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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethics and cybernetics: Levinasian reflections (2000)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 2 (2000), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Keywords: ethics ; information technology ; Levinas ; neutrality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Is cybernetics good, bad, or indifferent? SherryTurkle enlists deconstructive theory to celebrate thecomputer age as the embodiment of “difference.” Nolonger just a theory, one can now live a “virtual” life. Within a differential but ontologically detachedfield of signifiers, one can construct and reconstructegos and environments from the bottom up andendlessly. Lucas Introna, in contrast, enlists theethical philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas to condemn thesame computer age for increasing the distance betweenflesh and blood people. Mediating the face-to-facerelation between real people, allowing and encouragingcommunication at a distance, information technologywould alienate individuals from the social immediacyproductive of moral obligations and responsibilities. In this paper I argue against both of thesepositions, and for similar reasons. Turkle'scelebration and Introna's condemnation of informationtechnology both depend, so I will argue, on the samemistaken meta-interpretation of it. Like Introna,however, but to achieve a different end, I will enlistLevinas's ethical philosophy to make this case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010060128998
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rethinking the ownership of information in the 21st century: Ethical implications (2000)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 2 (2000), S. 49-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Keywords: access ; copyright ; ethics ; intellectual property ; new media ; ownership ; patent ; trademark ; trade secret
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses basic concepts and recentdevelopments in intellectual property ownership in theUnited States. Various philosophical arguments havepreviously been put forward to support the creation andmaintenance of intellectual property systems. However, in an age of information, access toinformation is a critical need and should beguaranteed for every citizen. Any right of controlover the information, adopted as an incentive toencourage creation and distribution of intellectualproperty, should be subservient to an overriding needto ensure access to the information. The principlesunderlying intellectual property regimes in the UnitedStates recognize and embody this. In addition, thephilosophical/ethical dimensions of this debate couldalso be structured to support this attitude as well. Intellectual property is fast becoming digitalproperty. New technologies allow owners to extendtheir control of both legitimate uses and misuses ofthe intellectual property. Recent trends demonstratethat the access principle has not always beenparamount in judicial or legislative applications. Thetrend rather is to allow a proprietarianism factor todominate the analysis. Finally, several principles areforwarded which would assist adjudicators and policymakers in reaffirming the basic purpose of theintellectual property law, which is to benefit thepublic at large.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010064313976
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An emerging ontology of jurisdiction in cyberspace (2000)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 2 (2000), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Keywords: crime ; cyberspace ; ethics ; jurisdiction ; law ; ontology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of the new information economy hascomplicated jurisdictional issues in commerce andcrime. Many of these difficulties are simplyextensions of problems that arose due to other media.Telephones and fax machines had already complicatedjurists' determinations of applicable laws. Evenbefore the Internet, contracts were often negotiatedwithout any face-to-face contact – entirely bytelephone and fax. Where is such a contractnegotiated? The answer to this question is critical toany litigation that may arise over such contracts. Thelaws of contract are often quite different from onejurisdiction to the next.The Internet has brought with it new forms ofcommunication which make determining the loci of actseven more complicated. Where are contracts negotiatedwhen they are negotiated in cyberspace? Business isbeing conducted in chat rooms, on web sites, andthrough e-mail. Each of these is technically distinctfrom telephones and fax machines. More importantly,these tools seem ontologically different, in varyingdegrees, from traditional methods of communication.The question is, are these ontological differencessufficient to warrant new legal notions ofjurisdiction in cyberspace?Only a thorough ontological analysis of the parts ofcyberspace and acts ``in'' it can reveal the answers tothe legal questions posed by this new medium.Traditional legal analyses have relied, in part, on acrude legal ontology. That is, courts have grappledwith notions of the topology and mereology of theworld and legal objects when considering questions ofjurisdiction. There is a simpler, theoretically soundmethod for determining legal jurisdiction which isbased upon the notion of ``purposeful direction,'' andwhich treats computer-mediated transactions as justanother form of communication. I will explore thatmethod below.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010024626549
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumer Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Indicative, Legitimation, and Regulatory Role in Agricultural and Food Ethics (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 12 (2000), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Agriculture ; consumers ; ethics ; food ; markets ; regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Disputes over agriculture and foodproduction have occurred against a background ofdisputed authority with regard to governments,experts, and single issue pressure groups. Consumershave intervened in quite significant ways with manyaltering their buying patterns. The conventionalassessment of consumer ``preferences'' throughaggregated purchases fails to reflect the ethicalnature of significant numbers of purchase decisions.Nevertheless, consumers seem to offer a wider basis onwhich to consider ethical issues. The author proposesthat a valuable inclusion of consumer opinion in thedebates would require a move away from neo-classicaleconomics and the selective inclusion of consumeropinion to unravel the complexity of (aggregated)consumer behavior. It is argued that Hirschman'sframework of ``exit, voice, and loyalty'' is a moreappropriate tool for the understanding of ethics infood consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009590630426
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Darwinian Ethics and Error (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 15 (2000), S. 713-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Darwin ; error theory ; ethics ; evolution ; evolutionary ethics ; Mackie ; naturalistic fallacy ; Ruse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Suppose that the human tendency to think of certain actions andomissions as morally required – a notion that surely lies at the heart of moral discourse – is a trait that has been naturallyselected for. Many have thought that from this premise we canjustify or vindicate moral concepts. I argue that this is mistaken, and defend Michael Ruse's view that the moreplausible implication is an error theory – the idea thatmorality is an illusion foisted upon us by evolution. Thenaturalistic fallacy is a red herring in this debate,since there is really nothing that counts as a ‘fallacy’ at all. If morality is an illusion, it appears to followthat we should, upon discovering this, abolish moraldiscourse on pain of irrationality. I argue that thisconclusion is too hasty, and that we may be able usefullyto employ a moral discourse, warts and all, withoutbelieving in it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006742813396
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Importance of Consistency in Establishing Cognitive-based Trust: A Laboratory Experiment (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 285-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: budgeting ; ethics ; trust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the results of two experiments onthe importance of three trust cues on establishinginterpersonal trust within a business setting. Theliterature (Lewis and Weigert, 1985; Ring, 1996) hasidentified two aspects to trust: a cognitive elementin which trust is the result of a rational calculationby the trustor about how the trustee will behave inthe future, and an emotional element in which trust isthe product of a strong positive affection between thetwo individuals. Most social relations, includingeconomic ones, are based on cognitive trust, whereasemotional trust is the basis for intense personalrelationships, such as love and friendship. Thisstudy focuses on three cognitive-based cues thatengender trust within a dyadic relationship: thefrequency with which the trustee and trustor interact,the competence of the trustee, and the consistency ofthe trustee’s previous behavior. In two experiments,using a budget setting, trust is measured as theperceived reliability of the trustee’s budgetinformation and the estimated time for the trustor tocomplete the budget task. The results reveal that theconsistency of the trustee’s previous behavior is themost important element in engendering cognitive-basedtrust within a dyad.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009870417073
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring the Impact of a Business Ethics Course and Community Service Experience on Students’ Values and Opinions (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 341-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; business’ role in the community ; community service ; ethics ; service learning ; undergraduate business students ; values and opinions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Until now, there has been little research assessingthe impact and extent of business ethics education andservice learning upon students’ values and opinions. This paper studies the influence of these variables byanalyzing 129 junior-level students’ ethical valuesand opinions before and after these experiences. Through the use of the Students’ Values and OpinionsSurvey (SVOS) as a measurement gauge, we foundsignificant support for our hypotheses that a businessethics course and a community service experiencepositively affect students’ values and opinions. Thus, we found desirable improvement in the ethicalvalues and opinions of students after they wereexposed to service learning and business ethicseducation. In addition, we explored the impact ofservice learning by gender and prior communityservice. We did not find a significant difference inthe effect of service learning for men or women, butdid find that prior community service increased thepositive impact for students completing theircommunity service requirement in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009862806641
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on anaerobic proteolytic bacteria of Leh, India (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic bacteria ; growth ; protease ; psychrotrophs ; temperature ; volatile fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Five anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were isolated from water bodies of Leh, India, where the ambient temperature varies from −25 to 25 °C. Isolates showed growth at all temperatures ranging from 5 to 37 °C except SPL-4 and SPL-5 which showed no growth at 5 °C. The cultures could grow and produce proteases on various protein substrates and the yield varied with the substrates. Two of the cultures showed the presence of spores. Acetate was the dominant VFA during hydrolysis of protein substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008935425175
