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  • Articles  (523)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyurethane elastomers from post-grafted polymer-polyol systems (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Certain homopolymer-polyol mixtures, after treatment with a free-radical generating agent or ionizing radiation, will produce polyurethane elastomers of nearly twice the stiffness and tensile properties compared to control elastomers made with untreated mixtures. Specific examples of these mixtures include the homopolymers of acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride with a poly(oxypropyl) triol of about 3000 molecular weight as the polyol in each case. The marked improvement in the stiffness and tensile properties of elastomers made with the treated mixtures over those of the untreated controls indicates a grafting process occurring between the polyol and homopolymer upon the generation of free radicals. In the present work, grafting could occur by a chain-transfer hydrogen-abstraction mechanism, whereby a free-radical site is generated on both the homopolymer and polyol chains. Coupling of these two free-radical sites would thus result in the establishment of a polymer-polyol graft bond.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers in wool fibers (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers, mainly methyl methacrylate, in reduced, successively alkylated, or KCN-Treated wool fibers was performed in the redox LiBr-persulfate system without homopolymer. The reduction gives a striking effect in promoting the graft copolymerization. Methylation or ethylene recrosslinking of the reduced wool, especially the former, decreases the graft-on remarkably. By the KCN treatment in which the conversion of disulfide to lanthionine bonds occurs, the grafting is decreased in the bromide-persulfate system but promoted in the system with persulfate alone. Methylation or KCN treatment of wool as well as reduction brings about a great increase in the absorption of persulfate. The grafting of the lanthionine-containing wool in the redox system accompanied by the liberation of bromine might be retarded by the pronounced bromination of monomers over the inhibiting of homopolymerization, because the lanthionine bonds are more stable to bromine than the disulfide bonds. In general, disulfide bonds and the other easily oxidized components of wool may perhaps play an important role in regulating the bromination of monomers and in the graft copolymerization without homopolymer. The molecular weight of graft polymer is decreased distinctly with increasing extent of reduction of wool. From these results, the thiol groups on wool are considered to give predominantly graft centers by the radicalotropy from SO4-·, OH·, and/or Br·.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110109
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plastic Materials. J. A. Brydson. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1966. x + 576. $18.50 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 153-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110115
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some mechanical properties of an epoxy resin system cured with multiple crosslinking agentsProd. No. 1445 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Arbitrary cure times and glass transition temperatures are reported for an epoxy resin cocrosslinked by various weight fractions of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and m-phenylenediamine (m-PLDA). The glass transition temperatures of the epoxy resin systems studied yielded an excellent fit to an empirical equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The cure time parameters were found to be a linear function of the weight fractions of each crosslinking agent present. The mechanical properties of the epoxy resins were measured by an in situ dynamic modulus technique which employed the use of a resin-coated metallic substrate.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110202
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiplasticization. III. Characteristics and properties of antiplasticizable polymersPaper presented at the 152nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 1966.Prod. No. 1451 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 227-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antiplasticization is applicable to polymers which contain rigid, polar groups and stiff chains, such as many bisphenol polycarbonates and polyesters, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol polycarbonates and polyesters, cellulose triacetate, and a commercial poly(sulfone ether). The stiffness, hardness, and tensile strength of these polymers are increased by antiplasticizers, and the elongation, impact strength, and heat-distortion temperature are decreased. The stiffness of antiplasticized polymers can be further increased by crystallization. A clear, hard, stiff, tough, self-extinguishing molding plastic with good electrical properties and improved resistance to stress cracking is obtained by antiplasticizing bisphenol A polycarbonate with 20% Aroclor 5460.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110206
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance of Valonia cellulose to mercerizationProd. No. 1456 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mercerization behavior at 20°C. of Valonia macrophysa cellulose of Japanese origin was investigated by x-ray, moisture regain, and infrared spectrographic methods. The NaOH concentration range necessary for mercerization was 16-20%, which is higher than those required for wood pulp (8-11%), ramie or cotton (11-14%), and even the animal cellulose, Tunicin (14-16%). Treatment with the alkaline solution of the ordinary concentration (17.5%) for 4 days could not mercerize it, and even mercerization with a 19% solution brought about the presence of the reflection from (101)II along with those from (101)I and (101)I after regeneration. Such a high resistance to mercerization of the Valonia cellulose may be due to its larger crystallite size rather than the crystalline content.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastomer processing and application of rheological fundamentalsProd. No. 1452 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 321-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Elastomer processing operations are discussed and classified as unit operations. The theory of nonlinear viscoelasticity is applied to processing unvulcanized amorphous rubber and the significance of the maximum relaxation time τm is emphasized.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110301
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer degradation. V. Changes in molecular weight distributions during sonic irradiation of polyisobuteneProd. No. 1470 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gel permeation chromatography was used to follow changes in the molecular weight distribution of a polyisobutene, initial Mv = 466,000, during degradation induced by sonic irradiation. Seven samples taken at times of 200-163,500 sec. were studied. In general, a steady decrease in molecular weight was observed, although a bimodal distribution was present after 20,000 sec. irradiation. Various measures of inhomogeneity, Mw/Mn, U, etc., were examined. The function, σn/Mw, where σn is the standard deviation of the number distribution, is considered as a measure of the relative distribution. It is shown to be almost constant throughout the degradation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110302
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of interfaces on the thermal degradation of polymer-metal compositesProd. No. 1458 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 357-368 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous studies by Black and Blomquist on the degradative failure of polymer-metal adhesive bonds have shown that composite failure depends largely on the type of metal substrate employed. In the work reported herein, metal powders of high surface area have been employed to maximize the metal-polymer interface. The composite systems studied consisted for aluminum and iron with polycondensates of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether, phenol-formaldehyde and poly-2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenimidazole. The composites were prepared in the absence of air and thermally degraded in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer while the degradation products were continuously monitored from mass 1 to 200. In the polymer and polymer-metal systems investigated, iron accelerated the decomposition of all polymers studied. This was determined by plotting m/e against degradation temperature for the more common mass peaks such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide for the carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-containing polymer and hydrogen cyanide and ammonia for the carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-containing polymer. This technique offers promise in determining the nature of the interface as well as the effect of the interface on polymer degradation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110304
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft copolymers of starch. III. Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile. Influence of chain modifiers on copolymer compositionProd. No. 1476 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 457-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study was made of the influence of selected chain modifiers on both the molecular weight of grafted polyacrylonitrile and the grafting frequency of the starch-polyacrylo-nitrile graft copolymer. Gelatinized wheat starch was used with ceric ammonium nitrate as the initiator. The organic chain modifiers investigated were ethyl mercaptan, 1-dodecanethiol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, and chloroform. Sodium chromate, cupric bromide, cupric nitrate, cupric acetate, and cupric chloride were also tested as chain modifiers. In the presence of cupric chloride, there was a tenfold reduction in the molecular weight of grafted polyacrylonitrile; however, fewer chains were grafted to the starch backbone than were observed without cupric chloride.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110312
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Third annual polymer conference series wayne state university (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 475-478 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110315
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of conditions of spherulite formation in mixtures of crystalline and amorphous polymersProd. No. 1454 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 499-514 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The supermolecular structure of mixtures of crystalline polymers (low pressure and high pressure polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene) with an amorphous polymer (atactic polypropylene) from the point of view of the influence of the amorphous component on the morphology of the crystalline component has been investigated. The criterion of changes in the morphological state of larger supermolecular formations was the microscopic image of the samples obtained with an optical microscope, both between crossed nicols and in phase contrast. It has been established that the formation of typical spherulites depends on the amount of admixture of the amorphous polymer and also on the treatment of the samples. Upon crystallization in presence of a small amount of solvent (p-xylene), formation of typical spherulites of the crystalline component of the mixture can be observed while the same mixture in case of evaporation of the solvent presents a granulated refractive structure without typical spherulites, regardless of the rate of cooling. The probable role of the solvent is to facilitate mutual segregation of the microphases of both polymers in consequence of decrease in viscosity of the mixture. It has been further shown that even after briefly heating the mixture to a temperature of 220°C., before crystallization, spherulites do not form; on the contrary, spherulites originally present disappear and a structure consisting of smaller refractive formations of crystalline polymer is obtained. The formation of this structure, emerging after destruction of spherulites, might be attributed to an increase of interpenetration of both polymers and to an increase of the contact surfaces between components of the mixture.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110402
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of environmental hydrogen pressure on the hydrogen yield from x-irradiated polyethylenesPaper presented at the meeting of the American Physical Society, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 28-30, 1963.Prod. No. 1474 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 515-526 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental assembly incorporating a capacitance-type, differential pressure transducer, which provides resolutions of 3 × 10-4 torr at pressures extending to 30 torr, has been employed to monitor the effect of hydrogen environmental pressure on the hydrogen yield from x-irradiated polyethylenes. Contrary to the observations of previous investigators, the hydrogen yield is found to be independent of hydrogen environmental pressures extending over the critical range up to at least 30 torr. It is demonstrated that neglecting the temperature and density gradients inherent in closed-volume irradiation assemblies employing cryogenic traps to separate liberated gases into condensable and noncondensable fractions may lead to erroneous conclusions with respect to gas yields arising from the irradiation of materials. A homogeneous, variable-plate separation ion chamber consisting of a polyethylene body and utilizing flowing ethylene as the cavity gas was employed to obtain total volatile G values of 3.6 ± 0.4, 3.8 ± 0.4, and 4.0 ± 0.4 molecules/100 e.v., for Marlex 6002, Dow Ziegler (Q 917.5), and DuPont A-1410 polyethylenes, respectively. A hydrogen contribution of approximately 98 mole-% was obtained with this experimental method.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110403
