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  • Articles  (1,535)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (903)
  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (632)
  • Springer  (931)
  • American Institute of Physics  (604)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (1,535)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1970  (1,535)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (1,535)
Collection
  • Articles  (1,535)
Source
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (903)
  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (632)
Publisher
Years
  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (1,535)
  • 1945-1949
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 36-42 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A photometer is described for the measurement of light-scattering in high-quality, optical bulk glass. The photometer operates continuously over the wavelength range 0.5 to 1μm and can measure scattering coefficients down to a level of 5×10−7 cm−1. A photon counting technique is used for light measurement and calibration is by reflection of the incident beam from an ideal diffusing screen. Measurements with high-purity benzene are in good agreement with computed and previous experimental values. Results of scattering from two samples of optical glass are given.
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  • 2
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 45-46 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 3
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 50-50 
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  • 4
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Chromatic aberration of a thin solid gradient lens is analysed by means of the Hartmann dispersion relation. From the analysis it follows that it is possible to obtain optical elements with the opposite chromatic aberration to that of classical lenses. These elements may be utilised, for example, for the reduction of the chromatic aberration of classical lenses.
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  • 5
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 125-151 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The essential results achieved during the ten years since the coming of lasers, in the fields of second, third and higher harmonic generation in reflected and transmitted, continuous and pulsed laser light, frequency mixing processes in various materials, and nonlinear optical properties of liquids, gases, crystals and other materials are reported concisely from the available literature. Stress is laid on the newer and more stimulating experimental results, and on their relation with other nonlinear phenomena.
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  • 6
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 177-179 
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  • 7
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 201-214 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ruby laser intensities exceedingI * - 1014 W/cm2 create a predominant acceleration of dense plasma due to nonlinear collisionless interaction resulting mainly from collective effects. Recoil causes confinement of the plasma interior in the form of a superlinearly increased radiation pressure. Similar nonlinear forces produce self-focusing in plasmas at a threshold laser power of only 105 to 106 W. The resulting filaments have intensitiesI *, from which their diameter can be determined in agreement with measurements of Korobkin and Alcock. These high intensities should allow some observed properties of laser produced plasmas (keV ions, linear increase of the ion charge) to be interpreted on the basis of the nonlinear acceleration described.
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  • 8
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results from experiments in which the ultraviolet pulses from a nitrogen laser are used to obtain laser action from organic dyes are described. The dyes include three in the xanthene group (rhodamine 6G, B, and sodium fluorescein) and two coumarins, 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin and 7-N-dimethylamino-4, 6-dimethylcoumarin) in ethanol solvent. With these dyes, laser power is available over the entire visible range from 4200 to 6300 Å when used with a rotatabie diffraction grating. The range of tunability of one of the dyes was extended to ∼ 1000 Å by appropriate acidification. The spectral halfwidth of the light varied between 7 and 15 Å over the range of tunability. Maximum repetition rates of 100 pps were obtained. Maximum power efficiency of ∼ 25% was found for rhodamine 6G. Overall output pulse shapes were found to be in agreement with the theory of Sorokinet al. Output pulse widths varied from ∼ 1 to 7 nsec. Other dyes which we have found to lase by this method of excitation include acridone, chloro-aluminium pthalocyanine and 4-methylumbelliferone. However, these dyes will not be discussed further in the text.
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  • 9
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Time delays of up to 500 nsec were observed in the stimulated emission of Cd-rich CdS crystals at 80° K pumped by an electron beam. The delay decreased with increase of excitation and the memory effect of the first pulse was observed for lasing during the second pulse when two separated electron-beam pulses (double pulse) were applied to the sample. The results were compared with the trapping model proposed by Fenner in which traps provide a large amount of optical absorption and the expression for the delay in the case of electron-beam pumping was derived. The experimental results were well explained by this model.
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  • 10
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The threshold operation and performance of a high pulse repetition frequency Nd/YAG laser are discussed. A rotating mirror Q-switch was used, and detailed studies of the variation of Q-switched threshold with motor frequency, and of the pulse build-up time with input power have been carried out. The results indicate that the switching angle varies with mirror reflectivity but is practically independent of resonator length. The latter is attributed to thermal lens action in the laser rod modifying the nominally plane parallel resonator configuration thereby leading to a spherical configuration. Under these conditions, the switching angle becomes independent of resonator length, but depends strongly on the “induced” focal length of the lens (laser rod). The degrading effect on the Q-switched laser performance of the mis-match at the laser rod surfaces is then discussed and finally the conditions for achieving maximum energy output in a single pulse are derived and experimentally verified.
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  • 11
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 90-97 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Kingston and McWhorter's theory of mode conversion in second harmonic generation with a thin crystal [1] has been extended to include all positions of the crystal relative to the focus of the fundamental beam. Phase differences between the harmonic modes are predicted which depend upon the crystal position. Experiments to test these predictions have been performed with a 1.15 μm helium-neon laser and non-critical phase-matching in lithium niobate. Results are presented for a number of fundamental modes.
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  • 12
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 101-103 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract If the crystal of a ruby laser is moved with velocities of over 50 cm sec−1 phenomena occur which can be interpreted as mode-locking effects. The frequency-splitting of the existing mode in this laser is caused by Doppler effect.
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  • 13
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study is presented of the laser output characteristics of ten fluorescent solutes in different solvents, pumped with the 337.1 nm radiation from a 200 kW nitrogen laser. With both 2 mm and 10 mm dye path lengths, peak output powers of several kilowatts were obtained at wavelengths ranging from 350 to 600 nm and with pulse-widths as short as 0.5 nsec FWHM. The dependence of the laser characteristics on such variables as the concentration and the transmission of the solutions and the way of focusing the exciting radiation into the dye cavity were investigated. Three dye cells were made to lase in cascade, one of the stages with an efficiency of 50%.
