequality constraints, existence of these prices and bounds for their possible values are obtained under the Mangasarian—Fromowitz regularity condition. Their exact values and some continuity properties are obtained under the more restrictive linear independence regularity condition. A definition of equilibrium prices is also proposed. Under convexity assumptions, all definitions and results coincide with those already known on this subject in convex programming.
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  • 2
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 313-327 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Retrogressing Paths ; Homotopy Method ; Fixed-point Algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For certain functionsf fromR n toR n , the Eaves—Saigal algorithm computes a path inR n × (0, 1] which converges to a zero off. In this case, it is shown that even whenf is of classC ∞ and has a unique zero, the converging path may retrogress infinitely many times.
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  • 3
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 186-196 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Weber's Problem ; Weiszfeld's Method ; Optimal Location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For solving the Euclidean distance Weber problem Weiszfeld proposed an iterative method. This method can also be applied to generalized Weber problems in Banach spaces. Examples for generalized Weber problems are: minimal surfaces with obstacles, Fermat's principle in geometrical optics and brachistochrones with obstacles.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 84-88 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Complementary Pivot Algorithms ; Triangulations ; Vector Labels ; Borsuk's Theorem on Antipodal Points
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this short note a simple and constructive proof is given for Borsuk's theorem on antipodal points. This is done through a special application of the complementary pivoting algorithm.
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  • 5
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 110-110 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
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  • 6
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 155-168 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Constrained Optimization ; Differential Equation ; Global Solution ; Nonlinear Programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new method is presented for finding a local optimum of the equality constrained nonlinear programming problem. A nonlinear autonomous system is introduced as the base of the theory instead of usual approaches. The relation between critical points and local optima of the original optimization problem is proved. Asymptotic stability of the critical points is also proved. A numerical algorithm which is capable of finding local optima systematically at the quadratic rate of convergence is developed from a detailed analysis of the nature of trajectories and critical points. Some numerical results are given to show the efficiency of the method.
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  • 7
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 215-227 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Frank—Wolfe Theorem ; Quadratic Programming ; Norm Coercive Functions ; Polyhedral Sets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Frank—Wolfe theorem states that a quadratic function, bounded below on a nonempty polyhedral convex set, attains its infimum there. This paper gives sufficient conditions under which a function either attains its infimum on a nonempty polyhedral convex set or is unbounded below on some halfline of that set. Quadratic functions are shown to satisfy these sufficient conditions.
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  • 8
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 248-273 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Legendre Transform ; Stationary Points ; Convex Functions ; Duality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this work non-convex programs are analyzed via Legendre transform. The first part includes definitions and the classification of programs that can be handled by the transformation. It is shown that differentiable functions that are represented as a sum of strictly concave and convex functions belong to this class. Conditions under which a function may have such representation are given. Pseudo duality is defined and the pseudo duality theorem for non linear programs with equality constraints is proved. The techniques described are constructive ones, and they enable tocalculate explicitly a pseudo dual once the primal program is given. Several examples are included. In the convex case these techniques enable the explicit calculation of the dual even in cases where direct calculation was not possible.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 286-290 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Facility Location ; Steiner's Problem ; Location on the Sphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This note describes the nature of optimal solutions for the spherical Steiner-Weber location problem for the case of unit weights and either 3 or 4 demand points (requireing 4 demand points to lie in an open hemisphere). Geometrically appealing results which are necessary conditions for optimum solutions and spherical analogs of known planar results are obtained.
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  • 10
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 62-67 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Economic Interpretation ; Mathematical Programming ; Duality ; Stochastic Programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this note is to interpret a class of stochastic programming problems in economic terms. The primal stochastic program is shown to represent a certain production program of an entrepreneur. The dual program, which is also a stochastic program, represents the problem of a contractor who desires to purchase the entrepreneur's resources and sell product back to him.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 138-145 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Set-covering Problem ; Branch and Bound ; Lower Bounds ; Steiner Triple Systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Fulkerson et al. have given two examples of set covering problems that are empirically difficult to solve. They arise from Steiner triple systems and the larger problem, which has a constraint matrix of size 330 × 45 has only recently been solved. In this note, we show that the Steiner triple systems do indeed give rise to a series of problems that are probably hard to solve by implicit enumeration. The main result is that for ann variable problem, branch and bound algorithms using a linear programming relaxation, and/or elimination by dominance require the examination of a super-polynomial number of partial solutions
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  • 12
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 228-228 
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 232-232 
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 308-329 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Polytopes ; Linear Programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides answers to several questions raised by V. Klee regarding the efficacy of Mattheiss' algorithm for finding all vertices of convex polytopes. Several results relating to the expected properties of polytopes are given which indicate thatn-polytopes defined by “large” numbers of constraints are difficult to obtain by random processes, the expected value of the number of vertices of polytope is considerably less than Klee's least upper bound the expected performance of Mattheiss' algorithm is far better than Klee's upper bound would suggest.
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  • 15
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    Computing 24 (1980), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Numerical analysis ; Volterra integral equations of the second kind ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Stabilitätseigenschaften einer Klasse Volterrascher Integralgleichungen zweiter Art zu untersuchen. Unsere Behandlung ist der üblichen Stabilitätsanalyse ähnlich, in der die Kernfunktionen zu einer im voraus beschränkten Klasse von Testfunktionen gehören. Wir haben die Klasse der “endlich zerlegbaren” Kerne betrachtet. Stabilitätsbedingungen werden abgeleitet und verglichen mit den Bedingungen für die einfache Testgleichung. Es zeigt sich, daß die neuen Kriteria einschränkender sind als die konventionellen Bedingungen. Der praktische Wert wird getestet durch numerische Experimente mit der Trapezregel.
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the stability properties of a class of multistep methods for second kind Volterra integral equations. Our approach follows the usual analysis in which the kernel function is a priori restricted to a special class of test functions. We consider the class of finitely decomposable kernels. Stability conditions will be derived and compared with those obtained with the simple test equation. It turns out that the new criteria are more severe than the conventional conditions. The practical value is tested by numerical experiments with the trapezoidal rule.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 274-285 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Triangulation ; Average Directional Density ; Fixed Point ; Equilateral Triangles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider measures for triangulations ofR n. A new measure is introduced based on the ratio of the length of the sides and the content of the subsimplices of the triangulation. In a subclass of triangulations, which is appropriate for computing fixed points using simplicial subdivisions, the optimal one according to this measure is calculated and some of its properties are given. It is proved that for the average directional density this triangulation is optimal (within the subclass) asn goes to infinity. Furthermore, we compare the measures of the optimal triangulation with those of other triangulations. We also propose a new triangulation of the affine hull of the unit simplex. Finally, we report some computational experience that confirms the theoretical results.
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  • 17
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 330-337 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Limiting Lagrangean ; Duality Gaps ; Perfect Duality ; Convex Conjugates ; Convex Duality ; Semi-infinite Programs ; Closure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this note we derive and extend the substance of recent results on Perfect Duality and Limiting Lagrangeans by using standard convex analysis and convex duality theory.