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical evaluation of films by means of moiré (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 601-602 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110409
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastomers from castor oil (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 629-638 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Castor oil has been used to prepare millable elastomers by using 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, respectively. These elastomers are vulcanized with sulfur and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate separately by using the standard methods of rubber technology, and the properties of these vulcanizates are reported.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110502
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneous nucleating agents for polypropylene crystallization (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 673-685 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model nucleating agent for polypropylene crystallization is described. A series of compounds consisting mainly of organocarboxylic acid salts is evaluated as heterogeneous nucleating agent for polypropylene crystallization by measuring their effect upon the polymer supercooling. Sodium benzoate and basic aluminium dibenzoate were among the best nucleating agents found. The nucleating abilities of the various compounds are discussed in terms of their structural features.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110505
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular weight changes in irradiated polypropylene (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 705-718 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have shown by two separate measurements that polypropylene when melted after irradiation undergoes crosslinking from the inception of irradiation. The first proof was an immediate increase in the solution viscosity of a narrow molecular weight fraction of polypropylene. The second proof was the marked change in melt-flow properties on irradiation of a broad molecular weight distribution polypropylene. These findings tend to support one of the two currently held views on the action of radiation on polypropylene. In addition we have confirmed previous reports that melting after irradiation contributes to the overall crosslinking reaction.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110508
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibre sintetice; Chimie si technologie. Lupu Alexandru and Sorin Bosica. Bucuresti, 1966 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 751-751 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110513
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of water on the mechanism of deformation of nylon 6 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1483-1494 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Lattice spacings perpendicular to the molecular chain axes and crystallite orientation of dried and moist (boiled in water) bulk nylon 6 were determined by x-ray diffraction under tension of 30-300 kg./cm.2. The deformation of the specimen was also measured. The lattice spacings are changed reversibly by the presence of water in nylon 6, but the elastic moduli of the lattice are not affected. The lattice elastic modulus in the direction of the hydrogen bonds is approximately double its value in the direction normal to the hydrogen bonds. The elastic modulus of the dried nylon 6 approaches the value of the lattice elastic modulus in the direction normal to the molecular axes, while the modulus of the moist nylon 6 is several times lower. From these facts, and especially from the relations between the lattice deformation, crystallite orientation, and specimen deformation, the principal differences in the deformation mechanism of dried and moist nylon 6 were deduced. The results obtained have also made possible some general conclusions about the crystalline structure of nylon 6 and the deformation mechanism of linear polymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110811
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft copolymerization onto protein by the ceric ion method. Studies on grafting site (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1529-1538 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylamide onto ovalbumin was carried out with redox system with ceric ion. Initiation of grafting occurred very rapidly, and the number of grafting sites reached a maximum after about 2 min. regardless of initial ceric ion concentration. The grafted polymer chains were separated by selective hydrolysis of the protein backbone with hydrochloric acid or protease in order to characterize the graft copolymers. The grafted polyacrylamide separated by the proteolytic digestion contained a carbohydrate residue at the end of the polymer molecule. The problem of grafting sites on ovalbumin is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110814
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bonding polyethylene to metals (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1553-1562 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A process for adhering polyethylene to aluminum was developed which involves treating the aluminium substrate successively with chromic acid and then a selected organic acid. Certain organic acids utilized in this process appeared to produce a synergistic effect on the adhesion. This process, which required no modification or treatment of the polymer, resulted in peel strengths forty times greater than that obtained on untreated aluminum. Tensile shear values for the polyethylene-aluminum bond were greater than 2800 psi. The materials used for treating the metal in this system produced a maximum in the obtainable peel strength. Furthermore, minor changes in the etching acids resulted in drastic changes in the adhesion values.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110816
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modified balance-type stress relaxation apparatus for chemical relaxation under liquid phase (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1613-1615 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A relatively simple and inexpensive automatic apparatus for chemical relaxation giving good accuracy has been developed for measurement of chemical relaxation in the gaseous phase in high polymers. The apparatus is based on a previously described balance-type stress relaxation apparatus intended for automatic operation.
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    Properties of random and block copolymers of butadiene and styrene. I. Dynamic properties and glassy transition temperatures (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1581-1591 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The effect of monomer sequence on physical properties was investigated for butadienestyrene solution copolymers made by organolithium initiation. The polymers varied from random copolymers of uniform composition along the polymer chain to ideal block polymers of specific block sequence arrangement and included rubbers of intermediate degrees of randomness. Uniform composition random copolymers exhibit a single glass transition temperature and a very narrow dynamic loss peak corresponding to this transition. The glass transition can be predicted from the styrene content and the microstructure of the butadiene portion of the rubber. Random copolymers in which composition varies along the polymer chain, and to some extent between molecules, exhibit a single glass transition, but the dynamic loss peak is broadened. The extent of this broadening is shown to be compatible with the sequence distribution, polymer segments of various compositions losing mobility at different temperatures. This indicates a tendency for association between segments of different temperatures. This indicates a tendency for association between segments of different chains which are similar in composition. Block copolymers display two transitions, corresponding to Tg for each type of block. The position and width of the dynamic loss peaks are related to block length and compositional purity of the blocks.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110819
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    Dynamic behavior of natural rubber during large extensionsProd. No. 1576 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1835-1850 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The stresses and energy losses during simple extension cycles up to a maximum elongation of 530% have been determined for an unfilled vulcanizate of natural rubber as a function of the temperature and extension rate. At sufficiently short elongation times and low temperatures, the rate and temperature dependence of the ascending stresses are connected by the Ferry transform, and the superposition principle can be applied to them. Outside this experimental range, the stresses are increased by crystallization. The validity of the Ferry transform for the energy losses and the energy loss ratio is more restricted than for the stresses, and the losses are always higher than can be expected from a purely viscoelastic mechanism. The additional losses are tentatively ascribed to incipient crystallization and stress-softening effects. At short elongation times and low temperatures, the losses approach the values predicted by viscoelasticity, and the loss ratio becomes independent of the maximum extension of the strain cycle.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111002
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    Regulation of molecular weight of styrene - butadiene rubber. I. Choice of regulator from the homologous series of xanthogen disulfidesProd. No. 1584 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1881-1892 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The regulating efficiency of 14 dialkyl xanthogen disulfides in emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene at +5°C. with the use of a diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide-complexed ferrous iron-sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate redox system in the presence of sodium soap of disproportionated rosin as an emulsifier, was evaluated. The apparent chain transfer constants of n-alkyl and isoalkyl derivatives decreased logarithmically with increasing length of the alkyl group, which seems to be related to the analogous dependency of their solubilities in water. The dialkyl xanthogen disulfides, especially the lower homologs, acted as retarders of polymerization. The retardation did not affect their regulation efficiency. On the basis of values of the apparent chain transfer constants it is possible to predict the molecular weight of polymers, except for the region where the regulation is poor and where the deteriorative influence of termination and crosslinking reactions takes place. The diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide has been selected as the most convenient of the compounds studied for molecular weight regulation of emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene in the system mentioned.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Reaction of α-cellulose with SbCl3-KOH-AsCl3Prod. No. 1637 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2467-2471 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: α-Cellulose dissolves in a mixture of SbCl3, KOH, and AsCl3. The resulting product as identified by PMR and infrared spectroscopy is α-D-glucose. This product is unexpected, and an explanation for its formation is suggested.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111206
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  • 27
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    Diffusion of dissolved gases in molten condensation polymers (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2587-2589 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111218
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  • 28
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    Kinetics of the formation of dibenzyl ether linkage during curing of resole-type phenol-formaldehyde resin by DTA and infrared spectroscopy (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 95-102 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The kinetics of formation of dibenzyl ether linkages during cure of resole-type phenol-formaldehyde resins was studied by the use of differential thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The activation energy was 21.6 kcal./mole by the Borchard and Daniels method gives and 18.6 kcal./mole by the Kissinger method. For the same process, infrared, which shows a rather good agreement between the two different methods. The heat of reaction, determined from the area under the DTA curve for the corresponding reaction, was found to be 20.2 cal./g.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110107
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  • 29
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    Ionic graft copolymerization. I. Homopolymerization of β-propiolactone by sodium acetate catalyst (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 753-771 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The polymerization of β-propiolactone (βPL) by sodium acetate catalyst has been investigated. The polymerization behavior with monomer purified with calcium chloride was found to be a little different from that previously reported for this monomer. That is, poly-β-propiolactone (PβPL) obtained from βPL dried with CaCl2 has a higher degree of polymerization than that obtained from conventionally treated βPL, and its infrared spectrum shows type II configuration, which differs from that reported in previous papers. Some chain transfer reaction is observed even for the polymerization of the CaCl2-dried βPL; however, this is less important in toluene. The electronegativity of the anion or cation in catalyst greatly influences the rate of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110601
