ALBERT

Anmerkung: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Marburg (Lahn), Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2004 u.d.T.: Gutmann, Mathias: Die Medialität des Erfahrens

Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1999 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 1.1 Kenntnisstand und offene Fragen 1.2 Fragestellung und Ziele dieser Arbeit 2. Umweltbedingungen in den Arbeitsgebieten 2.1 Hydrographie, Eisverhältnisse und NAO 2.2 Zur Variation von Wassertiefe und Breite der Dänemarkstraße und zur Vereisung Islands während des letzten Glazials 3. Methoden 3.1 Auswahl der Kernstationen 3.2 Probennahme und Analysen (Übersicht) 3.3 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Oberflächenwasser Zur Aussage stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse in planktischen Foraminiferen Zur Messung stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse Zur Massenspektrometrie Zur Rekonstruktion von Oberflächentemperaturen Alkane und Alkohole als Maß für Staubeintrag Eistranspmtiertes Material und vulkanische Aschen 3.4 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Zwischen-/ Tiefenwasser Häufigkeit von Cibicides- und anderen benthischen Arten (inkl. Taxonomie) Stabile Isotopenverhältnisse in benthischen Foraminiferen 3.5 AMS 14C-Datierungen Probenreinigung 3. 6 Hauptelementanalysen von vulkanischen Asche-Leithorizonten 3. 7 Geomagnetische Meßgrößen und magnetische Suszeptibiltät 3.8 Techniken zur Spektralanalyse 4. Methodische Ergebnisse 4.1 Zum Einfluß der Probenreinigung auf δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte 4.2 Probleme bei der langfristigen Reproduzierbarkeit von δ18O-Zeitreihen 4.3 Einfluß der Korngröße und Artendefinition planktischer Foraminiferen auf SST-Rekonstruktionen in hohen Breiten 4.4 Vergleich der stabilen Isotopenwerte von Cibicides lobatulus und Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi 5. Stratigraphische Grundlagen und Tiefenprofile der Klimasignale 5.1 Stratigraphische Korrelation zwischen parallel-gekernten GKG- und SL-/KL-Profilen 5.2 Flanktische δ18O-/ δ13C-Kurven, 14C-Alter und biostratigraphische Fixpunkte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Kern 23351 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.3 Benthische δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte in Kern PS2644 5.4 Siliziklastische Sedimentkomponenten: Eistransportiertes Material Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.5 Vulkanische Glasscherben in Kern PS2644: Wind- und Eiseintrag 5.6 Geochemie und Alter einzelner Tephralagen als Leithorizonte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.7 Magnetische Suszeptibilität in den Kernen PS2644, PS2646 und PS2647 Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 5.8 Geomagnetische Feldintensität und Richtungsänderungen in Kern PS2644 5.9 Variation von Planktonfauna und -flora Westliches Islandbecken: Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 Vøring-Plateau: Kern 23071 und 23074 5.10 Benthische Foraminiferen in Kern PS2644 6. Entwicklung von Temperatur und Salzgehalt nördlich der Dänemark-Straße 6.1 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Planktonforaminiferen 6.2 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Uk37 6.3 Variation der Oberflächensalinität 7. Die Feinstratigraphie von Kern PS2644 als Basis für eine Eichung der 14C-Altersskala 22 - 55 ka 7.1 Korrelation zwischen den Klimasignalen in Kern PS2644 und der GISP2-Klimakurve zum Kalibrieren der 14C-Alter und Erstellen eines Altersmodells Tephrachronologische Marker Korrelationsparameter und -regeln Sonderfälle/ Probleme bei der Korrelation 7.2 Alters-stratigraphische Korrelation der Klimakurven von Kern 23071 und 23074 7.3 Variation der Altersanomalien zwischen 20 und 55 14C-ka 7.4 Variabilität des planktischen 14C-Reservoiralters in Schmelzwasserbeeinflußten Seegebieten Variation der planktischen 14C-Alter unmittelbar an der Basis von Heinrich-Ereignis 4 Unterschiede zwischen planktischen und benthischen 14C-Altern in der westlichen Islandsee. Zur Erklärung der inversen Altersdifferenzen 7.5 Differenz zwischen 14C- und Kalenderalter: Zeitliche Variation unter Einfluß des Erdmagnetfeldes - Modell und Befund 7.6 Sedimentationsraten der Kerne 23071, 23074 und PS2644 nach dem GISP2-Altersmodell Vøring-Plateau: Kerne 23071 und 23074 Südwest-Islandsee: Kern PS2644 8. Klimaoszillationen im Europäischen Nordmeer in der Zeit und Frequenzdomäne 8.1 "Der Einzelzyklus" in den Klimakurven von Kern PS2644 8.2 Zur Veränderlichkeit der Warm- und Kaltextreme sowie Zyklenlänge Besonderheiten in der Zyklenlänge Variation der Kalt-(Stadiale) Variation der Interstadiale 8.3 Periodizitäten der Klimasignale im Frequenzband der D.-Oe.-Zyklen. Der D.-Oe.-Zyklus von 1470 J., seine Multiplen und harmonischen Schwingungen Weitere Frequenzen: 1000-1150 Jahre- und 490- 510 Jahre-Zyklizitäten Höhere Frequenzen im Bereich von Jahrhunderten und Dekaden 8.4 Phasenbeziehungen und (örtliche) Steuemngsmechanismen der Dansgaard-Oeschger-Zyklen 9. Schlußfolgerungen Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anhang

