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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Tilapia ; Salinity ; Cell types ; Light- and electron microscopy ; Teleost fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure and fine structure of the pars distalis hypophyseos was examined in five species of Tilapia fishes (T. alcalica, T. grahami, T. leucosticta, T. zillii, T. nigra) which were collected from lakes of a wide range of salinities. The pars distalis in all the species is composed of 5 granulated (“secretory”) and 1 chromophobic cell types. The rostral pars distalis prolactin cells appear most numerous and active in the fresh water species and smaller and least active in the “soda” lake fish. The evidence from nuclear measurements suggests that the species adapted to hyposmotic media have compensated for the freshwater environment (and the subsequent need for greater prolactin secretion) by increasing the number of prolactin cells rather than by increasing the synthetic activity of individual cells. In “soda” lake species which were acclimated to fresh water the prolactin cells are markedly hyperactive and degranulated when compared with any other group. The ACTH cells appear more active in the “soda” lake species than in the fresh water groups, however, these cells are maximally active in “soda” lake fish acclimated to fresh water. The rostral pars distalis stellate cells are described and discussed in relation to their possible involvement in the release of hormone from the pars distalis “secretory” cells. The proximal pars distalis somatotrophs appear active in all the species investigated although they were maximally active in fresh water acclimated “soda” lake species. The structure of the proximal pars distalis gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs is variable both within the same animal and between the species but the variation is not consistent with environmental salinity parameters. The means by which granules are released from the different cell types is discussed. The work was supported by grants in aid of research from SRC (J.F.L), University of Nairobi (J. F. L. and M. H), NRC (J.F.L.), USPMS (AM 13795, J. N. B.), Munitarp Foundation (M. H.) and by a travel scholarship from the Royal Society (J.F.L.). The paper is number 091 in the physiology of migration series.
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  • 2
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 425-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandula submandibularis (Mouse) ; Acinar ultrastructure ; Cell types ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the submandibular gland of the mouse was studied by means of electron microscopy, from the 14th day of gestation up to birth. In the first two days the acini are solid and their cells contain polyribosomes and a few lamellae of endoplasmic reticulum. Beginning with the 16th day secretory granules appear and rapidly fill an increasing number of cells. The different electron density of the granules makes it possible to distinguish 1. two types of granules, dense and pale, and sometimes intermediate ones, 2. “polymorphic” granules. The latter consists of electron dense and electron pale parts combined in different configurations. The possible significance of the various types of granules is discussed.
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  • 3
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 383-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aesthete Organs ; Lepidochitona cinereus ; Cell types ; Secretory cells ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the aesthete organs of the chiton Lepidochitona cinereus (L.) is described by light and electron microscopy. The observations do not discount a sensory function for these organs, but possible sensory structures such as microvilli and cilia are poorly organised. Most of the aesthete is taken up with large cells actively forming secretory products and apparently passing them proximally in the aesthete canal towards the animal. Comparisons are drawn with the brachiopod caecae.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 211-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Goldfish ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the goldfish, Carassius auratus, morphological and functional aspects of the pituitary gland were studied at the ultrastructural level and six cell types could be distinguished in the pars distalis. Acidophilic cells of the rostral pars distalis were identified as prolactin cells, the chromophobic cells of the rostral pars distalis as ACTH cells, the non-globular basophilic cells of the rostral and the proximal pars distalis as TSH cells, the globular basophils of the proximal pars distalis as gonadotropic cells and the acidophils of the proximal pars distalis as somatotrophs. Besides some of the well established criteria of morphological and functional identification of different cell types, two new approaches have been used in the present study. One was to express the electron density of secretory granules objectively by means of a photometric method. It was found that both types of acidophilic cells which produce the proteohormones prolactin and somatotropin respectively, had granules with the highest electron densities. The basophilic cells producing the glycoproteins gonadotropin and TSH respectively, possessed granules of intermediate electron density whereas the chromophobic cells storing the peptide hormone ACTH had granules of lowest densities. The second new approach was the administration of the synthetic mammalian releasing hormones LH-RP and TRF, which helped in identifying gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells respectively. In the goldfish there is evidence for the presence of only one type of gonadotropic cell.
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  • 5
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    Hydrobiologia 44 (1974), S. 177-207 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Impoundment ; reservoir ; physicochemical limnology ; eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine a physicochemical profile of a new deep-storage reservoir and to determine the influence of impoundment and thermal stratification in the reservoir on the physicochemical limnology of the parent river. The presence of thermal stratification from May through November caused the most significant change in water conditions. Of 23 parameters studied, 12 remained unchanged, 10 improved, and 2 deteriorated (Table VI). The greatest downstream changes in water conditions from those upstream from the reservoir were a decrease in temperature, an increase of ammonia, and the presence of hydrogen sulfide during the period of thermal stratification. Ammonia did not increase to a level considered to be toxic to aquatic species. It could, however, serve as a nutrient for certain species of plants and result in a change in community structure. Water tempeature downstream from the reservoir was always within the annual temperature range of the river upstream from the reservoir; however, the summer maximum in the tailrace was decreased to a temperature that could interfere wih the normal life cycle of many species.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: lymph ; thermal conductivity ; temperature ; starvation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The thermal conductivity coefficient of lymph in various parts of the lymphatic system was measured with microthermistors. Starvation was found to affect the thermal conductivity coefficient of lymph of the intestinal trunk and the temperature of the lymph in the thoracic duct affected its thermal conductivity coefficient.