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  • Articles  (1,240)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (1,240)
  • Physics  (1,096)
  • Gas chromatography  (144)
  • 1980-1984  (1,240)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (610)
  • 1980  (630)
Collection
  • Articles  (1,240)
Source
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (1,240)
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Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,240)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Preputial glands ; Nude mice ; Ultrastructure ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The preputial glands of male nude (nu/nu) mice were analyzed by a combination of electron microscopy and gas chromatography to determine whether or not they are affected, like developing hairs and nails, by the nu/nu genotype. Results of the analyses revealed no differences between the glands of nude and normal male mice in either their ultrastructural characteristics or lipid secretory products.
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  • 3
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 203-206 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Carrier gas purity ; Sample stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The amount of oxygen which may be present in the gas volume corresponding to a peak is investigated and compared to the sample amounts. It is shown that even with high purity carrier gases one may have a significant excess of oxygen present at low sample amounts. Attention is drawn to the possibility of impurity build-up by diffusion e.g. through the septum.
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  • 4
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 263-270 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Metal complexes ; Enantiomers ; Isotopic composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The high selectivity of complexation gas chromatography has been employed for enantiomer resolution and isotope separation. Thus, a chiral olefin, 3-methylcyclopentene, has been resolved analytically on optically active dicarbonyl-rhodium(I)-3-trifluoroacetyl-1R-camphorate in squalane. The deuterated ethylenes C2H4−nDn have been separated on the same rhodium(I)-containing stationary phase. The chiral aliphatic oxiranes epoxypropane andtrans-2,3-epoxybutane have been resolved on optically active nickel(II)-bis-3-trifluoroacetyl-1R-camphorate in squalane.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; On-column abstraction ; Aliphatic aldehydes ; Amine antioxidants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The selective on-column abstraction of aliphatic aldehydes by gas chromatographic stationary phases containing N-iso-propyl N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine is described.
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  • 6
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Nitromethane ; Nitroalkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Impurities in commercially available nitromethane have been determined by gas-liquid chromatography using six different column packings. Besides nitromethane, 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane, acetonitrile, methanol, small amounts of ethanol and acetaldehyde have been detected. The presence of formaldehyde, ethyl acetate and acetone is probable. Mixtures containing comparable amounts of the four nitroalkanes could be separated on all columns, but plots of logarithms of the retention times vs. carbon number or boiling points of the nitroalkanes or column temperatures were linear only in case of columns packed with Porapak R and Q.
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  • 7
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 269-284 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Phenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods in the analysis of phenols are reviewed. Among the great number of phenolic compounds analyzed, alkylphenols, chlorophenols, dihydroxy- and trihydroxybenzenes and biphenols are chiefly considered. The advantages and drawbacks of the methods are discussed, quoting the most important work. Relationships between the structural characteristics of phenols, the stationary phase structure, the mobile phase composition and the retention data are treated. Typical examples of the conditions for GC and HPLC analysis are summarized in tables. The literature comprises over 270 references, most of them recent.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Average molecular polarizability ; Retention index ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Kováts retention indices of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined on SE-30, OV-101, SE-52, OV-7 and OV-17 stationary phases. A significant correlation has been found between the retention indices and the average molecular polarizabilities of the analyzed substances. Equations were derived for the direct determination of the average molecular polarizabilities from the retention index values. The influence of the temperature on this relationship is also indicated.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Esterification in aqueous solution ; iso butyl esters of C1–C20 fatty acids ; Gas chromatography ; Fatty acid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary C1–C20 carboxylic acids have been esterified in aqueous solutions with i-butanol. Gas chromatographic analyses have been performed from a single chromatogram. It has been established that esterification in the concentration range of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]=0.01–10.3 can be utilized for the quantitative determination of these carboxylic acids. The presence of water does not interfere in the range of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]=0.01–1.03. In the cases of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]〉1.03, anhydrous sodium sulfate has been used for binding the water, in an amount of [Na2SO4]anh./[H2O]≥0.2.
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  • 10
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 686-692 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Micropacked columns in GC ; Microparticles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Porous silica microparticles designed for modern liquid chromatography have proven effective in gas chromatography. Columns of 35–50 cm gave plate heights as low as 3.3 particle diameters and speeds of 2400 theoretical plates per second or 500 effective theoretical plates per second. Inlet pressures up to 70 atmospheres were required using hydrogen as carrier gas. The particles as received were too retentive for fast chromatography and gave asymmetric peaks. A coating of fluorosilicone oil overcame both problems. Other coatings were less effective. Bonded phases proved less satisfactory on both counts and also gave substantially less efficient columns and greater flow resistance. Column efficiency and flow resistance were sharply dependent on physical properties of the particles. The most efficient packing was clearly spherical particles of 5–10 μm diameter with narrow size distribution, pore diamters about 50 nm, BET surface areas of 25–50 m2/g and surfaces modified with trifluoropropyl silicone. A six-component hydrocarbon sample was separated in 33 s with a resolution of 4 for the most difficult pair and in 2.6 s with a minimal resolution. Performance was limited by end effects and by available pressure so that much better performance can be expected from longer columns and higher pressures.