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  • 14
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 5-20 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The non-zero non-linear susceptibility tensor components χ στυ 2ω (E 0)which account for frequency doubling of laser light in a naturally isotropic medium immersed in a DC efectric field (E 0) are discussed. The conditions for extremal second harmonic generation (SHG) are derived, which depend onE 0 and on the incident laser intensity but primarily on the microstructure of the medium. With growingE 0, the susceptibilities χ στυ 2ω (E 0) increase for cigar-like microsystems but decrease for disc-shaped ones, according to whether the induced dipole helps or hinders the permanent dipole in reorienting the microsystem along (E 0). Non-linear electronic distortion alone is insufficient for explaining the anomalous experimental results. Generally, upon the electrically induced anisotropy, an anisotropy self-induced by the laser beam is superimposed, with optical axis along the propagation direction if the beam is circularly polarised or unpolarised, or along the oscillation direction of the light vector if it is linearly polarised. Extremal anisotropy of the medium occurs at saturation of electric or optical reorientation. This is experimentally inachievable in molecular substances even with very strong fields but is easy to obtain in solutions of macromolecules or colloid particles, where yet other opto-electronic processes intervene significantly.
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  • 15
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 47-48 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 16
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 59-62 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The transverse and longitudinal resolution of image UP-conversion is considered. Experimental data concerning image UP-conversion and holography from 1.06 μm to 0.53 μm are presented. Experimental values of resolution are in good agreement with theoretical estimates.
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  • 17
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 68-72 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple Young-type two-point correlation experiment with photographic detection is described. Comparisons are made for the various factors contributing to the spatial coherence. The determining rôle of the number of superimposed transverse modes is confirmed. The importance of the back mirror, the active medium and the short build-up time is found, experimentally.
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  • 18
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new type of laser reflector is described in which the laser beam is split by frustrated total internal reflection and the components combined again. It has the properties of high reflectivity, high damage resistance, wide bandwidth and variable reflectivity. The design of two particular reflectors is discussed and their performance evaluated. One of these reflectors has the property of lateral inversion of the reflected beam, which is found to aid transverse mode selection in a ruby laser. As an application of the reflectors, a damage free, single transverse mode, mode-locked ruby laser is described.
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  • 19
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 20
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The ensemble-averaged spatial coherence of quasi-thermal light, produced by passing a focused laser beam through a rotating ground glass plate, is studied as a function of the illuminated area, the fineness of the glass used, the speed of rotation of the glass, and the laser mode selected as a primary source. It becomes clear that the ensemble-averaged spatial coherence depends strongly upon the illuminated area and on the fineness of the rotating ground glass, and also on the laser mode chosen but not on the speed of rotation of the glass.
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  • 21
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 168-169 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 22
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a continuous HF chemical laser is presented in this paper. Population inversion was obtained by diffusion of H2 into a supersonic jet containing F atoms [H2+F → HF(v)+H1 ΔH=−31.7 kcal/mole]. A peak power of 630 W was obtained with an F atom flow rate of 0.040 mole/sec, and the efficiency of conversion of chemical energy to laser energy was 12%. The performance of a corresponding DF laser is also given. Major laser output is from 2-1 and 1-0 transitions for both lasers. Radiation is at 2.6 to 2.9μm and 3.6 to 4.0μm for the HF and DF lasers, respectively. The ratio of DF to HF laser power is 0.7 under similar flow conditions.
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  • 23
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental investigation is made of the imaging properties of a parametric upconverter. Resolution is measured for several optical configurations and for different wavelengths. These results are compared to earlier theoretical analyses.
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  • 24
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 183-192 
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    Notes: Abstract The spectral transient of stable and unstable laser oscillators is treated by a set of unlimited linear differential equations. Solutions are given below and above threshold and for different kinds of resonator instabilities.
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  • 25
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The polymethine dyes are important materials for dye lasers in the longer wavelength range. It is a remarkable feature of these dyes that there are many whose chemical structures differ little from each other. Using these dyes, intense coherent light at any wavelength from 710 to 1100 nm can be obtained by ruby laser pumping. We report the spectroscopic properties of polymethine dyes and give some discussion about the influence of chemical structure. Several correlations, found between chemical structure and spectroscopic properties, are useful for the estimation of the properties of unknown polymethine dyes. Two experiments on chemical discoloration of polymethine dyes are also reported.
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  • 26
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract When using nitrobenzene Kerr cells and single element birefringent prisms in digital light deflectors one encounters the problem that the deflection pattern moves with a change of the operating temperature of the system. This paper describes how, by inverting the prism with the largest refracting angle, this effect can be eliminated while retaining the advantages offered by single element prisms. The operating temperature range is now of the order of 10° C compared with approximately 0.07° C for the conventional system.
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  • 27
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of spatial hole-burning effects on the output of Q-switched giant pulse lasers is investigated. Generalised fundamental equations are established and analytically treated to obtain the total output energy and the remaining inversion density. The results are completed by numerical computations which made it possible to obtain the time-dependent output intensity and the width of the pulses. The solutions of the modified equations are compared with earlier calculations where spatial hole-burning has not been included. It is shown that the formation of standing waves inside the cavity leads to a reduction of the total output energy but does not affect the pulse width of the laser emission.
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  • 28
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method is proposed for producing point holograms by utilising highly correlated, extended sources rather than point-like sources in the recording process. The theory of this method is presented. Its feasibility is demonstrated experimentally. A multiple imaging experiment is described which utilises this kind of hologram. Advantages and limitations of holograms of extended sources are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract Tunable four-photon parametric fluorescence, which is valuable for investigating material nonlinearities and parametric devices, was studied theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical analysis leads to the conclusion that the emitted power depends directly on the focusing of the pumping beam, unlike the process of three-photon parametric fluorescence which is independent of the focusing of the pumping beam. The calculation of the phasematching conditions for nonlinear crystals such as KDP, ADP, TiO2 and CdS shows that collinear phase-matching can be realised over the visible region using a ruby laser for pumping. Experimentally, tunable emission was observed in the visible range from 4200 Å to 5300 Å with KDP and ADP crystals pumped by a Q-switched ruby laser.
