ALBERT

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1. lntroduction. - Chapter 2. Basic Equations. - 2.1. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations. - 2.2. Equations of the Mean Flow. - 2.3. Equations of the Eddies. - 2.4. Energy Balance. - 2.5. Vorticity and Divergence. - 2.6. Linearization. - 2.7. Eliassen-Palm Flux. - 2.8. Ertel Potential Vorticity. - 2.9. Diffusive Separation of Atmospheric Constituents. - 2.10. Spherical Harmonics. - 2.11. Hermite Functions. - Chapter 3. External Energy Sources. - 3.1. Solar Irradiance. - 3.2. Solar Heat Input into Upper Atmosphere. - 3.3. Solar Heat Input into Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 3.4. Lunar Gravitational Tidal Energy. - 3.5. Solar Wind Energy. - Chapter 4. Internal Energy Sources and Sinks. - 4.1. Eddy Viscosity. - 4.2. Eddy Heat Conduction. - 4.3. Latent Heat. - 4.4. Newtonian Cooling. - 4.5. Rayleigh Friction. - 4.6. Ion Drag. - 4.7. Feedback between Large-Scale Eddies and Mean Flow. - Chapter 5. Horizontal Modal Structure. - 5.1. Separation of Variables. - 5.2. Eigenvalues of Laplace's Equations. - 5.3. Gravity Waves. - 5.4. Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 5.5. Kelvin Waves and Yanai Waves. - 5.6. Low Frequency Waves with Positive Eigenvalues. - 5.7. Class Il Waves of Wavenumber m = 0. - 5.8. Diurnal Tides. - 5.9. Dynamo Action of Tidal Winds. - 5.10. Rossby Waves Migrating within Mean Zonal Flow. - 5.11. Influence of Zonal Mean Flow on Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 5.12. Salutions of Inhomogeneous Laplace Equations. - Chapter 6. Vertical Modal Structure. - 6.1. Characteristic Waves. - 6.2. Vertical Wavenumber. - 6.3. Particular Salutions. - 6.4. Boundary Conditions. - 6.5. Normal Modes. - 6.6. Height Structure of External Waves. - 6.7. Directly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.8. Indirectly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.9. Height Structure of Internal Waves. - 6.10. Impulsive Heat Input. - 6.11. Ray Tracing of Rossby Waves. - 6.12. Mode Conversion. - 6.13. Baroclinic Instability. - Chapter 7. Nonlinear Wave Propagation. - 7.1. Nonlinear Coupling between Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 7.2. Analytic Salutions for Weak Coupling of Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 7.3. Rossby- Haurwitz Wave Coupling in Realistic Mean Flow. - 7.4. Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence. - 7.5. Space-Time Analysis. - 7.6. Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization. - 7.7. Lorenz Attractor. - 7.8. Logistic Difference Equation. - 7.9. Multiple Equilibria. - Chapter 8. Tidal Waves. - 8.1. Seasonal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere (m = 0). - 8.2. Quasi-Stationary Seasonal Waves (m 〉 0). - 8.3. Climatic Mean Flow. - 8.4. Seasonal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.5. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 8.6. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.7. Nonmigrating Solar Diurnal Tides. - 8.8. Lunar Tides. - 8.9. Electromagnetic Effects of Tidal Waves. - 8.10. Energy and Momentum Deposition of Solar Diurnal Tides. - Chapter 9. Planetary Waves. - 9.1. Extratropical Transients. - 9.2. Southern Oscillation. - 9.3. Forty-Day Oscillations. - 9.4. Transients in the Tropical Middle Atmosphere. - 9.5. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Angular Momentum. - 9.6. Sudden Stratospheric Warnings. - 9.7. Thermospheric Response to Solar EUV Fluctuations. - 9.8. Thermospheric Storms. - 9.9. Solar Activity Effects within Middle and Lower Atmosphere. - Chapter 10. Epilogue. - References. - Subject Index.

Note: In span., engl., franz. und port. Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Geology and Structure of the Ross Sea Region / F. J. Davey Recording and Processing Procedures for Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Data Collected in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / S. V. Dadisman, H. F. Ryan, D. M. Mann Seismic Stratigraphy and Structure of the Victoria Land Basin, Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, J. C. Behrendt Extent and Nature of Ross Sea Unconformity in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, B. D. Edwards Structure of Extensionally Rifted Crust Beneath the Western Ross Sea and lselin Bank, Antarctica, from Sonobuoy Seismic Data / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, G. R. Cochrane Gravity Studies of the Victoria Land Basin and lselin Bank / F. J. Davey, A. K. Cooper The Antarctic Continental Margin Magnetic Gradiometer Data: Suppression of Time Variations / R. O. Hansen, J. R. Childs Interpretation of Marine Magnetic Gradiometer and Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Observations over the Western Ross Sea Shelf, Antarctica / J.C. Behrendt, A. K. Cooper, A. Yuan Heat Flow and Tectonics in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / D. K. Blackman, R. P. Von Herzen, L. A. Lawver Geology and Physical Properties of Ross Sea, Antarctica, Continental Shelf Sediment / B. D. Edwards, H. J. Lee, H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, L. A. Timothy Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Sediments Offshore from Antarctica / J. B. Rapp, K. A. Kvenvolden, M. Golan-Bae Diatoms from the 1984 USGS Antarctic Cruise in the Ross Sea / J. A. Barron, L. H. Burckle Petrography of Rock Samples Dredged from lselin Bank, Ross Sea, Antarctica / F. L. Wong, P. J. Barrett, J. Gamble, D. G. Howell