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  • 11
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 752-754 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Xylenol isomers ; Gas chromatography ; Polyols and polyethers as stationary phase ; Hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Xylenol isomers can be resolved on most polyols (sugars or sugar alcohols) and polyethers (polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol) with hydrogen-bonding interaction. They are separated on vinical polyols which have more hydroxy hydrogen than tetrol, and even on vicinal triol when its hydroxy hydrogen is acidic (stronger proton donor). The stronger is the hydrogen bonding interaction between xylenols and the liquid phase, the better is the separation of 2,4- and 2,5-xylenol, and the poorer the separation of 2,4-and 2,3-xylenol.
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  • 12
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 651-660 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Capillary columns, glass ; Gas chromatography ; Column preparation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Glass capillary column chromatography is the most rapidly growing part of gas chromatography. There are many complex new analytical tasks and they require special capillary columns. Fortunately there is a wide range of column preparation methods available, and they make the preparation of glass capillary columns a more varied job than that of packed columns. In this paper these methods are reviewed and suggestions are given for making task-oriented columns.
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  • 13
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas hold-up time ; Dead time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The two approaches used for the calculation of the gas hold-up time and thus, the adjusted retention time are outlined, first for the restricted case when the carbon numbers of the three homologues used for the calculation are evenly spaced (c3−c2=c2−c1) and then, for the general case when (c3−c2) differs from (c2−c1). The basic difference in the philosophy of the two approaches is shown.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column characterization ; Oxidation ; Stationary phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The on-column oxidation of hydrocarbons commonly used as stationary phases in column characterization is investigated. In each case significant shifts of retention are observed, which may be negative or positive depending upon the polarity of the test solutes and the adsorptivity of the support material. In order to reduce the consequent uncertainties in the Rohrschneider [1] and McReynolds [2] polarity values, a new method of column characterization is proposed. The applicability of the new method is illustrated by a consideration of a range of silicone liquid phases.
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  • 15
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 207-208 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Trace determination ; Hydrogen chloride ; Ethylene oxide ; Gas chromatography ; Chlorinated solvents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of small quantities of hydrochloric acid in two chlorinated organic solvents (CHCl3 and CCl4). An excess of gaseous ethylene oxide is added to a liquid sample; the 2-chloroethanol formed is then analyzed by gas chromatography. The procedure is simpler and more sensitive in comparison with other conventional methods. It can be modified for other organic solvents.
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  • 16
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 567-571 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Helium detector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Four main factors which determine the shape and the polarity of the helium detector signal are discussed. All possible responses of this detector, both in elution and in vacancy chromatography, are presented and special attention is drawn to the intermediate region. The idea of ionization vacancy is introduced for the specific case of two components which are unresolved by the column and to which the detector responds with different sensitivity.
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  • 17
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 574-575 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Xylenol isomers ; Sugar derivatives as liquid phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Adenosine, guanosine and inosine used as liquid phases in gas chromatography permits the separation of all six xylenol isomers.
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  • 18
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 33-36 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Preparative scale chromatography ; Capacity ; Dual-step separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The capacity of dual-step preparative chromatographic separation systems is considered. It is shown that dualstep separation makes it possible to enhance the capacity of preparative installations as compared with single- and dual-stage purification of the compounds.
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  • 19
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 44-46 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Natural gas analysis ; Poropak N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple gas chromatographic method is described for the rapid analysis of natural gas using thermal conductivity detectors and programmed-temperature operation of a single Poropak N column. The method permits the determination of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons containing one to seven carbon atoms.
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  • 20
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 553-559 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular (capillary) columns ; Immobilized liquid phases ; Thick-film columns ; Diffusion coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the liquid phase film thickness in open-tubular (capillary) columns on the individual resistance-to-mass-transfer terms and on the overall column efficiency is examined from the theoretical point of view. Methods for the calculation of the diffusion coefficients are discussed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular (capillary) columns ; Immobilized liquid phases ; Thick-film columns ; GC-FTIR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a column prepared with an immobilized (chemically bonded) methylsilicone phase having a film thickness of 5μm is investigated in detail. Due to their high sample capacity, such columns are particularly useful when directly coupling gas chromatography with spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Thick-film columns can even be used with thermal conductivity detectors.