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  • 18
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 344-348 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Unimodularity ; Determinants ; Integral matrices ; Generalized Inverses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The paper applies Jacobi's fundamental result on minors of the adjoint matrix to obtain properties on determinants of unimodular matrices.
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  • 19
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 356-356 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 357-357 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Discrete Dynamic Programming ; Optimal Markov Chains ; Linear Programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown how a discrete Markov programming problem can be transformed, using a linear program, into an equivalent problem from which the optimal decision rule can be trivially deduced. This transformation is applied to problems which have either transient probabilities or discounted costs.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 41-48 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Aggregation ; Linear Complementarity Problems ; Constrained Consistency ; Disaggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Aggregating linear complementarity problems under a general definition of constrained consistency leads to the possibility of consistent aggregation of linear and quadratic programming models and bimatrix games. Under this formulation, consistent aggregation of dual variables is also achieved. Furthermore, the existence of multiple sets of aggregation operators is discussed and illustrated with a numerical example. Constrained consistency can also be interpreted as a disaggregation rule. This aspect of the problem may be important for implementing macro (economic) policies by means of micro (economic) agents.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 200-212 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Quadratic Programming ; Linear Complementarity Problem ; Uniqueness ; Nonlinear Complementarity Problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that McCormick's second order sufficient optimality conditions are also necessary for a solution to a quadratic program to be locally unique and hence these conditions completely characterize a locally unique solution of any quadratic program. This result is then used to give characterizations of a locally unique solution to the linear complementarity problem. Sufficient conditions are also given for local uniqueness of solutions of the nonlinear complementarity problem.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 359-359 
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 362-362 
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 16-30 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Quadratic Programming ; Decomposition Method ; Lemke's Method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A decomposition algorithm using Lemke's method is proposed for the solution of quadratic programming problems having possibly unbounded feasible regions. The feasible region for each master program is a generalized simplex of minimal size. This property is maintained by a dropping procedure which does not affect the finiteness of the convergence. The details of the matrix transformations associated with an efficient implementation of the algorithm are given. Encouraging preliminary computational experience is presented.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Step-size Procedures ; Line Search ; Gradient Methods ; Unconstrained Minimization ; Negative Curvature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Armijo and Goldstein step-size rules are modified to allow steps along a curvilinear path of the formx(α) + x + αs + α2 d, wherex is the current estimate of the minimum,s is a descent direction andd is a nonascent direction of negative curvature. By using directions of negative curvature when they exist, we are able to prove, under fairly mild assumptions, that the sequences of iterates produced by these algorithms converge to stationary points at which the Hessian matrix of the objective function is positive semidefinite.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 61-77 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Optimization ; Nonlinear Programming ; Unconstrained Optimization ; Nondifferentiable Optimization ; Min—Max Problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we suggest approximations for smoothing out the kinks caused by the presence of “max” or “min” operators in many non-smooth optimization problems. We concentrate on the continuous-discrete min—max optimization problem. The new approximations replace the original problem in some neighborhoods of the kink points. These neighborhoods can be made arbitrarily small, thus leaving the original objective function unchanged at almost every point ofR n . Furthermore, the maximal possible difference between the optimal values of the approximate problem and the original one, is determined a priori by fixing the value of a single parameter. The approximations introduced preserve properties such as convexity and continuous differentiability provided that each function composing the original problem has the same properties. This enables the use of efficient gradient techniques in the solution process. Some numerical examples are presented.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 92-101 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Chow—Yorke Algorithm ; Homotopy Algorithm ; Globally Convergent ; Fixed Point Computation ; Nonlinear Complementarity Problem ; Computational Results ; Convex Minimization Problems ; Nonlinear Equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Chow—Yorke algorithm is a nonsimplicial homotopy type method for computing Brouwer fixed points that is globally convergent. It is efficient and accurate for fixed point problems. L.T. Watson, T.Y. Li, and C.Y. Wang have adapted the method for zero finding problems, the nonlinear complementarity problem, and nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. Here theoretical justification is given for applying the method to some mathematical programming problems, and computational results are presented.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 68-83 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonconvex Programming ; Surrogate Duality ; Economies of Scale ; Quasiconcave Costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a class of problems of resource allocation under economies of scale, namely that of minimizing a lower semicontinuous, isotone, and explicitly quasiconcave cost function subject to linear constraints. An important class of algorithms for the linearly constrained minimization of nonconvex cost functions utilize the branch and bound approach, using convex underestimating cost functions to compute the lower bounds. We suggest instead the use of the surrogate dual problem to bound subproblems. We show that the success of the surrogate dual in fathoming subproblems in a branch and bound algorithm may be determined without directly solving the surrogate dual itself, but that a simple test of the feasibility of a certain linear system of inequalities will suffice. This test is interpreted geometrically and used to characterize the extreme points and extreme rays of the optimal value function's level sets.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 356-356 
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden neue Algorithmen entwickelt, welcher das 0–1-Knapsack-Problem mit dynamischer Optimierung lösen. Für die Berechnung der Knapsack-Funktion werden rekursive Prozeduren vorgelegt, dann wird die Verwendung von Schranken untersucht, mit denen sich Zustände ausscheiden lassen, die nicht zu optimalen Lösungen führen. Die vorgeschlagenen Algorithmen bestimmen automatisch das am besten geeignete Lösungsverfahren. Ausführliche numerische Ergebnisse erlauben es, die neuen Algorithmen mit den gebräuchlichsten bekannten Verfahren zu vergleichen. Die Vergleiche weisen darauf hin, daß die vorgeschlagenen Algorithmen den besten bisher bekannten Ansätzen mit Branch and Bound und dynamischer Optimierung überlegen sind.