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 45-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum (rat) ; Growth in Tissue culture ; Cell types ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The outgrowth of newborn rat cerebellum cultivated in the Maximow assembly was studied from the time of explanation until the end of the 1st week “in vitro”. Dynamic characteristics of migrating cells were investigated with time lapse microcinematography and with phase and interference contrast. Three types of cells were identified: bipolar fusiform cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. The ultrastructure of these cells as seen with scanning and transmission electron microscopes is described. Bipolar cells display the same characteristics as those of migrating granule cells “in vivo”. Differentiation of these cells towards neuronal types becomes evident at the end of the first week “in vitro”. Axonal as well as dendritic growth cones were examined, and their ultrastructural characteristics described. Attention is focussed into the abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which in supposed active growth has the form of thin cisternae, and, at rest or in retraction takes the form of large vesicles. In the latter case, filopodia disappear, and the tips of their processes acquire a bulbous shape.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 459-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Sockeye salmon ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the secretory cells of the adenohypophysis of juvenile sockeye salmon was investigated. Pituitary glands were collected from immature fish transferred experimentally to sea water and subsequently returned to fresh water. The rostral pars distalis contained three cell types: ACTH cells, prolactin cells, and non-secretory cells. The prolactin and non-secretory cells were joined together in the form of follicles by desmosomes and they both had cilia and microvilli projecting into the follicle lumen. Various follicular structures such as lumen, multivesicular structures, and peripheral basement membrane are discussed as possible sites of prolactin cell granule release. The columnar ACTH cells were found at the junction of the rostral pars distalis and the neurohypophysis. The cytoplasmic granules in these cells were characteristically separated from their limiting membrane by a clear space. Multivesicular structures were also found in association with this cell type. The caudal pars distalis also contained three cell types: one acidophil (putative somatotrop) and two basophils (putative thyrotrops and gonadotrops), all of which were similar to those described in adult fish. The pars intermedia contained only one cell type. They appeared to be active cells and were characterized by containing membrane-bounded granules similar to those found in the ACTH cells. Changes in ambient salinity had no apparent effect on any cell type described.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 241-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Apical organ (Statocyst) ; Pleurobrachia pileus (Ctenophore) ; Cell types ; Cytochemistry, Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Statocyste der Ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus wurde lichtmikroskopisch, histochemisch und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Folgende Ergebnisse, die zum Teil die Feststellungen anderer Autoren ergänzen, wurden erzielt: Die Statocyste besteht aus einem bilateral symmetrischen Zellpolster, das von einer sog. Cupula überwölbt wird. Die Cupula baut sich aus mit „balancer“-Cilien durchflochtenen Zellen auf und enthält schwefelsäureesterhaltige Mukosubstanzen. Unterhalb der Cupula befindet sich die Masse der intrazellulär liegenden Statolithen. In dem unspezifischen Statocystenepithel lassen sich ebenfalls schwefelsäureesterhaltige Mukosubstanzen nachweisen. In ihm kommen ferner mutmaßlich vibrationssensible Cilien mit stark modifizierter, kolbenförmiger Wurzel vor. Die Reaktionsprodukte der alkalischen Phosphatase sind im unspezifischen und spezifischen Statocystenepithel gleichmäßig granulär verteilt. Die vier Zellgruppen am Rand des spezifischen Statocystenepithels, die die zweiwurzeligen „balancer“-Cilien tragen, geben positive Reaktionen auf ATPase, saure Phosphatase und Acetylcholinesterase. Die übrige oberflächliche Zellschicht des spezifischen Statocystenepithels enthält saure Substanzen und trägt feine Cilien mit gespaltener Wurzel. In mittlerer Höhe des spezifischen Statocystenepithels liegen die schon lichtmikroskopisch sichtbaren vier Gruppen der sog. Lamellenkörper, die sich wahrscheinlich aus mehrfach reduplizierten Centriolen entwickeln und keinen Zusammenhang mit der Zellmembran haben. Die Lamellenkörper werden von Zellfortsätzen umgeben, die zahlreiche Sekretgranula und Mikrotobuli enthalten. Die Basis des spezifischen Statocystenepithels ist reich an B-Esterasen und ist durch zwei Zelltypen charakterisiert: dichte, kubische Zellen, die vermutlich Stammzellen darstellen, und langgestreckte, helle Zellen, deren Fortsätze besonders viele Mikrotubuli enthalten. Die Frage nach dem funktionellen Zusammenspiel morphologisch verschiedener Rezeptoren und das Vorkommen eindeutig nervöser Strukturen werden diskutiert. Ein Schema faßt die Befunde zusammen und ergänzt die bekannten schematischen Darstellungen der Statocyste (Hyman, 1940; Barnes, 1963) unter Berücksichtigung der Beobachtungen von Horridge (1963–1969).
    Notes: Summary The statocyst of the ctenophore, Pleurobrachia pileus, was studied by light and electron microscopy and by histochemical techniques. The following results, which partly extend the findings of other authors were obtained: the statocyst consists of a bilateral symmetric cushion-like epithelium, which is arched over by a so-called cupula. The cupula is built up by cells which are interwoven by “balancer”-cilia and contains sulphurylated mucoid substances. Underneath the cupula there is the complex of the intracellular statoliths. In the unspecific epithelium of the statocyst there are sulphurylated mucoid substances as well. In addition it contains presumably vibration sensitive cilia with a strongly modified onionshaped root. In the specific and unspecific epithelium of the statocyst the reaction products of the alkaline phosphatase are distributed evenly and in granular form. In the four groups of cells at the borders of the specific epithelium, bearing the double-rooted balancer-cilia, the reaction products of ATPase, acid phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase were detected histochemically. In the remaining superficial cell layer of the specific epithelium acidic substances occur. In addition it shows fine cilia with split rootlets. As already seen by light microscopy four groups of lamellated bodies are found at a medium level of the specific epithelium. They presumably develop from multiple reduplicated centriols and have no connection with the cell membrane. The lamellated bodies are surrounded by cell processes containing numerous secretory granules and microtubules. The basal layer of the specific epithelium is rich in B-esterases and is characterized by two types of cells: dense, cuboidal cells which presumably are stem cells and elongated clear cells, the processes of which are particularly rich in microtubules. It is discussed wether morphologically distinct receptors are cooperating in the sense of a functional entity and wether there exist typical nervous structures or not. A scheme summarizing the reported results takes into account the recent findings from other laboratories.