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  • 22
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 600-604 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Alkyl benzenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The additivity concept in the retention index system of Kovats has been examined for a series ofn-alkylbenzenes and theiro- andp-monosubstituted nitro-, amino-, and chloro-derivatives. Anomalous behaviour is exhibited by the first three members of the series on both polar and non-polar stationary phases. For addition of a methylene group ton-propylbenzene or ap-substituted derivative, it is found that the retention increment, Δl CH2, approaches 100 units. However, the strong inductive effect of the group in the ortho position and the steric effects apparent in ano-substituted alkylbenzene lead to large variations of retention increment upon addition of-CH2-to the alkyl chain. A study ofn-alkylbenzene retention on Apiezon L and Carbowax 20M over a wide range of temperatures has verified the linearity of the retention increment with temperature and has revealed that this gradient increases with increasing carbon side-chain length for the first few members of the series, thereafter becoming constant. Functional retention increments, Δlx, for substitution of nitro-, amino- and chloro-groups into the benzene ring are given.
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  • 23
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 691-692 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Dichlorophenol isomers ; Sodium benzenesulfonate ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary It is difficult to separate all the dichlorophenol isomers as free phenols by gas-liquid chromatography. However they were effectively separated on 4,4′-dimethoxyazoxybenzene (liquid crystal), and all the isomers were separated appreciably well on sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate and dodecylbenzenesulfonate.
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  • 24
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Oxygenates ; Fused-silica capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method of analysing gasolines that contain oxygenates has been developed. The method uses a single fusedsilica capillary column and gives quantitative data for the oxygenates and the hydrocarbons in one analysis.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Trace analysis ; GC-concentration ; Enrichment factor ; Theoretical evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Based on gas chromatographic retention data obtained on a given adsorbent and at a given trap efficiency at different temperatures new equations are proposed for the evaluation of the enrichment factor. These equations are suitable under various preconcentration conditions such as: equilibrium saturation, complete trapping and permissible losses. Compared to known expressions for the evaluation of the enrichment factor the equations suggested consider the band broadening of the impurity in a trap causing a loss of the substance at the adsorption stage and dilution of the sample during desorption when the desorbed impurities are directed into the gas chromatographic column without intermediate freezing out in an graphic column without intermediate freezing out in an empty tube. The new equations may be used to select the optimum preconcentration conditions providing the necessary sensitivity.
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  • 26
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 191-194 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Thermal treatment of MgO and MgCO3 ; Adsorption properties ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The changes in the chromatographic properties of MgO and MgCO3 due to thermal treatment was investigated. The experimental results show that thermally treated MgO and MgCO3 can be used as stationary phase for the gas-adsorption chromatography of hydrocarbon mixtures.
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  • 27
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 418-420 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Separation of metal chelates ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A very good separation of the acetylacetonate of AL-(III), Cr(III) and Co(III) has been obtained by gas chromatography, on a column containing OV-17 silicone oil as the stationary phase.
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  • 28
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 421-425 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Purge and trap sampling ; Cryogenic focussing ; Water analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The most important operating parameters of a commercial purge and trap GC apparatus have been investigated. Band broadening problems arising from the slow desorption of compounds from the Tenax trap have been overcome by cryogenic focussing at the beginning of the column. Good results have been obtained with both packed and capillary columns. The sensitivity of the technique is sufficient to detect benzene in water at concentrations below 1μg kg−1 (1 ppb).
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  • 29
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    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Optimization ; Carrier gas velocity ; Gas chromatography ; Influence of temperature on optimum velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wahl der mittleren, linearen Trägergasgeschwindigkeit bei der Analyse von Mehrkomponentengemischen unter isothermen und temperaturprogrammierten Bedingungen wird diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß stets eine Trägergasgeschwindigkeit gewählt werden sollte, die mindestens gleich, besser jedoch höher ist, als die optimale Gasgeschwindigkeit für den ersten Peak, gemessen bei der Starttemperatur (Temperaturprogramm) oder bei der eingestellten Ofentemperatur (isotherme Fahrweise).
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Configuration ; Chiral phases ; Gas chromatography ; Isovaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The D-(resp. R) configuration of isovaline (=2-ethylalanine) was proved for the peptide antibiotics antiamoebin, Tü 165 (CBS 382.62), stilbellin, samarosporin (=emerimicin IV), suzukacillin B (A), trichotoxin A-40 and A-50. This contradicts the previously reported L-configuration for isovaline in antiamoebin and emerimicin IV. The configuration was determined by GC of the N-trifluoroacetyl-isovaline n-propyl ester on glass capillary columns coated with the chiral stationary phase N-propionyl-L-valine tert.-butylamide polysiloxane (Chirasil Val). The D-configuration of the isovaline from trichotoxin A-40 was also established independently using GC of N-pentafluoro-propionyl-isovaline (+)-3-methyl-2-butyl esters on glass capillary columns coated with OV 17.