    Notes: Abstract New dynamic programming algorithms for the solution of the Zero-One Knapsack Problem are developed. Original recursive procedures for the computation of the Knapsack Function are presented and the utilization of bounds to eliminate states not leading to optimal solutions is analyzed. The proposed algorithms, according to the nature of the problem to be solved, automatically determine the most suitable procedure to be employed. Extensive computational results showing the efficiency of the new and the most commonly utilized algorithms are given. The results indicate that, for difficult problems, the algorithms proposed are superior to the best branch and bound and dynamic programming methods.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 59-76 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwei Verfahren zur Lösung eines Optimierungsproblems mit stückweise linearer, konvexer und stetiger Zielfunktion und linearen Nebenbedingungen werden beschrieben. Das erste stellt eine Verallgemeinerung des gewöhnlichen Simplex-Algorithmus von Dantzig dar, das zweite eine Anpassung der Methode der Reduzierten Gradienten von P. Wolfe an das behandelte Problem. Beide Verfahren haben gegenüber den üblicherweise verwendeten Algorithmen den Vorteil, ohne Erhöhung der Zahl der Variablen oder Restriktionen zu arbeiten. Eine algorithmische Darstellung und Überlegungen zur Eignung verschiedener Versionen der Verfahren werden gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract Two methods for solving an optimization problem with piecewise linear, convex, and continuous objective function and linear restrictions are described. The first one represents a generalization of the ordinary Simplex-Algorithm by Dantzig, the second one an adaptation of the Reduced Gradient Method by P. Wolfe to the discussed problem. Contrary to the usually employed algorithms, both methods have the advantage of working without an increase of the number of variables or restrictions. An algorithmic presentation and deliberations on the appropriateness of different versions of the methods are provided.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 131-146 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Behandlung von Integralformeln und Verfahren zur optimalen numerischen Approximation von Integralen über die Einheitssphäre und von Koeffizienten in Reihenentwicklungen nach Kugelfunktionen. Durch Benutzung der Theorie Greenscher (Flächen-) Funktionen wird eine explizite Abschätzung des (absoluten) Fehlers von exaktem und approximierendem Integralwert angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is the study of integral formulas and methods for optimal numerical approximation of integrals over the (unit) sphere and coefficients being required in connection with series expansions into spherical harmonics. An explicit estimate of the (absolute) error of exact and approximating integral value is given by use of the theory of Green's (surface) functions on the sphere.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 89-130 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir entwickeln hier ein modifiziertes Kollokationsverfahren als vollständige numerische Diskretisierung des Galerkin-Verfahrens zur Lösung von Fredholmschen Integralgleichungen erster Art mit logarithmischem Kern als Hauptteil. Diese Methode verknüpft hohe Genauigkeit der Galerkin-Verfahren mit der Schnelligkeit von Kolookationsmethoden. Die asymptotische Fehleranalysis liefert optimale Konvergenzordnung im Sinne finiter Element-Approximation. Das Verfahren gehört zu den verbesserten Randelement-Methoden, die zur Lösung einer großen Klasse ebener Randwertprobleme unter Verwendung finiter Elemente auf der Randkurve verwendet werden können. Die numerischen Experimente bestätigen hohe Genauigkeit bei kurzen Rechenzeiten.
    Notes: Abstract Here we present a certain modified collocation method which is a fully discretized numerical method for the solution of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind with logarithmic kernel as principal part. The scheme combines high accuracy from Galerkin's method with the high speed of collocation methods. The corresponding asymptotic error analysis shows optimal order of convergence in the sense of finite element approximation. The whole method is an improved boundary integral method for a wide class of plane boundary value problems involving finite element approximations on the boundary curve. The numerical experiments reveal both, high speed and high accuracy.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 77-88 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein iteratives Verfahren zur Lösung quasilinearer hyperbolischer Gleichungen des Typs $$ - [p_1 (u_x ,x,t)]_x + [p_2 (u_t ,x,t)]_t = f(x,t)$$ im Gebiet (0, 1)×(0,T) wird entworfen. Für jedes gegebene Anfangs-Randwert-Problem dieses Typs, dessen Randbedingungen der ersten (zweiten) Art sind, wird ein konjugiertes Problem desselben Typs definiert, dessen Randbedingungen der zweiten (ersten) Art sind. Aus den Beziehungen, durch die die Lösungen eines Paares konjugiererter Probleme verbunden sind, wird eine Folge von Wellengleichungen gebildet. Das entworfene Verfahren besteht in der Berechnung der Lösungen der Wellengleichungen dieser Folge. Der theoretische Beweis der Konvergenz der Lösungen der Wellengleichungen gegen die Lösungen der konjugierten quasilinearen Probleme wird als offene Frage gelassen. Doch werden numerische Resultate angegeben, die zeigen, daß die Lösungen der Wellengleichungen unter günstigen Umständen tatsächlich gegen die Lösungen der konjugierten quasilinearen Probleme konvergieren.
    Notes: Abstract An iterative method of solving quasilinear hyperbolic equations of the type $$ - [p_1 (u_x ,x,t)]_x + [p_2 (u_t ,x,t)]_t = f(x,t)$$ in the domain (0, 1)×(0,T) is proposed. For each given initial-boundary-value problem of this type with boundary conditions of the first kind (second kind), a conjugate problem of the same type that has boundary conditions of the second kind (first kind) is defined. From the relations connecting the solutions of a pair of conjugate problems, a series of wave equations is created. The method proposed consists in calculating the solutions of the wave equations of this series. Theoretical proof of the convergence of the solutions of the wave equations to the solutions of the conjugate quasilinear problems is left as an open question. However, numerical results are presented to demonstrate that, under favorable circumstances, the solutions of the wave equations do converge to the solutions of the conjugate quasilinear problems.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 163-174 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir beschreiben eine Testmethode, bei der ein Programm für algebraische Gleichungen durch eine Spezifikation von Eingangsparameter und Ausgangsinformation untersucht werden kann. Der Test wird unter selbstgewählten Bedingungen systematisch ausgeführt und liefert praktische Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Zuverlässigkeit des Programms.
    Notes: Abstract We describe a test method by which a program for polynomial equations can be examined with its specification about the input parameters and the output information. The test is systematically performed under desired conditions, and gives a practical criterion of a judgement on the reliability of the program.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 155-162 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Quasi-Newton-Methode zur Minimierung einer Funktion ohne Nebenbedingungen beschrieben, die eine Cholesky-Faktorisierung einer Approximation der Hesseschen Matrix benutzt. In jedem Schritt wird eine neue Zeile und Spalte dieser Approximationsmatrix bestimmt und die Cholesky-Faktorisierung entsprechend angepaßt. Dies führt zu einer Verringerung des benötigten Speicherplatzes und vereinfacht die Berechnung der Schrittrichtung. Es müssen Maßnahmen eingeführt werden, um die Approximationsmatrix positiv definit zu halten. Es wird gezeigt, daß das Verfahren unter üblichen Bedingungen superlinear oder sogarn-step quadratisch konvergiert.
    Notes: Abstract A quasi-Newton method for unconstrained minimization is presented, which uses a Cholesky factorization of an approximation to the Hessian matrix. In each step a new row and column of this approximation matrix is determined and its Cholesky factorization is updated. This reduces storage requirements and simplifies the calculation of the search direction. Precautions are taken to hold the approximation matrix positive definite. It is shown that under usual conditions the method converges superlinearly or evenn-step quadratic.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 147-154 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Sowohl in der zentrierten Form wie auch in der Mittelwertform liefert die Intervall-Fortsetzung einer Funktion eine Näherung zweiter Ordnung für den Wertebereich der Funktion über einem Intervall. Die beiden Formen unterscheiden sich jedoch bezüglich der Einschließungsmonotonie: Die Mittelwertform ist einschließungsmonoton, die zentrierte Form dagegen i.a. nicht, wie in der Arbeit gezeigt wird. Ferner ist die Mittelwertform allgemeiner anwendbar; eine Mittelwertform für einen Integraloperator wird diskutiert, und es wird gezeigt, daß sie ebenfalls eine einschließungsmonotone Näherung zweiter Ordnung ist.