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentation of a composite finger millet-dairy beverage (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 341-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Composite ; fermentation ; finger millet ; skim milk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fermented composite beverages of finger millet and milk are popular, nutritious, traditional foods in many parts of Zimbabwe. With the aim of commercial production, we determined what type of microbial cultures can be used to ferment a composite finger millet and skimmed milk powder gruel and the optimum conditions for its production. Composites containing between 0 and 100% finger millet gruel by volume were inoculated and incubated at various temperatures. The desired pH of 4.5 or less was obtained with incubation at 30 to 45 °C (but not at lower temperatures) with lower pH values being obtained as the temperature increased. YC380 (a yoghurt type bacterial starter culture) produced a pH of 4.5 or less only when skim milk was also present; V2 (another yoghurt type bacterial starter culture) did so at all levels of finger millet gruel and JC (a mixed strain culture developed to ferment cereals) only when finger millet gruel was present. A clear relationship between incubation temperature and syneresis could not be established but syneresis decreased significantly (p 〈 0.05) with increasing proportions of finger millet gruel. A thick product with a set consistency was obtained with YC380 at an incubation temperature of 45 °C and a storage temperature of 7 °C regardless of proportion of finger millet gruel. V2 produced a thick product with a set consistency at an incubation temperature of 45 °C, and storage temperature of 7 °C and when the proportions of finger millet gruel were between 0 and 50%. It appears that yoghurt type bacterial cultures can be successfully used to produce a composite fermented beverage from finger millet and skim milk, but cultures developed for fermentation of cereals are not suitable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008929403215
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rubber stoppers used with sulphidic media: a note of caution (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 571-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobes ; hydrogen sulphide ; rubber stoppers ; sulphate reduction ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Common black rubber stoppers, made from natural rubber and styrene–butadiene, may cause a loss of hydrogen sulphide from aqueous media and impede the growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria under thermophilic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008909530445
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, water activity and gas atmosphere on mycelial growth of tempe fungi Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and R. microsporus var. oligosporus (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 853-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Carbondioxide ; fungi ; oxygen ; Rhizopus ; solid-substrate fermentation SSF ; tempe modelling ; temperature ; water activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and var. oligosporus are used in the manufacture of various Asian fermented foods (tempe, black oncom, sufu). In view of solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) control, mycelial growth of strains of both varieties was tested for sensitivity to fluctuations of temperature, water activity and interstitial gas composition. This was achieved by measuring radial growth as well as biomass dry weight of pre-germinated microcolonies on defined media. The optimum conditions were temperature 40 °C, a w 0.995 and a gas composition of air for the growth of both strains on a model medium. Whereas radial growth rates of var. microsporus and var. oligosporus were similar, biomass growth rates of var. oligosporus were higher than those of var. microsporus under optimum conditions. The temperature-dependent growth of Rhizopus spp. at a w 〉 0.98 could be described by the Ratkowsky Equation. Carbon dioxide (5–10% v/v) inhibited the growth of Rhizopus spp. at non-limiting levels of oxygen. The two strains were able to grow at low (0.5% v/v) oxygen levels, but the mycelial density was rather low. No interrelation of water activity and gas composition was observed, but at high water activity the fungi were more sensitive to changes of temperature. The implications for process control are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008974621698
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effects of Gender and Setting on Accountants' Ethically Sensitive Decisions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 24 (2000), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: accountants ; business ; decision setting ; ethics ; gender
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates whether gender affects ethically sensitive decisions of a personal or business nature. Data from 51 practicing accountants from both public accounting and private industry suggest that while differences exist between female and male accountants in responses to specific situations, overall responses are quite similar. Statistically significant differences were found for only five of the sixteen ethically sensitive situations. Further, when personal and business situations of a similar nature were paired together, two of the eight differences between personal and business responses were significantly different between females and males. Taken as a whole, the results refute the suggestion that the ethical decision making of organizations may be enhanced as more women enter the business field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006277331803
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Human Rights and Business Ethics: Fashioning a New Social Contract (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; globalization ; government ; human rights ; social contract ; U.N. Declaraton of Human Rights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that widely accepted understanding of the respective responsibilities of business and government in the post war industrialized world can be traced back to a tacit “social contract” that emerged following the second world war. The effect of this contract was to assign responsibility for generating wealth to business and responsibility for ensuring the equitable sharing of wealth to governments. Without question, this arrangement has resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of life in the industrialized world in the intervening period. I argue that with advance of economic globalization and the growing power and influence of multi national corporations, this division of responsibilities is not longer viable or defensible. What is needed, fifty years after the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, is a new social contract that shares responsibilities for human rights and related ethical responsibilities in a manner more in keeping with the vision captured by the post war Declaration. I conclude by suggesting some reasons for thinking that a new social contract may be emerging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006488202305
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is It Ethical to Use Ethics as Strategy? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 21-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: corporate citizenship ; ethics ; social responsibility ; strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Increasingly research in the field of business and society suggests that ethics and corporate social responsibility can be profitable. Yet this work raises a troubling question: Is it ethical to use ethics and social responsibility in a strategic way? Is it possible to be ethical or socially responsible for the wrong reason? In this article, we define a strategy concept in order to situate the different approaches to the strategic use of ethics and social responsibility found in the current literature. We then analyze the ethics of such approaches using both utilitarianism and deontology and end by defining limits to the strategic use of ethics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006422704548
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Communicating about Ethics with Small Firms: Experiences from the U.K. and Spain (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: communication ; ethics ; small firms ; social responsibility ; Spain ; United Kingdom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article introduces the important issue of communicating with small firms about ethical issues. Evidence from two research projects from the U.K. and Spain are used to indicate some of the important issues and how small firms may differ from large firms in this area. The importance of informal mechanisms such as the influence of friends, family and employees are highlighted, and the likely ineffectiveness of formal tools such as Codes and Social and Ethical Standards suggested. Further resarch in the area of small firms and ethics is essential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006417425446
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Conflict Between Ethics and Business in Community Pharmacy: What About Patient Counseling? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business objectives ; community pharmacy ; ethics ; managed care ; moral education ; moral persuasion ; OBRA '90 ; patient counseling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Patient counseling is a cornerstone of ethical pharmacy practice and high quality pharmaceutical care. Counseling promotes patient compliance with prescription regimens and prevents dangerous drug interactions and medication errors. Counseling also promotes informed consent and protects pharmacists against legal risks. However, economic, social, and technological changes in pharmacy practice often force community pharmacists to choose between their professional obligations to counsel patients and business objectives. State and federal legislatures have enacted laws that require pharmacists to counsel patients, but these laws have had mixed results. This essay argues that community pharmacy's patient counseling conundrum can be solved through additional moral education and moral persuasion, not through additional legal mandates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006280300427
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  • 17
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    Business Ethics Auditing – More Than a Stakeholder's Toy (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; business risk ; conduct risk management ; corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; ethics auditing ; licences to operate ; risk management ; social accountability ; social audits ; social reporting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The explosion of interest in responsible corporate citizenship since 1995 has reminded many of the earlier rapid development of interest in environmental management issues. Active stakeholders and lobby groups have successfully exerted pressures on management for improved corporate behaviour. The paper looks at some recent initiatives and draws conclusions about the imprecise terminologies in use. It moves on to consider tools to better manage business risk exposures within the corporation. The example of the “Business Ethics Strategic Survey” is described, together with the attendant benefits it can deliver to company chairmen, Audit Committees and investment fund managers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006414502730