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  • 30
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 107-107 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 153-154 
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  • 32
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 99-101 
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    Notes: Abstract It has been shown by experiments, that regular relaxation pulses are generated by moving the crystal of a ruby laser. The impulse frequency depend on the velocity of the crystal.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract Experimental results are presented, which show that it is necessary to consider the absorption of pump radiation by electronically excited molecules for a proper interpretation of the operation of liquid organic lasers. The possibility of the use of binary organic scintillator solutions to obtain laser action in a rather broad spectral region is shown.
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  • 34
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 245-249 
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    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of photoconductivity in GaP induced by 1.78 and 1.17 eV photons from Q-switched ruby or neodymium lasers. Many-quantum processes were observed with 2 to 7 photons participating simultaneously. Double-photon absorption with a phonon participating has also been investigated. The observed many-quantum transitions confirm the recent ideas about GaP zone structure. Based on a generating function method, the theory of many-quantum transitions is developed which takes into account the peculiarities of crystal zone structure. The experimental data are in satisfactory agreement with the theory. Both the many-quantum theory and the experimental method reported in the present paper permit one to study the zone structure of various crystals and to obtain new or supplementary information on fundamental optical constants of solids.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 1-4 
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    Notes: Abstract A tunable single sideband electro-optic modulator has been devised which uses the principle of travelling wave resonance in a microwave ring circuit. Single sideband modulation is achieved by circularly polarising the microwave field; the design of the electro-optic cavity is discussed. This modulator is capable of shifting the frequency of a laser over a range of frequencies corresponding to the resonant frequencies of the microwave system and the feasibility of a practical device is considered.
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  • 36
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 43-45 
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  • 37
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 48-49 
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  • 38
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 161-167 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider nonlinear optical devices which are excited by coherent light from a laser and in which several other waves are generated by nonlinear processes. We develop a general theory to treat the noise properties of the generated waves. In particular a probability distribution function is found which in principle can be measured experimentally. This formulation allows a thermodynamic study of phase transitions.
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  • 39
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 180-180 
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  • 40
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 193-199 
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    Notes: Abstract The design principles are outlined for two kinds of holographic memory device: the “serial store”, and the “mass” store. The latter type is shown to be the most promising and details are given of one such device constructed by the authors and their co-workers.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 221-226 
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    Notes: Abstract A single mode He-Ne laser has been frequency stabilised with a relative frequency stability of 10−10 and an absolute accuracy of 10−9. The reference frequency is derived from a Ne-absorption cell in an alternating magnetic field. Theoretical analysis and experiments show that this high frequency stability can be achieved only with certain time-dependent functions of the alternating field and with the proper choice of the operating parameters of the laser and absorption tube.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 2 (1970), S. 250-250 
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Recursion formulae starting with approximations are derived for the functionK/K' and the converse function [K/K]−1. The recursion converges very rapidly and comprises the whole range of definition. The first three approximations are given explicitly. The first one has only a maximal relative error smaller than 2.4·10−3, the second one smaller than 2.3·10−6 and the third one smaller than 4·10−12. As the recursion formulae contain only elementary functions and no integrals, they are adapted for further general calculations as well as for practical use. The basic algorithms finally derived in (31, 34) and (35) are given in such a form, that they are well suited for practical computations with digital computers.
    Notes: Übersicht Für die FunktionK/K' und ihre Umkehrfunktion [K/K']−1 können Näherungen aufgestellt werden, deren Genauigkeit mit Hilfe von Rekursionen beliebig gesteigert werden kann. Die Näherungen erfassen den gesamten Definitionsbereich. Drei Beispiele werden explizit angegeben für einen maximalen relativen Fehler 〈2,4·10−3 in (30), sowie für einen maximalen relativen Fehler 〈2,·10−6 in (32) und einen solchen von 〈4·10−12 in (33). Da die Näherungen nur elementare Funktionen enthalten, eignen sie sich sowohl für weitergehende allgemeine Berechnungen als auch für die praktische Anwendung, in denen die hier mitgeteilten Beispiele fast immer ausreichen dürften. Die Algorithmen sind in (31), (34) und (35) so geschrieben worden, daß sie sich als vollständige Rechenanweisungen für die Ermittlung beliebig guter Funktionen mit Hilfe von Rechenmaschinen eignen.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 309-315 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In many phenomena of the electro-technology the magnetic field changes rapidly. If it penetrates in a massive metal, eddy currents occur there which retard the penetration of the field. If the metal is iron or steel, the computation is exceptionally difficult, because the permeability depends on the field-intensity. In the following it is pointed out how a constant magnetic field penetrating in a massive iron is computated, if it is presumed that the permeability in the interior of the iron is a function of the magnetic field-strength.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei zahlreichen Vorgängen in der Elektrotechnik treten schnelle Änderungen des magnetischen Feldes auf. Dringen diese hierbei in massive Metallteile ein, so entstehen darin Wirbelströme, die das Eindringen des Feldes verzögern. Handelt es sich um Eisen oder Stahl, so wird die Berechnung solcher Vorgänge besonders schwierig, weil hier die Permeabilität von der Feldstärke abhängt. Die folgenden Untersuchungen beschäftigen sich mit der Aufgabe, das Eindringen eines magnetischen Gleichfeldes in massives Eisen zu berechnen, wenn vorausgesetzt wird, daß die Permeabilität im Innern des Eisens eine Funktion der dort herrschenden Feldstärke ist.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 337-343 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The boundary value problem is solved for a dielectric oblate spheroid in the field of a line charge located in a finite distance parallel to the axis of the spheroid. Formulas are given for the resultant field, the stored energy and the force acting on the spheroid. As an example the charge distribution on a conducting circular sheet caused by the mentioned line charge is considered.