    Notes: Abstract An interval extension of a function written in the centered form or the mean value form offers a second order approximation to the range of values of the function over an interval. However, the two forms differ with respect to inclusion monotonicity; the mean value form is inclusion monotone while the centered form is not. This is demonstrated in the following paper. Further, the mean value form is more generally applicable, and a mean value form for an integral operator is considered. It is shown that this form is also a second order inclusion monotone approximation.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 175-179 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fixpunktmethode von Kuhn-MacKinnon wird zur Lösung nichtlinearer Gleichungen mit bekannter Lokalisierung der Lösung angewendet. Die Rechenzeit für ein typisches Anwendungsbeispiel wird angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract Nonlinear Equations with known localisation of the solution are solved by the fixed point method of Kuhn-MacKinnon. A small sample of typical computational experience is given.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 181-191 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Note wird die Konstruktion der Newton-Interpolation auf mehrere Variable übertragen für den Fall, daß die Interpolationspunkte auf einem Gitter liegen, eine Situation, die man häufig bei Finiten Elementen antrifft. Man kann die Technik auf das Zusammenfallen von Interpolationspunkten, d. h. Hermite-Interpolation, ausdehnen.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the construction of the Newton interpolation is carried over to several variables in case the interpolation points are contained in a grid. This is frequently the case for finite elements. Coalescence of points, i.e. multiple knots may be included.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 243-251 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Lösung von Standortoptimierungsproblemen wird häufig eine auf E. Weiszfeld zurückgehende Methode verwendet, von der I. N. Katz lokal lineare Konvergenz nachweisen konnte. Dieses Resultat wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit verallgemeinert.
    Notes: Abstract Weiszfeld's method is widely used for solving problems of optimal location. It is shown that a very general variant of this method converges linearly thus generalizing a result of I. N. Katz.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 209-232 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir verallgemeinern in dieser Arbeit ein Ergebnis von de Bruijn, Knuth und Rice über die Höhe planarer Wurzelbäume mitn Knoten. Wir berechnen zunächst die Anzahl allerr-fach gewurzelter planarer Bäume (r-Bäume) mitn Knoten und einer Höhe kleiner gleichk. Unter der Annahme, daß alle planare Bäume mitn Knoten gleichwahrscheinlich sind, zeigen wir, daß für großen ein planarer Wurzelbaum ein 3-Baum ist; für diese Verteilung berechnen wir die Verteilungsfunktion und die Varianz. Schließlich leiten wir einen exakten Ausdruck und sein asymptotisches Äquivalent für die mittlere Höhe $$\bar h_r $$ n einesr-Baumes mitn Knoten ab. Wir erhalten für alle ε〉0 $$\bar h_r (n) = \sqrt {\pi n} - \frac{1}{2}(r - 2) + O(1n(n)/n^{1/2 - \varepsilon } ).$$
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we generalize a result of de Bruijn, Knuth und Rice concerning the average height of planted plane trees withn nodes. First we compute the number of allr-typly rooted planted plane trees (r-trees) withn nodes and height less than or equal tok. Assuming that all planted plane trees withn nodes are equally likely, we show, that in the average a planted plane tree is a 3-tree for largen; for this distribution we compute also the cumulative distribution function and the variance. Finally, we shall derive an exact expression and its asymptotic equivalent for the average height $$\bar h_r $$ (n) of anr-tree withn nodes. We obtain for all ε〉0 $$\bar h_r (n) = \sqrt {\pi n} - \frac{1}{2}(r - 2) + O(1n(n)/n^{1/2 - \varepsilon } ).$$
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 233-241 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das normierte Penaltyfunktionsverfahren unterscheidet sich von dem gewöhnlichen äußeren Penaltyfunktionsverfahren mit variablem Abschneiden dadurch, daß die Problemfunktionen nach Abschluß jeder unrestringierten Optimierung durch Multiplizieren mit den Kehrwerten der erreichten Funktionswerte normalisiert werden. Rechnerische Ergebnisse anhand von 12 Testaufgaben werden berichtet und mit den Ergebnissen zweier anderer Penaltyfunktionsverfahren verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract The normed moving truncations penalty-function method differs from the common exterior moving truncations penaltyfunction method in that the problem functions are normalized after every completed unconstrained optimization, by multiplying with the reciprocal values attained by the functions. Computational results on 12 problems of varying complexity are reported, and compared with the results achieved by two other penalty-function methods.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 253-267 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Clenshaw und Negus [1] haben den kubischen X-Spline definiert und auf ein Interpolationsproblem angewandt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Interpolationssplinew eingeführt, der durch Kombination zweier speziellerX-Splines entsteht.w ist so konstruiert, daß der Rechenaufwand zu seiner Bestimmung im Falle stückweise äquidistanter Stützstellen geringer ist als derjenige für den konventionellen kubischen Splines c . Es wird eine vollständige Fehleranalyse fürw durchgeführt. Als eines der Hauptresultate ergibt sich, daßw unds c im Falle stückweise äquidistanter Stützstellen im wesentlichen das gleiche Fehlerverhalten haben.
    Notes: Abstract Clenshaw and Negus [1] defined the cubic X-spline, and they applied it to an interpolation problem. In the present paper, for the same interpolation problem, an interpolating splinew is considered by combining two specialX-splines. The construction ofw is such that the computational labour for its determination, in the case of piecewise equally spaced knots, is less than that of the conventional cubic splines c . A complete error analysis ofw is done. One of the main results is that, in the case of piecewise equally spaced knots,w ands c have essentially the same error estimates.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 269-282 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird ein allgemeines Modell zur Analyse der Grenzgenauigkeit von Iterationsverfahren zur Lösung linearer und nichtlinearer Gleichungssysteme unter dem Einfluß von Rundungs- und Approximationsfehlern hergeleitet. Eine Reihe von Verfahren, für die diese Frage bisher nur unter Anwendung spezieller und teilweise komplizierter Techniken beantwortet wurde, können nun mit großer Leichtigkeit und Allgemeinheit behandelt werden.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a general model for the analysis of the limiting accuracy of linear and nonlinear iterative methods under the influence of approximation and roundoff errors is presented. A number of numerical methods for which this question up to now has been answered by the use of specialized and rather complicated techniques only can be treated with great ease and generality.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 297-298 
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 299-316 
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    Keywords: 65 N 05 ; 65 N 10 ; 65 M 05 ; 65 M 10
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für 0≤x≤1, 0≤t≤T betrachten wir die Diffusionsgleichung $$\gamma (x)u_t (x, t) - (B u)_x (x, t) = f(x, t)$$ mitB u:=(a(x)u) x +b(x)u oder (alternativ)a(x)u x +β(x)u. Vorgegeben sind Anfangswerteu(x,0), Zuflußraten −(B u) (0,t) und (B u) (1,t) und eine Zuflußrate (B u) (ζ−0,t)−(B u) (ζ+0,t) and einer Zwischenstelle ζ∈(0, 1), an der die sonst glatten Funktionen γ,a, b, β Sprungstellen haben dürfen.a und γ sind als positiv vorausgesetzt. Faßt manu(x, t) als Temperatur und γ(x) u (x, t) als Energiedichte auf, so kann man die Gesamtenergie $$E(t) = \int\limits_0^1 {\gamma (x) u (x, t)} $$ als Integral über die Daten schreiben. Wir analysieren explizite und implizite Einschritt-Differenzenschemata, die an den Zeitgitterpunkten über ein Quadratur-Analogon exaktE (t) reproduzieren. Diese Schemata imitieren auch die isotone Abhängigkeit der Lösung von den Daten, und somit kann ihre Stabilität mit Hilfe von Gerschgorins Methode bewiesen werden, unter entsprechenden Glattheitsannahmen ergibt sich die Konvergenz als 0 ((Δx)2+Δt).