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Climate. - 1.1 The components of climate. - 1.2 Climate modelling and climate prediction. - 1.3 Climate changes and human perception. - 1.4 Feedback mechanisms in climate. - 1.4.1 The ice-albedo feedback mechanism. - 1.4.2 The water vapour “greenhouse”. - 1.4.3 Cloud feedbacks. - 1.4.4 Combining feedback effects. - 1.5 Perturbations on the climate system. - 1.5.1 External causes of climatic change. - 1.5.2 Internal causes of climatic change. - 1.6 Range of questions for climate modelling. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 2 A history of and introduction to climate models. - 2.1 Introducing climate modelling. - 2.2 Types of climate models. - 2.2.1 Energy balance climate models. - 2.2.2 One-dimensional radiative-convective climate models. - 2.2.3 Two-dimensional climate models. - 2.2.4 General circulation climate models. - 2.3 History of climate modelling. - 2.4 Sensitivity of climate models. - 2.5 Parameterization of climatic processes. - 2.6 Simulation of the full, interacting climate system: one goal of modelling. - Chapter 3 Energy balance models. - 3.1 Balancing the planetary radiation budget. - 3.2 The structure of energy balance models. - 3.3 Parameterizing the climate system for energy balance models. - 3.4 A BASIC energy balance climate model. - 3.5 Experiments with energy balance models. - 3.5.1 Explicit modelling of the cryosphere. - 3.6 Box models — another form of energy balance model. - 3.6.1 A simple box model of the ocean-atmosphere. - 3.6.2 A coupled atmosphere, land and ocean energy balance box model. - 3.7 Energy balance models: deceptively simple models. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 4 Radiative-convective models. - 4.1 The concept of a radiative-convective climate model. - 4.2 The structure of global radiative-convective models. - 4.3 Radiation computation. - 4.3.1 Shortwave radiation. - 4.3.2 Longwave radiation. - 4.3.3 Eleat balance at the ground. - 4.4 Convective adjustment. - 4.5 Sensitivity experiments with radiative-convective models. - 4.6 Development of radiative-convective models. - 4.6.1 Cloud amount and height predicted from ‘convection’. - 4.6.2 A water vapour transport model. - 4.7 Radiation: the driver of climate. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 5 Two-dimensional models. - 5.1 Why two-dimensional models?. - 5.2 Two-dimensional statistical dynamical climate models. - 5.3 Convection, cloud cover and precipitation in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4 Radiation and surface characterization in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4.1 Radiation. - 5.4.2 Surface characterization. - 5.5 Intercomparison of a two-and a three-dimensional model. - 5.6 Other types of two-dimensional models. - 5.6.1 An upgraded energy balance model. - 5.6.2 A severely truncated spectral general circulation climate model. - 5.7 Why are some climate modellers Flatlanders?. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 6 General circulation climate models. - 6.1 The structure of general circulation climate models. - 6.2 Dynamics in general circulation climate models. - 6.2.1 Cartesian (or rectangular) grid general circulation climate models. - 6.2.2 Spectral general circulation climate models. - 6.3 Physics in general circulation climate models. - 6.3.1 Radiative transfer. - 6.3.2 Boundary layer. - 6.3.3 Surface parameterization. - 6.3.4 Convection. - 6.3.5 Large scale rainfall. - 6.4 Including ‘other’ elements in general circulation climate models. - 6.4.1 Cloud prediction. - 6.4.2 Modelling the cryosphere. - 6.5 Land surface parameterization in general circulation climate models. - 6.6 Coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation climate models. - 6.7 Future climate projects and their importance to general circulation climate models. - 6.8 Epilogue. - Recommended reading. - Appendices. - A. Glossary. - B. Climate models: examples of simple microcomputer software. - I. Daisyworld: a simple biospheric feedback climate model. - II. Modelling the climatic impact of anthropogenerated albedo change. - III. An energy balance climate model (EBM). - IV. Carbon dioxide feedback using a simple ocean model. - General Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - 1. Zielsetzung und Ablauf der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition 1978 / D. Barsch und L. King. - 2. Das Borup-Fjord-Gebiet in N-Ellesmere Island, N. W. T., Kanada: Entdeckung und Begehung des Gebietes, vorhandene Karten und offizielle Namen / L. King. - 3. Geodätische und photogrammetrische Arbeiten an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, im Rahmen der "Heidelberg-Ellesmere-Island-Expedition 1978" / G. Hell. - 4. Geologie, Tektonik und strukturelle Verzeichnung der geomorphologischen Großformen im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay - Neil Peninsula, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 5. Witterungsverlauf im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, vom 24. Juni bis zum 4. August 1978, ein statistischer Wertevergleich / W. A. Flügel. - 6. Das Sommerklima von N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - eine Beurteilung von Stationswerten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Sommers 1978 / L. King. - 7. Zur Geomorphologie des Expeditionsgebietes Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 8. Studien zur gegenwärtigen Geomorphodynamik im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 9. Terassen, Flußarbeit und das Modell der exzessiven Talbildungszone im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 10. Die Gletscher im Einzugsgebiet des Borup-Fjord, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 11. Gletschergeschichtliche Arbeiten im Gebiet zwischen Oobloyah Bay und Esayoo Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 12. Glaziologische Beobachtungen an der Stirn des Weber-Gletschers, Borup-Fjord-Gebiet, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch, L. King und R. Mäusbacher. - 13. Jungquartäre Delta- und Flußentwicklung im glazialisostatischen Hebungsraum der Oobloyah Bay auf N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 14. Hydrologische Studien zum Wasserhaushalt hocharktischer Einzugsgebiete im Bereich des Oobloyah-Tals, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 15. Hydrochemische Untersuchungen von Niederschlägen, Bodenwasser, Seen und Flüssen im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 16. Geomorphologische Kartierung im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 17. Gesteinstemperaturen und Insolationsverwitterung im hocharktischen Bereich, Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. Eichler. - 18. Kleinformen der hocharktischen Verwitterung im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - Formengenese und Prozesse / H. Eichler. - 19. Oberflächennahe Bodentemperaturmessungen in Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 20. Recent iron ore deposition and heavy metal accumulation in Access Lake, Oobloyah Valley, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und G. Müller. - 21. Die Meereisentwicklung im Inneren des östlichen kanadischen Arktisarchipels und ihre Bedeutung für die Arbeiten der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 22. Gefäßpflanzen von Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada; eine kommentierte Pflanzenliste und phänologische Beobachtungen / R. Mäusbacher. - 23. The mosses of peat mounds, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / L. King. - 24. Beobachtungen zu organischen Kleinformen im Oobloyah Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel und R. Mäusbacher. - 25. Faunal notes of the Heidelberg Ellesmere Island Expedition 1978, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und L. King. - Anlage 1: Orthophotokarte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 2: Geomorphologische Karte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 3: Radiocarbondaten. - Anlage 4: Planung, Einkauf und Lagerung der Nahrungsmittel. , Beiträge teilweise in deutsch, teilweise in englisch