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  • 18
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    Employee References: Between the Legal Devil and the Ethical Deep Blue Sea (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 23 (2000), S. 29-39 
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    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: applicant ; employee ; employer ; ethics ; human resource ; legal ; reference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract An employer asked to provide a reference for a former or departing employee is confronted with a number of complex legal and ethical concerns. The issue of references is always controversial, involving a balance of employers' fears of legal liability, interests in providing relevant information to prospective employers, and concerns for fairness to former employees. Recently this topic has been the focus of new attention as the result of a court decision holding a former employer legally liable for wrongs committed by a former employee in a new job. In that case, the former employer had provided a positive reference while neglecting to note certain negative aspects of the former employee'sperformance. This paper addresses legal and ethical aspects of the reference dilemma and incorporates responses of human resource professionals to the question of ethical reference policies and practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006218926970
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  • 19
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    A Multinational Comparison of Key Ethical Issues, Helps and Challenges in the Purchasing and Supply Management Profession: The Key Implciations for Business and the Professions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 23 (2000), S. 83-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ; ethics ; professionals ; purchasing ; supply management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the findings of a study of purchasing and supply management professionals in India conducted to identify the key ethical issues they face in carrying out their work related responsibilities as well as to determine the extent to which various factors appear to be helpful or to present challenges to their efforts to act ethically in the course of their work. The Indian findings are then compared to those for studies conducted among purchasing and supply management professionals in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. Key findings for the four studies are summarized and implications for business and the professions are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006279112858
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  • 20
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    Ma and Sun on Insider Trading Ethics (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 361-363 
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    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: ethics ; fairness ; insider trading ; rights ; utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Ma and Sun have recently argued that some forms of insider trading are ethically acceptable. We argue that the authors fail to prove three key premises of their argument, which is therefore unsound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006210930491
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  • 21
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    Consequential Utilitarianism: Addressing Ethical Deficiencies in the Municipal Landfill Siting Process (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 26 (2000), S. 289-306 
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    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: case study ; ethics ; landfill siting ; utilitarianism ; waste management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines ethical concerns of the utilitarian paradigm, the greatest good for the greatest number, advocated by many proponents and consultants in siting landfills. The implications of the consequentialist utilitarian approach are considered through the examination of a landfill-site-search case study in Ontario, Canada. Limitations to such an approach, in terms of differing values, equal consideration, equitable participation, distributive justice and the emphasis on non-quantifiable factors are discussed. Recommendations to improve the process are made based on the ethical analysis of the case study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006345600415
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  • 22
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    Values in Decision-Making Processes: Systematic Structures of J. Habermas and N. Luhmann for the Appreciation of Responsibility in Leadership (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; communication ; discourse ; ethics ; Habermas ; implicit contracts ; Luhmann ; multicultural organisations ; organisations ; values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract "Ethical Leadership" in modern multicultural corporations is first the consideration of different personal and cultural value systems in decision-making processes. Second, it is the assignment of responsibility either to individual or organisational causalities. The task of this study is to set the stage for a distinction between rational entities and the arbitrary preferences of individuals in economic decision making processes. Defining rational aspects of behaviour in economics will lead to the formal structures of organisational systems, which are independent of concrete but varying “values”. Luhmann's “Theory of systems of communication” describes the internal dynamic forces of economic communication processes in terms of formal structures. On the other hand Habermas' “Theory of discourse” integrates the previous relationship between individual subjectivity and rational behaviour. Habermas gives an indication of how to separate subjective values and meaning from rational arguments in rational communication processes. The translation of these theoretical structures into practical applications for decision making processes and decision taking acts links the ethical, or value-oriented, context precisely to both individual and organisational areas of responsibility.
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    The Spanish Code for Good Corporate Governance (Olivencia Report): An Ethical Analysis (2000)
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    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 175-180 
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    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: code ; company boards ; corporate governance ; ethics ; responsability ; stakeholders approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this article is to analyse the “Report on good corporate governance” (Olivencia Report) from an ethical point of view. This report was drawn up by a group of experts at the request of the National Commission of the Spanish Stock Exchange Commission (Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores), in winter 1998, and began to be implemented over late 1998. This paper is the result of several sessions of discussions with businessmen and managers about the role that can be played by the Olivencia Report, its virtues and weaknesses. Our general criticism is that this Report sets out from a concept of the company as Shareholder and not as Stakeholder. This approach affects three concrete aspects of the report that we analyse in greater detail: – The affirmation as to the company's ultimate objective. – The role of the independent non-executive consultant. – The role of the vice president. We believe that this code could be very important and useful for guiding future trends in companies governing bodies, but we think that these weaknesses in its approach represent a lack of ethical sensibility and that it does not match the moral level of a modern society.
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    Out of the Mouths of Babes: Business Ethics and Youths in Asia (2000)
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    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 129-144 
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    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: ethics ; guanxi ; Machiavellianism ; mianzi ; social responsibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A model of corporate ethics and social responsibility (CESR) was developed and empirically tested among Chinese business undergraduates in Hong Kong and Singapore. As predicted, it was found that CESR beliefs were negatively related to Machiavellianism and two Confucian concepts, guanxi (interpersonal connections) and mianzi (face). CESR beliefs were also lower among Hong Kong than Singaporean youths. The negative effects of guanxi, mianzi, and Machiavellianism were more pronounced for the Hong Kong than Singapore sample. Implications of these findings are discussed and directions for future research suggested.
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    Taking Humanism Seriously: ``Obligatory'' Anthropocentrism (2000)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 181-203 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: animal rights ; anthropocentrism ; empathy ; environmental ethics ; ethics ; humanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Humanism – in the sense that humans alonehave moral standing, or else a surpassing degree of it– has traditionally dominated all of ethicaldiscourse. However, its past formulations havesuccumbed to the temptation merely to stipulate sucha criterion, such as rationality, which nonhumans areoften deemed (without sufficient argument) to failwithout exception. Animal liberationistarguments do exist in counterpoint to traditionalhumanism, but one current difficulty seems to be asimple clash of basic assumptions, with an indecisiveresult. Although the author of this paper is anonanthropocentrist, he attempts to further the moraltheoretical debate by constructing a more powerfulversion of humanism, based in a pursuit of the good,per se. The theory is premised upon viewing humans asgenerally having and leading lives of greater value,in some relevant sense. This essay prefigures theauthor's refutation of humanism, more generally, inthe understanding that such a world view cannot trulybe refuted unless its best version is answered.Whatever the status of this paper's offering of``Obligatory'' Anthropocentrism, the theory can be seento have a great deal more success than itspredecessors in parrying, and apparently outdoing,contemporary animal liberationist philosophies.
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    Patulin and aflatoxin in brown rot lesion of apple fruits and their regulation (2000)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 607-612 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; apple ; fruit oils ; fungi ; patulin ; sodium hypochlorite ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most frequently isolated fungi from healthy apple fruits. Alternaria alternata was the most common organism of rotten apple fruits, followed by A. niger, A. flavus, P. expansum and R. stolonifer. The prevalent type of decay, brown rot lesion, is caused by R. stolonifer followed by A. flavus, A. niger, A. alternata and P. expansum. Sodium hypochlorite had good curative properties against fruit rots. The main natural mycotoxins produced in rotten apple were patulin and aflatoxins. The optimum temperature for patulin production by P. expansum was 15 °C after 15 days. Complete inhibition of patulin formation was attained using 0.2% lemon oil and 〉 90% inhibition using 0.05% lemon and 0.2% orange oils. Also significant inhibition (〉 90%) of aflatoxin production was observed with 0.2% lemon oil.