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    Membrane potentials of thin nitrocellulose membranes (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 829-837 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The membrane potentials of thin (300-1300 A.) nitrocellulose (Parlodion) membranes have been investigated. Measurements were made in a Lucite cell by use of calomel electrodes with 0.05N KCl and 0.1N KCl. Variables having an influence on membrane structure, such as solvent polarity, temperature, and thickness, have been studied in relation to membrane potential. The range of potentials observed for Parlodion (2.1-9.2 mv.) is believed to be the result of differences in the orientation of the nitrocellulose molecules (and their accompanying electrochemically active carboxyl groups) in the membrane structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110606
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    Simple microtome for sectioning cellular foam (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 921-924 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A simple, inexpensive microtome was developed for sectioning polystyrene foam prepuff. The cell structure is well defined and wall thicknesses can be measured easily from photomicrographs prepared with the microtome.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Fatigue under complicated load histories. Law of cumulative damage (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 925-947 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The applicability of Miner's law of cumulative damage to predict lifetimes in experiments involving complex load histories is examined. Lifetimes estimated by Σ ti/(tb)i = 1 are compared with those calculated by the expression for the time to rupture derived by Prevorsek and Lyons assuming that the time to rupture can be approximated by the time to form an unstable crack. For experiments in which the loading conditions became increasingly severe with time, lifetimes predicted by Miner's law are longer than those calculated from the rate of crack propagation, the opposite being found for experiments in which the loading conditions become decreasingly severe with time. Experimental data on hand are in agreement with these findings. Effects of changes in the structural parameters ρ, E, and ΔF* and of variations in the experimental conditions on the accuracy of the lifetime estimates are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Further aspects of the thermal degradation of epoxide resins (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1009-1026 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: This paper describes an investigation into the degradation of a purified epoxide based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A hardened with p,p′-diaminodiphenylmethane. The method used was that of hot-wire pyrolysis followed by gas chromatography. Special attention was given to the problem of solid residues formed on the pyrolyzer tube, and evidence was found that these probably contain oligomers. Resonance-stabilized free radicals also appear to be formed, and evidence is found to support the idea of dehydration during degradation, originally put forward by Lee. An attempt, based on first principles, is made to explain the degradation of epoxides, using evidence from previous work as well as that described in this paper.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Effect of carbon black on time dependence of the melt flow indexPaper presented at 22nd ANTEC Meeting, Society of Plastics Engineers, Montreal, Canada, March 1966. (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1043-1053 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Time dependence in the melt indexing of polyolefins stabilized against thermally induced changes is well known, the prevalent effect being an increase in melt index toward a steady-state value. The melt index of polyethylenes compounded with carbon black has been found to decrease, in some cases radically, although oxygen uptake data show no evidence of thermal instability. The melt index-time plot can be restored to its normal shape by adding excess quantities of a standard thioether antioxidant. Data are rationalized by assuming that polyethylene adsorbs on the available pigment surface, forming a crosslink network. The thioether antioxidant, however, may adsorb preferentially, thereby restoring the normal response of the polymer to forces resulting in its capillary extrusion. The results emphasize the contribution of chain orientation effects to the time dependence of melt index.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Free-radical concentration in polymerizations (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1079-1086 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A method is described for deriving by digital computer a temperature program which, when applied to batch polymerization, will keep the supply of new free radicals constant throughout the main part of the reaction.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110707
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  • 36
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    Diethylaminoethyl cellulose-epoxide reactionsPresented before the Division of Cellulose, Wood, & Fiber Chemistry at the 152nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 1966. (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1155-1172 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Reactions of various monoepoxides and diepoxides with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose in the absence and presence of external catalysts have been studied. In the absence of additional catalysts, many epoxides which did not react with the unmodified cotton reacted with DEAE-cotton. Others, which reacted with unmodified cotton in the presence of external bases, imparted different properties when catalyzed by the builtin tertiary amino groups of DEAE-cotton. For example, epichlorohydrin reacted with DEAE-cotton to produce a fabric with excellent conditioned recovery, good wet recovery, and strong-base anion exchange properties. The same epoxide imparted only wet crease recovery to cotton when the reaction was catalyzed by external bases. Phenyl glycidyl ether and styrene oxide reacted with DEAE-cotton to produce a fabric with twentyfold improvement in resistance to flex abrasion. With 8% aqueous NaOH as an external catalyst, the DEAE-cotton displayed greater reactivity with all epoxides than did the unmodified fabric. DEAE-cotton-diepoxide reactions with added base catalyst generally resulted in a decrease in the conditioned recovery angle and an increase in the wet recovery angle. When Zn(BF4)2 was used as an additional catalyst, again the DEAE fabrics displayed the greater reactivity toward the monoepoxides; but the unmodified cotton was more reactive toward the diepoxides than was the DEAE-cotton. The Zn (BF4)2-monoepoxide-treated DEAE fabrics had higher wet recovery angles but lower dry recovery angles than the corresponding epoxide-finished control cottons. Butadiene diepoxide was the only diepoxide investigated which imparted higher dry recovery angles to the DEAE-cotton than to the unmodified cotton control in the presence of Zn(BF4)2. Tertiary amino groups in DEAE-cottons act as an internal catalyst for the opening of the oxirane rings, direct the site for reaction in the absence of additional catalysts, and react with some epoxides to form quaternary nitrogen groups.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Radiation-induced reactions with cellulose. II. The Trommsdorff effect: Dose and dose rate studies involving copolymerization with monomers in methanol (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 839-858 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The radiation-induced grafting to cellulose of styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, 2-vinylpyridine, and 4-vinylpyridine in methanol has been studied. All monomers exhibit appreciable grafting at room temperature in either vacuum or air for total doses up to 10 Mrad and at dose rates as high as 1.4 Mrad/hr. in a spent fuel or 60Co facility. The magnitude of the grafting depends upon both the total dose and dose rate. Under certain experimental conditions, the grafting experiences a maximum which has been attributed to the Trommsdorff effect. A novel mechanism involving charge-transfer bond formation is proposed to account for the observed data in the grafting reactions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Radiation-induced reactions with cellulose. III. Kinetics of styrene copolymerization in methanol (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 859-870 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The kinetics of the radiation-induced grafting of styrene to cellulose in methanol have been studied in air at dose rates of 0.007, 0.014, and 0.078 Mrad/hr. in 60Co and spent fuel element facilities. The variables affecting rate of grafting include monomer concentration, radiation dose rate, and total dose. Grafting reaches a maximum at 60-70% by volume methanol in styrene. The results have been interpreted in terms of possible grafting mechanisms, including charge-transfer intermediates; however, a complete mathematical treatment of the data is not possible at present because of the absence of appropriate swelling data for cellulose in mixtures of styrene and methanol. Poor grafting observed in solutions of up to 10% monomer is attributed to radical scavenging (predominantly from the solvent) by the monomer leading to the formation of scavenged products including homopolymer. Rate of grafting falls off for solutions above 80-90% monomer concentration and radical scavenging by monomer radicals is again postulated to account for the observed behavior.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Investigation by electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction of the microstructure of permselective membranes made from polyethylene (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 909-919 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Ion-permselective membranes containing polyethylene in their base material have been examined by direct transmission electron micrography and x-ray diffraction. All of the electron micrographs showed white lines of about 100 A. thickness between somewhat thinner black lines composed of granules. These lines often occur as black-white-black triplets. We tentatively explain these structural elements by assuming that they are cross sections of the crystallite platelets, characteristic for polyethylene, reacted on both of their faces during sulfochlorination. It is known, that these platelets are about 100 A. thick, X-ray diffraction experiments also showed the characteristic lines of polyethylene crystallites, their intensity decreasing after sulfonation. The velocity of heterogeneous sulfochlorination of polyethylene sheets decreases abruptly when the film contains 6% S and 7% Cl (after hydrolysis). This m̰eans six substituted sites on a chain element across the platelet for a 100% crystalline film and accordingly less for a partially amorphous material. It is known that five CH2 groups of each chain element are exposed at the surface of the platelets, in good agreement with our findings.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Aliphatic heterocyclic polymers (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1325-1331 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Aliphatic polybenzoxazoles, polybenzothiazoles, and polybenzimidazoles have been prepared by three methods: in poly(phosphoric acid), by the polyamide precursor, and by melt polymerization. The melt polymerization method was found to be the most satisfactory. All of the aliphatic heterocyclic polymers had excellent thermal stability, resistance to alkaline hydrolysis, high glass transition temperatures, and a high degree of flexibility. The only class of polymer found having any degree of solubility, however, was the polybenzimidazoles. Aliphatic polybenzimidazole films were prepared by solution casting. These films were found to be extremely flexible at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. The films were unaffected by alkaline hydrolysis, even in an oxidizing medium. A molding prepared from the aliphatic polybenzimidazole had excellent physical properties at both cryogenic and room temperature.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110728
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    Basic gel-permeation chromatography studies. I. Polymer degradation (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1419-1430 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polymer degradation has been studied by using gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) to measure the product distribution. The method is rapid and has a good accuracy that permits one to see most of the degradation products, as they elute at a point different from the starting material. In the cases studied, polystyrene cleavage has the result of random cleavage, as judged by the product distribution. A GPC curve to be expected from random cleavage has been put together to aid in the evaluation. Both wide and narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrenes have been studied after degradation. The narrow distribution products were degraded by peroxides, irradiation, and weathering. With the latter, the combination of simple fragments to form the starting portions of cromslinking were measured in small amounts. In none of the cases studied did degradation in solution produce crosslinked products. Kinetic rate studies were made that concerned the action of peroxides and inhibitors.