Anmerkung: Ungezählte Beil. ab 2010: Special , Ersch. jährl. 4x

Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Advances in 40Ar/39Ar dating: from archaeology to planetary sciences – introduction / Fred Jourdan, Darren F. Mark and Chrystele Verati / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 1-8, 16 January 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.24 Perspectives on 40Ar/39Ar dating / Ian McDougall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 9-20, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.20 Methodological developments Some footnotes to the optimization-based calibration of the 40Ar/39Ar system / Paul R. Renne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 21-31, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.17 Neutron-induced 37Ar recoil ejection in Ca-rich minerals and implications for 40Ar/39Ar dating / F. Jourdan and P. R. Renne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 33-52, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.15 Direct measurement of recoil effects on 40Ar/39Ar standards / Chris M. Hall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 53-62, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.7 FCs-EK: a new sampling of the Fish Canyon Tuff 40Ar/39Ar neutron flux monitor / L. E. Morgan, D. F. Mark, J. Imlach, D. Barfod and R. Dymock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 63-67, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.21 Petrology and geochronology of ‘muscovite age standard’ B4M / Alexandra R. Heri, Martin Robyr and Igor M. Villa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 69-78, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.2 Argon extraction from geological samples by CO2 scanning laser step-heating / D. N. Barfod, D. F. Mark, A. Tait, R. C. Dymock and J. Imlach / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 79-90, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.23 The multi-diffusion domain model: past, present and future / T. Mark Harrison and Oscar M. Lovera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 91-106, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.9 Diffusion of Ar in K-feldspar: Present and absent / Igor M. Villa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 107-116, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.4 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and the diffusion of 39Ar in phengite–muscovite intergrowths during step-heating experiments in vacuo / Marnie A. Forster and Gordon S. Lister / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 117-135, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.16 Ar diffusion and solubility measurements in plagioclases using the ultra-violet laser depth-profiling technique / Jo-Anne Wartho, Simon P. Kelley and Stephen C. Elphick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 137-154, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.13 Modelling effect of sericitization of plagioclase on the 40K/40Ar and 40Ar/39Ar chronometers: implication for dating basaltic rocks and mineral deposits / Chrystèle Verati and Fred Jourdan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 155-174, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.14 The other isotopes: research avenues based on 36Ar, 37Ar and 38Ar / Grenville Turner and Ray Burgess / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 175-188, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.8 Applications: Tectonics 40Ar/39Ar Thermochronology on Central China Orogen: Cooling, uplift and implications for orogeny dynamics / Fei Wang, Rixiang Zhu, Quanlin Hou, Dewen Zheng, Liekun Yang, Lin Wu, Wenbei Shi, Huile Feng, Haiqing Sang, Hongyuan Zhang and Qing Liu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 189-206, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.3 40Ar/39Ar ages of crystallization and recrystallization of rock-forming polyhalite in Alpine rocksalt deposits / C. Leitner, F. Neubauer, J. Genser, S. Borojević-Šoštarić and G. Rantitsch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 207-224, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.5 Persistent long-term (c. 24 Ma) exhumation in the Eastern Alaska Range constrained by stacked thermochronology / Jeff A. Benowitz, Paul W. Layer and Sam Vanlaningham / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 225-243, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.12 40Ar/39Ar hornblende provenance clues about Heinrich event 3 (H3) / Greg E. Downing, Sidney R. Hemming, Anne Jost and Martin Roy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 245-263, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.18 Observation of centimetre-scale argon diffusion in alkali feldspars: implications for 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology / Stephanie Flude, Alison M. Halton, Simon P. Kelley, Sarah C. Sherlock, James Schwanethal and Camilla M. Wilkinson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 265-275, 10 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.25 Applications: Volcanology 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the Haifanggou and Lanqi formations: When did the first flowers bloom? / Su-Chin Chang, Haichun Zhang, Sidney R. Hemming, Gary T. Mesko and Yan Fang / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 277-284, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.1 Timing of geothermal activity in an active island-arc volcanic setting: First 40Ar/39Ar dating from Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) / C. Verati, P. Patrier-Mas, J. M. Lardeaux and V. Bouchot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 285-295, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.19 Applications: Planetary sciences Issues in dating young rocks from another planet: Martian shergottites / Jisun Park, Donald D. Bogard, Laurence E. Nyquist and G. F. Herzog / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 297-316, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.10 A laser probe 40Ar/39Ar investigation of poikilitic shergottite NWA 4797: implications for the timing of shock metamorphism / Erin L. Walton, Simon Kelley, Christopher D. K. Herd and Anthony J. Irving / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 317-332, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.11 40Ar/39Ar ages of impacts involving ordinary chondrite meteorites / Timothy D. Swindle, D. A. Kring and J. R. Weirich / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 333-347, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.6 A high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for hydrated impact glass from the Dellen impact, Sweden / D. F. Mark, P. Lindgren and A. E. Fallick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 349-366, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.22