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventral cord ganglia ; Limulus polyphemus ; Cell types ; Neurosecretion ; Cytochemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral cord ganglia of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, contains six distinct cell types: three appear to be ordinary neurons and three exhibit the staining affinities of neurosecretory cells. The presumed neurosecretory cells have been termed neurosecretory cell I (NSC I), NSC II and NSC III. NSC I cells contain a colloid-like inclusion which may occur as a single small vacuole or occupy more than one-half of the cell volume. Colloid inclusions occur with greater frequency toward the periphery, although small cells of similar staining affinity occur in cords extending to the fibrous core. The histochemical tests suggest that the cytoplasm is positive for proteins, but contains no strong acidic groups which may have been derived from S-S or S-H groups. The presence of carbohydrate is also indicated. NSC II cells exhibit distinct secretory cycles. Early in the cycle the cytoplasm becomes phloxinophilic and progresses to a distinct fuchsinophilic stage. Small homogeneous irregular inclusions are found in the axon hillock during the latter stages of the cycle. Histochemical tests suggest the presence of a carbohydrate and strong acidic groups which may have been derived from S-S or S-H groups. There are small cells present which appear to be immature neurosecretory cells. NSC III cells are characterized by a perinuclear ring of cytoplasm which is stained by chrome alum hematoxylin but not by paraldehyde fuchsin. A secretory cycle may also be present in this cell type. The three cell types presumed to be ordinary neurons exhibit no particular staining affinity for the stains or tests used in this study.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 261-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Rat ; Cell types ; Secretion ; Influence of fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Nebennierenmark der Ratte wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixationsmethoden untersucht. Nach Immersionsfixation mit Glutaraldehyd oder Osmiumtetroxyd finden sich in der Nebenniere sog. Mischzellen, helle Zellen, syncytiale oder plasmodiale Zellen, die von den Untersuchern als Artefaktbildungen angesehen werden. In allen Proben nach Perfusionsfixation wurden solche Artefaktbildungen niemals beobachtet. Bei Immersionsfixation wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen Sekretgranula und Cytoplasmamembran beobachtet, was bei Perfusionsfixation selten der Fall war. Die heutigen Theorien über den Sekretionsmechanismus bei Nebennierenmarkzellen werden aufgrund der vorgelegten Ergebnisse diskutiert. Die Arbeit zeigt die wesentlichen Vorteile der Anwendung der Perfusionsfixation für die Untersuchung der Nebenniere.
    Notes: Summary The adrenal medulla of the rat was studied utilizing various methods of fixation. In adrenal medulla specimens after immersion fixation either with glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide, elements such as mixed, clear, syncytial, or plasmodial cells, believed to be of artifactual origin, are observed in all of this material examined. These elements are absent in the specimens prepared by perfusion fixation. In specimens prepared by immersion fixation, secretory granules are found in close proximity to the plasma membrane; this localization is infrequent after perfusion fixation. Current theories of the mechanism of secretion of adrenal medullary hormones are discussed on the basis of our results. This investigation demonstrates the advantage and necessity of perfusion fixation in the study of the adrenal medulla.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 451-472 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Myxine glutinosa ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of adenohypophysial cells in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) is described and the morphological evidence for secretory activity is discussed. A scarcity of secretory granules is characteristic of the adenohypophysis of Myxine. Two cell types having the appearance of protein hormone producing cells can be identified. Type 1 has dense membrane-bound granules with a calculated mean diameter of 88 nm while type 2 has larger granules with a mean diameter of 176 nm. The release of secretory granular material follows mainly the “membrane-release” pattern. It is suggested that cell type 1 may produce a hormone which is similar to ACTH/MSH and type 2 another hormone similar to STH/LTH. The basophilic cells contain a secretory material which is similar to the mucus produced in the epithelial mucus cells. Several structural modifications are considered to represent functional compensations for the absence of vascular elements in the gland. Among these are a cytoplasmic tubular system, certain long agranular cells together with long granule-containing projections from cell types 1 and 2, and foliate or finger-like invaginations of the basal lamina.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 338-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Salmon ; Gonad maturation ; Cell types ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the various hormone-producing cell types (with the exclusion of the prolactin cells) in the pituitary gland (pars distalis) of migratory sockeye salmon is described. All fish were in an advanced stage of sexual maturation. In the proximal pars distalis five cell types were distinguished: growth hormone cells, ACTH cells, gonadotrops, “vesicular cells”, and “chromophobe cells”. Gonadotrops were also found throughout the rostral pars distalis. A conspicuous feature of the gonadotrops was the presence of two kinds of secretory inclusions: small electron-dense granules (200–375 mμ) and large, relatively electron-translucent globules (400–2 000 mμ). The large vesicular cells, so called because of their conspicuous vesicular endoplasmic reticulum, were numerous and often appeared to contain some small granules. It is argued that they may represent a second type of gonadotropic cell, which, in earlier stages of gonad development, contains many granules but becomes largely degranulated near the time of reproduction when the other gonadotrops (“globular gonadotrops”) abound. The chromophobes, which were smaller and far less abundant than the vesicular cells, also appeared to contain small granules (120–280 mμ). They are probably thyrotrops.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial glands ; Urodeles ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the ultimobranchial (UB) glands of two common laboratory urodeles, viz., larval axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw and adult Pleurodeles waltlii Micahelles, is described and compared in what is believed to be the first ultrastructural report on urodele UB glands. The axolotl UB gland shows a wide variety of form, being represented by an elongated diffuse series of follicles and sometimes by one or two large discrete terminal follicular bodies. In these axolotl UB glands up to four cell categories are distinguishable including a tonofilamentous cell and a secretory cell that is possibly homologous with calcitonin-producing C cells of anurans or other vertebrates. These two cell categories are also found in the Pleurodeles gland. The possible significance of the various cells is considered.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 205-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sternal gland ; Trinervitermes geminatus ; Cell types ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La glande sternale de Trinervitermes geminatus correspond à un épaississement médian de la partie antérieure du cinquième sternite abdominal. Elle est bordée intérieurement par une fine basale conjonctive et extérieurement par la cuticule, quelques sensilles campaniformes sont également visibles dans la masse glandulaire. On peut y reconnaître deux types de cellules: d'abord des cellules ovalaires situées dans la partie moyenne de la glande. Elles contiennent de grosses mitochondries et des globules denses, et sont en relation avec la basale par quelques fins prolongements cellulaires. Ensuite des cellules cylindriques, bien développées, constituant toute l'épaisseur de la glande. Elles possèdent de nombreuses vésicules de reticulum lisse et une bordure en brosse formée de microvillosités et de digitations cytoplasmiques qui pénètrent dans la cuticule. Cette cuticule comprend une mésocuticule lacunaire et une fine épicuticule percée par des «canalicules épicuticulaires». Une comparaison est établie avec la glande sternale d'autres termites, en particulier celle de Kalotermes.