    Notes: Abstract For 0≤x≤1, 0≤t≤T we consider the diffusion equation $$\gamma (x)u_t (x, t) - (B u)_x (x, t) = f(x, t)$$ with (alternatively)B u:=(a(x)u) x +b(x)u ora(x)u x +β(x)u. There are given initial valuesu(x,0), influx rates−(B u) (0,t) and (B u) (1,t) across the lateral boundaries and an influx rate (B u) (ζ−0,t)−(B u) (ζ+0,t) at an interface ζ∈(0, 1) where the elsewhere smooth functions γ,a, b, β are allowed to have jump discontinuities.a and γ are assumed to be positive. Interpretingu(x, t) as temperature and γ(x) u (x, t) as energy density we can easily express the total energy $$E(t) = \int\limits_0^1 {\gamma (x) u (x, t)} $$ in terms of integrals of the given data. We describe and analyse explicit and implicit one-step difference schemes which possess a discrete quadrature analogue exactly matchingE(t) at the time grid points. These schemes also imitate the isotonic dependence of the solution on the data. Hence stability can be proved by Gerschgorin's method and, under appropriate smoothness assumptions, convergence is 0 ((Δx)2+Δt).
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 283-295 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Halbordnungen für symmetrische Matrizen zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt, nämlich die durch den KegelK der elementweise nichtnegativen Matrizen definierte natürliche Halbordnung ≤ und die durch den KegelK D der nichtnegativ definiten Matrizen erzeugte definite Halbordnung $$ \leqslant \cdot$$ . Als Hauptresultat der Arbeit wird gezeigt, wie ein Matrixintervall im Sinne der definiten Halbordnung in optimale Schranken bezüglich der natürlichen Halbordnung eingeschlossen werden kann. Mit diesem Ergebnis ist es möglich, aus einer Lösungseinschließung mit der definite Halbordnung eine numerisch verwendbare Einschließung auf der Basis der natürlichen Halbordnung zu berechnen. Insbesondere kann auf diesem Wege ein stets und überdies quadratisch konvergentes Verfahren zur elementweisen monotonen Einschließung der Quadratwurzel einer symmetrischen, positiv definiten Matrix angegeben werden.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, two kinds of partial ordering for symmetric matrices are related to each other, namely, the natural partial ordering ≤ generated by the coneK of elementwise nonnegative matrices, and the definite partial ordering $$ \leqslant \cdot$$ generated by the coneK D of nonnegative definite matrices. The main result of this paper shows how a matrix interval in the sense of the definite partial ordering can be enclosed between optimal bounds with respect to the natural partial ordering. By means of this result, it is possible to compute a numerically practicable inclusion based on the natural partial ordering from a given inclusion of some matrix with the definite partial ordering. In this way, an always and moreover quadratically convergent method of elementwise enclosing the square root of a positive definite, symmetric matrix can be constructed.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 94-99 
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    Keywords: Integer Programming ; Integral Polyhedra ; Linear Inequalities ; Facets
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    Notes: Abstract A new class of facets for knapsack polytopes is obtained. This class of inequalities is shown to define a polytope with zero–one vertices only. A combinatorial inequality is obtained from Fulkerson's max—max inequality.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 109-109 
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 146-154 
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    Keywords: Convex Programming ; Maximum Entropy Problem ; Forecasting Models
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method to solve large sparse maximum entropy problems with linear equality constraints using Newtons and the conjugate gradient method. A numerical example is given to introduce the reader to possible applications of entropy models and this method. Some experience from large scale problems is also reported.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 197-214 
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    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Constrained Optimization ; Augmented Lagrangian Methods ; Multiplier Methods
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    Notes: Abstract It is known that augmented Lagrangian or multiplier methods for solving constrained optimization problems can be interpreted as techniques for maximizing an augmented dual functionD c(λ). For a constantc sufficiently large, by considering maximizing the augmented dual functionD c(λ) with respect toλ, it is shown that the Newton iteration forλ based on maximizingD c(λ) can be decomposed into taking a Powell/Hestenes iteration followed by a Newton-like correction. Superimposed on the original Powell/Hestenes method, a simple acceleration technique is devised to make use of information from the previous iteration. For problems with only one constraint, the acceleration technique is equivalent to replacing the second (Newton-like) part of the decomposition by a finite difference approximation. Numerical results are presented.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 111-114 
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    Keywords: Traveling Salesman Problem ; Heuristics ; Approximation
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce subclasses of the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and analyze the behaviour of heuristics on them. We derive bounds for the performance of the algorithms.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 155-177 
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    Keywords: Aggregation ; Networks ; Error-bounds
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    Notes: Abstract It is often necessary or desirable in practice to replace a large, detailed optimization model with a smaller, approximate model. It would be useful to have bounds on the error resulting from this process of aggregation. This paper develops such bounds for a class of linear minimum-cost network-flow problems, where groups of nodes in a large problem are replaced by aggregate nodes. Two types of bounds are derived: A priori bounds are available before solving the aggregated problem; a posteriori bounds, which are generally tighter, may be computed afterwards.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 230-236 
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    Keywords: Basic Feasible Solution ; Basic Variable ; Non-degenerate Basic Feasible Solution ; Non-basic Variable ; Optimal Basic Solution
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    Notes: Abstract The standard linear programming problem with a finite optimum value is considered. We derive new criteria which guarantee that (i) a non-basic variable of a basic feasible solution will remain a non-basic variable of an optimal basic solution; (ii) a basic variable of a basic feasible solution will remain a basic variable of an optimal basic solution.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 279-288 
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    Keywords: Mixed-Integer Programming ; Stochastic Programming
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    Notes: Abstract Stochastic programs with continuous variables are often solved using a cutting plane method similar to Benders' partitioning algorithm. However, mixed 0–1 integer programs are also solved using a similar procedure along with enumeration. This similarity is exploited in this paper to solve two stage linear programs under uncertainty where the first stage variables are 0–1. Such problems often arise in capital investment. A network investment application is given which includes as a special case a coal transportation problem.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 352-355 
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    Keywords: Minimax Theorem ; “Inf—sup” Theorem ; Convex Programming
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    Notes: Abstract We give a new minisup theorem for noncompact strategy sets. Our result is of the type of the Matthies-Strang-Christiansen minimax theorem where the hyperplane should be replaced by any closed convex set. As an application, we derive a slight generalization of the Matthies-Strang-Christiansen minimax theorem.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 89-93 
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    Keywords: Cyclic Coordinate Method ; Independent Search Directions ; Cycling ; Unconstrained Minimization
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    Notes: Abstract Powell has shown that the cyclic coordinate method with exact searches may not converge to a stationary point. In this note we consider a more general class of algorithms for unconstrained minimization, and establish their convergence under the assumption that the objective function has a unique minimum along any line.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 108-108 