Anmerkung: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1 INTRODUCTION. - Study Context and Charge to the Committee. - Study Approach and Methodology. - Report Organization. - 2 RATIONALE FOR CONTINUED ARCTIC RESEARCH. - 3 EMERGING QUESTIONS. - Evolving Arctic. - Will Arctic communities have greater or lesser influence on their futures?. - Will the land be wetter or drier, and what are the associated implications for surface water, energy balances, and ecosystems?. - How much of the variability of the Arctic system is linked to ocean circulation?. - What are the impacts of extreme events in the new ice-reduced system?. - How will primary productivity change with decreasing sea ice and snow cover?. - How will species distributions and associated ecosystem structure change with the evolving cryosphere?. - Hidden Arctic. - What surprises are hidden within and beneath the ice?. - What is being irretrievably lost as the Arctic changes?. - Why does winter matter?. - What can "break or brake" glaciers and ice sheets?. - How unusual is the current Arctic warmth?. - What is the role of the Arctic in abrupt change?. - What has been the Cenozoic evolution of the Arctic Ocean Basin?. - Connected Arctic. - How will rapid Arctic warming change the jet stream and affect weather patterns in lower latitudes?. - What is the potential for a trajectory of irreversible loss of Arctic land ice, and how will its impact vary regionally?. - How will climate change affect exchanges between the Arctic Ocean andsubpolar basins?. - How will Arctic change affect the long-range transport and persistence of biota?. - How will changing societal connections between the Arctic and the rest of the world affect Arctic communities?. - Managed Arctic. - How will decreasing populations in rural villages and increasing urbanization affect Arctic peoples and societies?. - Will local, regional, and international relations in the Arctic move toward cooperation or conflict?. - How can 21st-century development in the Arctic occur without compromising the environment or indigenous cultures while still benefiting global and Arctic inhabitants?. - How can we prepare forecasts and scenarios to meet emerging management needs?. - What benefits and risks are presented by geoengineering and other large-scale technological interventions to prevent or reduce climate change and associated impacts in the Arctic?. - Undetermined Arctic. - Priority Setting. - 4 MEETING THE CHALLENGES. - Enhancing Cooperation. - Interagency. - International. - Interdisciplinary. - Intersectoral. - Cooperation through Social Media. - Sustaining Long-Term Observations. - Rationale for Long-Term Observations. - Coordinating Long-Term Observation Efforts. - Managing and Sharing Information. - Preserving the Legacy of Research through Data Preservation and Dissemination. - Creating a Culture of Data Preservation and Sharing. - Infrastructure to Ensure Data Flows from Observation to Users, Stakeholders, and Archives. - Data Visualization and Analysis. - Maintaining and Building Operational Capacity. - Mobile Platforms. - Fixed Platforms and Systems. - Remote Sensing. - Sensors. - Power and Communication. - Models in Prediction, Projection, and Re-Analyses. - Partnerships with Industry. - Growing Human Capacity. - Community Engagement. - Investing in Research. - Comprehensive Systems and Synthesis Research. - Non-Steady-State Research. - Social Sciences and Human Capacity. - Stakeholder-Initiated Research. - International Funding Cooperation. - Long-Term Observations. - 5 BUILDING KNOWLEDGE AND SOLVING PROBLEMS. - REFERENCES. - APPENDIXES. - A Acronyms and Abbreviations. - B Speaker and Interviewee Acknowledgments. - C Summary of Questionnaire Responses. - D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction and datatypes. - 1.1 Why ordination?. - 1.2 Datatypes. - 1.3 Data transformation and standardisation. - 1.4 Missing values. - 1.5 Types of analyses. - 2 Using Canoco 5. - 2.1 Philosophy of Canoco 5. - 2.2 Data import and editing. - 2.3 Defining analyses. - 2.4 Visualising results. - 2.5 Beware, CANOCO 4.x users!. - 3 Experimental design. - 3.1 Completely randomised design. - 3.2 Randomised complete blocks. - 3.3 Latin square design. - 3.4 Pseudo replicates. - 3.5 Combining more than one factor. - 3.6 Following the development of objects in time: repeated observations. - 3.7 Experimental and observational data. - 4 Basics of gradient analysis. - 4.1 Techniques of gradient analysis. - 4.2 Models of response to gradients. - 4.3 Estimating species optima by weighted averaging. - 4.4 Calibration. - 4.5 Unconstrained ordination. - 4.6 Constrained ordination. - 4.7 Basic ordination techniques. - 4.8 Ordination axes as optimal predictors. - 4.9 Ordination diagrams. - 4.10 Two approaches. - 4.11 Testing significance of the relation with explanatory variables. - 4.12 Monte Carlo permutation tests for the significance of regression. - 4.13 Relating two biotic communities. - 4.14 Community composition as a cause: using reverse analysis. - 5.1 Permutation tests: the philosophy. - 5.2 Pseudo-F statistics and significance. - 5.3 Testing individual constrained axes. - 5.4 Tests with spatial or temporal constraints. - 5.5 Tests with hierarchical constraints. - 5.6 Simple versus conditional effects and stepwises election. - 5.7 Variation partitioning. - 5.8 Significance adjustment for multiple tests. - 6 Similarity measures and distance-based methods. - 6.1 Similarity measures for presence-absence data. - 6.2 Similarity measures for quantitative data. - 6.3 Similarity of cases versus similarity of communities. - 6.4 Similarity between species in trait values. - 6.5 Principal coordinates analysis. - 6.6 Constrained principal coordinates analysis (db-RDA). - 6.7 Non-metric multidimensional scaling. - 6.8 Mantel test. - 7.1 Example data set properties. - 7.2 Non-hierarchical classification (K-means clustering). - 7.3 Hierarchical classification. - 7.4 TWINSPAN. - 8 Regression methods. - 8.1 Regression models in general. - 8.2 General linear model: terms. - 8.3 Generalized linear models (GLM). - 8.4 Loess smoother. - 8.5 Generalized additive models (GAM). - 8.6 Mixed-effect models (LMM, GLMM and GAMM). - 8.7 Classification and regression trees (CART). - 8.8 Modelling species response curves with Canoco. - 9 Interpreting community composition with functional traits. - 9.1 Required data. - 9.2 Two approaches in traits - environment studies. - 9.3 Community-based approach. - 9.4 Species-based approach. - 10 Advanced use of ordination. - 10.1 Principal response curves (PRC). - 10.2 Separating spatial variation. - 10.3 Linear discriminant analysis. - 10.4 Hierarchical analysis of community variation. - 10.5 Partitioning diversity indices into alpha and beta components. - 10.6 Predicting community composition. - 11 Visualising multivariate data. - 11.1 Reading ordination diagrams of linear methods. - 11.2 Reading ordination diagrams of unimodal methods. - 11.3 Attribute plots. - 11.4 Visualising classification, groups, and sequences. - 11.5 T-value biplot. - 12 Case study 1: Variation in forest bird assemblages. - 12.1 Unconstrained ordination: portraying variation in bird community. - 12.2 Simple constrained ordination: the effect of altitude on bird community. - 12.3 Partial constrained ordination: additional effect of other habitat characteristics. - 12.4 Separating and testing alpha and beta diversity. - 13 Case study 2: Search for community composition patterns and their environmental correlates: vegetation of spring meadows. - 13.1 Unconstrained ordination. - 13.2 Constrained ordination. - 13.3 Classification. - 13.4 Suggestions for additional analyses. - 13.5 Comparing two communities. - 14 Case study 3: Separating the effects of explanatory variables. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Data. - 14.3 Changes in species richness and composition. - 14.4 Changes in species traits. - 15 Case study 4: Evaluation of experiments in randomised complete blocks. - 15.1 Introduction. - 15.2 Data. - 15.3 Analysis. - 15.4 Calculating ANOVA using constrained ordination. - 16 Case study 5: Analysis of repeated observations of species composition from a factorial experiment. - 16.1 Introduction. - 16.2 Experimental design. - 16.3 Data coding and use. - 16.4 Univariate analyses. - 16.5 Constrained ordinations. - 16.6 Principal response curves. - 16.7 Temporal changes across treatments. - 16.8 Changes in composition of functional traits. - 17 Case study 6: Hierarchical analysis of crayfish community variation. - 17.1 Data and design. - 17.2 Differences among sampling locations. - 17.3 Hierarchical decomposition of community variation. - 18 Case study 7: Analysis of taxonomic data with discriminant analysis and distance-based ordination. - 18.1 Data. - 18.2 Summarising morphological data with PCA. - 18.3 Linear discriminant analysis of morphological data. - 18.4 Principal coordinates analysis of AFLP data. - 18.5 Testing taxon differences in AFLP data using db-RDA. - 18.6 Taking populations into account. - 19 Case study 8: Separating effects of space and environment on oribatid community with PCNM. - 19.1 Ignoring the space. - 19.2 Detecting spatial trends. - 19.3 All-scale spatial variation of community and environment. - 19.4 Variation partitioning with spatial predictors. - 19.5 Visualising spatial variation. - 20 Case study 9: Performing linear regression with redundancy analysis. - 20.1 Data. - 20.2 Linear regression using program R. - 20.3 Linear regression with redundancy analysis. - 20.4 Fitting generalized linear models in Canoco. - Appendix A Glossary. - Appendix B Sample data sets and projects. - Appendix C Access to Canoco and overview of other software. - Appendix D Working with R. - References. - Index to useful tasks in Canoco 5. - Subject index.