    Notes: Summary The sternal gland of Trinervitermes geminatus appears as a median thickening of the epidermis at the anterior part of the fifth abdominal sternite. It is lined internally with a thin basal lamina and externally with the cuticle. A few campaniform sensilla are also visible in the glandular mass. Two types of cells may be recognized. First, oval-shaped cells, containing numerous large mitochondria and dense globules; these cells having no contact with the cuticle are connected with the basal lamina by a few narrow cytoplasmic stems. Second, tall columnar cells, with vesicular endoplasmic reticulum and an apical brush border built up by microvilli and finger—like processes which reach into the cuticle. This cuticle is made of alveolous mesocuticle and a thin epicuticle perforated by “epicuticular canals”. The organ is compared with the sternal gland of other termites, particularly with the one of Kalotermes.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 426-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermathecal gland ; Silphidae ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez les Silphes et en particulier chez Phosphuga atrata, la glande de la spermathèque présente une structure particulière liée à la présence d'une intima cuticulaire tapissant la lumière de la glande. Elle comporte trois types cellulaires: les cellules sécrétrices, les cellules de l'épithélium sous-cuticulaire et les cellules-manchons. Les cellules sécrétrices de grande taille contiennent une invagination de la membrane cytoplasmique formant une «vacuole» extracellulaire bordée de microvillosités. Dans cette vacuole plonge l'extrémité, différenciée en ampoule poreuse, d'un canalicule de nature cuticulaire, qui véhicule la sécrétion jusqu'à la lumière de la glande. Le canalicule est élaboré par une cellule-manchon qui l'accompagne sur toute sa longueur sauf à son extrémité intravacuolaire. Ce type de glande, qui se retrouve chez de nombreux Insectes, y assurant des fonctions diverses (sécrétion odorifique, sécrétion de défense, sécrétion spermale, etc.), est susceptible de nombreuses variations.
    Notes: Summary The spermathecal accessory gland in the female of Phosphuga atrata (Silphidae), exhibits a special structure which is due to the presence of a cuticular intima lining the lumen. The wall of the gland shows three cellular types: the secretory cells, the epithelial cells and the ductule carrying cells. Each large secretory cell contains a cavity formed by an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane and lined by many microvilli. The secretory cell is connected with a cuticular ductule ending in the cavity of the glandular cell, in a porous organelle. This ductule, which carries the secretory material to the lumen, is surrounded by the ductule carrying cell. This type of integumentary gland is very common in insects, where it assumes various functions (attraction, defense, conservation of sperm, etc.) and its morphology varies considerably.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 564-582 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Pond snail ; Neurons ; Cell types ; Golgi-Cox method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Complete neurones were impregnated in the brain of the pulmonate gastropod pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L. using the Golgi-Cox method. Mapping of small to medium sized neurones identified in living preparations by the position of the perikarya was possible. Simple monopolar and bifurcating monopolar neurones with varying lateral patterns of short fine fibres were common in the pond snail brain. Larger neurones have more complex and numerous branches originating from axons close to the perikarya than smaller ones. Stem processes originating on the cell body were observed on neurones above 30 μ in somal diameter. Possible sites for the location of chemical synapses were suggested. Functional types of neurones were difficult to separate on morphological grounds. Giant or very large neurones are small in number in pond snail ganglia, compared with medium or small neurones.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 529-537 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Statocyst ; Pomacea paludosa ; Ultrastructure ; Cell types ; Ciliary orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural observations on the statocysts of the prosobranch gastropod Pomacea paludosa are reported in this paper. 1. The static nerve consists of a great number of naked axons with a diameter of 0.2–0.5 μm. Several axons are joined together to bundles by glia cells (Fig. 1). 2. The epithelium of the statocyst contains 2500–3000 hair (= sense) cells, each with an area of at most 75 μm2 (Fig. 2). This great number of hair cells is compared with the number of receptor cells in other gastropod statocysts. 3. The hair cells are surrounded by smaller supporting cells. The significance of the interlacing of hair and supporting cells and of the possible contact between hair cells is discussed. 4. Supporting cells possess microvilli and sometimes one modified cilium (Fig. 5). The hair cells bear microvilli and 30–40 cilia. These cilia have the typical 9+2 arrangement of the filaments, striated roots to one side of the basal body and a basal foot to the other (Fig. 3). 5. For each sense cell and even for larger areas of the statocyst wall the basal feet point nearly in the same direction (Fig. 4). Hence it is suggested (a) a directional sensitivity for each hair cell and (b) a correlation between the areas of same polarisation and the “groups” of nerve fibers. 6. Different types of vesicles in the nerve layer of the cyst wall (Fig. 6) and stimulation experiments give some evidence for an efferent innervation of the statocysts.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 87-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gall bladder (Mouse) ; Epithelium ; Cell types ; Artifacts ; Light- and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur des Epithels der Gallenblase der Maus wurde nach Fixation in vier verschiedenen Lösungen (OsO4 nach Palade, OsO4 nach Millonig, Glutaraldehyd und OsO4, Glutaraldehyd-Formaldehyd und OsO4) untersucht. Folgende Zellen sind unabhängig von der Fixierung erkennbar: 1. Hauptzellen, 2. Bürstenzellen, 3. Wanderzellen, 4. basalgekörnte Zellen. Die „hellen“ und „dunklen“ Hauptzellen sind jedoch als Fixationsartefakte zu betrachten. Die Erneuerung des Epithels und die funktionelle Bedeutung der vier verschiedenen Zelltypen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the gall bladder epithelium (mouse) has been investigated after fixation in four different solutions (OsO4-Palade, OsO4-Millonig, Glutaraldehyde and OsO4, Glutaraldehyde Formaldehyde and OsO4). Independent from fixation applied the following cells can be identified: 1. principal cells, 