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  • 31
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 241-243 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Detectors ; Flame ionization detector ; History of chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary On the occasion of the 25-year anniversary of its invention, this article summarizes the events which led to the development of the flame ionization detector.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Esterification in aqueous solution ; n-Butyl esters of fatty acids ; Gas chromatography ; Fatty acid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The esterification of C1−C8 fatty acid in aqueous solutions and in the presence of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid and with n-butanol is described. It has been established that the esterification can be used for the quantitative determination of these fatty acids in the concentration ratio range of [H2O]/[n-BuOH]=0.01–5.3. In the concentration ratio range of 0.01–0.8 the water present does not interfere. In the concentration range of above 0.8 anhydrous sodium sulfate is used for binding the water, in the amount of [Na2SO4.anh.]/[H2O]≥0.2.
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  • 33
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    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 472-476 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid stationary phase ; Liquid phase bleeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The theory of the evaporation of the liquid stationary phase is elaborated and experimentally verified. On the basis of this theory the role played by the losses in the amount of liquid phase present is quantitatively determined. General techniques are examined which minimize the losses; these techniques are based on saturating the incoming carrier gas with liquid phase vapours and raising the pressure of the carrier gas in the column, e.g. by connecting a capillary to the column outlet in order to offer resistance to the gas flow. The application of these techniques ensures stable performance of the gas chromatographic columns using a volatile liquid phase.
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  • 34
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 248-252 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column loadability - overload phenomenon ; Non-classical approach to theory of loadability ; Effect on retention times, peak shape ; Effect of column length ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The usual concepts of the dynamics of an overloaded solute band fail to explain several phenomena such as the typical “leading-tail” shape and retention deviations exhibited by overloaded peaks, and why these defects are more commonly observed in short columns. These and other related deviations from theory can be rationalized by a non-classical approach to the overloading phenomenon.
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  • 35
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 286-290 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary ; Discrimination due to FID ; Effect of carrier gas flow changes on detector sensitivity ; Hydrogen as carrier gas ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sensitivity of an FID may change when the carrier gas flow rate changes during a chromatographic run. Sample parts which are eluted at reduced FID sensitivity produce a reduced peak area, hence are discriminated as compared to other components. Sensitivity changes were studied for hydrogen as carrier gas. For the detector tested, differences in the carrier gas flow rates of 1 ml/min shifted the FID sensitivity by 1 to 5% (depending on the fuel gas supply). Thus the stability of the sensitivity is no longer ensured as soon as the carrier gas flow rate is changed manually or by an automatic programmer during an analysis. Sensitivity drifts may also occur during temperature programmed runs with a pressure regulated carrier gas supply since the gas flow through the capillary drops with increasing temperature. Such shifts in the response became noticeable as soon as relatively high carrier gas flow rates combined with long range temperature programmes were used. The typical patterns of such discriminations are shown, closing with a discussion on the possibilities for minimizing such undesired effects.
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  • 36
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 301-302 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Liquid crystal phase ; Choice of stationary phases for analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 37
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 351-352 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Injector ; Concentrator ; Electrically heated inlet ; Capillary columns ; Vapor sampler ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 38
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 537-544 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chromatographic properties of glass surfaces ; Fluorad FC 431 ; Glass capillary GC of basic compounds ; Modification of glass surfaces ; Deactivation of glass surfaces ; Acid-base behaviour of GC columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: “Leaching” or “etching” by strong mineral acids seems to be a necessary pretreatment step for the most commonly used deactivation procedures of glass capillaries by reaction with either polyethylene glycol or silylation reagents. The acidic sites which are formed on the surface during this acid treatment cannot be completely removed by the subsequent deactivation process. This drawback can be overcome by performing the leaching with water vapour, resulting in an accumulation of cations at the surface and a decrease in the number of silanol groups. Capillaries of this type show excellent properties for the chromatography of strongly basic compounds. After the wash-out of the alkaline surface layer, the acidity of the support is suited for the chromatography of strongly basic as well as strongly acidic compounds. Due to a lack of reactive acidic sites, special deactivation procedures have to be applied to capillaries produced in this way.
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  • 39
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 583-584 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; (Fused silica) capillary columns ; Intermediate test ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 40
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 87-88 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, wide-bore glass WCOT ; Fourier Transform Infrared/glass capillary GC on-the-fly ; Coupling successful ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By the use of a wide-bore WCOT capillary column, it was possible to obtain the first on-the-fly GC/FT-IR spectra with a WCOT column. This wide-bore WCOT column gave improved separation, as compared to a SCOT column, and yielded identifiable infrared spectra for a real sample.