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  • 42
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    Environment-influenced surface layer in polymers (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1495-1507 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Several epoxy polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate), a highly plasticized polyethylene, and a polyethylene of molecular weight 2500 were found to be influenced to a considerable depth from the surface by the mold material or the atmospheric environment. The results presented are interpreted in terms of a diffuse double layer induced by the mold in the polymer surface region. These environmental effects appear to be greatest for the epoxy systems and are evident to a lesser extent, progressively, as the molded polymer is changed to materials of higher purity or narrower molecular weight range.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110812
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    Large-scale fractionation of poly(vinyl chloride) and characterization of the fractions (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1539-1552 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A large-scale fractionation of poly(vinyl chloride) (3000 g.) has been carried out by a fractional precipitation method. The molecular weight distribution of some fractions has been controlled by refractionation. The fractions have been also characterized by viscometry, osmometry, light-scattering, and glass transition temperature measurements. The data available in literature concerning the molecular weight characterization of poly(vinyl chloride) fractions have been critically reviewed. It has been shown that most of the viscometric and osmometric data are in good agreement when the molecular weights are below 105. Above 105 the literature discrepancies can be attributed to aggregation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110815
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    The effect of thermal pretreatment on the strength of polycarbonate (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1571-1579 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The effect of preheat treatment at temperatures below the glass transition for various periods of time on selected properties of molded polycarbonate has been studied. Changes in tensile and flexural strength as functions of time and preheat temperature (80-140°C.) were determined and these are discussed in relation to changes in the nature of the β-transition region and the influence of the glass transition region. It is suggested that the preheat treatment produces a greater degree of order within the amorphous region of the polymer, resulting in an increase in strength at temperatures up to 132°C. The strength of the polycarbonate before and after heat treatment appears to be independent of the presence of the equilibrium water content.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110818
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  • 45
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    A modified capillary dilatometer for polymerizationProd. No. 1554 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1627-1629 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A relatively simple and inexpensive instrument giving good accuracy and easy operation has been developed for the measurement of volume change in monomer polymerizations. The instrument is based on a previously described capillary dilatometer intended for automatic operation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110902
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  • 46
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    Environmental stability of ABS plasticsProd. No. 1582 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1731-1735 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Experiments with different ABS resins indicate that thermal stability in this class of polymers is dependent upon the ratio of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer to polybutadiene rubber in the graft phase; resins containing more highly grafted rubber are more resistant to thermal oxidation. It is also found that in outdoor aging there is a minimum carbon black loading for these resins below which light screening is not effective.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110912
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  • 47
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    Alkali solubility of carboxylated polymer emulsionsProd. No. 1598 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1963-1978 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The solubility of carboxylated polymer emulsions in an aqueous alkaline solution was studied. The alkali solubility was shown to depend on the degree of carboxylation, the hydrophilic nature of the noncarboxylic main components, the degree of polymerization, the glass transition temperature, the chain configuration, and the dissolution temperature. Emulsions of the copolymer containing acrylic acid units showed considerably different dissolution behavior from those containing methacrylic acid units, possibly owing to the difference in the distribution state of carboxylic units inside the particle. It is deduced that methacrylic acid units are distributed more homogeneously inside the particle than acrylic acid units.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111013
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  • 48
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    Nitric acid digestion and crystallinity of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymersProd. No. 1606 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2001-2006 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Nitric acid digestion studies of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers indicated that copolymers containing identical amounts of vinyl acetate but varying in melt index differed in crystallinity. These results were confirmed by x-ray analysis. The differences in crystallinity were interpreted as showing a variation in the degree of short-chain branching in the polyethylene segments of the copolymer chain. This variation was correlated with the conditions of synthesis.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111016
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  • 49
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    Treatment of propellant mechanical property data by reaction rate analysis (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2067-2069 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111022
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  • 50
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    Stress softening in natural rubber vulcanizates. Part V. The anomalous tensile behavior of natural rubberProd. No. 1565 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1825-1834 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Stress-strain cycling of natural rubber to high strains produces greater softening than amorphous rubbers, but only if the force on the sample is relaxed below a certain value during the cycle. This phenomenon, attributed to crystallization shows why nonrelaxing tests give a longer fatigue life than relaxing tests.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Delayed yielding of epoxy resin. II. Behavior under constant stressProd. No. 1578 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1863-1880 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Creep tests were carried out on epoxy resin specimens at room temperature and at different high stress levels under tension, compression, and flexure. Compared with the behavior at constant strain rate (CSR) reported in Part I of this work, creep strain-time curves revealed a distinct delayed yielding region of constant minimum rate (secondary creep) followed by a post-yielding region of increasing slope (tertiary creep). In all cases, results indicate linearity between creep stress and log secondary creep rate, which is almost coincident with the corresponding relationship between yield stress and strain rate obtained in subsequent CSR loading cycles with the same specimens. The similarity in behavior under both the creep and CSR modes conforms to Eyring's theory of non-Newtonian viscous flow at high stress levels and low temperature. Theoretical analysis yields reasonable values of the activation volume, which is unaffected by the loading and test modes or by loading history, and could thus be regarded as an intrinsic parameter of the microstructure, inherently related to the viscoplastic process involved. The above considerations indicate a deviatoric stress-biased diffusional mechanism as the predominant factor in the yielding of an amorphous glassy epoxy system.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111005
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    Regulation of molecular weight of styrene-butadiene rubber. III. Choice of regulator from the homologous series of aliphatic mercaptansProd. No. 1586 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1903-1914 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The regulating efficiency of four aliphatic mercaptans was studied in emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene, at +5°C. with the use of the redox system, diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide-complexed ferrous iron-sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate as an initiator and the sodium soap of disproportionated rosin as an emulsifier. The apparent transfer constants C of tertiary mercaptans decreased logarithmically with increasing length of molecule. This tendency is connected with the analogous dependency of solubilities of these compounds in water. The mercaptans did not affect the rate of polymerization. The value of C is independent of the amount of regulator used. With the value of C, the amount of regulator, and the conversion known, it is possible to predict the molecular weight of the polymers, except for the region of poor regulation, where the deteriorative influence of termination and crosslinking reactions takes place. The apparent transfer constant of tertiary dodecyl mercaptan decreased with increasing rate of polymerization. After elimination of diffuse processes, the value of the actual relative transfer constant was calculated. The tertiary dodecyl mercaptan has been selected as the most convenient molecular weight regulator for emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene of all compounds studied for the system mentioned.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111008
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    Thermal behavior of dimethyl-m-carboranyl-dimethylsiloxane copolymersPaper presented at the American Chemical Society Regional Meeting, Louisville, Kentucky, October 27-29, 1966.Prod. No. 1599 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1979-1990 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The manner in which a series of silcarboranylene-siloxane polymers behave in air at elevated temperatures was investigated by thermogravimetric, isothermogravimetric, and differential thermal analyses techniques. Results indicate that methyl pendant groups on the polymers undergo thermal and oxidative degradations at temperatures under 600°C. Final weight losses of the polymers, however, are significantly lower than that shown by dimethylsiloxanes. The reduced volatility is attributed to the inhibition of thermooxidation by the m-carboranylene group in the polymer molecules. This protective influence decreases apparently as the distance between the carborane nucleus and the methyl groups increases.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111014
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    Bis[4(1-methyl-1,2-epoxyethyl)] derivatives of phenyl ether, 1,4-diphenoxybenzene, and bis(4-phenoxyphenyl) etherProd. No. 1615 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2029-2036 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The syntheses of three new α-methyl-substituted bis(epoxyethyl) derivatives of phenyl ether, 1,4-diphenoxybenzene, and bis(4-phenoxyphenyl) ether are reported. Improved procedures for preparing 1,4-diphenoxybenzene and bis(4-phenoxyphenyl) ether by the Ullmann method are described. Infrared spectral data for the bisepoxides and their precursors are given, as are some reactions of the bisepoxides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111019