2. brush cells, 3. migrating cells, 4. granulated cells. The results show however that the “clear” and “dark” principal cells are to be considered as fixation artifacts. The renewal of the epithelium and the possible functions of the four cell types described are discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pygidial glands ; Dytiscus marginalis ; Cell types ; Secretion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Pygidialdrüsen von Dytiscus sezernieren eine Emulsion, die p-Hydroxybenzaldehyd, p-Hydroxybenzoesäuremethylester, Benzoesäure und ein Glycoproteid enthält. Ihre Loben sind aus zwei verschiedenen Arten von Drüsenzellen aufgebaut, den Kanalzellen, die die Einzelkanäle und den Sammelkanal umgeben, und den Tracheoblasten. Die chitinigen Einzelkanäle enden mit einer traubigen oder blasigen Anschwellung, die aus einer massiven inneren und einer schwammigen äußeren Wandschicht besteht, in einer Höhle der sekretorischen Zellen. Die Zahl der „Blasen“ - und „Trauben“-Zellen ist etwa gleich. Die zentrale Höhle ist von Mikrovilli umgeben, die durch Mikrofibrillen in hexagonaler Packung ausgesteift werden. Wie die Untersuchung nach Gefrierätzung zeigt, ist die konvexe Seite der Mikrovilli-Membran dichter mit Partikeln besetzt als die konkave Seite. Beide Zelltypen haben ein ausgedehntes tubuläres glattes endoplasmatisches Reticulum; freie Ribosomen und granuläre Zisternen sind selten. In den Traubenzellen ist der Golgi-Apparat besser als in den Blasenzellen entwickelt. Die zentrale Höhle der Traubenzellen enthält eine fein-flockige Substanz, die der Blasenzellen ein dichtes osmiophiles Material. Die Sekretionsmechanismen, die Beteiligung verschiedener Typen von Vesikeln und anderer Zellorganellen an der Sekretion und die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Drüsenzelltypen werden diskutiert. Es wird angenommen, daß die Hauptkomponenten des Sekretes eccrin ausgeschieden werden.
    Notes: Summary The pygidial glands of Dytiscus secrete an emulsion containing p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoate, benzoic acid, and a glycoproteid (Schildknecht, 1970). Their lobes are composed of two different types of secretory cells, channel cells (which surround a channel, draining the secretory cell, as well as the collecting channel), and of tracheoblasts. The chitinous draining channel ends in the form of either a racemous or a bulbous swelling consisting of a massive inner and a spongy outer wall layer in a cavity of the secretory cell. The number of “racemous” and “bulbous” cells is nearly the same. The central cavity is surrounded by microvilli which are stiffened by microfibrils in a hexagonal packing. After freeze etching the convex surface of the microvilli reveals more membrane particles than their concave surface. Both cell types have an extended smooth surfaced tubular endoplasmic reticulum; the amount of free ribosomes and of granular cisternae is low. In the racemous cells the Golgi apparatus is better developed than in the bulbous cells. In the racemous cells the central cavity contains a fine-fluffy substance, in the bulbous cells a dense osmiophilic material. The mode of secretion, the participation of various kinds of vesicles and other cell organelles in this process, and the differences between the two types of secretory cells are discussed. It is assumed that the main components of the secretion are released in the eccrine way.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian pineal organ ; Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii ; Cell types ; Autonomic innervation ; Extirpation experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the pineal organ of Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, as revealed by light- and electron-microscopy, resembles that of Passer domesticus (Oksche and Kirschstein, 1969; Ueck, 1970). The typical cellular element is the pinealocyte with certain basic structural features of the pineal photoreceptors of lower vertebrates (see Oksche, 1971). However, instead of the characteristic, cone-like outer segments, there are, as in other species of birds, only bulbous cilia with ectopic whorls of lamellae. This structure of the outer segment is, in a sense, contrary to the demonstration of synaptoid contacts, numerous unmyelinated, and occasional myelinated nerve fibers by electron microscopy. In Nissl preparations it was possible to demonstrate typical nerve cells. The pinealocytes of Z. l. gambelii are secretory; their Golgi complex forms granulated vesicles (800–1,400 Å in diameter) that belong to the group of granular inclusions characteristic of monoamines. Autonomie nerve fibers course within the connective tissue capsule of the pineal organ. In many pinealocytes of Z. l. gambelii, the granular endoplasmic reticulum contains extensively expanded cisternae that are filled with a flocculent material and closely associated with bundles of filaments. In a number of cases such loop-like structures are selectively stainable with aldehyde fuchsin. It was not possible to demonstrate specific secretory activity in the supporting cells. Extirpation of the pineal organ in Z. l. gambelii had no definitely detectable influence on the photoperiodic control of testicular growth.
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 203-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Triturus cristatus ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Cell types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1)As in mammals, the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the Newt (Triturus cristatus) is composed by cells of the media of the afferent glomerular arteriole and by cells of the intermediary tubule. 2) The cells of the media of the glomerular arteriole are of two different types: granular and agranular cells. 3) The intermediary tubule is formed by dark and light cells. 4) Part of interrenal body is located close to glomerular arteriole and intermediary tubule.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 531-543 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral line system ; Ampullary Organ ; Gymnotus carapo ; Cell types ; Mucopolysaccharids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les organes sensoriels cutanés de type ampullaire, spécifiques du système de la ligne latérale chez Gymnotus carapo, sont étudiés ici sous leur aspect morphologique et histochimique. Cellules sensorielles et cellules accessoires constituent un épithélium simple tapissant l'ampoule. Innervée par une seule fibre se terminant par un énorme bouton terminal, chaque cellule sensorielle a une surface libre importante, en contact avec les substances muqueuses qui remplissent l'ampoule et le canal intraépidermique. Les cellules accessoires de l'epithélium sensoriel et les cellules de la paroi du canal sont secrétrices des mucopolysaccharides neutres du canal.