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introducing transnational climate change governance ; 2. Mapping the world of transnational climate change governance 3. Theoretical perspectives on transnational governance ; 4. Origins, agency and the forms of transnational climate change governance ; 5. Constructing transnational climate change governance issues and producing governance spaces ; 6. The uneven geography of transnational climate change governance ; 7. Understanding authority and legitimacy in transnational climate change governance ; 8. Making a difference? Tracing the effects and effectiveness of transnational climate change governance ; 9. Conclusions - looking beyond transnational climate governance

Anmerkung: Contents: Series foreword. - Preface. - Select bibliography. - The authors. - 1 Observed flow in the Earth's midlalitudes. - 1.1 Vertical structure. - 1.2 Horizontal structure. - 1.3 Transient activity. - 1.4 Scales of motion. - 1.5 The Norwegian frontal model of cyclones. - Theme 1 Fluid dynamics of the midlatitude atmosphere. - 2 Fluid dynamics in an inertial frame of reference. - 2.1 Definition of fluid. - 2.2 Flow variables and the continuum hypothesis. - 2.3 Kinematics: characterizing fluid flow. - 2.4 Governing physical principles. - 2.5 Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives. - 2.6 Mass conservation equation. - 2.7 First Law of Thermodynamics. - 2.8 Newton's Second Law of Motion. - 2.9 Bernoulli's Theorem. - 2.10 Heating and water vapour. - 3 Rotating frames of reference. - 3.1 Vectors in a rotating frame of reference. - 3.2 Velocity and Acceleration. - 3.3 The momentum equation in a rotating frame. - 3.4 The centrifugal pseudo-force. - 3.5 The Coriolis pseudo-force. - 3.6 The Taylor-Proudman theorem. - 4 The spherical Earth. - 4.1 Spherical polar coordinates. - 4.2 Scalar equations. - 4.3 The momentum equations. - 4.4 Energy and angular momentum.- 4.5 The shallow atmosphere approximation. - 4.6 The beta effect and the spherical Earth. - 5 Scale analysis and its applications. - 5.1 Principles of scaling methods. - 5.2 The use of a reference atmosphere. - 5.3 The horizontal momentum equations. - 5.4 Natural coordinates, geostrophic and gradient wind balance. - 5.5 Vertical motion. - 5.6 The vertical momentum equation. - 5.7 The mass continuity equation. - 5.8 The thermodynamic energy equation. - 5.9 Scalings for Rossby numbers that are not small. - 6 Alternative vertical coordinates. - 6.1 A general vertical coordinate. - 6.2 Isobaric coordinates. - 6.3 Other pressure-based vertical coordinates. - 6.4 Isentropic coordinates. - 7 Variations of density and the basic equations. - 7.1 Boussinesq approximation. - 7.2 Anelastic approximation. - 7.3 Stratification and gravity waves. - 7.4 Balance, gravity waves and Richardson number. - 7.5 Summary of the basic equation sets. - 7.6 The energy of atmospheric motions. - Theme 2 Rotation in the atmosphere. - 8 Rotation in the atmosphere. - 8.1 The concept of vorticity. - 8.2 The vorticity equation. - 8.3 The vorticity equation for approximate sets of equations. - 8.4 The solenoidal term. - 8.5 The expansion/contraction term. - 8.6 The stretching and tilting terms. - 8.7 Friction and vorticity. - 8.8 The vorticity equation in alternative vertical coordinates. - 8.9 Circulation. - 9 Vorticity and the barotropic vorticity equation. - 9.1 The barotropic vorticity equation. - 9.2 Poisson's equation and vortex interactions. - 9.3 Flow over a shallow hill. - 9.4 Ekman pumping. - 9.5 Rossby waves and the beta plane. - 9.6 Rossby group velocity. - 9.7 Rossby ray tracing. - 9.8 Inflexion point instability. - 10 Potential vorticity. - 10.1 Potential vorticity. - 10.2 Alternative derivations of Ertel's theorem. - 10.3 The principle of invertibility. - 10.4 Shallow water equation potential vorticity. - 11 Turbulence and atmospheric flow. - 11.1 The Reynolds number . - 11.2 Three-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number. - 11.3 Two-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number. - 11.4 Vertical mixing in a stratified fluid. - 11.5 Reynolds stresses. - Theme 3 Balance in atmospheric flow. - 12 Quasi-geostrophic flows. - 12.1 Wind and temperature in balanced flows. - 12.2 The quasi-geostrophic approximation. - 12.3 Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity. - 12.4 Ertel and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticities. - 13 The omega equation. - 13.1 Vorticity and thermal advection form. - 13.2 Sutcliffe Form. - 13.3 Q-vector form. - 13.4 Ageostrophic flow and the maintenance of balance. - 13.5 Balance and initialization. - 14 Linear theories of baroclinic instability. - 14.1 Qualitative discussion. - 14.2 Stability analysis of a zonal flow. - 14.3 Rossby wave interpretation of the stability conditions. - 14.4 The Eady model. - 14.5 The Charney and other quasi-geostrophic models. - 14.6 More realistic basic states. - 14.7 Initial value problem. - 15 Frontogenesis. - 15.1 Frontal scales. - 15.2 Ageostrophic circulation. - 15.3 Description of frontal collapse. - 15.4 The semi-geostrophic Eady model. - 15.5 The confluence model. - 15.6 Upper-level frontogenesis. - 16 The nonlinear development of baroclinic waves. - 16.1 The nonlinear domain. - 16.2 Semi-geostrophic baroclinic waves. - 16.3 Nonlinear baroclinic waves on realistic jetson the sphere. - 16.4 Eddy transports and zonal mean flow changes. - 16.5 Energetics of baroclinic waves. - 17 The potential vorticity perspective. - 17.1 Setting the scene. - 17.2 Potential vorticity and vertical velocity. - 17.3 Life cycles of some baroclinic waves. - 17.4 Alternative perspectives. - 17.5 Midlatitude blocking. - 17.6 Frictional and heating effects. - 18 Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing. - 18.1 Rossby wave propagation. - 18.2 Propagation of Rossby waves into the stratosphere. - 18.3 Propagation through a slowly varying medium. - 18.4 The Eliassen-Palm flux and group velocity. - 18.5 Baroclinic life cycles and Rossby waves. - 18.6 Variations of amplitude. - 18.7 Rossby waves and potential vorticity steps. - 18.8 Potential vorticity steps and the Rhines scale. - Appendices. - Appendix A: Notation. - Appendix B: Revision of vectors and vector calculus. - B.1 Vectors and their algebra. - B.2 Products of vectors. - B.3 Scalar fields and the grad operator. - B.4 The divergence and curl operators. - B.5 Gauss' and Stokes' theorems. - B.6 Some useful vector identities. - Index.