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    Selection of proper mounting media for examining heterogeneous copolymers with the phase microscopeProd. No. 1617 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2037-2039 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A technique for examining heterogeneous copolymers with the phase microscope is described. This method is based on the use of a mounting medium that displays selective solubility toward the constituent materials, thereby masking one or more phases in order to provide suitable phase contrast and isolation of the constituent to be examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111020
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    Density-dose behavior of irradiated polytetrafluoroethyleneProd. No. 1472 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 341-355 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The nature of the room temperature density-dose relationships in polytetrafluoro-ethylene (PTFE) have been studied over the dose range of 104 to 109 rads. Under various conditions, samples of PTFE were irradiated in combinations of neutron and gamma (reactor and 60Co) radiation fields resulting in density increases up to approximately 5%. For the dose range 105 to 108 rads, the increase in density measured at 0°C. is approximately proportional to the logarithm of the radiation dose. For doses less than about 105 rads, the increase in density appears to be directly proportional to the dose, while above 108 rads the density reaches a maximum and then begins to decrease. By examining the changes in slope and displacement of the curves which occur under various conditions, several effects are discernible. Compared to the effects of γ-rays alone, the density increase per dose in the 105 to 108 rad region is lower for cases where both neutrons and γ-rays are present in the radiation field. This may suggest that competing processes are involved in producing density changes. The discernible difference between effects of γ-radiation and reactor radiation appears to be unique in polymers. The ambient temperature during irradiation and the post-irradiation heat treatment of the specimens affect the changes in density. For dose rates over the range 0.1 × 106 to 13 × 106 rads/hr., no dose rate effects have thus far been observed. The feasibility of using PTFE for some types of radiation dosimetry has been demonstrated, and its possible usefulness is being investigated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110303
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  • 57
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    Programmed polymer light-scattering data (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2159-2174 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An ALGOL computer program has been devised to manipulate light-scattering data from the Brice-Phoenix photometer. The input consist of experimental values of the galvanometer deflections and filter factors used for each concentration c and angle of measurement θ. These are transformed to the appropriate variables in the fundamental equation including the particle scattering factor, viz: c/Qθ = (W/K*)M̄w-1[1 + (16/3) × π2n12λ〈S2〉 sin2 (θ/2)] + (W/K*)2A2c + (W/K*)3A3c2 in which Qθ is a corrected from of the Rayleigh ratio and (W/K*) is a composite constant term for the instrument and polymer-solvent system. By writing X̄ij for the variable c/Qθ at θi and cj, a function X is found by least squares to fit X̄ij, thus X = l + m sin (θ/2) + ncj + bcj2. The equations arising from minimizing ΣiK=1 ΣjL=1 (Xij - X̄ij)2 are solved by the computer to yield the best-fitting coefficients l, m, n, and b. These can then be related simply to the molecular weight, root-mean-square radius of gyration, second and third virial coefficients, respectively. The final portion of the program is designed to check the fit of these coefficients. It yields a table of the differences between all experimental c/Qθ values and the coressponding ones obtained by inserting the derived l, m, n, and b into the fundamental equation. The procedure has been tested satisfactorily by using a well-standardized sample of polystyrene in toluene at 30°C. and a wavelength of 436 mμ.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    Structural characterization of vulcanizates. Part V. Determination of degree of chemical crosslinking of natural rubber gum vulcanizate networks (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2215-2226 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A general treatment is given of the methods to be used in other parts of this series for calculating the degree of chemical crosslinking in natural rubber vulcanizates from stress-strain measurements in extension and from equilibrium volume swelling measurements. Corrections are required for the presence in the vulcanizate of appreciable quantities of particulate solids or soluble diluents and for the introduction of foreign atoms into the rubber network. For this purpose distinction is made between the rubber vulcanizate, the rubber matrix, the rubber network, and the rubber hydrocarbon component of the network. Expressions are derived, in terms of these concepts, for the Money-Rivlin parameter, C1, measured on vulcanizates which have undergone various treatments.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Effect of temperature on the permeation of water through propylene glycol monoacrylate hydrogelProd. No. 1467 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 407-416 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Transparent propylene glycol monoacrylate (PGMA) hydrogels become reversibly opaque when the temperature is rapidly increased to above 30°C. Water permeation, driven by a hydrostatic pressure difference through three PGMA membranes differing in water content and thickness was determined at several temperatures. At room temperature, the permeability to water is relatively low (less than 10 × 10-16 cm.2) and is dominated by a diffusion mechanism. When the temperature is suddenly increased, the water permeation rises quickly (up to fifteen times or more depending on the temperature), and viscous flow predominates over diffusive flow. The rapid flow slows down after some time at the same temperature, or on lowering the temperature, and may be interpreted as caused mainly by the reversible transformation of the membrane from the heterogeneous to the homogeneous form. When the temperature is increased gradually, the permeability of the membrane is in the same order of magnitude as that found at room temperature, because no phase separation occurs. The permeation of water decreased in successive measurements made under the same pressure gradient. An increase of the pressure difference also resulted in decreased permeation, indicating that water was pressed out of the gel. Dehydration of the gel caused by increases in temperature (exothermic swelling) and in pressure and changes in the viscosity of water with temperature are some of the factors which are considered in the interpretation of the results.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    Effect of molecular weight distribution on viscosity of polymeric fluidsProd. No. 1468 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 417-424 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Bueche's theory is modified to account for the effect of polydispersity on viscosity of polymeric fluids. Results indicate that the ratio of weight-average to number-average molecular weight, 〈Mw/Mn〉, though a common measure of polydispersity, is insufficient to account completely for the effect of polydispersity on viscosity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Practical evaluation of the [η]-M relationship (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 473-473 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110314
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    Colloidal macromolecular phenomena. Part II. Novel microcrystals of polymersProd. No. 1482 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 481-498 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Colloidal microcrystalline cellulose, introduced in 1961, now is a successful commercial product with growing world-wide markets. This paper describes some major findings of our continuing research to convert fibrous or fiber-forming polymer systems into new colloidal microcrystalline physical states without going through a homogeneous molecular solution phase. Several novel microcrystalline colloidal products from the following natural and/or synthetic polymeric raw materials are described and compared for the first time: cellulose, amylose, collagen, nylon, and chrysotile mineral silicates. Many previously unpublished electron micrographs are presented. These products demonstrate a new and growing field of colloidal microcrystalline polymer science. They open up increasing opportunities for new polymer products based on the original concept, namely, the unhinging of polymer microcrystals from their natural or synthetic network and then by appropriate mechanical energy, releasing them as discrete, submicron colloidal polymer microcrystals dispersed in various liquid media to form unique gel systems, or reaggregated in the dry state to form porous colloidal particles.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    Molecular weight distribution in disulfide polymersProd. No. 1479 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 567-574 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The published data on molecular weight distribution in polysulfide are rather contradictory and cannot be correlated with the concept of the existence of thiol-disulfide interchange in these polymers. In the present work the viscosity and molecular weights of liquid thiokols have been investigated (the number-average molecular weight by iodometric titration and by ebulliometry and the weight-average molecular weight by the light-scattering method). When measuring the light scattering in Thiokol Solutions a considerable depolarization of the scattered light was observed. This fact must be taken into account in the molecular weight determination. It has been established that in polydisulfides with thiol endgroups thiol-disulfide interchange reactions take place not only during the synthesis, but also in the polymer itself (in bulk). These reactions lead to the formation of polymers with an equilibrium molecular weight distribution. A relation of log η = f(Mw)½ has been found that can be used in determining the weight-average molecular weight of liquid Thiokols.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110406