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    Ethical Judgements: Does Gender Matter? (2000)
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    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: double standard ; ethical judgement ; ethics ; gender ; information systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A number of studies have addressed the question, ``Whois more ethical, men or women?'' Using ethicaljudgement as a measure of how ethical a person is,some studies have found that women are more ethicalwhile other studies have found no differences betweenthe sexes. This study investigates the influencesthat a character's gender, the evaluator's gender, andthe interaction between the two genders have onethical judgements. We conducted an experiment wheresubjects (evaluators) read a scenario that describedan action taken by a character. We found someevidence to suggest that both women and men applygender-based double standards when making ethicaljudgements. The widest gap in ethical judgementoccurred between the female evaluator/male charactergroup and the male evaluator/male character group. Consistent with prior research, we found that femaleevaluators made ethical judgements more consistentwith those of experts.
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    Ethical Perspectives: Are Future Marketers any Different? (2000)
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    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 207-220 
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    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ; business education ; code of ethics ; ethics ; marketing ; teaching ethics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The notion of ethics in business continues to receive considerable attention. Many universities and professional organizations have attempted to address the issue of ethics by adding ethics courses to the curriculum and by creating codes of ethics for individuals working in that field. A study of students in Australia has shown that students majoring in marketing are more prone to less-than-ethical behavior than are other students. In an attempt to better understand the attitudes of future marketers in the US, we examine the attitudes of marketing majors interms of an ethical practices code and with respect toa set of ethical value statements. The ethical perspectives of marketing majors are compared to thoseof other business majors. In addition, the effect of taking a course in ethics is examined.
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    Some Evidence on the Ethical Disposition of Accounting Students: Context and Gender Implications (2000)
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    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 379-404 
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    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: accounting ; context differences ; ethics ; ethical disposition ; gender ; students
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Research into the ethical disposition of students hasbeen popular in recent years. However, research intothe ethical disposition of accounting students inparticular has been sparse. Because of the uniquecharacteristics of those who choose to enter the fieldof accounting, generalizing findings of businessstudents to accounting students may not be valid. Consequently, additional studies of accountingstudents are useful. This study investigates context (academic vs.business)-based and gender-based differences inaccounting students’ ethical intent. We find mixedsupport for gender-based mean differences; theseresults are consistent across context. With regard tocontext we find a greater variability in respondents’behavioral intent in an academic context relative toa business context. We also find gender-baseddifferences in how ethical issues are grouped (thatis, the perceived cognitive structure of ethicalissues). Implications of these findings are discussedwith particular interest relative to education.
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    The Ethics of Burden-Sharing in the Global Greenhouse (1999)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 11 (1999), S. 167-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: global warming ; ethics ; distributive justice ; development ; U.S. politics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The Kyoto Protocol on global warming has provoked great controversy in part because it calls for heavier burdens on wealthy countries than on developing countries in the effort to control climate change. The U.S. Senate voted unanimously to oppose any agreement that does not require emissions reductions in low-income countries. The ethics of this position are examined in this paper which shows that there are good moral reasons for supporting the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. Such a conclusion follows easily from considerations of distributive justice but can also be supported by more narrowly self-interested arguments.
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    Preadaptation and the Explanation of Human Evolution (1999)
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 65-82 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; explanation ; evolution ; preadaptation ; specialization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The concept of preadaptation, though useful, continues to trouble evolutionary scientists. Usually, it is treated as if it were really adaptation, prompting such diverse theorists as Gould and Vrba, and Dennett to suggest its removal from evolutionary theory altogether. In this paper, I argue that the as-if sense is ill-founded, and that the sense of preadaptation as a process may be defended as unequivocal and generally useful in evolutionary explanations, even in such problem areas as human evolution.
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    Reflections on Ernst Mayr's This is Biology (1999)
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 103-116 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: biology ; creationism ; cultural evolution ; Darwinian revolution ; essentialism ; ethics ; holism ; human nature ; natural selection ; organicism ; physicalism ; science ; teleology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this essay I argue that Ernst Mayr's idea that the emergence of evolutionary biology in Western thought was delayed by the pernicious influence of the “false ideologies” of Platonism, Christianity, and “physicalism” is ahistorical and anti-evolutionary, that similar ideas, especially his antipathy to “physicalism,” prejudice his account of the transformation of natural history and medical science into “biology,” that his organicist resolution of the perennial conflict between mechanism and vitalism is an unstable compound of semi-holism and semi-mechanism, that his conception of biology as the true bridge between the sciences and the humanities, ethics, and social theory is open to question (especially as to the adequacy of the theory of natural selection to account for every aspect of human nature), and that his depiction of science as the sovereign key to understanding “everything known to exist or happen in this universe” cannot be justified at the bar of reason.
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    Evolutionary Psychology: The Burdens of Proof (1999)
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 211-233 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; evolutionary psychology ; reasoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract I discuss two types of evidential problems with the most widely touted experiments in evolutionary psychology, those performed by Leda Cosmides and interpreted by Cosmides and John Tooby. First, and despite Cosmides and Tooby's claims to the contrary, these experiments don't fulfil the standards of evidence of evolutionary biology. Second Cosmides and Tooby claim to have performed a crucial experiment, and to have eliminated rival approaches. Though they claim that their results are consistent with their theory but contradictory to the leading non-evolutionary alternative, Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas theory, I argue that this claim is unsupported. In addition, some of Cosmides and Tooby's interpretations arise from misguided and simplistic understandings of evolutionary biology. While I endorse the incorporation of evolutionary approaches into psychology, I reject the claims of Cosmides and Tooby that a modular approach is the only one supported by evolutionary biology. Lewontin's critical examinations of the applications of adaptationist thinking provide a background of evidentiary standards against which to view the currently fashionable claims of evolutionary psychology.
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    Resolving Cross-cultural Ethical Conflict: An Empirical Test of a Decision Tree Model in an Educational Setting (1999)
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    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 37-56 
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    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: conflict ; cross-cultural ; empirical ; ethics ; teaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The authors have previously developed and described a decision tree model for addressing cross-cultural ethical conflicts. The model is intended to provide an ethically sound yet pragmatic tool for decision makers facing such situations. This paper presents the results of an empirical test of the model in an educational setting with a sample of business students. Students trained to use the model demonstrated significantly more flexibility and appropriateness in their decisions on case scenarios than those who were not trained. The implications for use of the model in educational settings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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    Fate of bacterial pathogens in cattle dung slurry subjected to anaerobic digestion (1999)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 335-338 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic digestion ; biogas ; pathogens ; survival ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The survival of certain pathogenic bacteria was studied in anaerobic batch digesters at room temperature (18–25 °C) as well as at 35 °C under laboratory conditions. The survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi at room temperature was upto 20 days whereas at 35 °C it was only upto 10 days. Shigella dysenteriae was found to be the most sensitive organism which could survive upto 10 days at room temperature and upto 5 days at 35 °C. The longest survival was observed in case of Streptococcus faecalis which could survive upto 35 days at room temperature and 15 days at 35 °C. The survival time of Salmonella typhi increased when the solid contents of the digester were elevated from 9% to 15%.
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    Morphological development and gibberellin production by different strains of Gibberella fujikuroi in shake flasks and bioreactor (1999)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 753-755 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Conidia ; cultures ; fermentation ; G. fujikuroi ; morphological ; strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Strain H-984 of G. fujikuroi grown for 38 h in a shake flask with medium containing 20 g glucose l−1, 3 g yeast extract l−1, 2.5 g NH4NO3 l−1, 0.5 g KH2PO4 l−1, 0.1 g MgSO4 l−1, 1 g CaCO3 l−1, and inoculated into a bioreactor with medium containing 60 g glucose l−1; 1 g NH4Cl l−1; 3 g KH2PO4 l−1 and 1.5 g MgSO4 l−1 produced 1100 mg gibberellic acid l−1.