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Sir Douglas Mawson. - Symposium Opening Ceremony. - The Mawson Lecture. - Symposium Topics. - 1. Precambrian East Antarctic Craton. - 2. East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary and the Ross Orogen, including Northern Victoria Land. - 3. Beacon Supergroup and Associated Igneous Rocks. - 4. West Antarctica. - 5. Scotia Arc and Antarctic Peninsula. - 6. Marine Geology. - 7. Antarctic Resources. - 8. Glacial Geology and Geomorphology. - 9. Crusta! Structure of Antarctica. - 10. Cenozoic Tectonics and Climatic Record-Onshore and Offshore Evidence. - 11. Antarctica in Gondwanaland. - 12. Plate Tectonics. - 13. Antarctic Meteorites. - 14. Subantarctic Islands. - 15. Cenozoic Igneous Activity. - I. Precambrian East Antarctic Craton. - The Precambrian Geological Evolution of the East Antarctic Metamorphic Shield: a Review / P.R. James and R.J. Tingey. - Geological History of the Archaean Napier Complex of Enderby Land / L.P. Black and P.R. James. - The Geology of the Fyfe Hills-Khmara Bay Region, Enderby Land / M.A. Sandiford and C.J.L. Wilson. - The Napier and Rayner Complexes of Enderby Land, Antarctica: Contrasting Styles of Metamorphism and Tectonism / D.J. Ellis. - Regional Geobarometry-Geothermometry and Metamorphic Evolution of Enderby Land, Antarctica / S.L. Harley. - Sm-Nd Isotopic Systematics of Enderby Land Granulites. Evidence for the Redistribution of Sm and Nd During Metamorphism (Abstract) / M. T. McCulloch and L.P. Black. - Geology and Petrology of Prince Olav Coast, East Antarctica / Y. Hiroi, K. Shiraishi, Y. Nakai, T. Kano and S. Yoshikura. - Tectonic Situation of Lützow-Holm Bay in East Antarctica and its significance in Gondwanaland / M. Yoshida and K. Kizaki. - Sapphirine-Garnet and Associated Parageneses in Antarctica / E.S. Grew. - A Review of the Tectonic and Metamorphic History of the Lützow-Holm Bay Region, East Antarctica / M. Yoshida, M. Suzuki, H. Shirahata, H. Kojima and K. Kizaki. - Spinels in Calc-silicate Rocks from the coast of Lützow-Holm Bay and surrounding areas (Abstract) / H. Matsueda, Y. Matsumoto and Y. Motoyoshi. - Petrochemical Study of Metamorphic Rocks in the Lützow-Holm Bay Area, East Antarctica (Abstract) / S. Kanisawa and K. Yanai. - Geology and Petrology of the Yamato Mountains / K. Shiraishi, M. Asami and Y. Ohta. - Geology and Petrology of the Belgica Mountains (Abstract) / H. Kojima, K. Yanai and T. Nishida. - Lead Isotopic Composition in Metamorphic Rocks from Skarvsnes, East Antarctica / H. Shirahata. - Sr-Isotopic Studies of some Intrusive Rocks in the Ahlmann Ridge and Annandagstoppane, Western Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / J.M. Barton Jr. and Y.E. Copperthwaite. - Preliminary Report on the Geochemistry and Petrology of some Igneous Rocks in the Ahlmanryggen and Giaeverryggen, Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (Abstract) / J.R. Krynauw. - Petrology and Zircon Geochronology of Herring Island and Commonwealth Bay and Evidence for Gondwana Reconstruction / R.L. Oliver, J.A. Cooper and A .F. Truelove. - Manganese-Rich Chemical Sediments from Wilkes Land, Antarctica / l.R. Plimer and J.R Lovering. - A Reassessment of the Age of the Windmill Metamorphics, Casey Area / l.S. Williams, W. Compston, K.D. Collerson, P.A. Arriens and J.R Lovering. - Lithological and Sr-Nd Isotopic Relationships in the Vestfold Block: Implications for Archaean and Proterozoic Crustal Evolution in the East Antarctic / K.D. Collerson, E. Reid, D. Millar and M. T. McCulloch. - Structure, Fabric Development and Metamorphism in Archaean Gneisses of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica / A.J. Parker, P.R. James, R.L. Oliver and V. Mielnik. - 2. East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary and the Ross Orogen, including Northern Victoria Land. - A Review of the Ross Fold Belt of the Transantarctic Mountains as a Boundary Structure between East Antarctica and West Antarctica (Abstract) / G.E. Grikurov. - The East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary between the Ice Shelves: a Review / C. Craddock. - The Pre-Beacon Geology of Northern Victoria Land: a Review / J.D. Bradshaw and M. G. Laird. - The Sedimentology of the Robertson Bay Group, Northern Victoria Land / B. D. Field and R.H. Findlay. - Tectonic Significance of Deformations affecting the Robertson Bay Group and Associated Rocks, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / R.H. Findlay and B.D. Field. - Geology of the Daniels Range, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: a Preliminary Report / C. C. Plummer, R.S. Babcock, J. W. Sheraton, C.J.D. Adams and R.L. Oliver. - Geology of the Daniels Range Intrusive Complex Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica (Abstract) / R.S. Babcock, C.C. Plummer, J.S. Sheraton, C.J. Adams, R.L. Oliver. - Trends in Regional Metamorphism and Deformation in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / G. Kleinschmidt. - New Data on the Lower Palaeozoic Bowers Supergroup, Northern Victoria Land / M. G. Laird and J.D. Bradshaw. - Geosynclinal Sedimentation and Ross Orogeny in Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / R. Tessensohn. - Age and Correlation of the Cambrian-Ordovician Bowers Supergroup, Northern Victoria Land / R.A. Cooper, J.B. Jago, A.J. Rowell and P. Braddock. - Post-Mindyallan Late Cambrian Trilobite Faunas from Antarctica (Abstract) / J.H. Shergold. - Post-Ross Orogeny Cratonisation of Northern Victoria Land / G. W. Grindley and P.J. Oliver. - Geochemistry, Petrography and Geochronology of the Cambro-Ordovician and Devonian-Carboniferous Granitoids of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / U. Vetter, N. W. Roland, H. Kreuzer, A. Hohndorf, H. Lenz and C. Besang. - Chemistry of Palaeozoic Granites of Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / D. Wyborn. - Chemical Control on Stratigraphic Relations in Northern Victoria Land and Some Possible Relations with SE Australia (Abstract) / D. Wyborn. - Results of Palaeomagnetic Investigations in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / G. Delisle. - The Geology of Terra Nova Bay / D.N.B. Skinner. - The Petrology and Origin of Orbicular Tonalite from Western Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / P.S. Dahl and D.R Palmer. - The Granites and Two Orogenies of Southern Victoria Land / D.N.B. Skinner. - A Re-interpretation of the Basement Granites, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (Abstract) / R.H. Findlay. - Petrology and Geochemistry of the Queen Maud Batholith, Central Transantarctic Mountains, with Implications for the Ross Orogeny / S.G. Borg. - Type Locality of the Ackerman Formation, La Gorce Mountains, Antarctica / E. Stump. - The Structural Development of Selected Areas in the Pensacola Mountains (Abstract) / A. Frischbutter, W. Weber, J. Hojmann and H.J. Paech. - A Gcochronological Investigation of the Shackleton Range / R.J. Pankhurst, P.D. Marsh, P.D. Clarkson. - Tectonics and Relationships between Structural Stages in the Precambrian of the Shackleton Range, Western Margin of the East Antarctic Craton / J. Hojmann and H.J. Paech. - The Late Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic History of The Shackleton Range, Coats Land / P.D. Marsh. - Structure and Outline of Geologic History of the Southern Weddell Sea Basin / E.N. Kamenev and V.L. Ivanov. - Magnetic Studies of Upper Crusta! Structure in West Antarctica and the Boundary with East Antarctica / E.J. Jankowski, D.J. Drewry and J.C. Behrendt. - Crust and Upper Mantle Study of McMurdo Sound / L.D. McGinnis, D.D. Wilson, W.J. Burdelik and T.H. Larson. - 3. Beacon Supergroup and Associated Igneous Rocks. - The Beacon Supergroup of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / B.C. Walker. - Trace Fossils of the Permian-Triassic Takrouna Formation, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / J.M. Zawiskie, J. W. Collinson and W.R. Hammer. - Permian-Triassic Sedimentary Sequence in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / J. W. Collinson and N.R. Kemp. - Late Palaeozoic Glacigene Strata in Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / B. C. McKelvey and B.C. Walker. - Deposition of the Weller Coal M