    Notes: Summary The specific cutaneous organs of the lateral line system in Gymnotus carapo have been observed by morphological and histochemical methods. The ampullary epithelium is constituted by a layer of sensory and accessory cells. Each sensory cell is innervated by one fiber ending with a large terminal bud. The sensory cells have also an important free surface in contact with the mucoïd substances which fill up the ampullae and the intraepidermic canal. The accessory cells of the ampullary epithelium and the cells of the canal's wall produce the canal's neutral mucopolysaccharids.
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 425-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bronchiolar epithelium ; Human-Bioptic material ; Cell types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'épithélium bronchiolaire humain a été étudié sur 3 biopsies pulmonaires. Quatre types cellulaires principaux peuvent être identifiés. 1. Des cellules ciliées en tous points identiques à celles présentes sur toute la hauteur de l'arbre respiratoire. 2. Des cellules non ciliées, les unes possédant des caractères sécrétoires et correspondant aux cellules de Clara, les autres cubiques, très distales, et apparentées aux pneumocytes granuleux. 3. Des cellules ≪à brosse≫ caractérisées par la présence à leur pôle apical de microvillosités ayant conduit à leur supposer un rôle d'absorption ou de réception sensorielle. En fait, la présence de nombreux corpuscules basaux pourrait les faire interpréter comme des cellules ciliées en voie de différenciation. 4. Des cellules de type chromaffine situées contre la membrane basale et contenant des grains denses entourés d'un halo clair, posant les mêmes problèmes que celles du tube digestif.
    Notes: Summary The human bronchiolar epithelium was studied on three lung biopsies. Four main types of cells were identified: 1. Ciliated cells in every respect identical to those present in the whole respiratory tree. 2. Non-ciliated cells, some with secretory features, corresponding to the Clara cells, the others cuboidal, distally situated, and related to the granular pneumocytes. 3. Brush cells characterized by peculiar apical microvilli. The authors assume that these cells have an absorptive or a sensorial function. Actually the demonstration of numerous basal corpuscles in their apical pole might lead to interprete them as ciliated cells in course of differentiation. 4. Chromaffine-type cells resting on the basement membrane and containing dense granules with a light halo, raising the same questions as the corresponding cells of the digestive tract.
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 257-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterophyllum scalare (Cichlidae, Teleostei) ; Pineal organ ; Cell types ; Axon bundles ; Outer segment structure (General considerations)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Pinealorgan (Epiphysis cerebri) des Knochenfisches Pterophyllum scalare besteht aus nervösen und gliösen Zellelementen. Sehr stark ausgebildet sind die ependymalen Stützzellen. Sie umhüllen mit ihren Ausläufern, die sich überlappen können, andere Zellelemente, z.B. Rezeptorzellen und marklose Nervenfasern. Neben dieser Neuroglia-Art finden sich auch noch oligodendrocytenähnliche Gliazellen. In ihrer Grundstruktur entsprechen die Rezeptoren den Epiphysensinneszellen anderer Knochenfische. Vom cilientragenden Teil des Außenglieds geht ein schürzenartiger Lamellenstapel aus. Dieser besteht aus 50–70 Lamellenplatten von etwa 6 μm Länge. Im basalen Teil der Rezeptorzelle sind neben schlanken Mitochondrien mit unregelmäßigen Cristae und Tubuli auch noch große, runde Mitochondrien mit einer regelmäßigen Cristastruktur zu beobachten. Der basale Fortsatz der Rezeptorzelle ist auf die axial verlaufenden Axonbündel ausgerichtet. Synapsenartige Kontakte sind selten. Die Zahl der marklosen Axone nimmt hirnwärts zu; dieser Befund wurde in partiellen Rekonstruktionen gesichert. Am Übergang in den Epiphysenstiel treten einige markhaltige Axone auf. Zur Verteilung der Zelltypen und zum Verlauf der Axonbündel im Epiphysenstiel des Skalars liegen detailliertere Angaben vor als bei anderen bisher untersuchten Knochenfischepiphysen. In der Diskussion werden nach Vergleich der pinealen Rezeptoren verschiedener Fische drei Außengliedformen unterschieden: Bürsten-, Schürzen- und Kappentyp. Diese Varianten werden in Verbindung mit den bekannten physiologischen Reaktionsformen der Pinealorgane diskutiert. Die elektrophysio logischen Unterschiede lassen sich nicht mit verschiedenen Strukturtypen des Außenglieds erklären.
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ (epiphysis cerebri) of Pterophyllum scalare is formed by neuronal and glial elements. Ependymal supportive cells are very abundant, and their cytoplasmic processes envelop adjacent receptor cells and unmyelinated nerve fibers by an intertwining network. In addition to this type of neuroglia, oligodendrocytic cells have also been identified. The receptor cells show the general structural pattern (outer segment, inner segment, basal process) of teleostean pineal receptors. The ciliary part of the outer segment bears a dome-like stack of 50–70 curved saccules each of average length of 6 μm. In the basal part of the receptor cell, slender mitochondria containing irregular cristae and tubules, and also some more spherical mitochondria with a highly regular arrangement of cristae, can be observed. The basal cytoplasmic process radiates into neuropile-like areas that contain axial bundles of axons. Synaptoid contacts rarely occur. The number of unmyelinated axons of the pineal stalk, increases in a proximad direction (towards the brain). This finding has been verified in partial reconstructions. In the transitional zone leading from the pineal body into the pineal stalk, a few myelinated fibers become visible. With respect to cell types and the axonic bundles of the pineal stalk in Pterophyllum scalare, more detailed data are presented than for most other teleostean pineal organs examined thus far. The comparison of pineal sensory cells in several fishes allows a distinction among three different types of outer segments, i.e., a slender type, a dome-like type, and a cap-like type. These structural types are discussed with respect to the relevant physiological results. The existence of particular structural types of the outer segment does not explain the different electrophysiological reactions observed in different pineal organs.