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    An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 25-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; Kazakhstan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.
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    Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate variability and change (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 137-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; decision-making ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a framework for viewing agricultural adaptation, emphasizing the multiple spatial and temporal scales on which individuals and institutions process information on changes in their environment. The framework is offered as a means to gain perspective on the role of climate variability and change in agricultural adaptation, and developed for a case study of Australian agriculture. To study adaptation issues at the scale of individual farms we developed a simple modelling framework. The model highlights the decision making element of adaptation in light of uncertainty, and underscores the importance of decision information related to climate variability. Model results show that the assumption of perfect information for farmers systematically overpredicts adaptive performance. The results also suggest that farmers who make tactical planting decisions on the basis of historical climate information are outperformed by those who use even moderately successful seasonal forecast information. Analysis at continental scales highlights the prominent role of the decline in economic operating conditions on Australian agriculture. Examples from segments of the agricultural industry in Australia are given to illustrate the importance of appropriate scale attribution in adapting to environmental changes. In particular, adaptations oriented toward short time scale changes in the farming environment (droughts, market fluctuations) can be limited in their efficacy by constraints imposed by broad changes in the soil/water base and economic environment occuring over longer time scales. The case study also makes the point that adaptation must be defined in reference to some goal, which is ultimately a social and political exercise. Overall, this study highlights the importance of allowing more complexity (limited information, risk aversion, cross-scale interactions, mis-attribution of cause and effect, background context, identification of goals) in representing adaptation processes in climate change studies.
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    The Science of Adaptation: A Framework for Assessment (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 199-213 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; impact assessment ; response options ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper outlines what is meant by "adaptation" to climate change, and how it might be addressed in the IPCC Assessments. Two roles of adaptation in the climate change field are identified: adaptation as part of impact assessment (where the key question is: what adaptations are likely?), and adaptation as part of the policy response (where the central question is: what adaptations are recommended?). The concept of adaptation has been adopted in several fields including climate impact assessment and policy development, risk management, and natural hazards research. A framework for systematically defining adaptations is based on three questions: (i) adaptation to what? (ii) who or what adapts? and (iii) how does adaptation occur? The paper demonstrates that, for adaptation purposes, climate extremes and variability are integral parts of climate change, along with shifts in mean conditions. Attributes for differentiating adaptations include purposefulness, timing, temporal and spatial scope, effects, form and performance. The framework provides a guide for the treatment of adaptation in the IPCC assessments, both in the assessment of impacts and in the evaluation of adaptive policy options.
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    A Framework and Key Questions for Adapting to Climate Variability and Change (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 215-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate ; adaptation ; impacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract There is a critical need to collectively understand, to develop adaptation options to enhance the benefits, and to reduce the social and economic vulnerabilities induced by climate variability and change. This paper uses key questions to help build a framework for adaptation by first organizing the questions into adaptation science, management and option components, including their respective sub-categories. The process of adaptation depends on many factors, including who or what adapts, what they adapt to, how they adapt and what and how resources are used. This conceptual model is designed to organize concepts regarding adaptation, to help stimulate ideas, and to explore the linkages among parts of the adaptation cycle. Predictive models need to be developed to determine the outcomes of planned adaptation strategies. For the best and most realistic evaluation of climate problems, adaptation and impacts should be considered together. This joint approach improves the assessment of the significance and dangers of the current and future climate, as well as the determination of solutions (e.g., how to prepare for a changing climate) and their priorities. Challenges of adaptive management are discussed in terms of a framework with linkages to adaptation science and options. Adaptation research and applications work continue to build on the foundation of science and management frameworks to address the risks and uncertainties in the decision-making process and to identify adaptation options.
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    Data Requirements for Developing Adaptations to Climate Variability and Change (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 227-237 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; climate variability ; data ; climate applications ; El Niño ; UNFCCC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An extensive foundation of high quality data and information on the climate and on the biological, environmental and social systems affected by climate is required in order to understand the climate impact processes involved, to develop new adaptation practices, and to subsequently implement these practices. Experience of the impacts of current and past variability of climate and sea level is a prime source of information. Many practices are in use to reduce climate impacts, for example in engineering design, agricultural risk management and climate prediction services, though their roles as adaptations to climate change are not widely appreciated. While there are good data sets on some factors and in some regions, in many cases the databases are inadequate and there are few data sets on adaptation-specific quantities such as vulnerability, resilience and adaptation effectiveness. Current international action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) pays little attention to adaptation and its information requirements. Furthermore there are trends toward reduced data gathering and to restrictions on access to data sets, especially arising from cost and commercialisation pressures. To effectively respond to the changes in climate that are now inevitable, governments will need to more clearly identify adaptation as a central feature of climate change policy and make a renewed shared commitment to collecting and freely exchanging the necessary data.
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    Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: Can the IPCC Technical Guidelines be applied? (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 239-252 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; coastal zones ; adaptation ; vulnerability ; IPCC Technical Guidelines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations with respect to the guidance offered for coastal-adaptation assessment. It appears that the IPCC Technical Guidelines focus strongly on implementation. This paper uses both conceptual and empirical information is used in this paper to show that coastal adaptation embraces more than selecting one of the "technical" options to respond to sea-level rise (retreat, accommodate or protect). Coastal adaptation is a more complex and iterative process with a series of policy cycles. To be effective, an expanded adapta-tion framework involving four steps is suggested, including (i) information collection and awareness raising; (ii) planning and design; (iii) implementation; and (iv) monitoring and evaluation. The incom-plete coverage of these four steps in existing coastal-adaptation assessments constrains the development of adaptation strategies that are supported by the relevant actors and integrated into existing management. Researchers and policy-makers are recommended to work together to establish a framework for adaptation that is integrated within current coastal management processes and practices and takes a broader view on the subject.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009681207419
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    Risk and Uncertainties, Analysis and Evaluation: Lessons for Adaptation and Integration (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: uncertainty ; risk ; adaptation ; extreme events ; (credible) information ; integrated assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper draws ten lessons from analyses of adaptation to climate change under conditions of risk and uncertainty: (1) Socio-economic systems will likely respond most to extreme realizations of climate change. (2) Systems have been responding to variations in climate for centuries. (3) Future change will effect future citizens and their institutions. (4) Human systems can be the sources of surprise. (5) Perceptions of risk depend upon welfare valuations that depend upon expectations. (6) Adaptive decisions will be made in response to climate change and climate change policy. (7) Analysis of adaptive decisions should recognize the second-best context of those decisions. (8) Climate change offers opportunity as well as risk. (9) All plausible futures should be explored. (10) Multiple methodological approaches should be accommodated. These lessons support two pieces of advice for the Third Assessment Report: (1) Work toward consensus, but not at the expense of thorough examination and reporting of the "tails" of the distributions of the future. (2) Integrated assessment is only one unifying methodology; others that can better accommodate those tails should be encouraged and embraced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009619806936
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    A Framework for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Adaptation to Climate Change and Climate Variability (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 307-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climatic change ; economic welfare ; costs and benefits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The potential damages of climate change and climate variability are dependent upon the responses or adaptations that people make to their changing environment. By adapting the management of resources, the mix and methods of producing goods and services, choices of leisure activities, and other behavior, people can lessen the damages that would otherwise result. A framework for assessing the benefits and costs of adaptation to both climate change and climate variability is described in the paper. The framework is also suitable for evaluating the economic welfare effects of climate change, allowing for autonomous adaptation by private agents. The paper also briefly addresses complications introduced by uncertainty regarding the benefits of adaptation and irreversibility of investments in adaptation. When investment costs are irreversible and there is uncertainty about benefits, the usual net present value criterion for evaluating the investment gives the wrong decision. If delaying an adaptation project is possible, and if delay will permit learning about future benefits of adaptation, it may be preferable to delay the project even if the expected net present value is positive. Implications of this result for adaptation policy are discussed in the paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009667706027