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  • 41
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 124-128 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Series-coupled chemically differing columns ; Fundamental studies on the properties for basic theory started ; Retention time and separation efficiency ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Basic expressions are derived for both the retention time and the effective separation factor in serially coupled GC columns. The retention time is determined by two main parameters. The first is the fractional time spent by an unretarded solute in each column which, in turn, is determined by the relative column lengths and flow velocities through each column. The second parameter is the relative mass distribution coefficient of a particular solute in each column; a variable that can be adjusted by changing the relative temperatures of the columns. The expression for the effective separation factor relates the measured separation factor for the series combination to the separation factors on the individual columns, the fractional time spent by an unretarded peak in each column, as well as the relative values of the mass distribution coefficients of a particular solute on the different columns.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Preparation of deactivated capillaries for routine analysis ; Easy deactivation and pretreatment steps described in detail ; Comparison of different modes given ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new surface pretreatment for the preparation of wall-coated open tubular (WCOT) glass capillary columns has been evaluated. This technique involves the application of a non-extractable layer of Superox™-4, a 4,000,000 MW polyethylene glycol, to the glass surface as a pretreatment and deactivation agent. Unlike other polyethylene glycols, Superox-4 is stable at high temperatures (〉 300°C) in the absence of oxygen, coats smoothly onto a bare glass surface and resists droplet formation. WCOT columns (SE-54, Carbowax 20M, and SP-2250) prepared using this technique are compared to columns prepared using a modified Grob [2,3] BaCO3 procedure. The Superox-4 pretreated columns were equal or superior in quality to the BaCO3 pretreated columns, based on the appearance of an activity standard and the effective theoretical plates (Neff) per meter. Chromatograms showing practical application of the WCOT columns prepared using both methods is given.
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  • 43
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 146-146 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cold trap heating ; Thermal focussing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 44
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 302-302 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary ; Fitting silica capillary columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 45
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 309-310 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Amino-carboxylic acid ; Silylation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 46
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 299-300 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, WCOT glass ; Urea herbicides ; s-Triazines herbicides and metabolites ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The authors have shown that capillary columns are perfectly adequate for the separation of s-triazine herbicides and urea herbicides. The method presented remains adequate when the initial molecules are accompanied by some of their metabolites.
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  • 47
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 326-332 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column chromatography ; Run comparison with corrections for variations in injected sample sizes ; Chromatogram reconstruction on a graphics terminal ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of a Hewlett-Packard 3354 B Laboratory Automation System has been studied in order to compare a series of gas chromatographic analyses. A computer program has been designed for the chromatogram reconstruction of all valid sample runs from a system subsequence on an HP-2648 A graphics CRT terminal. The detector signals of the runs are compensated for variations in injected sample sizes when a number of conditions are met.
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  • 48
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 359-360 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; All-glass interface ; Fused silica ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 49
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Determination of adsorption ; Irreversible adsorption on glass columns made visible ; Fluorescent compound PMBF2 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: PMBF2, a pyrromethene pigment, can be used in gas chromatography. Because of its fluorescence, adsorption sites on glass columns and connections can be traced in situ. The compound can be employed to check the inertness of glass surfaces after deactivation procedures. Some applications are described.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; All-glass T-joints and manifolds with small dead volume, production of ; Up to five-channel outlet splitter ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 525-526 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Static coating ; Filling the column by pressure, not by vacuum ; Device for filling by pressure ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 52
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 528-530 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Two-phase derivatization technique ; Yeast ; Splitless injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 545-550 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, fused silica columns ; Selective detectors: TSD, ECD, FPD ; POTW sludge extracts ; Effluent splitter ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Combination of various GC detectors by using a Varian effluent splitter with glass capillary columns has been found to be a rapid procedure for profiling organics extracted from sludges and river sediments. The selectivity and the increased sensitivity of the thermionic nitrogen-phosphorus detector (TSD), the electron capture detector (ECD), and the flame photometric detector (FPD) over the flame ionization detectors (FID) or mass spectrometers allow the detection of compounds present at trace levels without need for extensive sample cleanup. Furthermore, the combination of two selective detectors may supplement the information with regard to the chemical functionalities required for structure elucidation.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; High performance liquid chromatography ; Theoretical basis of column chromatography in multicomponent separations ; Required value of peak resolution and accuracy of obtained, quantitative method ; Plate height of solute with capacity ratio equal to one or approaching to infinity ; Linearity between peak width and retention value ; High efficient GC columns ; HPLC small-bore column ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The point of our published papers since 1957 is reviewed. The relations between the required value of peak resolution, K1 (or R), and peak separation, K3 (eqn 9); K1 and relative accuracy of a peak height quantitative method, Ph (eqn. 10); K1 and relative accuracy of a peak area method, Pa, (eqn. 12) at different concentration ratios, φ, are derived. The final result in Table 2 shows a large influence of φ on the required value of K1.The approximately linear relation between peak width and retention value (eqn. 18) exists not only in GC. but also in HPLC. Plate height values H1 and H∞ for a solute with capacity ratio, k′, equal to unity or approaching infinity, respectively, are used to evaluate the column efficiency (eqn. 20). The measuring methods (eqn. 21,22,23) and parameters effecting on H1 and H∞ are given for GC packed column (eqn. 24), GC open tubular column (eqn. 25) and HPLC (eqn. 26). In the light of this, columns of high efficiency were developed. Some typical chromatograms for high speed analysis and separation of complex mixtures are given.