Note: Contents 1. An Introduction to Mountain Effects 2. The Flow over Hills and the Generation of Mountain Waves 2.1 Buoyancy Forces 2.2 The Theory of Two- Dimensional Mountain Waves 2.3 Observations of Mountain Waves 2.4 The Three-Dimensional Flow over Isolated Hills 2.5 Large-Amplitude Mountains and Blocking 2.6 The Observed Barrier Effect of Mountains-The Fohn and Bora 2. 7 The Influence of the Boundary Layer on Mountain Flows 2.8 Slope Winds and Mountain and Valley Winds 3. The Flow near Mesoscale and Synoptic-Scale Mountains 3.1 Quasi-geostrophic Flow over a Mountain 3.2 The Effect of Inertia on the Flow over Mesoscale Mountains 3.3 Theories of Lee Cyclogenesis 4. Orographic Control of Precipitation 4.1 Observations of Rainfall Distribution 4.2 The Mechanism of Upslope Rain 4.3 The Redistribution of Rainfall by Small Hills 4.4 Orographic-Convective Precipitation 5. Planetary-Scale Mountain Waves 5.1 A Vertically Integrated Model of Topographically Forced Planetary Waves 5.2 The Vertical Structure of Planetary Waves on a ,8-Plane between Bounding Latitudes 5.3 Models of Stationary Planetary Waves Allowing Meridional Propagation and Lateral Variation in the Background Wind References

Note: Contents: Introduction. - Information concerning the Taxonomic Arrangement and the Material Examined. - Notes on Keys and Descriptions. - Glossary. - List of Abbreviations. - Salicaceae. - Myricaceae. - Corylaceae. - Betulaceae. - Fagaceae. - Ulmaceae. - Cannabaceae. - Urticaceae. - Santalaceae. - Loranthaceae. - Polygonaceae. - Chenopodioneae. - Amaranthaceae. - Portulacaceae. - Caryophyllaceace. - Nymphaeaceae. - Ceratophyllaceae. - Ranunculaceae. - Paeoniaceae. - Berberidaceae. - Aristolochiaceae. - Papaveraceae. - Cruciferae. - References. - Index of Taxa. - Plates. - Simple Symmetrical Plane Shapes.

Note: Contents PREFACE LIST OF SYMBOLS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Remarks 1.2 Historical Notes 2 EQUATIONS 2.1 The Continuity Equation 2.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations 2.3 The Equation of State 2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.5 Simplification of the Basic Equations 2.6 Averaging Procedures 2.7 Further Simplifications 3 STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE 3.1 Transition and Instabilities 3.2 Statistical Description of Turbulence 3.3 Scales of Turbulent Flow 3.4 Equations of Higher Moment 3.5 Budgets of Turbulent Fluxes and Variances 3.5.1 Balance of turbulent kinetic energy 3.5.2 Heat flux balance 3.5.3 Momentum flux balance 3.5.4 Temperature and humidity variance and covariance balances 4 SIMILARITY 4.1 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 4.2 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 4.2.1 Free convection regime 4.2.2 Neutral regime 4.2.3 Very stable regime 4.2.4 Empirical verification 4.3 The Rossby Number Similarity Theory 4.4 Local Similarity Theory 4.4.1 Stable boundary layer 4.4.2 Convective boundary layer 5 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 5.1 General Considerations 5.2 Energy Spectra 5.3 Cross Spectra 5.4 Spatial Spectra 5.5 Spectral Curve-Fitting 5.6 Spectra and Cospectra in the Surface Layer 5.7 Spectra and Cospectra in the Mixed Layer 5.8 Spectra and Cospectra in the Stable Outer Layer 6 MODELING 6.1 General Remarks 6.2 Integral Models 6.3 First-Order Closures 6.3.1 Flow in the surface layer 6.3.2 The Ekman model 6.3.3 Effects of baroclinicity 6.3.4 Effects of thermal stability 6.3.5 Effects of slightly inclined terrain 6.3.6 The effects of nonstationarity 6.4 Nonlocal Closures 6.5 Higher-Order Closures 6.5.1 The momentum flux equation 6.5.2 The heat flux equation 6.5.3 The temperature variance equation 6.5.4 The dissipation rate equation 6.6 Large Eddy Simulation Models 7 DIFFUSION 7.1 General Considerations 7.2 The Statistical Theory of Diffusion 7.3 K-Theory Models 7.4 Gaussian Models 7.5 Laboratory and Large Eddy Simulation Experiments 7.6 Higher-Order Closure Models 7.7 Monte Carlo Methods 8 MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sensors 8.2.1 Wind sensors 8.2.2 Temperature sensors 8.2.3 Measurements of humidity fluctuations 8.2.4 Measurements of concentration 8.2.5 Static and dynamic characteristics of sensors 8.3 Platforms 8.3.1 Aircraft measurements 8.3.2 Balloons 8.4 Remote Ground-Based Observing Systems 8.4.1 Radars 8.4.2 Lidars 8.4.3 Sodars 8.5 Averaging of Measured Quantities 8.6 Major Field Experiments 8.6.1 The 1953 Great Plains experiment 8.6.2 The 1967 Wangara experiment 8.6.3 The 1968 Kansas experiment 8.6.4 The 1973 Minnesota experiment Epilogue APPENDIX A.1 Fourier Analysis A.2 The Sweeping Method A.3 Vector Operators REFERENCES INDEX