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    Adaptation to the Impacts of Sea Level Rise in Egypt (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 343-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; socioeconomic impacts ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Assessment of the vulnerability and expected socioeconomic losses over the Nile delta coast due to the impact of sea level rise is carried out in details. Impacts of sea level rise over the Governorates of Alexandria and Port Said in particular, are evaluated quantitatively. Analysis of the results at Alexandria Governorate indicate that, if no action is taken, an area of about 30% of the city will be lost due to inundation. Almost 2 million people will have to abandon their homeland; 195,000 jobs will be lost and an economic loss of over $3.5 Billion is expected over the next century. At Port Said Governorate results indicate that beach areas are most severely affected (hence tourism), followed by urban areas. The agriculture sector is the least affected sector. It is estimated that the economic loss is over $ 2.0 Billion for 0.50 m SLR and may exceed $ 4.4 Billion for 1.25 m SLR. Options and costs of adaptation are analyzed and presented. Multi-criteria and decision matrix approaches, based on questionnaire surveys are carried out to identify priorities for the two cases. Analysis of these techniques of two options; the current policy (hard protection measures on some vulnerable areas) and no action (stopping these activities) have the lowest scores. Beach nourishment and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) have the highest scores, however ICZM has high cost measures. The most cost-effective option is the land-use change, however with relatively very high cost measure. It is recommended that an ICZM approach be adopted since it provides a reasonable trade off between costs and cost effectiveness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009684210570
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    The Role of Professional Codes in Regarding Ethical Conduct (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 19 (1999), S. 363-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: accountants ; codes of conduct ; engineers ; ethics ; laywers ; professionals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the regulation of ethical behavior of professionals. Ethical perceptions of South African professionals operating in the business community (specifically accountants, lawyers and engineers) concerning their need for and awareness of professional codes, and the frequency and acceptability of peer contravention of such codes were sought. The existence of conflict between corporate codes and professional codes was also investigated. Results, based on 217 replies, indicated that the professionals believe that codes are necessary and are relatively aware of the contents of such codes. Despite these ethical tendencies, respondents (particularly lawyers) believe that their peers contravene their professional codes relatively often. No significant differences in ethical tendencies between professionals consulting to and those working in business were found. Many respondents were regulated by more than one code of ethics, but few experienced conflict between such codes. In the events of conflict occurring professionals chose to adhere to their professional code above others.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005899517191
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    Group Processes and Performance and Their Effects on Individuals' Ethical Frameworks (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 18 (1999), S. 367-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; cohesiveness ; ethics ; formalism ; groups ; leadership ; performance ; satisfaction ; utilitarianism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the influence of group context on the ethical predispositions of group members. Results indicate that groups exert a powerful influence on individuals' ethical frameworks, and that the patterns of these influences differ depending on the type of ethical framework involved. Individuals' ethical utilitarianism was affected by both leadership style and group cohesiveness. Ethical formalism was most affected by the leadership style in the group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005785628264
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    The Effect of National Culture on Whistle-Blowing Perceptions (1999)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 383-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: cross-cultural ; decision-making ; ethics ; Hofstede ; whistle-blowing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Society continues to be concerned about the impact of ethics on decision making. While many researchers have focused on this issue, the increased globalization of today's business suggests that more emphasis should be given to the potential impact of culture on ethical decisions. The current study is based, in part, on the work of Hofstede (1980, 1991) who identified multiple dimensions on which countries differ in terms of culture. As such, it gives consideration to the impact of national culture on ethical decision making. The study focuses on ethical decisions made by U.S. and Taiwanese accounting students and examines cross-cultural differences in business-related ethical perceptions. Results indicated significant differences between the ethical perspectives and judgments of U.S. and Taiwanese accounting students in a whistle-blowing scenario, particularly with respect to Hofstede's individualism dimension. These findings enhance our understanding of cross-cultural ethical differences. The implications of these results are discussed and suggested areas for future research are proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009895700644
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    Ethics in Finance and Public Policy: The Ibercorp Case (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 22 (1999), S. 219-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: banks ; ethics ; finance ; financial markets ; inside information ; preferential treatment ; public policy ; stocks ; tax fraud
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The "Ibercorp affair" was front-page news in Spain at various times between 1992 and 1995. In itself, there was nothing particularly new about it: a newly formed financial group engaged in legally and ethically reprehensible behaviour that eventually came to light in the media, ruining the company (and the careers of those involved). What aroused public interest at the time was the fact that it involved individuals connected with Spanish public and political life, the media and certain business circles. Above all, it demonstrated the personal, economic, social and political consequences of a business culture based on the pursuit of easy profits at any price (what came to be known as the cultura del pelotazo or "culture of the fast buck"). Again, this is all too familiar in business ethics. But it served to goad Spanish society into a rejection of such behaviour. This article describes the facts and their ethical implications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006257707175
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    Integrating Ethical Issues with Managerial Decision Making in the Classroom: Product Support Program Decisions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 18 (1999), S. 255-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: competition ; ethics ; experiment ; product support program ; profit levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Literature on the teaching of ethics points to the need for realistic business problems in which students deal with ethical dilemmas. This paper presents the results of an experiment in which students take on the role of a Brand Manager who must decide on the level of support to allocate to four distinct business problems. The problems were presented as business problems including realistic profit and cost considerations, rather than being posed as "ethics cases". Students were able to select from a range of product support levels for each problem. The experiment isolated the factor effects which included level of realism, degree of competition, company situation in terms of fault and profit level, and problem type relative to damage and visibility. Company fault was the most important factor in determining the level of product support allocations. Allocations generally increased when there was an increase in profit level from low to medium. However, there was no additional increase in allocations above the medium profit level. The paper concludes with suggestions on how the results can be used as a springboard for discussion of the integration of ethical considerations in managerial decision making.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005871423821
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    Does Marketing Ethics Really Have Anything to Say? – A Critical Inventory of the Literature (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 18 (1999), S. 315-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; business law ; ethics ; marketing and society ; marketing ethics ; marketing law ; public policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The material to follow challenges the conceptual uniqueness and contribution of the content of the field of marketing ethics. Based on a comprehensive inspection of the marketing ethics literature, this "review note" (an uncommon genre of academic manuscript – a briefly-presented review highlighting a specific point) concludes that, in terms of pragmatic behavioral guidance as well as conceptual content, marketing ethics has nothing new nor distinctive to offer. Though an initially unexpected conclusion, perhaps, explanation is provided for why marketing ethics' absence of contribution is perfectly natural and appropriate. Evidence also is found to establish that the paper's contrarian-appearing position may not be extremist after all.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017190829683
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    Enhanced monoclonal antibody production by gradual increase of osmotic pressure (1999)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 29 (1999), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: adaptation ; antibody production rate ; hybridoma ; intracellular amino acids ; osmotic pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The time length required for the adaptation of AFP-27 hybridoma cells to high osmotic pressure and the effect of a gradual increase of osmotic pressure on monoclonal antibody production were investigated. When the cells were subjected to an increase of osmotic pressure from 300 mOsmol kg-1 to 366 mOsmol kg- 1, the intracellular content of osmoprotective free amino acids reached a maximum level 6 h after the osmotic pressure was increased to 366 mOsmol kg-1. The same time period of 6 h incubation at 366 mOsmol kg-1 was required to obtain a high growth rate of AFP-27 cells at 440 mOsmol kg-1 when the cells were subjected to a two-step increase of osmotic pressure from 300 mOsmol kg-1 to 366 mOsmol kg-1 and then to 440 mOsmol kg-1. The time length for the physiological adaptation of the cells to 366 mOsmol kg-1 was consequently estimated to be 6 h. Osmotic pressure during batch cultivation was gradually increased from 300 mOsmol kg-1 to 400 mOsmol kg-1 with an adaptation time of at least 6 h. The specific growth rates following a gradual increase of osmotic pressure were higher than those at a constant osmotic pressure of 400 mOsmol kg-1, while the specific monoclonal antibody production rate increased with the increase in the mean osmotic pressure. As a result, the cells grown under a gradual increase of osmotic pressure produced higher amounts of monoclonal antibodies than did those grown under constant osmotic pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008016806599
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    Extracellular production of L-glutaminase by alkalophilic Beauveria bassiana BTMF S10 isolated from marine sediment (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 751-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Beauveria bassiana ; fermentation ; L-glutaminase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Beauveria sp. BTMF S10 isolated from marine sediment produced extracellular L-glutaminase. Maximal L-glutaminase yield (46.9 U/ml) was obtained in a medium supplemented with 1% (w/v) yeast extract and sorbitol, 9% (w/v) sodium chloride and 0.2% (w/v) methionine, initial pH 9.0 and at 27  °C after 108 h. This enzyme was inducible and growth-associated.