    Notes: Übersicht Gelöst wird das Randwertproblem für ein abgeplattetes dielektrisches Rotationsellipsoid, das sich im Feld einer im endlichen Abstand parallel zur Achse des Rotationsellipsoids verlaufenden homogenen Linienladung befindet. Beziehungen für das resultierende Feld, die aufgespeicherte Energie und die auf das Rotationsellipsoid wirkende Kraft werden angegeben. Als Beispiel wird die Ladungsverteilung berechnet, die von der Linienladung her auf einer dünnen leitenden Kreisscheibe influenziert wird.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 360-370 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The article examines the suitable transformer models for investigation the transition processes in the electrical power systems. The equivalent circuits offered are intended for the transition processes' investigation by means of the traveling waves.
    Notes: Übersicht Der Artikel befaßt sich mit geeigneten Modellen für Transformatoren zur Untersuchung von Übergangsvorgängen in elektrischen Systemen mit Hilfe eines Digitalrechners. Es sind Ersatzschaltungen von zwei- und Dreiwicklungstransformatoren mit verschiedenen Wicklungsschaltungen zusammengestellt. Die angebotenen Ersatzschaltungen sind dazu bestimmt, die Ausgleichsvorgänge nach der Wanderwellenmethode zu untersuchen.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 371-381 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents An analytical solution which takes all parameters such as slot-opening, number of slots, slot pitch, air-gap, coil pitch, number of poles and phases etc. and the instantaneous value of the phase currents into account, is given. As an illustrative example, the air-gap field of a synchronous machine has been calculated and compared with experimental data. Moreover, a formula for the calculation of the air-gap harmonics at the rotor surface is given and a comparison with conventional approximations is made. A method for the vector addition of the stator and rotor slot harmonics of snychronous machines on load is provided.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird eine analytische Lösung angegeben, die alle Einflußgrößen wie Nutenöffnung, Nutenzahl, Nutenteilung, Luftspalt, Spulensehnung, Polzahl, Phasenzahl, usw. berücksichtigt, und für jeden Augenblickswert der Wicklungsströme gilt. Als Beispiel wird das Feldbild einer Synchronmaschine berechnet und mit Meßwerten verglichen. Insbesondere wird eine Formel zur Berechnung der Luftspaltoberfelder an der Rotoroberfläche angegeben und ein Vergleich mit bekannten Näherungsverfahren durchgeführt. Für die Synchronmaschine wird eine Methode zur phasenrichtigen Addition der Stator- und Rotornutoberfelder angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 391-396 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The paper deals with the problem of recalculating the elements of the original impulse caused by a partial discharge, after passing through some circuits inserted between “the phenomenon” and “the recording”, circuits affecting the pulse form and marking the real stresses in the dielectric. — The problem solved by analytical calculations leads to equations difficult to solve by usual means. — The use of a digital computer and the establishment of some approximation criteria, described in the paper, give the possibility of obtaining some data concerning the input, taking into account the output, and the time constants of circuits passed through. The method used in case of two cells inserted between “phenomenon” and “recording” does not impose different parameters for the circuit elements (time constants of circuits, extremely wide-band oscilloscope) but an accurate knowledge of them, which recommends it as a method of industrial use.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird die Berechnung der ursprünglichen Kenngrößen eines durch Teilentladungen entstandenen und nach Durchlaufen eines Netzwerks verformten Impulses aus den Meßwerten am Empfangsort behandelt. Die Durchrechnung des Problems nach analytischen Methoden führt zu Gleichungen, deren Lösung mit herkömmlichen Mitteln sehr mühsam ist. Die Anwendung eines Digitalrechners und die Festlegung einiger Approximationskriterien, die in dem Aufsatz angegeben werden, ermöglichen die Bestimmung der Eingangsgröße aus den Zeitkonstanten der durchlaufenen Meßkreise und den am Ausgang aufgenommenen Meßwerten. Die auf den Fall zweier zwischen Erscheinungs- und Empfangsort geschalteten Übertragungsglieder angewandte Methode, crfordert keine besonderen Parameter für dic Netzwerkselemente, sondern nur deren genaue Kenntnis.
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    Electrical engineering 54 (1970), S. 8-13 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents This paper gives a calculation of the potential and the electric field for the residual current region of a plane diode. The results of the exact calculation and of an approximation are compared by means of an example. It is shown that the exact calculation as well as the approximation give a good agreement of the results, especially for very small currents.
    Notes: Übersicht Für den Anlaufstrombereich einer planparallelen Diode werden Potential-und Feldstärkeverteilung nach einem strengen und einem Näherungsverfahren berechnet. An Hand eines Beispiels werden die Ergebnisse der beiden Rechnungswege verglichen; insbesondere bei kleinen Strömen wird sehr gute Übereinstimmung gefunden.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 215-223 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In this paper there are investigated the synchronous parasitic torques in the squirrel cage motor on the basis of the forces caused by the resulting magnetic field in the gap on the stator currents. There are respected the influence of the slot openings and of the saturation of the iron paths. There are given rules, that cause a great diminution of the synchronous torques.