Anmerkung: GrainsChapter 1: Quartz and silica - Monocrystalline - Polycrystalline -- Chapter 2: Feldspars - Plagioclase - Potassium feldspars -- Chapter 3: Rock fragments - Sedimentary rock fragments - Metamorphic rock fragments - Igneous rock fragments -- Chapter 4: Accessory minerals - Light minerals: Muscovite - Biotite - Chlorite ; Ultrastable heavy minerals: Zircon, tourmaline and rutile ; Intermediate-stability heavy minerals: Apatite - Epidote - Zoisite and clinozoisite - Garnet - Kyanite - Monzonite, sillimanite and staurolite - Titanite ; Unstable heavy minerals: Amphibole, pyroxene and olivine ; Opaque minerals -- Chapter 5: Associated detrital grains and rocks: Carbonate grains - Siliceous grains and rocks - Phosphatic grains and rocks - Organic grains and rocks - Evaporite grains and rocks - Green marine clays and rocks - Green marine clays and ironstones - Iron-rich grains and iron formations - Tuffaceous deposits.. , Texture and ClassificationChapter 6: Sand and sandstone textures -- Chapter 7: Sandstone classification.. , MudrocksChapter 8: Siltstones, mudstones, claystones and shales.. , DiagenesisChapter 9: Synsedimentary and surficial diagenetic features -- Chapter 10: Compaction -- Chapter 11: Cementation - Introduction / Quartz and silica - Quartz overgrowths - Polycrystalline quartz cements - Amorphous silica cements -- Chapter 12: Cementation - Feldspars -- Chapter 13: Cementation - Clays - Chamosite - Glauconite - Kaolinite/dickite - Smectite and illite/smectite - Illite/sericite - Chlorite -- Chapter 14: Cementation - Zeolites -- Chapter 15: Cementation - Carbonates - Calcite - Siderite - Dolomite - Ankerite -- Chapter 16: Cementaton - Sulfates and halides - Gypsum - Anhydrite - Barite - Celestite and halite -- Chapter 17: Cementation - Iron oxides and sulfides -- Chapter 18: Cementation - Other cements -- Chapter 19: Dissolution -- Chapter 20: Replacement and recrystallization - Feldspars - Carbonates - Sulfates - Other -- Chapter 21: Deformation features.. , Other topicsChapter 22: Porosity -- Chapter 23: Paragenesis -- Chapter 24: Emerging techniques..

Anmerkung: Contents: Getting Started ; Git Basics ; Git Branching ; Git on the Server ; Distributed Git ; Github ; Git Tools ; Customizing Git ; Git and Other Systems ; Git Internals ; Git in Other Environments ; Embedded Git in Your Applications ; Git Commands

Anmerkung: Teilw. zugl.: Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Univ., Diss., 2008 , Contents: Introduction -- Criteria-based definitions of scientific terms -- Comparisons between generations -- Objections to theories of generational justice -- What to sustain? : capital or well being as an axiological goal -- How much to sustain? : the demands of justice in the intergenerational context -- Conclusion

Anmerkung: Contents: Einführung ; 1 Strategisches Management von Bildungseinrichtungen?! ; 2 Grundlagen strategischen Managements ; 3 Anwendungen ; 4 Zum (strategischen) Management von Bildungseinrichtungen ; 5 Zu den Möglichkeiten strategischen Managements von Bildungseinrichtungen

Anmerkung: 1. Experiment, Scheitern und Resilienz 2. Georg Simmel und die Beobachtung der Natur 3. Objektive Kultur und die Entwicklung des Nichtwissens 4. Kollektive Experimente in Natur und Gesellschaft 5. Unberechenbare Umwelt 6. Landschaftsdesign als experimenteller Lehrpfad: die Entwicklung postindustrieller Regionen 7. Vor der Hacke bleibt es duster: experimentelles Nichtwissen und die Sanierung kontaminierter Landschaften 8. Reise zur Hitze der Erde: Geothermie und nachhaltige Energiegewinnung Zu viel Resilienz Hindernisse auf dem Weg in die experimentelle Gesellschaft Literatur NachweiseBackmatter..

Anmerkung: In English

Anmerkung: 1. Introduction; 2. Observations and data reduction; 3. Tidal forces; 4. Tidal analysis and prediction; 5. Tidal dynamics; 6. Shallow water and coastal tides; 7. Storm surges, meteotsunamis and other meteorological effects on sea level; 8. Tsunamis; 9. Sea-level changes in space; 10. Mean sea-level changes in time; 11. Sea-level changes in time to do with the solid Earth; 12. Sea-level applications; 13. Sea level and life; Appendix A. The basic hydrostatic and hydrodynamic equations; Appendix B. Currents; Appendix C. High and low water times and heights; Appendix D. Theoretical tidal dynamics; Appendix E. Legal definitions in the coastal zone; Glossary; References; Index..