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols Commonly Used in the Text. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Properties of Sea Water Relevant to Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Density. - Measurement of density, temperature and salinity. - Relative density, sigma-t and specific volume. - Tables for density and specific volume as functions of temperature, salinity and pressure. - Sources of data. - 3 The Basic Physical Laws Used in Oceanography and Classifications of Forces and Motions in the Sea. - Basic laws. - Classification of forces and motion. - 4 The Equation of Continuity of Volume. - The concept of continuity of volume. - The derivation of the equation of continuity of volume. - An application of the equation of continuity. - 5 Stability and Double Diffusion. - Static stabiIity. - Criterion for static stability (E). - Numerical values for stability. - Double diffusion. - Dynamic stability. - 6 The Equation of Motion in Oceanography. - The form of the equation of motion. - Obtaining solutions to the equations, including boundary conditions. - The derivation of the terms in the equation of motion. - The pressure term. - Transforming from axes fixed in space to axes fixed in the rotating earth. - Gravitation and gravity. - The Coriolis terms. - Other accelerations. - Coordinate systems. - 7 The Role of the Non-Linear Terms in the Equations of Motion. - The non-linear terms in the equation of motion. - The friction term for the instantaneous velocity. - What is the source of the difficulty?. - Scaling and the Reynolds Number. - Reynolds stresses. - Equations for the mean or average motion. - Reynolds stresses and eddy viscosity. - Scaling the equations of motion. - Dynamic stabiIity. - The effect of density variations on dynamic stability. - Effects of rotation. - 8 Currents Without Friction: Geostrophic Flow. - Hydrostatic equiIibrium. - Inertial flow. - GeopotentiaI. - Geopotential surfaces and isobaric surfaces. - The geostrophic equation. - Why worry about the geostrophic equation?. - The geostrophic method for calculating relative velocities. - An example of the calculation of a geostrophic velocity profile. - An alternative derivation of the geostrophic equation. - The 'thermal wind' equations. - Absolute velocities. - Relations between isobaric and level surfaces. - Relations between isobaric and isopycnal surfaces. - Comments on the geostrophic equation. - Justification for using the geostrophic approach to obtain the speeds of strong currents. - 9 Currents With Friction. - Wind-driven circulations - introduction. - Nansen's qualitative argument. - The equations of motion with friction included. - Ekman's solution to the equations of motion with friction present. - Comments on the above experimental observations. - Transport and upwelling. - Upwelling or downwelling away from boundaries. - Bottom friction and shallow water effects. - Limitations of the Ekman theory. - Sverdrup's solution for the wind-driven circulation. - Orders of magnitude of the terms. - Application of the Sverdrup equation. - The general form of the Sverdrup equation. - The mass transport stream function. - Westward intensification - Stommel's contribution. - The planetary wind field. - Munk's solution. - Comments on Munk's solution. - Vorticity. - Relative vorticity. - Planetary vorticity. - Absolute vorticity. - Potential vorticity. - Westward intensification of ocean currents explained using conservation of potential vorticity. - Equatorial undercurrents. - The boundary layer approach. - The use of the boundary layer approach to obtain a solution to Munk's equation. - A simple inertial theory by Stommel. - 10 Thermohaline Effects. - The deep circulation. - Equations for salt and temperature (heat) conservation. - Equations for the average salinity and temperature. - Reynolds fluxes and eddy diffusivity. - Thermoclines and the thermohaline circulation. - The mixed layer of the ocean. - 11 Numerical Models. - Introduction. - Numerical methods. - General approach to numerical modelling of ocean circulations. - Descriptions of some models of individual oceans. - O'Brien's two-dimensional wind-driven model of the North Pacific. - Cox's model of the Indian Ocean. - Holland and Hirschmann's model of the Atlantic Ocean. - Two models of the circulation of the world ocean. - Models of mesoscale eddies. - Comments on the numerical model solutions. - 12 Waves. - Introduction. - Some general characteristics of waves. - Small amplitude waves. - Orbital motion of the water particles. - Refraction and breaking in shallow water; diffraction. - The generation of waves. - Measurement of waves. - ReaI waves. - Wave generation by the wind; semi-empirical relations. - Energy of waves. - Tsunamis or seismic sea waves. - Internal waves. - Effects of rotation. - Modified gravity waves. - Kelvin waves. - Planetary or Rossby waves. - Topographic effects. - 13 Tides. - Introduction. - Tide-producing forces. - Components of the tide-producing forces. - Ocean responses to the tide-producing forces - tidaI theories. - The practical approach to tide prediction. - The measurement of tides. - Types of tides. - Tidal currents. - Tides in bays-resonance. - Storm surges. - 14 Some Presently Active and Future Work. - APPENDIX I Mathematical Review with Some Elementary Fluid Mechanics. - Introduction. - Scalars and vectors. - Derivatives. - The individual or total derivative. - Integrals. - Fields. - Descriptions of fluid flow. - Convergences and divergences. - Hydrostatic pressure. - Slope effects. - CompressibiIity. - Centripetal and centrifugal forces. - APPENDIX 2 Units Used in Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Base units. - Derived and temporary units. - Units used in dynamic oceanography and some numerical values. - SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING AND FOR REFERENCE. - INDEX.