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 585-586 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass or fused silica ; Adsorptive and catalytic activity ; Distinction of effects ; Discussion of active sites ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 36-37 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Cryogenic focusing ; On-column, pre-column trapping ; Volatile aroma compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 40-42 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Splitless Injection ; Drug analysis ; Concentration dependence of retention values ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 42-44 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mg(NO3)2 .6H2O as stationary phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 60-63 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Cold silanization ; Medium polarity columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Silane-coupling agents, commonly used for fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP), were applied for deactivation of silanol sites in glass capillary columns prior to coating with mediumpolarity phases such as Carbowax and Superox. The columns, prepared in a two-stage process in the case of glass (acidic leaching and drying, dynamic cold silanization followed by static coating with the phase) or a one stage process in the case of fused silica, gave the best results when deactivation and hence wettability were induced by glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Residue analysis ; Fenvalerate ; Fabric protectant ; Woolen cloth ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the determination of fenvalerate (cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)-benzeneacetate) residues on woolen cloth. The fenvalerate was Soxhlet-extracted from the treated fabric with acetone for four hours at a reflux rate of six solvent exchanges per hour. The fenvalerate residue was determined by gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The results were quantitated by comparing integrator counts obtained from extracts of treated samples with those obtained from known standards. The method was sensitive to 0.00054% fenvalerate by weight. Recoveries from fabric treated with 0.00054% to 0.215% averaged 94.8%. The response of the detector was linear over a 400-fold range of fenvalerate concentrations.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 273-274 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solvent effect ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention indices ; Specific retention volumes ; n-Alkanes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The choice of stationary phase for gas chromatography is dictated by the nature of the analytes. Polarity and selectivity are known to play an important role. This paper suggests equations for calculation of specific retention volumes of any compounds from their retention indices.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 366-370 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary column ; Chiral phase ; Amino acid enantiomers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Heliflex Chirasil-Val, a modified form of the original Chirasil-Val phase coated on fused silica capillary, has been investigated with regard to its resolution efficiency and the separation profile for various enantiomeric derivatives of amino acid. The best results could be obtained with TFA-Et derivatives by reason of the relatively low column temperature required.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 386-387 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; On column injection ; Movable injector ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 388-389 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary micro-packed columns ; Separation characteristics ; Application ; Separation of hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 392-393 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Hydrogen carrier gas ; Pt-Ir tubing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 390-391 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Dispersive interactions ; Inductive interactions ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 567-568 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solvent effect ; Headspace analysis ; Trace analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 89-90 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Histamine TMS derivatives, complete separation, 2 minutes ; NPD used for quantitation down to 20 pg ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complete separation of the TMS derivatives of histamine, 1-methyl histamine and 3-methyl histamine was achieved in two minutes in a 7 m × 0.25 mm column coated with SP 2250. Using NPD, histamine was detectable at levels as low as 20 pg. This offers a rapid, sensitive procedure with potential for clinical diagnosis and food analysis.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 107-114 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Two-dimensional GC ; Odour evaluation ; Fraction collection, heart-cutting and enrichment ; Applications, essential oil analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple but effective GC approach to odour evaluation and fraction collection with capillary columns is described. An allglass device splits the column effluent, with one splitter arm going to an FID. For odour evaluation, the other splitter arm is led via teflon tubing to the nose. Off-line heart-cutting is carried out by collecting the split effluent on a glass capillary microtrap, the inner walls of which are coated with OV-101. This allows recovery of nanogram amounts of material. Multipass operation or repeated collection leads to preparative capillary GC for further spectroscopic investigation. These techniques do not involve sophisticated equipment or valves. Applications of this type of smell analysis, heart-cutting and enrichment in the analysis of Rhododendron fragrantissimum essential oil, black pepper essential oil and hop essential oil, illustrating the versatility of the systems, are presented.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 419-420 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Meprobamate ; Overdose toxicology ; Plasma monitoring ; Gas chromatography ; High-pressure liquid chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 447-451 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Organic gas phase cigarette smoke ; Volatile phase cigarette smoke ; Heated injection ; Nitrogen-phosphorous detector (NPD) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A heated injection system for a microprocessor-controlled GC has been developed for the (GC)2 analysis of the volatile phase of whole smoke of a cigarette. Effects of injection port temperature and the presence of a Cambridge filter pad are demonstrated. Chromatograms are shown for smoke samples with and without a Cambridge Filter with the sample valve oven at 25°, 165° and 205°C. The use of a flame ionization and a nitrogen-phosphorous detector is illustrated.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 521-522 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; Capillary, OV-73 fused silica ; On-column injection ; Alkyl porphyrins ; Bis(trimethylsiloxy)silicon(IV) derivatives ; Fused silica as a GC/MS interface ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Electron capture detection ; Analysis of carboxylic acids and phenols in water ; Extractive alkylation ; Pentafluorobenzyl derivatives ; Steam condensate and domestic sewage effluent ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is presented for the simultaneous determination of a wide range of carboxylic acids and phenols in water. Extractive alkylation is used with the tetrabutylammonium ion as counter ion and pentafluorobenzylbromide as alkylating agent. Extracts are analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Using one ml of water sample, the detection limit lies in the range of 1-10 μg/l. Application has been made to the analysis of steam condensate and domestic sewage effluent.