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    Kinetic study on the alkaline degradation of cotton hydrocelluloseProd. No. 1485 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 587-600 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The kinetics of alkaline degradation of cotton hydrocellulose were determined in 5% NaOH at various temperatures. An activation energy of 24 kcal./mole was found for the endwise degradation reaction, while that of termination to a stable m-saccharinic acid endunit is 32 kcal./mole. Consequently, the DPn of the degradable chain length is highly dependent on the reaction temperature, being 1000 at 65°C. and 140 at 132°C. At lower temperatures, the majority of degrading chains terminate to a normal reducing endgroup at the crystalline-amorphous transition region. From the data, the DPn of cellulose chain segments participating in the amorphous regions of the original cotton fibril was calculated to be 143. This result strongly supports the classical micellar fibril structure over the folded model proposed by Manley.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Function of sheets of cellulose chains in swelling reactions on cellulose (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 659-671 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An x-ray investigation of the products formed by the action of caustic soda on different samples of cellulose and those formed on the decomposition of these products by aqueous reagents and alchols shows that the fundamental reacting unit is a sheet of cellulose chains, and not individual cellulose chains. Although the caustic soda can affect the relative dispositions of the chains within these sheets to some extent, it cannot separate the chains, and the products then depend on the aggregation of the cellulose sheets with or without other molecules between them. Such aggregation leads to variables products whose x-ray diagrams can, however, show distinct reflections and be mistaken for those from more precise crystal structures. It is, therefore, important in swelling reactions to take into account the ability of the swelling agent to modify the cellulose sheets and the mode of decomposition of the complexes formed on swelling. Thus swelling with caustic soda cannot be taken as typical of all aqueous swelling reagents in its reaction towards cellulose, and the possibility with other reagents of finding cellulose I, instead of cellulose II, after a series of swelling reactions must be taken into consideration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Orientation factor of polypropylene film by infrared dischroismProd. No. 1649 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2515-2523 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The orientation factor by infrared dichroism of polypropylene film was compared with the other orientation factors. After the correction of imperfect polarization and the suitable choice of the base line, it was found that infrared dichroism is a reliable indicator of the orientation factor. Orientation factors obtained from the 998 and 842 cm.-1 bands agreed with the x-ray orientation factor, and that from the 975 cm.-1 band agreed with the optical orientation factor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111211
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    Elastic behavior of concentrated solutions of acrylonitrile copolymers (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 735-746 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The elastic behavior of concentrated solution of acrylonitrile copolymer was investigated by the capillary end correction method. The results were as follows. (1) The shear stress is proportional to recoverable shear strain in accordance with Hooke's law below critical concentration; above a critical concentration, however, the shear modulus depends on shear stress. (2) The log-log plots of zero shear modulus against polymer concentration and molecular weight fall on two straight lines with different slopes. The intersection of lines is considered to be the onset of elastically deformable entanglement network. We denote this inflection point as (Cc)e or (Mc)e. (3) The log-log plot of viscosity against polymer concentration does not show a change of slope at the critical concentration (Cc)e. (4) By the application of the kinetic theory of rubberlike elasticity to the pseudo-network structure of concentrated polymer solution, in the range of Cc 〈 C 〈 (Cc)e or Mc 〈 M 〈 (Mc)e, the number of chain entanglement per molecule is kept one; moreover, in the range of C 〉 (Cc)e, or M 〉 (Mc)e, the number of chain entanglement increases to three.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Derivation and correction of polyethylene melt strength equation (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 747-750 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The following equation for the determination of polyethylene melt strength (MS) has been derived: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm MS}({\rm poise}) = {{1.492 \times 10^7 (\Delta l)^2 r_0^2} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1.492 \times 10^7 (\Delta l)^2 r_0^2} {({\rm MF})}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {({\rm MF})}} $$\end{document} where Δl is the length (inches) of extruded polymer cord required for 50% decrease in diameter of the cord, r0 is the radius (inches) of the molten polymer cord as it first emerges from the melt indexer die, and MF is melt flow rate in grams/10 min. The required measurements are made on the initially extruded 0.5-in. portion of the polymer cord from a conventional melt indexer using the standard 0.0825-in.-diameter die and 2160-g. load and a temperature of 230°C. This melt strength equation was derived by using the assumption that the melt strength can be expressed as melt viscosity at low shear rates. Melt strengths of polyethylenes having similar melt indices have been shown to have over a 37-fold difference.
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    Polymerization of asymmetric tetrafunctional monomers. I. The study of radical bulk polymerization of acrylic and methacrylic esters of 2-allylphenolProd. No. 1562 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1631-1639 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The bulk polymerization of 2-allylphenylacrylic ester and of 2-allylphenylmethacrylic ester at 60-80°C. was studied. It was observed that under these conditions azobisisobutyronitrile, lauroyl peroxide, and benzoyl peroxide have satisfactory activity as initiators. The influence of atmospheric oxygen on AOAF and MOAF polymerization was proved. The peculiarities of AOAF and MOAF polymerization (low molecular weight of the soluble polymers which are formed, the absence of gel effect, relatively low critical conversions) may be explained on the basis of chain transfer reactions by the allylic groups.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110903
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    Wool-polymer systems: Effect of vinyl polymers on water absorption Prod. No. 1573 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1649-1659 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Acrylamide, acrylic acid, and acrylonitrile have been polymerized in situ within wool fibers and the water-absorption properties of the resultant wool-polymer systems compared with those of wool and the polymers measured separately. At high humidities, polyacrylamide and, to a lesser extent, poly(acrylic acid) caused increased water uptakes when expressed as a function of the original weight of wool, due to the hydrophilic nature of these polymers. This increase was less than that expected from the water contents of the wool and polymers measured as separate entities. Chain entanglements in the polymer-keratin network may be responsible for some reduction of water content. The presence of polyacrylonitrile in wool reduced the water content at high humidities to less than that of wool alone, indicating that “volume exclusion” of water by the polymers is also a contributing factor. At low humidities, the water content of the wool-polyacrylamide system is equivalent to the sum of the water contents of wool and polymer taken separately; in the case of poly(acrylic acid) the water content is less than that of wool and polymer considered separately, and this is attributed to ionic bonding. For wool containing polyacrylonitrile there is a reduction in water content at low humidities, indicating interaction between the polymer and polar sorption sites in the wool.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Epichlorohydrin-triethanolamine reaction in the preparation of quaternary cellulose anion exchangersProd. No. 1579 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1693-1701 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The reactions between cotton cellulose and a mixture of triethanolamine and epichlorohydrin in the presence of aqueous NaOH have been studied. It has been shown that cotton fabric pretreated with aqueous base and then reacted with a 3:1 mole ratio of epichlorohydrin to triethanolamine forms a strong base anion exchanger. Resultant properties differed from those of the product made by the conventional method of preparing ECTEOLA cellulose, a commercial product of the same reactants. Titration curves of the strong base cellulose exchangers were similar to that obtained with the product of the reaction between cotton and trimethylglycidylammonium chloride. Substitution of triethylamine for the triethanolamine also resulted in a quaternary base cellulose anion exchanger. A cyclic diquaternary salt, [2,5-p-dioxanylenebismethylene] bis[tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride], has been isolated from the triethanolamine-epichlorohydrin mixture and a mechanism of the reaction has been proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Studies with thin membranes. III. Measurement of water permeabilities of parlodion membranes formed by the dip techniqueProd. No. 1583 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1737-1754 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Thin Parlodion membranes whose preparation and electrochemical properties have already been described are used to study permeation of water through them. All the membranes allowed water to go through them when subjected to gradients of mechanical pressure or chemical potential. Thicker membranes were less permeable to water than thinner membranes. The total water flow observed under the influence of an applied pressure was analyzed in terms of an existing theory due to Ticknor and found inadequate to describe the flow in thicker membranes containing low quantities of water, whereas the flow in thinner membranes of moderate water content was found to be made up of both viscous and diffusional components. On the contrary, analysis of both the total and isotopic diffusional flows from the standpoint of another theory due to Mauro showed that all membranes gave flows which were composed of both diffusional and viscous components, the proportion of the former in the total flow increasing with increasing thickness of the membrane. The permeability data have been used to derive values for both the average radius of membrane pores and the total number of such pores present in different membranes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Testing of polymers, Vol. II. J. V. Schmitz, Ed. Intersceince, New York, 1966. 440 pp. $19.00 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1821-1821 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110918
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    Chemiefasern nach dem viscoseverfahren, 3rd. Ed. (2 Volumes). Kurt Götze. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1967. 1282 pp. $62.00 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1821-1822 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110919