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Preface. - List of participants. - The West Antarctic Ice Sheet : the need to understand its dynamics / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - Force budget of ice sheets / I. M. WHILLANS. - On the oceanic circulation near a shelf-ice edge / G. J. F. VAN HEIJST. - Quantitative estimates of the mass flux and ice movement along the ice edges in the eastern and southern Weddell Sea / M. A. LANGE. - Some aspects of the flow of the Ronne Ice Shelf / C. S. M. DOAKE. - Unconfined ice-shelf flow / L. W. MORLAND. - Plane and radial ice-shelf flow with prescribed temperature profile / L. W. MORLAND and R. ZAINUDDIN. - Ice-shelf backpressure : form drag versus dynamic drag / D. R. MACAYEAL. - Ice stream-ice shelf interaction in West Antarctica / R. A. BINDSCHADLER, D. R. MACAYEAL and S. N. STEPHENSON. - A few preliminary results from the glaciogeophysical survey of the interior Ross Embayment (GSIRE) / C. R. BENTLEY, S. SHABTAIE, D. D. BLANKENSHIP, R. B. ALLEY and S. T. ROONEY. - On the flow within the transition zone between ice sheet and ice shelf / K. HERTERICH. - The finite-element method applied to a time-dependent flowband model / J. L. FASTOOK. - Longitudinal stresses and basal sliding : a comparative study / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - A subglacial aquifer bed model and water pressure dependent basal sliding relationship for a West Antarctic ice stream / C. S. LINGLE and T. J. BROWN. - The heat budget of the Ross drainage basin / J. OEKLEMANS. - Numerical modelling of the large-scale basal water flux under the West Antarctic Ice Sheet / W. F. BUDD and D. JENSSEN. - Modelling the response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a climatic warming / W. F. BUDD, B. J. MCINNES, D. JENSSEN and I. N. SMITH. - Subject index. - Geographic index.

Note: Contents 1 Introduction I Definition of geocryology and periglacial II Objectives III Processes IV Environments V References 2 Environmental factors I Introduction II Basic factors Ill Dependent factors 3 Frozen ground I Introduction II Seasonally frozen ground Ill Permafrost 4 General frost-action processes I Introduction II Freezing process Ill Estimates of freezing and thawing IV Frost wedging V Frost heaving and frost thrusting VI Mass displacement VII Frost cracking VIII Sorting by frost action 5 Some periglacial forms I Introduction II Patterned ground Ill Periglacial involutions IV Stone pavements V String bogs VI Palsas VII Pingos 6 Mass-wasting processes and forms I Introduction lI Avalanching Ill Slushflow IV Thaw slumping V Frost creep VI Gelifluction VII Frost-creep and gelifluction deposits VIII Rock glaciers IX Taluses X Protalus ramparts 7 Nivation I Introduction II Nivation benches and hollows Ill Cryoplanation terraces and cryopediments 8 Slopewash I Introduction II Grèzes litées 9 Fluvial action I Introduction II Icings Ill Break-up phenomena IV Flat-floored valleys V Asymmetric valleys VI Dry valleys and dells 10 Lacustrine and marine action I Introduction II Lacustrine action Ill Marine action 11 Wind action I Introduction II Loess Ill Dunes IV Niveo-eolian deposits and forms V Deflation VI Ventifacts 12 Thermokarst I Introduction II Collapsed pingos Ill Thaw slumps IV Linear and polygonal troughs V Beaded drainage VI Thaw lakes VII Alases 13 Environmental overview 14 Environmental reconstructions I Introduction II Britain Ill Continental Europe IV USSR V Japan VI North America VII Southern Hemisphere VIII Some estimated temperature changes References Index

Note: In engl., span. und franz. Sprache

Note: Inhalt: I. Zoologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation "Bellinghausen" / R. BANNASCH und K. ODENING. - II. Deuterium- und 18O-Variationen in Seen der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika) / W. RICHTER und G. STRAUCH. - III. Stable isotope investigations in Antarctica / H. SCHÜTZE, G. STRAUCH, K. WETZEL. - IV. The influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitation / R. DER. - V. Sommerliche Eisvariationen in der Olaf-Prydz-Bucht / H. GERNANDT. - VI. Zur Geologie des nördlichen Teils des Neptune Range / Pensacola-Gebirges (Antarktika) / W. WEBER und L. V. FEDOROV. - VII. Beobachtungen am Krill (Euphausia superba DANA) im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis in der Sommersaison 1978 und 1979 / S. HOLZLÖHNER. - VIII. Forschungsreise eines Zubringertrawlers in die Antarktis / G. GUBSCH und U. HOFFMANN.

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 Geographic setting and ecosystems of the Antarctic. - 1.2 Man's activities in the Antarctic. - 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. - 2.1 Environmental impact philosophy and terms. - 2.2 Definitions. - 2.3 Criteria for identifying significant impact. - 2.4 Temporal and spatial considerations of environmental impact. - 2.5 Consequential, synergistic and combined effects. - 2.6 Identification of sensitive indicators of change. - 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. - 3.1 Suggested format. - 3.2 When is an Environmental Impact Assessment necessary?. - 3.3 Environmental impact assessments of current operations and stations. - 3.4 Monitoring. - 4. SURVEY OF THE IMP ACTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE ANTARCTIC. - 4.1 Terrestrial impacts (including inland waters). - 4.2 Marine impacts. - 4.3 Atmospheric impacts. - 4.4 Distribution of impacts. - 5. THE FUTURE. - APPENDIX A. Relevant excerpts from Recommendation XII -3 (Man's Impact on the Antarctic Environment) of the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Canberra, 1983 and Paragraphs 17-19 of its Report. - APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS. - BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note: Contents: Introduction / Professor James H. Zumberge. - 1. First Impressions and the Setting. - 2. Why Are Scientists Interested in the Antarctic?. - 3. First Studies of Antarctica to the Treaty. - 4. Logistics, Transportation, and Telecommunications. - 5. Geodesy and Cartography in Antarctica. - 6. Geology and Solid-Earth Geophysics. - 7. "Land of Mountainous Ice". - 8. Cold Waters Run Deep. - 9. Antarctic Meteorology. - 10. Cold Climates and Frozen Atmospheres. - 11. The Upper Atmosphere from Antarctica. - 12. The Living Edge of Antarctica. - 13. Hostile Environment for Mankind. - 14. Environmental Impact of Man. - 15. Freedom of Exchange of Antarctic Scientific Information. - 16. A Continent for Collaboration. - Appendix 1: SCAR Publications. - Appendix 2: Antarctic Treaty. - Acknowledgements. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Nature of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.1 Pollen Analysis as a Quaternary Palaeoecological Technique 1.2 Types of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.3 Methods of Presenting Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.4 The Data Used 2 Basic Statistical Concepts 2.1 The Rôle of Statistics in Pollen Analysis 2.2 Description of the Binomial and Multinomial Distributions 2.3 The Binomial and Multinomial Distributions in Palynology 2.4 Further Statistical Examples in Quaternary Palynology 2.5 Exploratory Data Analysis and Classification 2.6 The Measurement of Dissimilarity 3 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Zonation 3.1 The Concept of the Pollen Zone 3.2 Numerical Approaches to Pollen Zonation 3.3 The Constrained Single Link Method 3.4 Binary Divisive Procedures 3.5 Dynamic Programming Algorithm 3.6 The Variable Barriers Approach 3.7 Examples of Numerical Zonations 3.8 Advantages and Limitations of Numerical Zonations 4 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Comparison of Sequences 4.1 Rationale of Comparing Pollen Sequences 4.2 Numerical Approaches to Comparing Stratigraphical Sequences 4.3 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Zone-By-Zone Comparisons 4.4 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Classification Methods 4.5 Comparison of Sequences by Slotting 4.6 Numerical Comparisons of Abernethy Forest 4.7 Other Examples of Numerical Comparisons 4.8 Properties of the Numerical Methods of Comparison 5 The Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Numerical Approaches to the Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.3 Presentation and Comparison of Modern Pollen Spectra from Different Vegetation Types 5.4 Modelling Modern Pollen-Vegetation Relationships 6 The Interpretation of Pollen Stratigraphical Data 6.1 Quantitative Approaches to Interpretation 6.2 Sequence-Splitting, Curve-Fitting, and Time Series-Analysis 6.3 The Use of Pollen-Representation Factors 6.4 Comparing Modern and Fossil Pollen Spectra 6.5 Recurrent Groups 6.6 Environmental Reconstructions Appendix: The Program ZONATION References Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - New introduction. - I. Introductory. - II. From Hobart to South Victoria Land. - III. Life in South Victoria Land. - IV. Cut off from all the world. - V. The winter in Victoria Land. - VI. Sledge Journey in winter. - VII. Among the penguins. - VIII. Return of the Southern Cross. - IX. Farthest south. - X. Towards civilization. - Appendix I. Appendix II.