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 111-126 
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    Keywords: Fixed-Point Algorithms ; Economic Equilibria ; Linearly Constrained Optimization ; Quadratic Convergence
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    Notes: Abstract Fixed-point algorithms for computing equilibria in economies with production or stationary points in constrained optimization generally use point-to-set mappings and therefore converge slowly. An alternative implementation uses continuous functions with a higher dimensionality corresponding to the inclusion of activity levels or dual variables. Here we develop algorithms that only increase the dimensionality implicitly. The solution path is piecewise-linear as in other algorithms. However, when viewed in the low-dimensional space, the path within each simplex can be piecewise-linear rather than linear. Asymptotically, these paths are linear and quadratic convergence is attained.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 169-185 
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    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Equality Constraints ; Fixed Points ; Complementary Pivoting Algorithms
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the development of a new algorithm for solving the general constrained optimization problem (that of optimizing an objective function subject to both equality and inequality constraints). The approach is based on the complementary pivoting algorithms which have been developed to solve certain classes of fixed point problems. The specific approach is to use the equality constraints to solve for some variables in terms of the remaining ones thus enabling one to eliminate the equality constraints altogether. The result, under certain circumstances, is an optimization problem which may be transformed into a fixed point problem in such a way that a complementary pivoting code may be used to search for a solution. Seventeen test problems have been solved by this method and the results are compared against those obtained from GRG (Generalized Reduced Gradient method). The results of the tests indicate that the fixed point approach is robust (all 17 problems were solved by this method where as GRG solved 16). As to the computer times, the fixed point code proved to be as fast or faster than GRG on the lower dimensional problems; however, as the dimension increased, the trend reversed and on a 40 dimensional problem GRG was approximately 11 times faster. The conclusion from these tests is that when the dimension of the original problem can be reduced sufficiently by the equality constraints, the fixed point approach appears to be more effective than GRG.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 233-247 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Solving Systems of Equations ; Fixed-point Algorithms ; Special Structure ; Triangulations
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the recent algorithms for computing fixed points or zeros of continuous functions fromR n to itself that are based on tracing piecewise-linear paths in triangulations. We investigate the possible savings that arise when these fixed-point algorithms with their usual triangulations are applied to computing zeros of functionsf with special structure:f is either piecewise-linear in certain variables, separable, or has Jacobian with small bandwidth. Each of these structures leads to a property we call modularity; the algorithmic path within a simplex can be continued into an adjacent simplex without a function evaluation or linear programming pivot. Modularity also arises without any special structure onf from the linearity of the function that is deformed tof. In the case thatf is separable we show that the path generated by Kojima's algorithm with the homotopyH 2 coincides with the path generated by the standard restart algorithm of Merrill when the usual triangulations are employed. The extra function evaluations and linear programming steps required by the standard algorithm can be avoided by exploiting modularity.
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 360-360 
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    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Large-scale Programming ; Linear Control Problems ; Matrix Modifications ; Partitioning Methods ; Basis Inversion
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    Notes: Abstract Matrix augmentation is used for the inversion of bases associated with large linearly constrained control problems. It is shown how an efficient data structure can be maintained by keeping all state variables in the basis, and then nullifying some of them explicitly by using additional constraints. The proposed methodology, together with a basis updating scheme based on augmentation, forms the skeleton for an in-core algorithm using either the revised simplex method or the generalized reduced gradient method.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 3-13 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Simplex Algorithm Convergence ; Simplex Termination Probability
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    Notes: Abstract Probability distributions are assumed for the coefficients in simplex tableaus. A probability of success in one simplex iteration is then derived; for example, the probability of a tableau which satisfies the criteria for optimality except in one row becoming fully optimal in one iteration. Such results are expressed in terms of tableau size parameters.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 78-91 
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    Keywords: Triangulation ; Homotopy Function ; Fixed Point ; Grid Refinement
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a triangulation is introduced for homotopy methods to compute fixed points on the unit simplex or inR n . This triangulation allows for factors of incrementation of more than two. The factor may be of any size and even different at each level. Also the starting point on a new level may be any gridpoint of the last found completely labelled subsimplex on the last level. So, the decision which new factor of incrementation and which starting point is used, can be made on the ground of previous approximations. Doing so, the convergence rate can be accelerated without using restart methods.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 115-115 
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 121-136 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Scalings ; Optimal Scaling ; Cyclic Products ; Matrices
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    Notes: Abstract A scaling of a non-negative, square matrixA ≠ 0 is a matrix of the formDAD −1, whereD is a non-negative, non-singular, diagonal, square matrix. For a non-negative, rectangular matrixB ≠ 0 we define a scaling to be a matrixCBE −1 whereC andE are non-negative, non-singular, diagonal, square matrices of the corresponding dimension. (For square matrices the latter definition allows more scalings.) A measure of the goodness of a scalingX is the maximal ratio of non-zero elements ofX. We characterize the minimal value of this measure over the set of all scalings of a given matrix. This is obtained in terms of cyclic products associated with a graph corresponding to the matrix. Our analysis is based on converting the scaling problem into a linear program. We then characterize the extreme points of the polytope which occurs in the linear program.
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    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 186-199 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Regression ; Curve Fitting ; Min—Max ; Chebychev
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a special purpose dual algorithm for obtaining a Chebychev approximation to an overdetermined system of linear equations. The method is founded on the principles of linear programming and is designed to take advantage of the problem's special structure. It is shown that, while maintaining a reduced basis, certain iterations of the standard dual algorithm may be combined into one. Two computer code implementations of the method are discussed and a computational comparison with another algorithm for Chebychev approximation is given.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 193-208 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Random Numbers ; Binomial Distribution ; Poisson Distribution ; Simulation
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein exakter Verwerfungsalgorithmus wird konstruiert und ausgetestet. Das Verfahren erfordert durchschnittlich weniger als 3 gleichverteilte Zufallszahlen, solange die Standardabweichung σ der Verteilung mindestens 4 beträgt; diese Anzahl fällt monoton gegen 2,63 für σ→∞. Variable Parameter sind zugelassen; es werden keinerlei Unterprogramme für Stichproben von anderen statistischen Verteilungen benötigt.