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Octopods ; Epithelium ; Cell types ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior salivary gland of Octopods comprises a parenchyma of branching tubules in a connective tissue stroma. The tubules are lined by either of two distinct epithelia.Type A is composed predominantly of columnar cells containing large granules whose contents vary in appearance from cell to cell.Type B consists of three cell types: A circumferential layer of processes ofstriated cells containing radially orientated infoldings of the cellular membrane, between which are packed numerous mitochondria;cistern cells which contain an invaginated system of membrane loops, the interior of which is in communication with the lumen; andlumen lining cells. All these cells send processes to the basement membrane of the tubule, so that both epithelia are pseudostratified. The functional significance of this cytological specialisation is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 38-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Cell types ; Synaptic ribbons ; Innervation ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Meerschweinchenzirbeldrüse lassen sich elektronenmikroskopisch „helle“ und „dunkle“ Pinealzellen sowie einzelne Gliazellen nachweisen. In den bei weitem überwiegenden „hellen“ Pinealzellen zeichnet sich ein Teil der „vesicle-crowned rodlets“ (VCR) durch lokale Auftreibungen aus. Von VCR deutlich abzugrenzen sind die „vesicle-crowned balls“ (VCB). Erstmalig beschrieben wird das Vorkommen von sog. Zylindern, die als Vorstufen von VCB aufgefaßt werden. In den relativ seltenen „dunklen“ Pinealzellen, die sich durch chromatinreiche Kerne und elektronendichtes Zytoplasma auszeichnen, sind Vesikel, VCR, VCB und „Zylinder“ seltener als in „hellen“ Pinealzellen. Die reichlich vorhandenen marklosen Nervenfasern finden sich vor allem in perivasculären Räumen, seltener im Parenchym. Synapsen zwischen Nerven und Pinealzellen wurden nicht beobachtet. In den Zirbeldrüsen trächtiger Meerschweinchen zeichnen sich in der 2. Hälfte der Tragzeit die „hellen“ Pinealzellen durch stärkere Lappung der Kerne, gehäuftes Auftreten von l“aktiven” Zonen, Vermehrung von Mitochondrien, glattem ER, agranulären Vesikeln, VCR, VCB und Zylindern aus. Die „dunklen“ Pinealzellen nehmen während der Tragzeit an Zahl zu. Post partum bilden sich diese Veränderungen innerhalb einer Woche zurück. Längerer Aufenthalt der Tiere in Dunkelheit führt zu einer Aktivierung der „hellen“ Pinealzellen mit auffallender Vermehrung der VCR und zu einer Zunahme der „dunklen“ Zellen. Unter Dauerbelichtung kommt es in den „hellen“ Zellen zu einer Abnahme fast aller Zellorganellen und zu einer starken Vermehrung der VCR, die nach 70 Tagen auch Formveränderungen aufweisen. Nach Reserpinbehandlung beobachtet man eine Verminderung und degenerative Veränderungen der VCR. Es wird diskutiert, daß die VCR als prae- bzw. postsynaptische Strukturen der Erregungsübertragung von Nerven zu Pinealzellen bzw. von Pinealzellen untereinander dienen könnten.
    Notes: Summary By means of electron microscopy “light” and “dark” pinealocytes can be distinguished in the guinea-pig pineal gland. Glial cells are rare. In the “light” pinealocyte. the most frequent cell type, some “vesicle-crowned rodlets” (VCR) show circumscribed thickenings. From these structures “vesicle-crowned balls” (VCB) have to be clearly distinguished. Furthermore “cylinders” occur, which, it is suggested, are precursors of VCB. “Dark” pinealocytes characterized by chromatin-rich nuclei and electron-dense cytoplasm are rare and contain fewer vesicles, VCR, VCB and “cylinders” than “light” pinealocytes. Numerous non-myelinated nerve fibres are situated within perivascular spaces, a few also in the parenchyma. Synapses between nerve fibres and pinealocytes were not observed. In the pineal gland of pregnant guinea-pigs the following changes can be observed in the second half of gestation. The “light” cells show many nuclear indentations and an increase of “active” zones, mitochondria, smooth ER, agranular vesicles, VCR, VCB, and “cylinders” respectively. The “dark” cells increase in number. After birth these changes reverse to normal within one week. Constant darkness leads to an activation of the “light” cells accompanied by an increase of the VCR and to an increase in number of the “dark” cells. Under constant illumination the “light” cells show a decrease of their organelles and a strong increase of the VCR. After 70 days the VCR also show a change in shape. Following reserpine treatment the VCR decrease in number and show signs of degeneration. It is discussed that the VCR function as pre- or postsynaptic structures and that they are involved either in transmitting impulses from nerve fibres to pinealocytes or from one pinealocyte to the other.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 416-425 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; Teleosts ; Scorpaena scropha ; Cell types ; Granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The principal pancreatic islets of the teleost Scorpaena scropha are found ultrastructurally to contain four different kinds of parenchymal cells, viz. α 1-(= D), α 2-, β-and “agranular” cells. The β-cells show considerable variations in the shape of the secretory granules. A peculiar feature is that many of these granules are composed of fibrillar subunits, often in parallel arrangement. All β-granules are surrounded by membranes and between the membrane and the granule core there is a moderately wide electron lucent space. The electron density of the cytoplasm in the β-cells varies somewhat. The α 2-cells possess typical secretory granules with an electron dense core and a closely applied membrane. The secretory granules in the α 1-cells show also a closely applied membrane but a less dense core. Also in the α-cells the electron opacity of the cytoplasm varies. The “agranular” cells are mainly characterized by low cytoplasmic electron density, narrow cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum and sometimes a laminated Golgi complex. Small “immature” secretory granules are occasionally seen in the cytoplasm of these cells. The significance of the fibrillar β-granules remains obscure.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 87-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric mucosa ; Frog ; Epithelium ; Cell types ; Normal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Preliminary to a study on ultrastructural alterations in the foregut epithelium of Rana esculenta during hibernation, the structure of the epithelium in normal summer frogs is described. The foregut can be divided into three parts: the oesophagus, the forestomach and the stomach. In the epithelium eight cell types could be discerned. Chief cells are found only in the oesophagus and forestomach; parietal cells are limited to the stomach; argentaffin cells are present in both stomach and forestomach; surface mucous cells line the walls of stomach and forestomach; goblet cells and ciliated cells constitute the surface epithelium of the oesophagus; and finally mucous neck cells and intermediate cells are present in the glands of all three zones. Like chief cells, parietal cells contain granules with a presumably proteinaceous content, and thus correspond to the oxynticopeptic cells described in previous histological studies on the amphibian gastric mucosa. All cell types contain lipid droplets. Especially in surface mucous cells and parietal cells, these droplets are extremely numerous. Their possible role is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 485-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osphradium ; Planorbarius ; Fine structure ; Cell types ; Function
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    Notes: Summary The osphradium of Planorbarius consists of a blindly-ending ciliated canal, formed by an infolding of the mantle epithelium, and a basal ganglion of nerve cells which is comparable in complexity with ganglia of the central nervous system. The distribution of cell types in the osphradial epithelium is specialised so that three regions can be recognised; the ciliated, the secretory and the sensory regions. The basal sensory region of the canal epithelium consists of ciliated cells and is innervated by sensory neurones of the osphradial ganglion. The middle secretory region contains mainly of mucus-secreting cells and the epithelium adjacent to the osphradial aperture of ciliated cells and secretory cells of a second type. The sensory neurones of the osphradial ganglion are bipolar or of a modified monopolar type. Other monopolar neurones, similar to those common in the central nervous system are of non-sensory function. The osphradium of Paludina, although of typical prosobranch form, possesses ciliated pits similar to the single canal of Planorbarius, which may indicate a shared modality of receptor function. A definite function cannot be ascribed to the pulmonate osphradium based on morphological evidence alone.