Anmerkung: Machine generated contents note: 1. The role of experts in international and European decision-making processes: setting the scene Monika Ambrus, Karin Arts, Ellen Hey and Helena Raulus; Part I. Theorizing Expert Involvement in International and European Decision-Making: 2. Ideas, experts and governance Peter M. Haas; 3. The politics of expertise: applying paradoxes of scientific expertise to international law Wouter G. Werner; 4. Reflections on the different roles of expertise in regulatory policy-making Lorna Schrefler; 5. The virtues of expertise Jan Klabbers; Part II. Expert Involvement in International Decision-Making in the Environmental Sphere: 6. The role of scientific expertise in multilateral environmental agreements: influence and effectiveness Steinar Andresen; 7. Changing demands at the science-policy interface: organisational learning in the IPCC Bernd Siebenhüner; 8. Global scientific assessments and environmental resource governance: towards a science-policy interface ladder Joyeeta Gupta; Part III. Experts in the WTO and Risk Regulation: 9. The structural logic of expert participation in WTO decision-making processes Jessica Lawrence; 10. Health risks, experts and decision making within the SPS Agreement and the Codex Alimentarius Alexia Herwig; 11. The role of experts in environmental and health-related trade disputes in the WTO: deconstructing decision-making processes Lukasz Gruszczynski; Part IV. Experts in Human Rights Related Decision-Making Processes: 12. Human rights experts in the United Nations: a review of the role of UN special procedures Surya P. Subedi; 13. 'Experts': the mantra of irregular migration and the reproduction of hierarchies Jeff Handmaker and Claudia Mora; 14. Private carriers as experts in immigration control Sophie Scholten and Ashley Terlouw; Part V. Experts in Decision-Making Processes of the European Union: 15. The European system of financial supervision: a technology of expertise Michelle Everson; 16. The role of experts and financial supervision in the European Union: the de Larosière Commission Karim Knio; 17. Expertise at the crossroads of national and international policy-making: a public management perspective Adriaan Schout and Jaap Sleifer; 18. Blurred areas of responsibility: European agencies' scientific 'opinions' under scrutiny E. Madalina Busuioc..

Anmerkung: Introduction -- A brief detour: 10 reasons why politicians fail to represent us (and always will) -- Delegation and irreflection: the twin roots of failed political representation -- #1 Discovering citizen deliberation in the Pacific Northwest -- #2 Voting like the Irish while campaigning like the French -- #3 Keeping a tight grip: the Swiss-Oregonian lock -- #4 Learning from the British tabloid press -- #5 Recovering our distance vision in Saint Petersburg -- Conclusion -- Postscript.

Anmerkung: Text dt. und engl.

Anmerkung: Techn. Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Scheel, Katrin: Der Briefwechsel von Richard Dedekind mit Heinrich Weber--Braunschweig, 2015 , Frontmatter -- Grußwort Geleitwort Vorwort des Herausgebers Danksagung Editionskriterien Abkürzungsverzeichnis Inhalt: 1. Einleitung 2. Richard Dedekind 3. Heinrich Weber 4. Briefwechsel Dedekind - Weber 5. Elise Riemann 6. Verlag B. G. Teubner 7. Karl Hattendorff 8. Hermann Amandus Schwarz 9. Friedrich Wöhler A. Verlagsverträge B.G.Teubner-Verlag B. Chronologisches Dokumentenverzeichnis C. Verzeichnis der Fundstellen D. Literaturverzeichnis zum Briefwechsel E. Kurzbiographien Literatur Personenindex..

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction: The Climate Change Problem and Solutions Part 1: Theory 2. The Basis of an Obligation Towards Future Generations in Justice and Ethics in the Context of Climate Change 3. Content of Justice-based Obligations Towards Future Generations in the Context of Climate Change Part II: International Law and Politics 4. Current International Law, Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change 5. International Human Rights Law, Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change 6. Climate Change Discources and Intergenerational Justice Part III: The Way Forward and Conclusion 7. The Way Forward – Incorporating Intergenerational Justice Principles into International Climate Law 8. Conclusion Bibliography Index

Anmerkung: 1. Introduction : high hopes and down-to-earth realism / Frans Oosterhuis and Patrick ten Brink2. A global survey of potentially environmentally harmful subsidies / Ronald Steenblik -- 3. Hidden subsidies : the invisible part of the EHS iceberg / Sirini Withana ... [et al.] -- 4. Can we recognise an environmentally harmful subsidy if we see one? / Jan Pieters -- 5. Quantifying the impacts of environmentally harmful subsidies / Cees van Beers and Jeroen van den Bergh -- 6. Energy subsidies / Frans Oosterhuis and Katharina Umpfenbach -- 7. Environmentally harmful subsidies in the transport sector / Laurent Franckx and Inge Mayeres -- 8. Agriculture, food and water / Frans Oosterhuis and Kris Bachus -- 9. Environmentally harmful subsidies and biodiversity / Patrick ten Brink ... [et al.] -- 10. Reforming EHS in Europe : success stories, failures and agenda setting / Jacqueline Cottrell -- 11. Phasing out environmentally harmful subsidies worldwide / Anja von Moltke -- 12. Reform of environmentally harmful subsidies : distributional issues / Annegrete Bruvoll and Haakon Vennemo -- 13. The way forward : reforming EHS in the transition to a green economy / Patrick ten Brink, Sirini Withana and Frans Oosterhuis..

Anmerkung: Zugl.: München, Univ., Diss., 2014

Anmerkung: Die Vorlage enth. insgesamt 2 Werke

Anmerkung: Sovereignty as an institution of international society / Matthew S. WeinertWestphalian sovereignty and realism in contemporary international security / Robert W. Murray -- International institutions and state sovereignty : frozen in time or warming to change / Tom Keating -- Ecological sovereignty and Arctic politics / Guy-Serge Côté and Matthew Paterson -- Canadian Arctic security : shifting challenges / Rob Huebert -- U.S. Arctic policy : reproducing hegemony in a maritime region / Philip E. Steinberg -- Russia's Arctic policy : continuity and changes / Gleb Yarovoy -- Norway's high Arctic policy / Geir Hønneland -- Territory, security and sovereignty : the kingdom of Denmark's Arctic strategy / Mark Nuttall -- Sweden and Arctic policy : possibilities for new wine in old bottles? / E. Carina H. Keskitalo -- Finland as an Arctic and European state : Finland's northern dimension (policy) / Lassi Heininen -- Iceland : a state within the Arctic / Alyson JK Bailes and Margrét Cela -- The Arctic and the European Union / Clive Archer -- The United Nations on Arctic issues / W. Andy Knight -- The future of the Arctic Council : navigating between sovereignty and security / Timo Koivurova and Piotr Graczyk -- International law and the Arctic : how territoriality, human rights and the environment can shape sovereignty / Betsy Baker -- Arctic oil, Inuit resource governance and the Arctic Council / Jessica M. Shadian -- A work in progress : the United Kingdom and the Arctic region / Klaus Dodds -- Emerging interests of non-Arctic countries in the Arctic : China, Japan, South Korea and India / Nong Hong & Anita Dey Nuttall -- Sovereignty, security and international cooperation : significance of the Antarctic experience for the Arctic / Anita Dey Nuttall..