    Notes: Übersicht In vorliegender Arbeit werden die synchronen parasitären Sättelim Käfigankermotorauf Grundlage der Kräfte, die das resultierende Luftspaltfel auf die Stromdurchflutung der Statornuten ausübt, untersucht. Es wird der Einfluß der Nutenschlitze und der Sättigung berücksichtigt. Es werden Richtlinien angegeben, deren Anwendung eine starke Verminderung der synchronen Sättel zur Folge hat.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 233-245 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In order to investigate thoroughly the integral of weighted — error — squared criteria the, corresponding optimal processes are derived. After a discussion of the adopted mathematical model, the explicite solution of the variational problem is found., — Results interpretation permits to establish the significant properties of the criteria and to indicate the adequate time weighting.
    Notes: Übersicht Zur vertieften Untersuchung zeitbeschwerter quadratischer integraler Gütekriterien werden die entsprechenden theoretischen Optimalvorgänge bestimmt. Nach Besprechen, des angenommenen Modells, löst man in geschlossener Form die aufgestellte variationsrechnerische Aufgabe. Die Auslegung der Ergebnisse erlaubt wesentliche Eigenschaften dieser Kriterien festzulegen und die geeignete Gewichtsfunktion zu wählen.
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    Electrical engineering 54 (1970), S. 25-30 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The transient phenomena of a circuit are, as a rule, determined by measuring with the help of the impulse process, but they can also be theoretically determined in certain cases.—When interrupting inductive circuits over-voltages will develop. This may cause re-ignitions on switching devices. A measuring method is indicated and a normalized voltage magnitude γ1A introduced, with the help of which the voltage peak can be determined after interruption of an inductive circuit.—Approximation equations, deducted from a large number of measurings yield adequately precise values for the overvoltage peaks and frequencies developing in actual service.—A physical explanation is given of the behaviour of current and recurrent voltage with the transient frequency.—Of particular interest is the start of the transient phenomenon before the passage of the current through zero.
    Notes: Übersicht Das Einschwingverhalten eines Stromkreises wird in der Regel durch Anstoßverfahren meßtechnisch ermittelt, kann aber in bestimmten Fällen auch theoretisch bestimmt werden. [1]—Bei der Abschaltung induktiver Stromkreise treten Überspannungen auf. Hierdurch können an Schaltgeräten Wiederzündungen hervorgerufen werden.—Es wird eine Meßmethode angegeben und eine normierte Spannungsgröße γ1Aeingeführt, mit deren Hilfe eine Festlegung der Spannungsspitze nach der Unterbrechung eines induktiven Stromkreises möglich ist.—Näherungsgleichungen, die aus einer größeren Zahl von Messungen abgeleitet wurden, liefern hinreichend genaue Werte für die praktisch auftretenden überspannungspitzen und Frequenzen in Starkstromkreisen.—Es wird eine physikalische Erklärung für das Verhalten von Strom und wiederkehrender Spannung mit der Einschwingfrequenz gegeben.—Charakteristisch ist das Einsetzen des Einschwingvorganges vor dem Stromnulldurchgang.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 265-275 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents It is well known that space-charges do appear in current-heated underground d.c.-cables while connected to high-voltage source. The space-charges are explained by the influence of temperature on the conductivity of insulating materials. Their final local distribution has already been calculated. [1...4] Measurements have shown that the formation of space-charges goes over a long period of time [5]. In the present paper space-charge-build up as function of time is calculated with some allowed simplifications.
    Notes: Übersicht Es ist schon seit einiger Zeit bekannt, daß sich in einem durch Strom erwärmten und an Gleichspannung angelegten Kabel infolge der temperaturabhängigen Leitfähigkeit des Isolationsmaterials eine Raumladung ausbildet. Der Endwert dieser Raumladung ist bereits berechnet worden: [1], [2], [3], [4]. Messungen haben gezeigt, daß sich diese Raumladung sehr langsam ausbildet [5]. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der zeitliche Aufbau mit erlaubten Vereinfachungen berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 276-289 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The author presents the general case of electric power networks with transformers, without further approximations concerning the representation of last ones. The graph theory is applied and the classical notion of incidence is extended to define a matrix of galvanic and magnetic incidence. The new matrix of incidence allows the study of networks with transformers by making use of classical methods for networks without transformers. The network equations are thereby derived and practical rules to write straightforwardly the matrix [Y n ] and to build up the matrix [Z n ] are also established.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird der allgemeine Fall der elektroenergetischen Netze mit Transformatoren oder mit Spartransformatoren in den Maschen oder in den Radialseiten untersucht. Es wird die Graphen-Theorie angewandt und der klassische Begriff der Inzidenz erweitert, um eine galvanische und magnetische Inzidenzmatrix zu bestimmen. Die neue Inzidenzmatrix gestattet die Untersuchung der Netze mit Transformatoren mit Hilfe derselben Methoden, die bei Netzen ohne Transformatoren angewendet werden. Auf diesem Wege schreibt man die Betriebsgleichungen nach der Methode der Potentiale an den Knoten und stellt praktische Regeln auf zur direkten Bildung der Matrix [Y n ] und zur Bildung durch Synthese der Matrix [Z n ].
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 316-325 
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 326-336 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The paper describes and analyses a novel regulation technique for alternating voltages, similar to those applied in d. c. circuits, but with a higher power factor than in conventional regulating circuits, owing to the negligible circulation of the reactive power. The mathematical calculation was carried out on a digital computer.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird eine neue Regelungsmethode der Spannung am Wechselstromverbraucher vorgestellt und analysiert. Diese Methode ist der in den Gleichstromkreisen verwendeten Methode ähnlich, mit dem Vorteil, daß dank der geringen Blindleistungszirkulation, der Leistungsfaktor der Anlage höher ist als derjenige in den klassischen Regelkreisen. Die mathematische Analyse wurde mit einem Digitalrechner durchgeführt.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 344-359 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Proceeding from Maxwell-Minkowski Equations the induced voltage of an inductive flow meter is studied for conducting liquids in case of an inhomogeneous magnetic field and an arbitrary velocity profile. — It is shown: 1. In the most general case the induced voltage is not proportional to the flow. An expression for the calculation is derived. — 2. The mean value of the signal weighted by sin ψ $$\frac{2}{\pi }\int {U(\psi )} \sin \psi d\psi $$ is proportional to the flow in case of a homogeneous magnetic field and arbitrary velocity profile as well as in case of an arbitrary plane inhomogeneous magnetic field and a velocity profile with axial symmetry.