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    Carriers for starter cultures for the production of garri, a fermented food derived from cassava (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 231-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: starter-cultures ; garri ; cassava ; fermentation ; carriers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Garri is a popular food in Nigeria derived from the fermentation of the mash obtained from the enlarged root of the cassava plant, Manihot esculenta Crantz. As currently produced, the mash used for garri production is spontaneously fermented; on account of this, there is great variability in the organoleptic properties and the quantities of residual cyanide in the garri from Nigeria. The use of starter cultures can help ensure uniformity in these properties if dry carriers can be found on which the fermentative organisms can survive for extended periods so as to facilitate the transportation of their carriers to the many small and scattered garri producers. We therefore studied the survival, singly or mixed, on dry starchy substrates derived from locally available crops, of Lactobacillus coryneformis, Lact. delbruckii, and Saccharomyces sp., which are associated with garri production, as carriers for these organisms. After 16 weeks of storage, between 75% and 85% of the organisms survived on yam, coco-yam, cassava in that order, whereas between 40 and 65% survived on rice and garri. Refrigeration at 4 °C did not improve the survival of the organisms, when compared to room temperature (30 °C) for the organisms stores on yam, coco-yam, and cassava. However where the organisms were stored on rice and garri, refrigeration improved the survivability of the organisms by between 10 and 20%.
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    HA-1-92, A new antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces CDRIL-312: Fermentation, isolation, purification and biological activity (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 425-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Activity ; fermentation ; HA-1-92 ; isolation ; oxohexaene ; Streptomyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new antifungal antibiotic, HA-1-92, was isolated from the biomass of Streptomyces CDRIL-312, by extracting in butanol and further purified by silica gel column chromatography followed by preparative TLC. The antibiotic is presumed to be an oxohexaene macrolide and showed promising antifungal activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi including human and plant pathogens. It was found to be less toxic in mice than known oxohexaenes.
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    Accounting students and cheating: A comparative study for Australia, South Africa and the UK (1999)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 211-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: accounting ; cheating ; education ; ethics ; students
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the results of a study of accounting students in three countries who self-reported on their propensity to engage in cheating behaviour when presented with specific rewards, risks and penalties. The professed behaviour examined is indicative of the ethical values held by persons aspiring to the accounting profession and is relevant to the design of their educational experiences. Empirical results show marked differences across the three countries, in the ethical propensities of respondents. In all cases, there is cause for concern, that professed unethical behaviour in the university environment might be replicated in the workplace.
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    Ethical Behavior of Marketing Managers and MBA Students: A Comparative Study (1999)
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    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 321-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: ethical behavior ; ethics ; ethical category ; MBA students ; marketing managers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The ethical tendencies of graduate business students from the United States were examined by analyzing their reactions to ethical dilemmas in a replicated study, which presented a set of ethical problem situations. These dilemmas dealt with coercion and control, conflict of interest, physical environment, paternalism and personal integrity. A comparison of these findings with the previous study of marketing managers indicates that the MBA students exhibited a greater degree of sensitivity to the ethical dimensions of business decision-making. Implications are drawn for business education and further research.
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    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710301
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    Nanofiltrationsmembranen für Trennprobleme in organischen Lösungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nanofiltration Membranes for Separation Problems in Organic Solutions.Nanofiltration based on rejection and flux features intermediate between those ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis is one of the technically and scientifically interesting membrane processes with a great future. Moreover, most commercial available nanofiltration membranes are only suitable for separation processes in aqueous solutions. A small number of composite membranes with a highly cross-linked selective layer show a technically interesting resistance towards organic solvents, such as ketones, esters, ethers or alcohols. The present article describes such nanofiltration membranes used for separation of low molecular weight chemical compounds from polar or nonpolar solvents, but also for the removal of organic compound from aqueous solutions. Methods of manufacturing and modifying such solvent stable composite membranes are shown, as are the conditioning of membranes and examples of industrial application.
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    Seitliche Reaktandenzufuhr in großmaßstäblichen Wirbelschichtreaktoren - Modellierung am Beispiel der Sekundärlufteinblasung in WirbelschichtfeuerungenVorgetragen von T. KNÖBIG anläßlich der internen Arbeitssitzung des Fachausschusses „Energieverfahrenstechnik“, 20./22. April 1998 in Würzburg. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 219-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Numerische Simulation der Strömungsvorgänge und des Trennverhaltens von Suspensionen im freien Einzelspalt eines TellerseparatorsVortrag auf der GVC-Tagung „Mechanische Flüssigkeitsabtrennung“, 25. März 1998 in Freiburg. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    CAPE in der Praxis  -  Möglichkeiten und Grenzen aus NutzersichtVortrag anläßlich der GVC-Jahrestagung, 24./26. Sept. 1997 in Dresden. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 323-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: CAPE in Practice - Opportunities and Limits from the User's Point of View.CAPE tools comprise computer based tools and methods for the design of chemical processes - the use of which is indispensable in modern chemical engineering. This paper discusses the degree to which CAPE is already applied and whether limitations exist. Within BASF, the CAPE framework is provided by the “ProcessNet”, which integrates numerous simulation and design tools. The engineer relies alternatively on inhouse or commercial software. The advantage of CAPE in terms of efficiency depends not only on complex programs, but also to a large extent on the multiple use of intermediate data and program modules. The ProcessNet also features a hierarchical file structure to support the engineer's desktop management. The CAPE environment is being continuously improved. The main constraints on CAPE today are, for example, the missing link between fluid and solid applications, a deficit in data management and the poor state of development of advanced or special programs. The progress of research in this area is followed with great interest.