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    The use of porous glass as a column packing for gel permeation chromatographyPart XIII of a series on column fractionation of polymers.Prod. No. 1621 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1851-1854 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Use of porous glass with a broad pore-size distribution as a column packing for gel permeation chromatography has been investigated. The porous glass is readily available, and columns are packed easily and have excellent mechanical stability. Separations of polystyrene over molecular weight ranges of 500-2,000,000 have been obtained. Porous glass thus appears to be a useful packing material for gel permeation chromatography.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Transparency measurement of plastic sheet and filmProd. No. 1587 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1915-1929 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Available methods for testing the transparency of plastic sheet and film have been found inadequate as regards the correlation between measurement and visual observation. A newly developed procedure, based on the determination of light transmission within a very small angle, gives good correlation. The application of the method and its limitations, due to the difference in optical effect of small-angle and large-angle scattering, are discussed. A description is given of the instrument, a special feature of which is that it gives direct readings of optical density and transparency.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Dilute solution properties of hydroxyethyl starchProd. No. 1593 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1941-1950 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The dilute solution properties of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were examined by using the techniques of osmometry, light scattering, and viscometry. The molecular weight range was approximately 2 × 106-0.06 × 106. Since HES is a branched molecule, its properties were compared with those of two linear counterparts, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose. The branching index g was estimated to be about 0.3 when calculated from the intrinsic viscosity, radii of gyration, and second virial coefficients.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Supramolecular structure of propionylated cotton celluloseProd. No. 1595 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1951-1962 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Heterogeneous propionylation of cotton cellulose, in the form of yarn, was carried out by reaction with propionyl chloride, in a medium of pyridine and dimethylformamide (DMF). The product was a mixed propionate-α-propionylpropionate ester of DS varying from 0.24 to 2.94. The supramolecular structure of these esters was studied by kinetic analysis as well as by the measurements of density, refractive index, and x-ray diffraction. The Sakurada plot of DS against time of reaction showed a discontinuity at a DS of about 2.0, where the x-ray diffraction pattern shows almost complete loss of crystalline structure. The interpretation, based on the assumption that the Sakurada curve actually represents the sum of two simultaneous rate processes acting in the amorphous phase and at the crystalline surfaces, seems to explain the data adequately. The density showed a continuous decrease, consistent with the idea of continuous destruction of crystalline structure with progressive substitution. Refractive indices showed a continuous decrease with substitution and birefringence was almost absent at complete substitution. The calculated value of molar refraction for the sample of DS 2.94 agreed closely with the experimentally observed value. The x-ray diffraction intensity traces gave convincing evidence of the progressive decrystallization of cellulose with the degree of substitution. Decrystallization seems to be more or less complete at about a DS of 2.0.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    The desorption of ethane-butane mixtures from polyethyleneProd. No. 1611 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2007-2019 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The desorption of mixtures of ethane and butane at atmospheric pressure from low-density polyethylene was investigated over the temperature range from 20 to 60°C. Desorbed penetrants were continuously trapped in glass tubes immersed in liquid nitrogen, and composition was determined as a function of time by means of gas chromatography. The ratio of the quantity of desorbed gas at any time t, qt, to the quantity at complete desorption, q∞, was used to determine diffusion coefficients and solubility constants. The diffusion coefficients for both ethane and butane increase with increasing butane concentration in the temperature interval investigated. The solubility of both penetrants can be correlated by Henry's law at 40, 50, and 60°C. However, at 20 and 30°C. the solubility constant for both penetrants increases with increasing butane concentration. This trend is consistent with experimental observations for single-component diffusion and solubility of several hydrocarbons in polyethylene, where increasing concentration of penetrant plasticizes the polymer, resulting in increasing diffusion coefficients and solubility constants.
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    Werkstoffe auf der Achema 1967 (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 794-812 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670180907
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    Das Beizverhalten unlegierter und nichtrostender Stähle in 1%iger Flußsäure bei RaumtemperaturMannesmann-Forschungsinstitut, Duisburg (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 793-794 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: The pickling behaviour of unalloyed and stainless steels in 1 per cent. fluoric acid at room temperatureIt is shown that C-steel Ti is virtually insoluble in 1 per cent. fluoric acid whilst Cr-, Cr-Ti and Cr-Ni-Mo steel is attacked by this acid to a very much greater extent. The solubility of C- and Cr-steels in 1 per cent. HF or in 20 per cent. H2SO4 with 250 grammes per litre FeSO4, FH2O can be effectively reduced by adding suitable inhibitors.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß sich C-Stahl Ti in 1%iger Flußsäure praktisch nicht löst, während Cr-, Cr-Ti-und Cr-Ni-Mo-Stahl von dieser ungleich stärker angegriffen werden. Die Löslichkeit von C- und Cr-Stahl in 1%iger HF bzw. 20%iger H2SO4 mit 250 g/l FeSO4, FH2O kann durch Zusatz geeigneter Inhibitoren wirkungsvoll herabgesetzt werden.
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    Nichtmetallische anorganische Werkstoffe (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 844-845 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670180911
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    Nickellegierte Einsatzstähle. (Bestell-Nr. 21) (2. erw. Aufl.), 64 S., 50 Diagramme, 7 Tab. Kostenloser Bezug durch: Int. Nickel Deutschland GmbH, 4 Düsseldorf 1, Postfach 59 25 (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 860-861 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670180920
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    Kurzreferate zu den Originalarbeiten (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. XXVI 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670180923
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    Masthead (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967) 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181001
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    Anwendung der Warburg-Technik zur Untersuchung der Korrosion von Nickel in sauerstoffhaltigen, wäßrigen Salzsäurelösungen (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 883-888 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of the Warburg technique to the examination of the corrosion of nickel in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions containing oxygenBy applying the Warburg technique to corrosion phenomena, it is possible to determine the type and extent of the participation of a gaseous reagent in the reaction, provided that it is not less than 10-8 Mols. By improving the measuring photocells, it was possible to eliminate disturbances to the stationary equilibrium caused by the measuring technique. In the present research effort, the Warburg technique has been used for determining the corrosion rate of pure nickel in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution containing oxygen, as a function of the acidity of the solution. The correlation thus found has been qualitatively discussed. It was shown that, under the prevailing conditions (Po2 = 1 atm; O ≤ pH ≤ 7), there is no hydrogen evolution, but always an oxygen consumption. The oxygen has been quantitatively reduced to hydrogen peroxide, dissolving the equivalent quantity of nickel.
    Notes: Die Anwendung der Warburg-Technik auf Korrosionsvorgänge gestattet es, Art und Ausmaß der Beteiligung eines gasförmigen Reaktanten an dem Stoffumsatz, soweit er 10-8 Mole nicht unterschreitet, zu bestimmen. Eine Verbesserung der Meßzellen beseitigte meßtechnisch bedingte Störungen des stationären Gleichgewichtes an der Metalloberfläche. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Warburg-Technik zum Bestimmen der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit von Reinnickel in sauerstoffhaltiger, wäßriger Salzsäurelösung in Abhängigkeit von dem Säuregrad der Lösung benutzt. Die gefundene Abhängigkeit wurde qualitativ diskutiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß unter den herrschenden Bedingungen (Po2 = 1 at; O ≤ pH ≤ 7) keine Wasserstoffentwicklung, sondern stets ein Sauerstoffverbrauch auftrat. Der Sauerstoff wurde quantitativ zu Wasserstoffsuperoxid reduziert, unter Auflösen der äquivalenten Menge des Nickels.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181004
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    Bedeutung und Messung des Potentials beim kathodischen Korrosionsschutz (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 888-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Importance and measurement of the potential with cathodic corrosion protectionThe question of the possible maximum corrosion rate of steel in natural waters and soils is answered through an examination of the correlation between potential and the corrosion rate in steel specimens in aqueous solutions with properties corresponding to natural waters and soils.In neutral solutions scavenged with nitrogen, the observation results are on a straight line with a Tafel-inclination of 70mV. In solutions scavenged with oxygen as well as in a neutral bisulphate buffer, lower corrosion rates were found. If no complex-forming or sulphide-forming agents are present, a cathodic protection potential of -0.85 mVCu/CuSO4 is, for steel, necessary and adequate. The protection current density for bare steel in aerated solutions is around 60 mA · m-2.In measuring the potential, ohmic voltage drops can be eliminated. This can be achieved by means of a cut-out method which is illustrated by an example.
    Notes: Die Frage nach der möglichen maximalen Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit von Stahl in natürlichen Wässern und Böden wird durch Untersuchung der Potential-abhängigkeit der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit von Stahlproben in wäßrigen Lösungen, die in ihren Eigenschaften natürlichen Wässern und Böden entsprechen, beantwortet.In neutralen stickstoffdurchspülten Lösungen liegen die Meßwerte auf einer Geraden mit einer Tafelneigung von 70 mV. In sauerstoffdurchspülten Lösungen sowie in einem sauren Bisulfatpuffer werden kleinere Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten gemessen. Wenn keine komplexbildenden und sulfidbildenden Agenzien vorgehen, ist für Stahl ein kathodisches Schutzpotential von -0,85 mVCu/CuSO4 notwendig und hinreichend. Die Schutzstromdichte für blanken Stahl in belüfteten Lösungen liegt bei etwa 60 mA · m-2.Bei der Potentialmessung müssen Ohmsche Spannungsabfälle eliminiert werden. Dies kann durch eine Abschaltmethode erreicht werden, die an einem Beispiel erörtert wird.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181005
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    Korrosionsuntersuchungen an Reaktorwerkstoffen in strömender Natriumschmelze bei hohen TemperaturenVortrag, gehalten auf der Achema-Tagung 1967, Werkstoff- und Korrosionsprobleme bei neuen oder modifizierten chemischen Verfahren, 22. Juni 1967. (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 894-897 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Research on corrosion of reactor materials in flowing sodium melt at high temperaturesCorrosion tests on materials for fuel elements of a high-capacity sodium-cooled reacto, in sodium flowing at a rate of 0.5 metres per second at temperatures ranging from 500 to 600°C have been carried out in a circulation apparatur's of high-grade steel, containing some 80 litres of sodium melt. The electromagnetically circulated sodium is fine-cleaned internally, the purity being measured in a shunt circuit.The degree of sodium corrosion of high-grade austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys is relatively low and obeys different laws from those known from the reaction with vanadium-based alloys, which is greatly influenced by low oxide contents in the sodium. The results are in broad agreement with the corrosion rates measured in the USA., France and Britain.