    Notes: Übersicht Ausgehend von den Feldgleichungen wird für leitende Flüssigkeiten die an den Elektroden eines induktiven Durchflußmessers induzierte Spannung bei inhomogenem, zeitlich konstantem Magnetfeld und beliebigem Geschwindigkeitsprofil untersucht. — Es wird gezeigt: 1. Die induzierte Spannung ist dem Durch-fluß im allgemeinen Falle nicht proportional. Ein Ausdruck zu ihrer Berechnung wird angegeben. 2. Das mit sin ψ gewichtete gemittelte Signal $$\frac{2}{\pi }\int {U(\psi )} \sin \psi d\psi $$ ist dem Durchfluß in Strenge proportional, sowohl bei homogenem Magnetfeld und beliebigem Geschwindigkeitsprofil als auch bei beliebig eben inhomogenem Magnetfeld und radialysmmetrischem Geschwindigkeitsprofil.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 382-390 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The field in a waveguide furnace for continuous flow heating is described by means of Fourier series and Fourier integrals and as an example the heating of beef is calculated.
    Notes: Übersicht Das Feld in einem Hohlleiterofen zur Durchlauferhitzung wird mit Hilfe von Fourierreihen und Fourierintegralen beschrieben und als Beispiel die Erwärmung von Fleisch berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 197-206 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents It is well known from oscillographical research of capacitor discharge through exploding wires, that there exist several types of explosion. As fas as it is to difficult to describe all effects happening during the discharge mathematically, this paper proposes the treatment of theR(t) CL-circuit, where the change of the resistanceR(t) contains the physics of wire explosion. By means of exact solutions of the differential equation of the discharge circuit typical phenomena such like voltage peak before and discharge after “dwell time” as well as discharge with vanishing “dwell time” can be described.
    Notes: Übersicht Beim explosionsartigen Verdampfen dünner Drähte durch eine Kondensatorentladung entstehen je nach Versuchsbedingungen verschiedene Entladungstypen. Eine mathematische Ableitung der möglichen Entladungsverläufe unter Berücksichtigung der während des Aufheizens, Schmelzens und Verdampfens des Drahtes ablaufenden physikalischen Vorgänge ist noch nicht gelungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit faßt die im einzelnen weitgehend noch unbekannten physikalischen Vorgänge in einer zeitlichen Änderung des DrahtwiderstandesR(t) zusammen. Es werden exakte Lösungen der Differentialgleichung einesR(t) CL-Entladekreises für Formen der Widerstandsänderung angegeben, die zu typischen Entladungsverläufen führen. Insbesondere wird die Spannungsspitze vor und die Entladung nach der Dunkelpause sowie eine Entladung mit verschwindender Dunkelpause untersucht.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 224-232 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The calculation of control loops with static convertors may be simplified essentially by a direct linearized set-up of the difference equations. By means ofz-Transformation also more complicatet problems can be solved. An example, two convertors with common, current-controlled DC-circuit has been investigatet theoretically and in practice and demonstrates the fairly complicated stability relations.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Berechnungen von Stromrichter-Regelkreisen vereinfachen sich sehr wesentlich durch den direkten linearisierten Ansatz der einzelnen Differenzengleichungen. Mit Hilfe derz-Transformation lassen sich damit auch komplizierter Probleme in Angriff nehmen. Am Beispiel zweier Stromrichter mit gemeinsamem, stromgeregeltem Gleichstrom-Zwischenkreis werden theoretisch und praktisch die schon recht verwickelten Stabilitätsverhältnisse aufgezeigt.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 207-214 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In this paper Maxwell's Equations are integrated, taking into consideration special boundery conditions. An infinite cylinder is placed into a given electromagnetic field. The surface conductivity of the cylinder is not assumed to be infinite but finite, anisotropic and a coordinate function. By a suitable specialization it is possible to obtain results for the typical case, that a surface conductivity only occurs in one direction.
    Notes: Übersicht In dieser Arbeit werden die Maxwellschen Gleichungen für spezielle Randbedingungen integriert. Ein unendlich langer Zylinder wird in ein gegebenes elektromagnetisches Feld gebracht. Die Oberflächenleitfähigkeit ist aber nicht unendlich groß, sondern endlich, anisotrop und eine Funktion des Ortes. Durch eine entsprechende Sopezialisierung werden auch Ergebnisse für den Fall abgeleitet, daß auf dem Zylinder nur eine einzige Leitfähigkeitsrichtung existiert.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 257-264 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The derivation of the dynamic model of an electric power network based upon electromagnetic theory and the topological properties of the network is described. According to the duality principle in electric networks voltages or currents can be chosen as state variables. The dynamic model uses node-voltages as state variables. It is applicable for the investigation of network stability and the application of optimal control theory to power systems.
    Notes: Übersicht Das dynamische Modell eines elektrischen Netzes wird aus den elektromagnetischen Gesetzen und aus topologischen Beziehungen, welche die Struktur des Netzes beschreiben, abgeleitet. Entsprechend dem Dualitätsprinzip in elektrischen Netzen können Ströme oder Spannungen, die nach der Maschen- bzw. der Knotenpunktsmethode berechenbar sind, als Zustandsgrößen gewählt werden. Das erhaltene Modell in Form eines Systems gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung bildet die Grundlage für Stabilitätsuntersuchungen mit der direkten Methode vonLjapunov, sowie für die Anwendung der Theorie der optimalen Prozesse.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 299-308 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents On the basis of harmonic analysis of the air-gap field the equations of magnetic circuit in induction motor are developed. The solution of these equations by means of digital computer enables to determine the magnetizing current without the use of additional curves. The magnetization characteristic of electric sheet is represented in the calculations as a series with different exponents of induction. The calculated values of magnetizing current and of the third harmonic of phase e.m.f. are compared with the measured values.