Anmerkung: Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface ; Chapter 1: Knowledge Regimes and the National Origins of Policy Ideas ; Part I: The Political Economy of Knowledge Regimes ; Chapter 2: The Paradox of Partisanship in the United States ; Chapter 3: The Decline of Dirigisme in France ; Chapter 4: Coordination and Compromise in Germany ; Chapter 5: The Nature of Negotiation in Denmark ; Reprise: Initial Reflections on the National Cases ; Part II: Issues of Similarity and Impact ; Chapter 6: Limits of Convergence ; Chapter 7: Questions of Influence ; Part III: Conclusions ; Chapter 8: Summing Up and Normative Implications ; Postscript: An Agenda for Future Research ; Appendix: Research Design and Methods

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1. Relations among Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Cloud Microphysics. - 1.2. The Correspondence Principle. - 1.3. Structure of the Book. - 2. Clouds and Their Properties. - 2.1. Cloud Classification. - 2.2. Cloud Regimes and Global Cloud Distribution. - 2.2.1. Large-Scale Condensation in Fronts and Cyclones. - 2.2.2. Sc-St Clouds and Types of Cloud-Topped Boundary Layer. - 2.2.3. Convective Cloudiness in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. - 2.2.4. Orographic Cloudiness. - 2.3. Cloud Microphysical Properties. - 2.4. Size Spectra and Moments. - 2.4.1. Inverse Power Laws. - 2.4.2. Lognormal Distributions. - 2.4.3. Algebraic Distributions. - 2.4.4. Gamma Distributions. - 2.5. Cloud Optical Properties. - Appendix A.2. Evaluation of the Integrals with Lognormal Distribution. - 3. Thermodynamic Relations. - 3.1. Thermodynamic Potentials. - 3.2. Statistical Energy Distributions. - 3.2.1. The Gibbs Distribution. - 3.2.2. The Maxwell Distribution. - 3.2.3. The Boltzmann Distribution. - 3.2.4. Bose–Einstein Statistics. - 3.2.5. Fermi–Dirac Statistics. - 3.3. Phase Rules. - 3.3.1. Bulk Phases. - 3.3.2. Systems with Curved Interfaces. - 3.4. Free Energy and Equations of State. - 3.4.1. An Ideal Gas. - 3.4.2. Free Energy and the van der Waals Equation of State for a Non-Ideal Gas. - 3.5. Thermodynamics of Solutions. - 3.6. General Phase Equilibrium Equation for Solutions. - 3.6.1. General Equilibrium Equation. - 3.6.2. The Gibbs–Duhem Relation. - 3.7. The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation. - 3.7.1. Equilibrium between Liquid and Ice Bulk Phases. - 3.7.2. Equilibrium of a Pure Water Drop with Saturated Vapor. - 3.7.3. Equilibrium of an Ice Crystal with Saturated Vapor. - 3.7.4. Humidity Variables. - 3.8. Phase Equilibrium for a Curved Interface - The Kelvin Equation. - 3.9. Solution Effects and the Köhler Equation. - 3.10. Thermodynamic Properties of Gas Mixtures and Solutions. - 3.10.1. Partial Gas Pressures in a Mixture of Gases. - 3.10.2. Equilibrium of Two Bulk Phases around a Phase Transition Point. - 3.10.3. Raoult’s Law for Solutions. - 3.10.4. Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation. - 3.10.5. Relation of Water Activity and Freezing Point Depression. - 3.11. A diabatic Processes. - 3.11.1. Dry Adiabatic Processes. - 3.11.2. Wet Adiabatic Processes. - Appendix A.3. Calculation of Integrals with the Maxwell Distribution. - 4. Properties of Water and Aqueous Solutions. - 4.1. Properties of Water at Low Temperatures and High Pressures. - 4.1.1. Forms of Water at Low Temperatures. - 4.1.2. Forms of Water at High Pressures. - 4.2. Theories of Water. - 4.3. Temperature Ranges in Clouds and Equivalence of Pressure and Solution Effects. - 4.4. Parameterizations of Water and Ice Thermodynamic Properties. - 4.4.1. Saturated Vapor Pressures. - 4.4.2. Heat Capacity of Water and Ice. - 4.4.3. Latent Heats of Phase Transitions. - 4.4.4. Surface Tension between Water and Air or Vapor. - 4.4.5. Surface Tension between Ice and Water or Solutions. - 4.4.6. Surface Tension between Ice and Air or Vapor. - 4.4.7 Density of Water. - 4.4.8. Density of Ice. - 4.5. Heat Capacity and Einstein-Debye Thermodynamic Equations of State for Ice. - 4.6. Equations of State for Ice in Terms of Gibbs Free Energy. - 4.7. Generalized Equations of State for Fluid Water. - 4.7.1. Equations of the van der Waals Type and in Terms of Helmholtz Free Energy. - 4.7.2. Equations of State Based on the Concept of the Second Critical Point. - Appendix A.4. Relations among Various Pressure Units. - 5. Diffusion and Coagulation Growth of Drops and Crystals. - 5.1. Diffusional Growth of Individual Drops. - 5.1.1. Diffusional Growth Regime. - 5.1.2. The Kinetic Regime and Kinetic Corrections to the Growth Rate. - 5.1.3. Psychrometric Correction Due to Latent Heat Release. - 5.1.4. Radius Growth Rate. - 5.1.5. Ventilation Corrections. - 5.2. Diffusional Growth of Crystals. - 5.2.1. Mass Growth Rates. - 5.2.2. Axial Growth Rates. - 5.2.3. Ventilation Corrections. - 5.3. Equations for Water and Ice Supersaturations. - 5.3.1. General Form of Equations for Fractional Water Supersaturation. - 5.3.2. Supersaturation Relaxation Times and Their Limits. - 5.3.3. E quation for Water Supersaturation in Terms of Relaxation Times. - 5.3.4. Equivalence of Various Forms of Supersaturation Equations. - 5.3.5. Equation for Fractional Ice Supersaturation. - 5.3.6. Equilibrium Supersaturations over Water and Ice. - Liquid Clouds. - Ice Clouds. - Mixed Phase Clouds. - 5.3.7. A diabatic Lapse Rates with Non zero Supersaturations. - 5.4. The Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen Process and Cloud Crystallization. - 5.5. Kinetic Equations of Condensation and Deposition in the Adiabatic Process. - 5.5.1. Derivation of the Kinetic Equations. - 5.5.2. Some Properties of Regular Condensation. - 5.5.3. Analytical Solution of the Kinetic Equations of Regular Condensation. - 5.5.4. Equation for the Integral Supersaturation. - 5.6. Kinetic Equations of Coagulation. - 5.6.1. Various Forms of the Coagulation Equation. - 5.6.2. Collection Kernels for Various Coagulation Processes. - Brownian Coagulation. - Gravitational Coagulation. - 5.7. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Equations for Multidimensional Models. - 5.8. Fast Algorithms for Microphysics Modules in Multidimensional Models. - 6. Wet Aerosol Processes. - 6.1. Introduction. - 6.1.1. Empirical Parameterizations of Hygroscopic Growth. - 6.1.2. Empirical Parameterizations of Droplet Activation. - 6.2. Equilibrium Radii. - 6.2.1. Equilibrium Radii at Subsaturation. - 6.2.2. Equilibrium Radii of Interstitial Aerosol in a Cloud. - 6.3. Critical Radius and Supersaturation. - 6.4. Aerosol Size Spectra. - 6.4.1. Lognormal and Inverse Power Law Size Spectra. - 6.4.2. Approximation of the Lognormal Size Spectra by the Inverse Power Law. - 6.4.3. Examples of the Lognormal Size Spectra, Inverse Power Law, and Power Indices. - 6.4.4. Algebraic Approximation of the Lognormal Distribution. - 6.5. Transformation of the Size Spectra of Wet Aerosol at Varying Humidity. - 6.5.1. Arbitrary Initial Spectrum of Dry Aerosol. - 6.5.2. Lognormal Initial Spectrum of Dry Aerosol. - 6.5.3. Inverse Power Law Spectrum. - 6.5.4. Algebraic Size Spectra. - 6.6. CCN Differential Supersaturation Activity Spectrum. - 6.6.1. A rbitrary Dry Aerosol Size Spectrum. - 6.6.2. Lognormal Activity Spectrum. - 6.6.3. Algebraic Activity Spectrum. - 6.7. Droplet Concentration and the Modified Power Law for Drops Activation. - 6.7.1. Lognormal and Algebraic CCN Spectra. - 6.7.2. Modified Power Law for the Drop Concentration. - 6.7.3. Supersaturation Dependence of Power Law Parameters. - Appendix A.6. Solutions of Cubic Equations for Equilibrium and Critical Radii. - 7. Activation of Cloud Condensation Nuclei into Cloud Drops. - 7.1. Introduction. - 7.2. Integral Supersaturation in Liquid Clouds with Drop Activation. - 7.3. Analytical Solutions to the Supersaturation Equation. - 7.4. Analytical Solutions for the Activation Time, Maximum Supersaturation, and Drop Concentration. - 7.5. Calculations of CCN Activation Kinetics. - 7.6. Four Analytical Limits of Solution. - 7.7. Limit #1: Small Vertical Velocity, Diffusional Growth Regime. - 7.7.1. Lower Bound. - 7.7.2. Upper Bound. - 7.7.3. Comparison with Twomey’s Power Law. - 7.8. Limit #2: Small Vertical Velocity, Kinetic Growth Regime. - 7.8.1. Lower Bound. - 7.8.2. Upper Bound. - 7.9. Limit #3: Large Vertical Velocity, Diffusional Growth Regime. - 7.9.1. Lower Bound. - 7.9.2. Upper Bound. - 7.10. Limit #4: Large Vertical Velocity, Kinetic Growth Regime. - 7.10.1. Lower Bound. - 7.10.2. Upper Bound. - 7.11. Interpolation Equations and Comparison with Exact Solutions. - Appendix A.7. Evaluation of the Integrals J2 and J3 for Four Limiting Cases. - 8. Homogeneous Nucleation. - 8.1. Metastable States and Nucleation of a New Phase. - 8.2. Nucleation Rates for Condensation and Deposition. - 8.2.1. Application of Boltzmann Statistics. - 8.2.2. The Fokker–Planck