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  • 75
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 4-10 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Ion mobility detector ; Plasma chromatography ; Selective detection ; Quantitative analysis ; Halogenated compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An ion mobility detector that has been specifically developed for interfacing with capillary gas chromatography is investigated in the negative ion mode. Like the electron capture detector, to which this instrument is closely related, the ion mobility detector shows an enhanced response to low molecular weight halogenated compounds when a small quantity of oxygen is doped into the make-up gas flow. Under O2 doping conditions, the device can operate in a reactant ion monitoring mode responding universally to compounds capable of capturing thermal electrons and in a tunable selective product ion mode providing increased selectivity over that achieved by the ECD. At an oxygen concentration of 0.5%, minimum detectable amounts as low as 600 femtograms have been realized for carbon tetrachloride. Selectivity of chloro- versus bromo- compounds is demonstrated using a mixture of p-dichlorobenzene and p-dibromobenzene.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; ECD ; Halocarbons in water, 0.1-10 ppb ; 0.5-2 μl injected on-column ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Interest in monitoring halogenated organics in drinking water and natural surface and ground water in the low ppb range continues to grow. There is a tendency to include still more volatile halocarbons, the trace determination of which is known to be rather demanding. This prompted us to re-examine the feasibility of large-volume direct aqueous injection onto capillary columns, coupled with ECD. A primary problem was to avoid simultaneous elution of water with halocarbons, since water suppresses the ground current of the ECD. The following measures contributed to the solution of this problem.Apolar, extremely inert, columns are required to elute water completely, and even before very light halocarbons. Their coatings have to be far thicker (≍ 5 mUm) than commonly employed thick films since they must permit isothermal analysis at a column temperature around 100°C in order to ensure rapid and complete elution of water. Finally, it is essential that sampling be carried out on-column for two reasons: diffusion of water vapor in the injector, resulting in delayed elution, is then eliminated, and peak distortion during splitless injection is avoided.Although we now know that persilylated columns with immobilized coatings withstand routine water injections, more longterm experience is needed to provide detailed recommendations for the handling of these columns.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 34-35 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Samples with varying water content ; Retention times correlated with water content ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 213-215 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; HPLC sample work-up ; Valeriana celtica L ; Essential oil ; Nepetalactone, isovaleric acid ; Feline attractant ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 228-231 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sample introduction ; Splitless injection ; On-column injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 80
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 232-235 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Inlets ; Solvent effect ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Dynamic versus static leaching ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is well known that removal of metal ions from the glass surface greatly improves both the thermal stability and the adsorption characteristics of glass capillary columns. Usually metal ions are removed from a glass surface by acid leaching; in particular, the static leaching procedure with hydrochloric acid is used very often for the preparation of glass capillary columns. This paper discusses the results of an investigation into dynamic leaching. Special attention is paid to those factors which affect the adsorption properties of the leached surface. The importance of the non-specific adsorptivity of the capillary surface due to changes of surface properties induced by the leaching process is pointed out.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Cobalt-60 gamma radiation ; Immobilized phase ; Crosslinking ; Column activity ; Temperature Stability ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fused silica capillaries deactivated with D4 and coated with OV-1 were subjected to cobalt-60 gamma radiation in order to elucidate the effect of incident radiation on column performance. The chromatographic performance of these open tubular columns in which OV-1 was polymerized in situ was found to be dependent on the dosage of radiation and was evaluated before and after the irradiated columns were rinsed with solvent. Of the radiation dosages employed, 3 MRad produced superior chromatographic performance coupled with very favorable residual surface activity.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 247-254 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, fused silica ; Screening for basic drugs with retention indices differing by only four units ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary columns offer the toxicologist several advantages over packed columns. We have presented a highly reproducible screening procedure based on the retention index system and have shown the use of capillary columns for routine quantitation. We are currently expanding the use of these columns in our laboratory and predict that they will be in routine use by most toxicologists in the near future.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass, fused silica ; Two-dimensional technique ; Residue analysis in food ; Organophosphorus pesticides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-dimensional gas chromatography with two capillary columns of different polarity (SP 2100 and OV 225) is used for pesticide residue analysis in food samples. By means of “live chromatography” applying pneumatic switching technique according to Deans, unequivocal identification of 57 organophosphorus pesticides in food samples is achieved at trace concentrations. The instrument is equipped with only one injection port and one flame photometric detector. On-line data processing is very helpful, especially in calibration and checking the system's reliability with the multitude of test compounds. The complete pesticide residue analysis including clean-up of about six food samples can be completed by one person in 8 hours.