    Notes: Übersicht Nach der Entwicklung der Feldkurve in eine Fourierreihe und der Darstellung der Magnetisierungskurve in Form eines Potenzenpolynoms werden die Gleichungen des magnetischen Kreises aufgestellt. Die Lösung dieses Gleichungssystems mit Hilfe eines Digitalrechners ermöglicht die Berechnung des Magnetisierungsstromes auf Grund der Magnetisierungskurve ohne Benutzung etwaiger Hilfskurven. Die Rechenwerte werden mit Meßwerten verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 54 (1970), S. 31-42 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents For the theoretical treatment of devices with saturable magnetic cores not only the H,B-function, but also its derivative must be taken into account. The resultant non linear differential equation can be best evaluated by numerical methods. The theory is applied to the synchronous machine as well as to the asynchronous machine. Only the saturation effects on the first spatial harmonic are considered. For small oscillations the equations can be directly evaluated by means of the frequency response of the linearized system. The sets of equations are given and some examples are computed.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei Eisenkreisen mit Sättigung muß für dynamische Betrachtungen außer dem Fluß-Magnetisierungszusammenhang noch dessen Ableitung mit zur Berechnung herangezogen werden. Die sich dadurch ergebenden Differentialgleichungen mit nicht konstanten Koeffizienten lassen sich gut mit Hilfe der numerischen Integration auswerten. Die Berechnung wird auf die Vollpolsynchronmaschine und die Asynchronmaschine angewendet, wobei nur die Sättigungsauswirkung auf die Grundwelle betrachtet wird. Für Pendelungen kleiner Amplitude können die linearisierten Gleichungssysteme in Form von Frequenzgängen direkt gelöst werden. Es werden die einzelnen Gleichungssysteme angegeben und einige Beispiele dazu durchgerechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 54 (1970), S. 43-55 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Theoretical analysis of arc energy for different specific cases of inter-contact arc at alternating current breaking. Current equation for circuit containing arc, and energy equation for inter-contact arc. Numerical solution. Arc energy dependence of different circuit parameters and switch design. Comparison of arc energy computations with results of measurements.
    Notes: Übersicht Theoretische Erörterung der Lichtbogenergie bei verschiedenen charakteristischen Fällen des Lichtbogenverhaltens im Kontaktspalt beim Ausschalten von Wechselstrom. Stromgleichungen in Stromkreisen mit Lichtbogen und Energie gleichungen des Lichtbogens im Kontaktspalt. Mathematische Lösungen. Abhängigkeit der Lichtbogenenergie von verschiedenen Parametern des Stromkreises und der Schaltgerätekonstruktion. Vergleich der Lichtbogenenergieberechnungen mit entsprechenden Messergebnissen.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 246-256 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents This paper deals with the application of a general method for the calculation of the distribution of the electric potential in two-dimensional ohmic networks, which was developped in a preceding paper — number of reference [2] — to concrete problems. It is shown that the solution (except for an additive constant) is uniquely determined by the structure of the net, as reflected mathematically by a set of boundary- and transition-conditions. After that the distribution of the potential is explicitly calculated and plotted for some simple types of networks, which may be finite or infinitely extended.
    Notes: Übersicht Diese Arbeit dient der Anwendung eines Formalismus, der in einer früheren Veröffentlichung — [2] des Literaturverzeichnisses — für die Berechnung von Potentialverteilungen in zweidimensionalen ohmschen Netzwerken entwickelt wurde, auf konkrete Probleme. Es wird gezeigt, wie durch die Struktur des Gitters, die sich mathematisch in Rand- und Übergangsbedingungen spiegelt, die Lösung (bis auf eine additive Konstante) eindeutig festgelegt wird. Sodann wird die Potentialverteilung für einige einfache Netzwerktypen, die endlich oder unendlich ausgedehnt sein können, explizit errechnet und graphisch dargestellt.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1970), S. 397-408 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The paper deals with the determination of maximal short circuit forces acting on parallel bus bars of a general three phase configuration. In view of practical use the derived analytical solution is appropriately completed with curve plots and a graph-analytical procedure is conceived and motivated. The authors investigate also some particular configurations and prove the results by means of a digital computer.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden die maximalen Kurzschlußkräfte bestimmt, die zwischen den parallel verlaufenden Leitern eines Drehstrom-Freileitungssystems auftreten. Die analytische Lösung wird durch Diagramme ergänzt und für die praktische Anwendung wird ein grafisch-analytisches Verfahren angegeben. Die Verfasser behandeln eine Reihe von Sonderfällen und prüfen die Ergebnisse mittels eines Digitalrechners nach.
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    Electrical engineering 54 (1970), S. 1-7 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents General expressions are derived for the distribution and the time dependence of transient eddy currents which are induced in a hollow sphere of finite skin thickness by means of a center-located small circular coil rotating at time variant velocity and carrying a time variable current.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden allgemeine Beziehungen für die örtliche Verteilung und zeitliche Abhängigkeit transienter Wirbelströme entwickelt, die in einer massiven Hohlkugel durch eine im Mittelpunkt angeordnete, mit beliebiger Geschwindigkeit rotierende kleine Kreisschleife induziert werden, wenn die Spule von einem zeitlich beliebig veränderlichen Strom durchflossen wird.