Anmerkung: A theory of private authorityAgents of the state : a century of delegation in international environmental lawGovernors of the market : the evolution of entrepreneurial authorityAtmospheric police : delegated authority in the clean development mechanismAtmospheric accountants : entrepreneurial authority and the greenhouse gas protocol..

Anmerkung: PART I: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Too Many Levels or Just About Right? Multilevel Governance and Environmental Performance ; PART II: MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE OF WATER RESOURCES ; 3. Subsidiarity as a ‘Scaling Device’ in Environmental Governance: The Case of the European Union ; 4. Multilevel Governance and the Politics of Environmental Water Recoveries ; 5. Playing a Zero Sum Game: Sharing Water between Jurisdictions in Federations ; PART III: MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ; 6. Climate Governance in the European Union Multi-level System: The Role of the Cities ; 7. Bottom-up versus Top-down: The Evolving American Climate Policy Odyssey ; 8. Institutional Strength, Intergovernmental Relations, and National Climate Policy Coordination: Australia and Canada Compared ; 9. Allocating Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions Amongst Sectors and Jurisdictions in Federated Systems: The European Union, Germany and Canada ; PART IV: FINDINGS ON EFFECTIVENESS AND GOVERNANCE PATTERNS ; 10. Ensuring the Effectiveness of European Union Environmental Law: From Supranational Lawmaking to Multilevel Enforcement ; 11. What is Multilevel Environmental Governance? When Does It Work?

Anmerkung: Univ., Diss.--Heidelberg, 2013

Anmerkung: Deducing typesauto -- Moving to Modern C++ -- Smart pointers -- Rvalue references, move semantics, and perfect forwarding -- Lambda expressions -- The concurrency API -- Tweaks..