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 422-426 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Stationary phase, polar ; DEGA ; Residue analysis of pesticides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polydiethylene glycol adipate (DEGA) has been successfully used as stationary phase for residue analysis by glass capillary gas chromatography. A specially stabilized version of the phase yields a good polar column which is stable up to 250°C when used in temperature programmed cycles. The paper lists 90 pesticides that have been successfully chromatographed in ng quantities on a DEGA column.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 436-440 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, fused silica ; Superox-4 pretreatment, deactivation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 442-443 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cyclodextrin polymer beads ; Double retention mechanism ; Interaction energy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 444-445 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular columns ; Reduced diameter ; High pressure ; Coating reservoir ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 497-500 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column, fused silica ; On-column injection ; Solvent polarity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 501-504 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Van Deemter curves ; Thick film columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 6 (1983), S. 504-507 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Effluent splitting ; Polyimide ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 196-196 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Persilylation ; Barbiturates ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 461-470 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Series-coupled columns equipped with different stationary phases ; Independent temperature control of columns ; Retention time expressions ; Theory ; Selectivity control ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The promising technique of controlling chromatographic selectivity by the adjustment of individual column temperatures in systems of series-coupled columns is investigated by means of a general model incorporating the effects of temperature and mobile phase compressibility. Expressions are derived for the linear flow velocity, the effective partition coefficient and the retention time for a system of n columns assuming an ideal mobile phase gas, under conditions of constant overall pressure drop and neglect of the temperature dependence of the mobile phase viscosity. The results indicate the importance of thermodynamic parameters, relative to parameters influencing the linear flow velocity, in determining the effect of temperature on the chromatographic retention time. Numerical results are illustrated graphically for two-column systems which are discussed in greater detail. Switching of columns is also discussed and it is shown that even if thermodynamic contributions remain unchanged, non-thermodynamic contributions have a notice-able effect.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 21-22 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Deactivation ; Dynamic vapour-phase silylation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 95
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 86-86 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Recycle chromatography ; Multiple-pass chromatography ; Thermal focussing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 96
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 195-195 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Columns, packed ; High resolution ; Packing apparatus ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 298-298 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Closing technique for static coating ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 333-336 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid crystal ; N,Ń, Bis (p-phenylbenzylidene)-α, α′-bi-p-toluidine (BPhBT) ; Steroids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A gas-chromatographic separation of underivatized steroids is described, in which the liquid crystal N,Ń-bis(p-phenylbenzylidene)α,α′-bi-p-toluidine (BPhBT) was used isothermally at 265°C for the stationary phase. The nematic range of this crystal is 247 to 403°C. Use of the BPhBT crystal allowed operations in a temperature range where steroids are volatile and unlikely to display broad elution peaks and long retention times.With columns precoated with 2.5 weight percent of BPhBT, steroids containing minor structural differences in the ring system were readily differentiated. For example, 5-androsten-17α-ethinyl-3β, 17β-diol was found to elute more rapidly than its 3-keto analog, ethisterone. Ethisterone was distinguished readily also from its 19-nor analog, norethisterone. Additionally, differences in side-chain functionality and resultant molecular dimensions facilitated the separation of steroids of identical ring structure, as in the comparison of cholesterol with methyl 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenate and 25-hydroxycholesterol.An enhancement of separation according to the molecular length-to-breadth ratio was observed; in general, the larger this length-to-breadth ratio, the greater the retention period on the column.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 357-358 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column, glass ; Interface, home-made ; Headspace analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 307-308 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Volatile polymers ; Polyethylene glycols ; Comparison between CPG and ofter methods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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