    Notes: Abstract An accurate acceptance-rejection algorithm is devised and tested. The procedure requires an average of less than 3 uniform deviates whenever the standard deviation σ of the distribution is at least 4, and this number decreases monotonically to 2.63 as σ→∞. Variable parameters are permitted, and no subroutines for sampling from other statistical distributions are needed.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 317-335 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 65L65 ; CR: 5.17 ; AMS (MOS): 65L65 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In this paper a general procedure to obtain spline approximations for the solutions of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations is presented. Several well-known spline approximation methods are included as special cases. It is common practice to partition the interval for which the initial value problem is defined into equidistant subintervals and to construct successively the spline approximation; thereby the spline function has to satisfy certain conditions at the knots. In the general procedure presented here additional knots are admitted in every subinterval. At these points which need not be equally spaced the spline approximation has to fulfill analogous conditions as at the original knots. Convergence and divergence theorems are proved; especially the influence of the additional knots on convergence and divergence of the method is investigated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird ein allgemeines Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Splineapproximationen für die Lösungen von Anfangswertproblemen bei gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen vorgestellt. Einige der bekannten Spline-approximationsmethoden sind als Spezialfälle enthalten. Eine gängige Vorgehensweise besteht darin, das Intervall, über dem das Anfangswertproblem gegeben ist, in äquidistante Teilintervalle zu zerlegen und dann sukzessive die Splineapproximation zu definieren. Hierbei wird gefordert, daß die Spline-approximation in den Knoten gewisse Bedingungen erfüllt. Bei dem hier betrachteten allgemeinen Verfahren werden in den einzelnen Teilintervallen noch zusätzliche Zwischenknoten eingeführt. In diesen Punkten, die nicht äquidistant sein müssen, werden für die Splineapproximation analoge Bedingungen wie in den Hauptknoten vorgeschrieben. Konvergenz- und Divergenzsätze werden bewiesen, insbesondere wird der Einfluß der Zwischenknoten auf Konvergenz und Divergenz des Verfahrens untersucht.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 337-349 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We present a method for the numerical solution of perturbed bifurcation problems of boundary-value problems for ordinary differential equations by standard techniques. This is achieved by reparametrisation by perturbation parameters and definition of appropriate boundary-value problems which have isolated solutions. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated by a numerical example —a special rod buckling problem.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir geben eine Möglichkeit der numerischen Behandlung von gestörten Verzweigungsproblemen bei Randwertaufgaben gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen mit Standardverfahren an. Dies gelingt mit Hilfe von Umparametrisierungen nach Störungsparametern und durch Aufstellung geeigneter regulärer Randwertaufgaben. Ein numerisches Beispiel — ein spezielles Stabknickungsproblem —belegt die Wirksamkeit unserer Methode.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 351-361 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die invariante Einbettung erlaubt eine sparsame Methode zur Lösung eindimensionaler Probleme mit freiem Rand. Es stellt sich heraus, daß das diskrete Analogon eine neue und sparsame Variante einer älteren Methode liefert. Die Anwendung wird an drei Problemen demonstriert. Die Aufwandsanalyse zeigt Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten auf höhere Dimensionen.
    Notes: Abstract Invariant imbedding offers an economical method of solving free boundary problems in one dimension. A discrete analogue turns out to be a new and economical form of an old method. Three problems illustrate its application. An examination of how the economy arises indicates the way the method can be extended to more than one dimension.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 369-377 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Algorithmen, die auf der „Ratio of Uniforms”-Methode basieren, werden entwickelt, um Zufallsveränderliche der Studentst und Gamma-Familien zu erzeugen.
    Notes: Abstract Algorithms based on ratio-of-uniforms method are developed for generating random variables from the Student'st and gamma families.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 363-368 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit wurde das Problem der Polyoptimierung von Netzwerken dargestellt. Es wurde das Problem formuliert und weiter das Prinzip von Minimax zwecks der Bestimmung des optimalen Weges im Netzwerk ausgenutzt. Ferner wurde die Methode des Suchens des im Sinne des Prinzips von Minimax optimalen Weges besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a multicriterion network optimization problem is discussed. The problem formulation is given and next the min-max principle of optimality is used in order to define the optimal path in the network. Then a method for seeking the optimal path in the network is described.
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 379-386 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir stellen einen neuen Algorithmus zum Lösen von Systemen nichtlinearer Ungleichungen vor, der eine Kombination des sequentiellen Sekantenverfahrens mit dem Broydenschen Quasi-Newton-Verfahren mit projizierten Korrekturen ist, wie es von Gay und Schnabel vorgeschlagen worden ist. Der neue Algorithmus hat die Konvergenzordnung des sequentiellen Sekantenverfahrens, und die Wahl der ersten Inkremente ist durch das Prinzip der minimalen Variation bei Quasi-Newton-Verfahren gerechtfertigt. Zwei Fassungen des Verfahrens werden an einigen bekannten Testproblemen numerisch verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a new algorithm for solving nonlinear simultaneous equations, which is a combination of the sequential secant method with Broyden's Quasi-Newton method with projected updates as introduced by Gay and Schnabel. The new algorithm has the order of convergence of the sequential secant method and the choice of the first increments is justified by the minimum variation principles of Quasi-Newton methods. Two versions of the method are compared numerically with some well-known test problems.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 17-22 
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    Notes: Abstract The evaluation of power decay along the fibre by means of the backscattering technique may be altered by the presence of unknown irregularities. In the present paper the effects of such imperfections are estimated; it is demonstrated that mainly local inhomogeneities and numerical aperture fluctuations influence backscattered power. Finally an efficient and simple method for the separation of the power decay contribution from the irregularity contribution is proposed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 23-33 
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    Notes: Abstract The radiated power of scattered light caused by refractive-index inhomogeneities and waveguide wall irregularities in an asymmetric slab waveguide is investigated by using the stationary phase method on the basis of a first-order perturbation theory. The correlation between both imperfections of the refractive index and the waveguide wall is taken into consideration. It is found that the correlation between both imperfections hardly affects the radiated power caused by air radiation modes while it modifies the radiated power caused by substrate radiation modes.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 193-197 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple and relatively inexpensive microprocessor-controlled apparatus to measure pulsed spectra has been developed. The system enables the average for a given number of pulses to be taken at each data point. Spectra of a mercury lamp are presented as an example.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 231-235 
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    Notes: Abstract The X-ray emission of a laser plasma from metal targets in a 26 kV cm−1 electric field is investigated experimentally. A substructure of the X-ray pulse, corresponding to the laser pulse train period is found. The spectrum of the radiation in the range 2–25 keV is measured.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 253-257 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of expressing the index of the refraction profile of a graded-index fibre or planar waveguide in terms of the results of differential mode delay measurements. We develop a perturbative solution to this problem within the context of geometrical optics by assuming that only meridional rays contribute experimentally.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 519-524 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 529-532 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 393-411 