    Notes: Korrosionsversuche bei 500 bis 600°C in strömendem Natrium von 0,5 m/s an Werkstoffen für Brennelemente eine natriumgekühlten Reaktors hober Leistungsdichte werden in einer Kreislaufapparatur aus Edelstahl, die etwa 80 l Natriumschmelze faß, ausgeführt. Das elektromagnetisch umgewälzte Natrium wird intern feingereinigt, die Reinheit wird in einem Nebenkreis gemessen.Die Natriumkorrosion von austenitischen Edelstählen und Nickelbasislegierung ist relativ geringfügig und gehorcht anderen Gesetzen, als man bei der durch geringe Oxidgehalte des Natriums stark beeinflußten Reaktion mit Legierungen auf der Basis Vanadin findet. Die Meßwerte entsprechen weitgehend den in den USA, Frankreich und England gemessenen Korrosionsraten.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181006
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    Metallische Überzüge (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 950-950 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181014
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    Patentschau (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 953-956 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181016
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    Zur Herstellung und Anwendung von Ionenaustauschermembranen für die AlkalisalzelektrolyseVortrag, gehalten auf der Achema 1967 in Frankfurt/M. (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 898-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Manufacture and application of ion exchange membranes for alkali salt electrolysisUp to 30% by weight of styrene-divi-nylbenzene have been grafted on non-crosslinked high-pressure polyethylene films. Addition of isooctane in different proportions, yields variable degrees of porosity. Sulfonation yields cation exchange membranes, while chlormethylation followed by amination yields anion exchange membranes. In order to characterize the membranes thus obtained, their ion exchange capacities, specific conductivities and permselectivities were determined. The cation exchange membranes were used as diaphragms in the KCl and sodium sulfate electrolysis. Current efficiency and chloride ion diffusion were determined as functions of voltage, current density and degree of porosity and were correlated with the properties cited above.
    Notes: In unvernetzte Hochdruckpolyäthylenfolie wurden Styrol/DVB bis zu 30 Gew.-% einpolymerisiert. Durch Zusatz verschiedener Mengen an Isooktan konnten dabei unterschiedliche Porositäten erzielt werden. Sulfonierung ergab entsprechende Kationenaustauschermembranen, Chlormethylierung und anschließende Aminierung Anionenaustauschermembranen. Von den so hergestellten Ionenaustauschermembranen wurden zur Kennzeichnung die Ionenaustauschkapazität, die spezifische Leitfähigkeit und die Permselektivität ermittelt. Die Kationenaustauschermembranen wurden als Diaphragma bei der KCl- und der Na2SO4-Elektrolyse eingesetzt. Die Stromausbeute und die Chloridionendiffusion wurden in Abbängigkeit von der Stromspannung, der Stromdichte sowie vom Porositätsgrad bestimmt und zu den oben angeführten Eigenschaflskennwerten in Beziehung gesetzt.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181007
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    Organische Werkstoffe (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 947-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181013
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    Über die Ursachen der primären anodischen Passivierung, insbesondere der EisenmetalleVortrag, gehalten auf der Achema 1967. (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 961-967 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Origin of primary anodic passivation, in particular or ferrous metalsIt is shown, that a quantitative interpretation can be given of the characteristic current density decrease which accompanies increasing polarization in acid solutions and which is characteristic of the primary anodic passivation process on ferrous metals; the interpretation is arrived at when two concurring reactions are stipulated to take place with participation of water. One of these reactions yields active dissolution, the other one results in the formation of a passivating MeO layer. This passive layer increases in thickness until an oxide phase is formed; his process occurs with preference at surface defects and can be interpreted in terms of e.g. the theory developed by Mott and Cabrera for the growth of thin oxide layers. With high exchange current densities of the anodic dissolution, e.g. in hydrochloric acid, the direct formation of solid salt on the metal surface may produce the same current/potential characteristics. Since the passage of electric charges through the ion-conducting salt layer is efficiently inhibited up to high potentials, much larger passivity regions are found here. Reference is made to the influence of surface structure and pretreatment on the kinetic parameters of metal dissolution.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß der für den primären anodischen Passivierungsvorgang der Eisenmetalle charakteristische Stromdichteabfall mit wachsender Polarisation in sauren Lösungen quantitativ gedeutet werden kann, wenn man zwei konkurrierende Reaktionen unter Beteiligung von Wasser annimmt, wobei die eine zur aktiven Auflösung, die andere zur Bildung einer passivierenden MeO-Schicht führt. Die Verstärkung dieser Passivschicht zum Phasenoxid findet in erster Linie an Oberflächendefektstellen statt und kann durch die z. B. von Mott und Cabrera für das Wachstum dünner Oxidschichten entwickelten Theorie gedeutet werden. Bei hoher Austauschstromdichte der anodischen Auflösung, z. B. in Salzsäure, kann eine direkte Bildung festen Salzes an der Metalloberfläche dieselbe Stromspannungscharakteristik hervorrufen. Da der Ladungsdurchtritt durch die ionenleitende Salzschicht bis zu hohen Spannungen stark gehemmt ist, findet man hier einen viel größeren Passivbereich. Auf den Einfluß der Oberflächenstruktur und -vor-behandlung auf die kinetischen Parameter der Metallauflösung wird hingewiesen.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181102
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    Eisenmetalle (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 993-1000 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181108
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    Werkstoffverhalten und Werkstoffeigenschaften (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 991-992 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181107
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    Eisen als mehrfache Mischelektrode. I. Eliminationsprinzip der thermodynamisch möglichen Elektrodenreaktionen am Stoffsystem Metall/wäßrige Lösung. II. Prinzip der Auswahl des bestimmenden kathodischen Redoxvorgangs (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 983-990 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Iron as multiple mixing electrode. I. Principle of eliminating the thermodynamically possible electrode reactions at the metal/aqueous solution system. II. Principle of selecting the decisive cathodic redox processTo begin with a mixed reference potential is themodymamically formulated for the different spontaneously occurring electrode reactions, i. e. for reactions in which a mixing electrode is active. If one then eliminates all those possible electrode reactions which do not possess any mixed reference potential, it is apparent with the aid of the two principles referred to above that, for given conditions, any iron electrode reaction can lead to a coupling reaction with a given redox process only. The article concludes with a discussion of the possible inhibition of the neutral reactions at the Fe/H2O system in respect of the redox process.
    Notes: Für die verschiedenen an einer Eisenelektrode tätig ist, wird zunächst thermo-dynamisch eine Misch-Bezugsspannung formuliert. Schaltet man dann alle möglichen Elektrodenreaktionen aus, die keine Mischbezugsspannung besitzen, so ergibt sich mit Hilfe der obigen Prinzipien, daß unter gegebenen Bedingungen jede Eisenelektrodenreaktion nur mit einem bestimmten Redoxvorgang die Kopplungsreaktion ergeben kann. Abschließend wird die mögliche Hemmung der Neutralreaktionen am Stoffsystem Fe/H2O in Bezug auf den Redoxvorgang diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181106
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    Überzüge organischer Natur (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 1008-1014 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181110
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    Fundamentals of Metal Deposition. E. R a u b und K. M ü 1 - l er. 268 S., 138 Abb. 1967. Elsevier Publishing Comp., Amsterdam. Preis: Dfi. 60,- (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 1018-1019 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181112
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    Aide - memoire de Galvanoplastic. J. G 1 a y m a n und G. F a r k a s. 314 S., 91 Tab., 61 Abb. 1967. Editions Eyrolles el Technique St. Vulgarisation. Ffrs.: 56,- (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 1019-1019 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181113
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    Angewandte Nornographie. F. K i e ß 1 e r. 2. verbesserte Auf- lage, 1964, Verlag Girardet, Essen. Teil 1: 140 S., 27, -  DM. Teil 2: 178 S., 29, -  DM. (128 und 145 Zeichnungen und Tafeln.) (1967)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 1019-1019 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19670181115
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