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - Contributors. - 1. The Present Climate of the Arctic Ocean and Possible Past and Future States / R. G. Barry. - 2. Arctic Ice-Ocean Dynamics / W. D. Hibler III. - 3. Chemical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean / L. Anderson and D. Dyrssen. - 4. Polar Marine Ecosystem Evolution / M. J. Dunbar. - 5. Arctic Sea-Ice Biota / R. A. Horner. - 6. Primary Production, Chlorophyll, Light, and Nutrients Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice / O. G. N. Andersen. - 7. Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton / B. R. Heimdal. - 8. Foraminifera and Pteropoda Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice: New Distributions / Y. Herman and O. G. N. Andersen. - 9. Ecology of Arctic Ocean Cryopelagic Fauna / I. A. Mel'nikov. - 10. Evolution of Arctic Ecosystems During the Neogene Period / A. N. Golikov and O. A. Scarlato. - 11. Distributional Patterns of Echinoderms in the Eurasian Sector of the Arctic Ocean / N. A. Anisimova. - 12. Marine Bivalvia of the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Fedyakov and A. D. Naumov. - 13. Arctic Ocean Gastropod Prosobranchs / A. N. Golikov. - 14. Arctic Ocean Bryozoa / V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko. - 15. Arctic Ocean Mysids (Crustacea, Mysidacea): Evolution, Composition, and Distribution / V. V. Petryashov. - 16. Hydrozoa of the Eurasian Arctic Seas / S. D. Stepanjants. - 17. Arctic Ocean Cumacea / S. V. Vassilenko. - 18. Quarternary Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy: The Eastern Arctic Ocean Record / C. Card. - 19. Arctic Ocean Radiolarians / S. B. Kruglikova. - 20. Diatoms in Arctic Shallow Seas Sediments / E. I. Polyakova. - 21. Ecology of Recent Foraminifera on the Canadian Continental Shelf of the Arctic Ocean / C. Vilks. - 22. Thorium and Uranium Isotopes in Arctic Sediments / B. L. K. Somayajulu, P. Sharma, and Y. Herman. - 23. Late Neogene Arctic Paleoceanography: Micropaleontology, Stable Isotopes, and Chronology / Y. Herman, F. K. Osmond, and B. L. K. Somayajulu. - 24. Sediment Composition and Sedimentary Processes in the Arctic Ocean / D. A. Darby, A. S. Naidu, T. C. Mowatt, and C. A. Jones. - 25. Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Barents Sea / V. S. Zarkhidze and Yu. C. Samoilovich. - 26. The Last Glaciation of Eurasia / A. A. Velitchko, L. L. Isayeva, D. B. Oreshkin, and M. A. Faustova. - 27. Geological and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic During Late Cenozoic Time / I. D. Danilov. - 28. Organic Geochemistry of Barents Sea Sediments / A. N. Belyaeva, A. I. Daniushevskaya, and E. A. Romankevich. - 29. Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean Seafloor / J. R. Weber. - 30. Tectonic History of the Arctic Region from the Ordovician Through the Cretaceous / L. P. Zonenshain and L. M. Napatov. - Index.

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Paleogeography. - Ancient vegetation - the fossil record. - The Steppe-Tundra concept and its application in Beringia. - Paleoclimate. - Primary production and the Pleistocene ungulates - the productivity paradox. - Man in ancient Beringia. - Paleoecology of Beringia - a synthesis. - References. - General index. - Index to faunal and floral taxa.