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    Notes: Abstract Starting from conventional rate equations describing the multimode operation of a laser with a broad homogeneous emission line, a system of approximately valid equations, suitable for both analytical and numerical studies of the spectral properties of laser radiation not too far from threshold, has been derived by introducing equations of motion for the spatial Fourier components of the inversion densityN(z, t), thus replacing the equation of motion forN(z, t) itself. Analytical solutions for steady-state operation were found and physically discussed in the following cases: (a) ring laser, (b) jet-stream laser with the active medium positioned either near one of the (Fabry-Perot) resonator mirrors or in the centre of the resonator, and (c) laser with a Fabry-Perot resonator completely filled with the active medium. The spectra thus calculated indicate that spatial hole burning is most efficient in providing mode co-existence in configuration (c), where it gives rise to a significant bandwidth. It is of minor importance, however, in case (b), where the spectrum differs only slightly from that of a ring laser, which is clearly free from hole-burning effects.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 443-447 
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    Notes: Abstract The dispersion of the third-order electric susceptibilitiesχ(ω; ω, ω, −ω) andχ(ω; ω, 0, 0) of NaCl and KCl monocrystals has been calculated by means of experimental data on the electro-optic Kerr effect. The result has been obtained by using semi-classical models of anharmonic oscillators. An ionic contribution to the electro-optic coefficients has been presented. From the result obtained it follows that the third-order electric susceptibilities are of the order of 10−22 m2 V−2.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 463-475 
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    Notes: Abstract The integrals-of-motion method, the coherent states method, the method of the dynamical symmetry group, as well as the density matrix formalism, are used for the description of paraxial optical beam and pulse propagation in a weakly inhomogeneous medium. The formalism developed is then applied to a parabolic-index medium with bent axis of symmetry in which the index distribution varies along the direction of propagation. Expressions for beam trajectory and width as well as for r.m.s. pulse width are obtained. It is shown that certain particular longitudinal dependences of the index distribution function do not influence beam parameters. This phenomenon is used to achieve matching when two different parabolic-index waveguides are to be butt-joined. The connection of two parabolic-index waveguides with axis displacement is also discussed as an example and comparison between theoretical results and experimental data is made.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 41-49 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple perturbation theory, based on the scalar wave analysis, has been used to study the propagation characteristics of radially inhomogeneous lossless fibres. The formalism has been developed with a truncated parabolic-index profile as the zero-order solution and the perturbation approach is valid for azimuthally symmetric or anti-symmetric modes near cut-off as well as far from cut-off. In addition, numerical calculations have been carried out forα-profiles and have been found to be in good agreement with more rigorous calculations reported by previous authors.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 1-7 
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    Notes: Abstract Theoretical and experimental investigations of the radiation far field from a curved optical fibre have been carried out for the lowest order LP-modes. The investigations concern the characteristics of pure bend loss radiation in a direction orthogonal to the plane of the bend. Possible applications involving the bend radiation are briefly discussed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 9-15 
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    Notes: Abstract The generation of picosecond light continua depends on various nonlinear processes such as parametric four-photon interaction, self-phase modulation, self-focusing, and avalanche ionization. In order to systematize the influence of these processes we have indicated both the threshold for continuum generation measured by various authors and the threshold for the nonlinear processes in a power diameter diagram characterizing the laser beam. The result is that all the thresholds for continuum measured under very different experimental conditions are situated nearly on one curve given by the nonlinear process with the lowest threshold. We have carried out measurements on the spectral energy distribution and on the angular distribution of the continuum generated in water and alkali halides by a mode-locked single-pulse Nd-glass laser. Under our experimental conditions both self-phase modulation and parametric four-photon interaction contribute to continuum generation.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 35-40 
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    Notes: Abstract A coherent transient response technique is applied, for the first time, to distinguish between the influence of competing processes such as saturation of atomic transition and effects due to laser-induced nonlinear polarization on nonlinear resonant mixing. Experimental research is performed for the 3s–5s two-photon transition in sodium vapour. Delaying the probe picosecond pulse after the exciting one, variations of efficiency and phase-matched ratio upon incident intensity and exciting wavelength are investigated.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 51-56 
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    Notes: Abstract A first-order perturbation technique is used to obtain the eigenfunction correction due to the cladding in a square-law dielectric waveguide. Regions both near to and far from cut-off are considered separately. It is shown that far from cut-off the fractional power carried by the guide core increases over that in the homogeneous case but that near cut-off the power in the core is less than in a homogeneous guide. Thus the stability of the modal power with variation of wavelength is increased over that in a homogeneous guide.
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of fluctuations of a relatively weak laser pump on the intensity correlation of resonance fluorescence radiation is studied for a laser acting both below and above the threshold. Below the threshold the radiation of the laser is characterized by Gaussian properties causing non-factorization of the intensity correlation function. Above the threshold the laser shows non-linear filter properties and, therefore, the deviation of the exact intensity correlation function from its factorized value is small.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 80-83 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 87-90 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 91-93 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 103-107 
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    Notes: Abstract Applying the model of the anharmonic oscillator, phenomenological expressions were derived, allowing calculation of the components of tensors describing non-linear magneto-electric susceptibilities. Detailed calculations were carried out for the pseudo-tensor of fourth order ηeeem in terms of which magneto-optical birefringence and rotation are expressed for the monocrystals KDP, DKDP, ADP, KDA, LiNbO3, LiTaO3 and NaClO3. From the results obtained it follows that non-linear magneto-electric susceptibilities, which are described by the pseudo-tensor ηeeem are of the order of 10−16 m V−1T−1.
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the formalism for calculating the effect of profile variations along the fibre on transit times and path parameters for rays in multimode fibres. The ideal case of power-law profiles is considered in detail and it is shown that when the exponentq is given byq=q 0+εf (z), the fibre may be described by an equivalent exponentq e. Simple formulae forq e in terms of the average properties off(z) are given. The ray parameter $$\tilde \beta $$ varies and this is shown to have only a minor effect on transit time, but does imply that some rays suffer an attenuation whenε≠0. If the amount of dopant in any crosssection is assumed constant, the fibre radius must vary whenq varies and profiles with this attribute are examined and shown to have ray behaviour similar to that described above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A technique which gives maximum range and sensitivity for estimating fibre attenuation from the backscattered light has been evolved. With this technique stability problems in the source and receiver are overcome by taking two different time samples for each pulse launched into the fibre, the attenuation being derived from the ratio of the two samples. An analysis indicates that an optimum operating strategy exists in terms of the choice of system parameters such that the range over which attenuation can be measured is maximized. Results indicate that local loss measurements can be performed on fibre sections which are remote from the source by a distance corresponding to a fibre attenuation of 27 dB. Furthermore, preliminary experimental results are presented to demonstrate the viability of the technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 12 (1980), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This report summarizes the activites at the 4th International Workshop on Optical Waveguide Theory, held at Leuwenhorst Holland on 13–16 September 1979.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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