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    Einfluß der Fluidisierungsbedingungen auf Abscheidung und Agglomeration von Aerosolen beim Durchgang durch Wirbelschichten (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 361-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Modifizierung der Partikelwechselwirkung durch Beschichtung mit grenzflächenaktiven ReagenzienÜberarbeiteter Vortrag anläßlich der Sitzung des GVC-Fachausschusses „Grenzflächen“, 23. März 1998 in Freiburg. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 372-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Untersuchung zur Hydrodynamik und Kinetik an KATAPAK-Packungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 388-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710416
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    Konzentrationsprogrammierte Reaktionstechnik - Eine Methode zur Beurteilung des Anwendungspotentials instationärer Prozeßführungen bei PartialoxidationenTeil eines Vortrags anläßlich der 3. Merseburger Fachtagung „Automatisierung, Meßmethoden und Experimente in der chemischen Reaktionstechnik“, 6. Nov. 1997. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 226-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710309
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    Zur Kopplung von Impuls- und Stofftransport an fluiden Phasengrenzen - Teil 1: TheorieVortrag (gekürzt) anläßlich der GVC-Jahres-tagung, 24./26. Sept. 1997 in Dresden. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 472-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710510
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    VerGrößerung der spezifischen Oberfläche von Kristallen durch gezieltes Nutzen von PseudopolymorphenErweiterte Fassung eines Vortrags von ST. NORDHOFF (Vortragender) und J. ULRICH anläßlich der internen Arbeitssitzung des GVC-Fachauschusses „Kristallisation“, 2./6. März 1998 in Aachen. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 487-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710514
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    Einfluß der Dimerisierung von Isobuten auf die MTBE-Produktion bei der reaktiven Destillation (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 500-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710518
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    Chemical Reaction and Reactor Design (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 518-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710523
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    Processing of Particulate Solids (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 520-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710526
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    GVC-Fachausschuß „Prozeß-und Anlagentechnik“ (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 516-517 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Sitzung des GVC-Fachausschusses „Prozeß- und Anlagentechnik“ fand am 25. und 26. Oktober 1998 in Kleve statt. Gemeinsam mit dem DECHEMA-Ausschuß „Computeranwendungen in der chemischen Industrie“ und dem GVC-Arbeitskreis „Produktionslogistik“ wurden aktuelle Problemstellungen aus der Industrie und neue Problemlösungsansätze aus der Forschung präsentiert und diskutiert.In seiner kurzen Begrüßung erläuterte der Ausschußvorsitzende H. SCHMIDT-TRAUB einerseits die Zielsetzung der Tagung und verdeutlichte andererseits den Teilnehmern die Ursachen und Konsequenzen des drastischen Rückgangs der Anfängerzahlen in den verfahrenstechnischen Studiengängen, was für Gesprächsstoff in den Pausen sorgte. Die anschließende Tagung umfaßte insgesamt 35 Vorträge in zehn Schwerpunktthemen.
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    Abwasser (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 523-524 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710532
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    Aktuelles (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 531-553 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710602
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    Abtrennen von Wertstoffen aus BauschuttVortrag anläßlich der GVC-Jahrestagung, 30. Sept./2. Okt. 1998 in Freiburg. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 637-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710619
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    Wärmeintegration bei Batch-Prozessen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 700-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710710
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    Rheologische Eigenschaften von wäßrigen nicht-ionischen Tensidlösungen in stationärer ScherströmungVortrag anläßlich der Sitzung des GVC-Fachausschusses „Rheologie“, 2./6. März 1998 in Aachen. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 720-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710715
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    Systematische vergleichende Kostenanalyse von destillativen und extraktiven Stofftrennverfahren (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 669-673 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Systematic Comparative Cost Analysis of Separation Processes Based on Distillation and Extraction.Rectification is the most commonly used but not always the most economical method of thermal separation. Above all in the case of closely boiling mixtures it becomes very demanding with regard to both equipment and energy. It is often possible to replace rectification by another energetically more favourable separation process such as liquid-liquid distillation, decantation, or absorption. Owing to the resulting wealth of possibilities for the separation of a mixture it is desirable to gain further knowledge about the economics of individual processes and about the selection of suitable entrainers under given conditions.
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    Die Hydrolyse von HCN als Zwischenschritt bei der Stickoxidbildung (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 613-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710614
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    Oxidische Schichten auf EisenChrom-Nickel-Werkstoffen und ihre chemischen Eigenschaften (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 609-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    Verfahren zum Abbau von organischen Schadstoffen durch indirekte Elektrooxidation (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 628-633 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710617
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    Kontinuierliche Dosierung und Dispergierung feindisperser, kohäsiver Feststoffe mit einem neuartigen Staubdosierer (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 685-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710706
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    Numerische Untersuchung der Strömungsverhältnisse im Innern von Hohlkegeldüsen mit Leitapparat (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 688-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710707
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    Kinetik der Umesterung von Ethanol und Butylacetat - Ein Modellsystem für die Reaktivrektifikation (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 704-708 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710711
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    BRICK - Ein 1-D-Simulationstool für Mehrphasenströmungen in Behältern (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 713-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur nichtadiabaten Absorption im Film- und Blasen-KolbenregimeÜberarbeitete Fassung eines Postervortrages von U. HELBING anläßlich der GVC-Jahrestagung, 30. Sept./02. Okt. 1998 in Freiburg. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 844-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Möglichkeiten zur Vorausberechnung von Verweilzeitverteilungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 795-807 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Possible Approaches to the Prediction of Residence Time Distributions Although the experimental determination of residence time distributions is based on a black-box method, the signal shape also permits certain conclusions to be drawn about the internal conditions. However, if it is to provide a sole basis for elucidating process steps in a plant this method is soon overtaxed. A deeper theoretical penetration of the pertinent transport processes opens up the way ahead. However, since residence time distributions are based on mass-oriented considerations, substantial advances in fluid mechanics, where location-based considerations predominate, have not led to improved predictive capability. Yet the computer power now available offers a variety of ways of calculating residence-time distributions for a known flow profile, thus permitting a step in the direction of better predictability of residence time distributions. This article presents utilisable methods and evaluates them with regard to their demands on time and effort and their predictive power. Problems arising in connection with the models are discussed.
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    Dreiphasenrektifikation in Packungskolonnen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 819-823 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710807
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    Einfluß von Polyelektrolytkomplexschichten auf Trennleistung und Foulingverhalten oberflächen- und bulkmodifizierter MembranenPosterbeitrag anläßlich des 7. Aachener Membran Kolloquiums, 9./11. März 1999 in Aachen. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 839-844 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    In-situ-Bestimmung momentaner Reaktionsraten von Brennstoffpartikeln durch simultane Messung von Partikeltemperatur und GrößeÜberarbeitete und ergänzte Version des Vortrages von T. REICHELT anläßlich der GVC-Jahrestagung, 30. Sept./2. Okt. 1998 in Freiburg. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 857-861 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Parallelisierte Synthese und schnelle katalytische Testung von Katalysatorbibliotheken für Oxidationsreaktionen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 873-877 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710820
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    GVC-Fachausschuß „Gasreinigung“Berichterstatter: Dipl.-Ing. ACHIM DITTLER, Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), D-76128 Karlsruhe, und Priv.-Doz. Dr.-Ing. EBERHARD SCHMIDT, DEGUSSA-HÜLS AG, D-63403 Hanau (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 882-883 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die diesjährige interne Sitzung des GVC-Fachausschusses „Gasreinigung“ wurde zusammen mit der Arbeitssitzung des Fachausschusses „Energieverfahrenstechnik“ am 19. und 20. April im Tagungszentrum „Festung Marienburg“ in Würzburg abgehalten.
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    Lime und Limestone. J.A.H. Oates Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1998, 455 Seiten, 79 Abbildungen, 86 Tabellen, geb. DM 298,- ISBN 3-527-29527-5 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 889-889 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710828
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    124. Bestimmung von Trennschärfegraden bei Klassierern zum naßmechanischen Recycling von Betonrestmassen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 1024-1025 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.3307109128
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    128. Echtzeit-Standard-Infrastrukturkonzept für die Integration von Daten, Applikationen und Präsentationen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 1026-1026 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.3307109132
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    132. Simulationsbasierte intelligente Optimierung in der Prozeßindustrie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 1029-1029 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    140. Strukturwandel im Anlagenbau: Von der Projektierung bis zur Instandhaltung (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 1035-1035 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    108. Trocknung und Pyrolyse von Holz - Flüssigkeits- und Gastransport im porösen Partikel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 1013-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.3307109112
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    113. Homogenisierung des Feeds und Verbesserung des Strömungsprofils im Reaktoreintritt von Salpetersäureanlagen durch neuartige Strömungseinbauten (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 1016-1017 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.3307109117
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    152. Fluoreszenzsondentechnik zum Stoffübergang in der Reaktivextraktion (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 1043-1043 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.3307109156
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