Note: Contents: Preface / G. A. Llano. - Welcoming Remarks / W. S. Benninghoff. - The Third Symposium in Historical Perspective / G. A. Knox. - Sir George E. R. Deacon: An Appreciation / K. J. Bertrand. - The Southern Ocean: History of Exploration / Sir George E. R. Deacon. - The Symposium. - Part I: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Ecosystems. - The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Primary Production and the Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean / O. Holm-Hansen, S. Z. El-Sayed, G. A. Franceschini, and R. L. Cuhel. - Phytoplankton Biomass and Productivity in the Subtropical Convergence Area and Shelves of the Western Indian Subantarctic Islands / Jacqueline Plancke. - Sea Ice Habitats of Signy Island (South Orkneys) and Their Primary Productivity / Terence M. Whitaker. - Dissolved Oxygen and pH Increases by Primary Production in the Surface Water of Arthur Harbor, Antarctica, 1970-1971 / S. V. Shabica, J. W. Hedgpeth, and P. K. Park. - Heterotrophic Activity of Microorganisms in Antarctic Waters / R. Y. Morita, R. P. Griffiths, and S. S. Hayasaka. - Vitamins in the South Polar Seas: Distribution and Significance of Dissolved and Particulate Vitamin B12, Thiamine, and Biotin in the Southern Indian Ocean / A. F. Caducei and R. L. Cuhel. - Discussion. - Part II: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystems. - Adaptations within the Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystem / Patrick M. Arnaud. - Bacterial Sulfur and Nitrogen Cycles in Sedimentary Deposits of "Fjord Bossière" (Kerguelen Archipelago) / D. Delille. - Antarctic Soft-Bottom, Macrobenthic Community Adaptations to a Cold, Stable, Highly Productive, Glacially Affected Environment / Michael D. Richardson and Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Ecological Adaptations by Antarctic Poikilotherms to the Polar Marine Environment / Martin G. White. - Scoloplos marginatus mcleani: Life Cycle and Adaptations to the Antarctic Benthic Environment / P. Hardy. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Archipelago, Macrofauna 2, Diversity of Benthic Annelid Population in a Fjord Close to the Morbihan Gulf / D. Desbruyeres. - Seasonal Variations in the Structure of Populations of Antarctic Polynoids and the Part Played by Polychaetes in the Biocenoses of the Arctic and Antarctic / V. G. Averincev. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Islands: Quantitative Data on the Echinoderms of the Morbihan Gulf / Alain Guille. - Seasonal Alterations in Coastal Communities in the Davis Sea / E. N. Gruzov. - First Investigations on the Density of Soft Bottom Meiofauna in Morbihan Bay (Kerguelen Islands) / J. Soyer and F. de Bovee. - Foods and Feeding Characteristics of Antarctic Asteroids and Ophiuroids / John H. Dearborn. - Analysis of the Gigantism and Dwarfness of Antarctic and Subantarctic Gammaridean Amphipoda / Claude De Broyer. - The Breeding Biology of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) and Notocrangon antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and Its Bearing on the Problems of the Impoverished Antarctic Decapod Fauna / J. Garrey H. Maxwell. - A Preliminary Investigation of the Lipids of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) at South Georgia / Andrew Clarke. - Some Additions to Schemes of the Vertical Zonation of Marine Bottom Fauna / A. P. Andriashev. - Quantitative Studies on the Soft-Bottom Macrobenthic Animal Communities of Shallow Antarctic Bays / V. A. Gallardo, J. G. Castillo, M. A. Retamal, A. Yáñez, H. l. Moyano, and J. G. Hermosilla. - Discussion. - Part Ill: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Physiology). - Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Animals / Bruce L. Umminger. - The Significance of Vertebrates in the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Richard M. Laws. - The Role of Glycoprotein Antifreezes in the Survival of Antarctic Fishes / Arthur L. DeVries and Yuan Lin. - New Cytological, Biochemical, and Physiological Data on the Colorless Blood of the Channichthyidae (Pisces, Teleosteans, Perciformes) / J. C. Hureau, J. M. Fine, M. Marneux, and D. Petit. - Respiratory and Circulatory Adaptations to the Absence of Hemoglobin in Chaenichthyid Fishes / Edvard A. Hemmingsen and Everett L. Douglas. - Thermo- and Osmoregulatory Responses Induced by Heating and Cooling the Rostral Brainstem of the Adelie Penguin / H. T. Hammel, J. E. Maggert, E. Simon, L. Crawshaw, and R. Kaul. - Body Temperature Regulation of the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri G.) During Physiological Fasting / Yvon Le Maho, Philippe Delclitte, and René Groscolas. - Cardiovascular Adaptations of the Giant Petrel, Macronectes giganteus, to the Antarctic Environment / David E. Murrish and Charles L. Guard. - Temperature Regulation in the Newborn Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli / R. Elsner, D. D. Hammond, D. M. Denison, and R. Wyburn. - Discussion. - Part IV: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Ecology). - Evolution Within Pelagic Ecosystems: Aspects of the Distribution and Evolution of the Family Myctophidae / Richard F. McGinnis. - Aspects of the Diet of the Antarctic Silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum / H. H. DeWitt and T. L. Hopkins. - The Bacterial Microflora in the Digestive Tracts of Penguins and Fishes from the Kerguelen Islands / R. Lesel and J. P. Menet. - The Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi), of Saint Paul and New Amsterdam Islands / T. Duroselle and B. Tollu. - Adaptive Significance of the Reoccupation Period of the Adelie Penguin / E. B. Spurr. - Interactions Between South Polar Skuas and Adelie Penguins / Dietland Müller-Schwarze and Christine Müller-Schwarze. - Comparative Feeding Ecology of the Giant Petrels Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin) and M. halli (Mathews) / G. W. Johnstone. - Feeding Methods in Seabirds: A Comparison of Polar and Tropical Nesting Communities in the Eastern Pacific Ocean / David G. Ainley. - Adaptations of Arctic Terns and Antarctic Terns Within Antarctic Ecosystems / D. F. Parmelee. - Distribution and Abundance of Seals in the Pack Ice of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean / James R. Gilbert and Albert W. Erickson. - Adaptations of Weddell and Ringed Seals to Exploit the Polar Fast Ice Habitat in the Absence or Presence of Surface Predators / Ian Stirling. - Food Consumption of Seals in the Antarctic Pack Ice / Torger Øritsland. - The Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Palmer Station, Antarctica / R. J. Hofman, R. A. Reichle, D. B. Siniff, and D. Müller-Schwarze. - Distribution of Toothed Whales in the Antarctic Ocean / Masaharu Nishiwaki. - Discussion. - Part V: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems. - Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems: Review and Synthesis / Ronald B. Heywood. - Production and Periodicity of Antarctic Freshwater Phytoplankton / J. J. Light. - Studies on Some Saline Lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica / K. R. Kerry, D. R. Grace, R. Williams, and H. R. Burton. - Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability to Plankton: and Benthic Communities in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Robert C. Hoehn, Bruce C. Parker, Richard D. Fortner, Barron L. Weand, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., and Jeffrey T. Whitehurst. - Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter, Photosynthetic Production, and Microbial Community Composition in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Bruce C. Parker, Robert C. Hoehn, Robert A. Paterson, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., Jeffrey T. Whitehurst, Richard D. Fortner, and Barron L. Weand. - Discussion. - Part VI: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. - Climatic Relationships in Antarctic and Northern Hemisphere Populations of a Cosmopolitan Moss, Bryum argenteum Hedw. / R. E. Longton and Marjorie A. Maclver. - The Growth of Mosses in Two Contrasting Communities in the Maritime Antarctic: Measurement and Pre , Includes some contributions in French