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 195-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Interstitial cells ; Thecal gland ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the thecal gland of the domestic fowl, is described for the first time. In the fowl, the glands are located as islets of lipid-laden cells in the theca interna and also in the interfollicular regions. They appear as well defined structures, organized like endocrine glands, quite different from the surrounding theca interna cells. Each gland is composed of two different cell types, the steroid-producing cell, and a cell type never described before, named the enclosing cell. Both cell types are surrounded by a common, distinct basal membrane. The steroid-producing cells are characterized by their content of organelles typical of steroid-producing cells in other organs. The enclosing cells are char cterized by their peripheral location within the gland and their membranous contact with the steroid-producing cells, long processes with desmosomes and their relation to the nerve fibers. They do not contain the organelles typically found in steroid-producing cells. So far, the real function of the enclosing cells is unknown. The following structures are demonstrated in ovarian steroid-producing cells of the fowl for the first time: cytoplasmic microtubules and filaments, intramatrical lipid-like droplets, attachment devices, the polarity of the steroidproducing cells of the thecal gland.
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial glands ; Anurans ; Cell types ; Fine structure
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    Notes: Summary A comparative description of the fine structure of ultimobranchial secretory cells from normal untreated adult Rana temporaria L. and Bufo bufo L., during and following the spring breeding period, is presented. Differences between the two species are described especially with regard to enormous cytoplasmic tonofilament aggregations found within the frog ultimobranchial cells and their relationship with lipid-like bodies and with the characteristic secretory granules. Whereas only a single cell-type is distinguishable in the frog, in the toad two cell-types are found based on the size of their secretory granules; one with the typical granules, the other with much larger granules. The significance of these findings and their relevance to C cells of other species is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 475-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Delphinus delphis ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure ; Marine environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural appearances of the cell types are described in the pars distalis of common (Pacific) dolphins, Delphinus delphis. Tentative functions are assigned to these cells and discussed in relation to some of the known adaptations of these mammals to a marine environment.
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 149-169 
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    Keywords: Teleosts ; Pleuronectides ; Hippoglossoides elassodon ; Skin ; Cell types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The normal skin of the pleuronectid fish, Hippoglossoides elassodon, is described by light and electron microscopy. The epidermis consists of 5 to 9 layers of cells, the majority of which are squamous cells and the minority mucous cells. The squamous cells are characterized by numerous desmosomes and associated cytoplasmic filaments. The mucous cells accumulate mucous droplets in vacuoles of Golgi origin and are observed apparently in the process of releasing their content at the free surface. The dermis consists of alternating lamellae composed of typical collagen fibers. Pigment cells are of three types: melanophores, iridophores (guanophores), and lipophores.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 457-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Bovine ; Cell types ; Light and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twelve bovine adenohypophyses were prepared for light and electron microscopy of the cell types of pars distalis. Correlation between the light and electron microscopy was effected by use of alternate thin and thick sections. Cytological changes in the experimental animals were used as criteria for the identification of six different types of secretory cells. Two types of acidophils, alpha and epsilon cells, are recognized in peripheral area of the pars distalis by light and electron microscopy. The alpha cells contain orangeophilic secretory granules of a maximum diameter of 400–450 mμ and correspond to ordinary acidophils (STH cells). The second type, epsilon cells, contains larger, fuchsinophilic granules of 600 to 900 mμ in diameter, increase in number and granulation after pregnancy and thyroidectomy, and are thought to be prolactin cells (LTH cells). Two types of amphophils, zeta and delta 1 cells, were found in the central area of the pars distalis. The zeta cells contain smaller numbers of amphophilic, cored granules (200 mμ maximum diameter) and based on the comparison with literature on other species of animals, are designated as ACTH cells. The delta 1 cells are round or oval and contain very dense, spherical granules (250–300 mμ) which are stained red or reddish purple with PAS, aldehyde thionin and PAS-methyl blue methods. They show extreme enlargement and bizarre cytoplasmic appearance after castration and are designated tentatively as LH gonadotrophs or LH cells. Two types of basophils, beta and delta 2 cells, were also identified by correlative light and electron microscopy. The beta cells are polygonal in outline, distributed exclusively in the zona tuberalis and contain large, less dense secretory granules (300–400 mμ) which are stained selectively with Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin. After thyroidectomy, they lose their secretory granules and are transformed into large, vacuolated thyroidectomy cells. They are therefore, identified as thyrotrophs or TSH cells. The delta 2 cells are round, oval or polygonal in shape and contain basophilic granules ranging from 220 to 300 mμ in diameter. They show extreme enlargement and vacuolization due to the dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, after castration, and are designated tentatively as FSH gonadotrophs or FSH cells.
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