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    Electrical engineering 54 (1970), S. 14-24 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The behaviour of the space-charge barrier sheath under the influence of time dependent and time independent quantities is discussed. — It is shown that not only the static but also the dynamic de-ionization phenomena in a mercury arc rectifier are determined by the properties of the barrier sheath. — A dynamic space-charge equation is derived which allows the mechanism of the dynamic de-ionization and the physical blocking stresses in rectifier valves to be determined. Values computed according to this theory are compared with experimental data.
    Notes: Übersicht Das Verhalten der Raumladungssperrschicht bei konstanten und zeitlich veränderlichen Einflußgrößen wird besprochen. — Es kann gezeigt werden, daß bei Quecksilberdampf-Stromrichtergefäßen sowohl der statische als auch der dynamische Entionisierungsvorgang maßgeblich durch die Eigenschaften der Sperrschicht bestimmt werden. — Eine dynamische Raumladungsformel wird hergeleitet, die es erlaubt, den Mechanismus der dynamischen Entionisierung und die auftretenden physikalischen Beanspruchungsgrößen der Ventile quantitativ zu erfassen. Mit Hilfe eines entsprechenden Rechenprogrammes wird die Theorie mit den experimentellen Daten verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 54 (1970), S. 56-64 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Pressing certain materials of elliptic cross-section, their density increases towards the center which causes an enhancement of the dielectric constant in this direction,. In this paper, the two-dimensional boundary value problem is solved for such an inhomogeneous dielectric cylinder with the practical assumption that the dielectric constant is given as a rigorous power function of the first elleptic coordinate. Detailed considerations are made for the special case when the cylinder mentioned above is located in an originally homogeneous field.
    Notes: Übersicht Beim Pressen bestimmter Materialien elliptischen Querschnittes erleidet der Stoff eine Verdichtung in Richtung nach Innen, was ein Ansteigen der Dielektrizitätskonstante in dieser Richtung zufolge hat. Die vorliegende Abhandlung löst das ebene Randwertproblem für einen derartigen inhomogenen elliptischen Zylinder unter der praxisnahen Voraussetzung, daß die Dielektrizitätskonstante sich mit einer beliebigen Potenz der ersten elliptischen Koordinate ändert. Insbesondere wird auf den Sonderfall eingegangen, bei dem der beschriebene Zylinder in ein ursprünglich homogenes Feld eingebracht wird.
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 43-44 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 33-42 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. By applying the above methods it becomes possible, exclusively by means of operational techniques, to raise the measurement precision of goniometers. 2. On the basis of these methods it is possible in many instances to simplify considerably the labor-consuming testing of goniometers. 3. For facilitating above measures the manufacturing plant should provide the GS-1, GS-2, and GS-5 instruments with tables for correcting the dial “diameters.” In the case of dials incorporated in the instruments it is possible to apply the above-mentioned technique of determining the “diameter” corrections by means of prismatic angle gauges.
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 45-48 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 49-50 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 54-57 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 58-61 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 51-53 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 62-65 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 76-81 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. A theory has been developed for the method of determining the thermal activity of liquids by means of the pulsation amplitude and phase of a low-inertia cylindrical transducer. 2. A technique has been provided for measuring the thermal activity of liquids with plane and cylindrical transducers by the amplitude and phase of temperature pulsations.
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 82-86 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 92-97 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 87-91 
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    Notes: Conclusions If the tolerated dynamic error of a dc instrument amplifier is of the same order as the noise level of its amplifying element and certain other conditions are met, the amplifiers with modulation and demodulation have a higher operating speed than those which are provided with direct coupling and use the same components. The replacement of amplifiers with modulation and demodulation by highly-stable direct-coupled amplifiers using planar transistors and other new elements is justified, for the purpose of raising the operating speed, only if the tolerated dynamic error exceeds considerably the mean noise level. These conclusions hold only for a full-wave modulator.
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 103-105 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 98-102 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The ND error of an ADC with an incremental balancing depends on the ND parameters, the duration of the balancing cycle, the weights of the ADC digital code, the value of the increment, and the input voltage Ux. This error can be evaluated from (8) for any voltage Ux. 2. For certain values of the input voltage Ux (these values have been denoted as singular) the error ΔUnd attains its maximum either positive or negative values. A method for determining the singular points has been provided in the article and the formulas (11) and (13) have been obtained for determining the maximum errors ΔUndm these points. 3. The error contributed by the ND depends on the ratio Δt/RC, and it decreases considerably with a reduction of this ratio.
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 106-109 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 115-120 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 130-130 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 131-132 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 121-124 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The efficiency of measurements depends on the “linkage” between the measuring devices and human operators, which is determined by taking into account the “human factor,” i.e., the ergonomic requirements in designing measuring equipment. 2. The reliability of the system “operator-measuring equipment-ambient conditions” serves as a criterion for attaining optimum ergonomic quality of measuring devices. 3. The nomenclature of ergonomic quality indexes of measuring devices or aggregates is determined by their ergonomic quality, which depends on the “human-factor” design requirements specified for the measuring devices or aggregates.
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 125-129 
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    Notes: Conclusions Engineering enterprises which require precision measurements of holes in mass production can be guided by the following arrangement for transferring dimensions from the initial measures to the product. Reference rings made with the maximum possible precision should be certified on the BV-2007 instrument. Horizontal interferometers in conjunction with these rings should be used for certifying adjusting rings used in setting pneumatic measuring machines to size for testing holes in components. The adjusting rings for setting inside gauges are certified on horizontal optimeters. If it is necessary to raise the precision of certification, the optimeters should be set by means of reference rings certified on the horizontal interferometer. Rings intended for testing high-precision inside gauges should be certified on the horizontal interferometer by means of block gauges.
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 133-135 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 136-139 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 140-142 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 143-146 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 147-147 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 148-150 
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    Measurement techniques 13 (1970), S. 151-152 
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