ALBERT

Anmerkung: Volume II: Glaciology & Periglacial Processes. - Soviet-French cooperation on the isotopic research of cores from Dome B - Vostok - Komsomolskaya - Mirny ice taverse, East Antarctica / C. Lorius ; Ye. S. Korotkevich ; N. I. Barkov ; V. N. Petrov. - On the genesis of the Shackleton Ice Shelf according to oxygen-isotope data / L. Savatyugin; R. Vaikmäe. - G.D.R isotope research in Queen Maud Land (Abstract) / R. Haberlandt. - Isotope data from ice-cored moraines suggest a higher ice sheet surface in Central Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) during cold stages / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - An oxygen-18 thermometer from snow of Northern Queen Maud Land / Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - Initial processes of pedogenesis in the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Krüger ; J. Balke. - Periglacial of Antarctic continent as a source of paleoglacial information / V. I. Bardin. - Sea Ice Analysis. - The major features of ice conditions in the Bellingshausen Sea / V. V. Yevsyeyev. - The duration of the cycle of the Atlantic ice massif existence and typification of the processes causing its isolation / A. M. Kozlovsky. - Hydrology. - The hydrography of the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Richter. - Meteorological and hydrological conditions of meltwater genesis and distribution in Antarctica / A. Loopmann. - Hydrochemical and isotope hydrological investigations in the Bunger Oasis / E. Kaup ; V. Klokov ; R. Vaikmäe ; D. Haendel ; R. Zierath. - Extremely C-13 enriched biomass in a freshwater environment: examples from Antarctic lakes / U. Wand ; K. Mühle. - Biology & Human Biology. - Das Meereis als Lebensraum / G.Hernpel Das biologische Programm "Bellingshausen" - Bericht über die vergangenen 10 Jahre und die Konzeption künftiger Forschungsarbeit / H.Oehme. - Ecological studies in the southern gigant petrel Macronectes giganteus on southwestern parts of King George Island / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Development, torpor and energy balance of black-bellied storm-petrel chicks (Fregatta tropica) (Abstract) / T. Nadler ; H. Mix. - Morphometrical and ecological differences between south polar and brown skuas of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Behavioural biology of the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / A. Gebauer ; M. Kaiser ; H.-U. Peter. - Thermoregulation in the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer ; H.-U. Peter. - Parasitiological studies in the Antarctic by scientists from the G.D.R / K. Feiler. - New Amphipods from the sublittoral of King George Island - Faunistic contribution to ecological investigations / M. Rauschert. - The freshwater algae of the Schirmacher Oasis - Queen Maud Land / H. Pankow ; D. Haendel ; H. Richter. - The lichens of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter. - The bryoflora of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) in relations to hydrosphere and cryosphere / W. Richter. - The animals of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter ; D. Haendel ; P. Junghans. - Indoor climate and long-time-stays in Arctic and Antarctic regions (Abstract) / W. Bischof ; G. Schrader ; L. Banhidi. - Do psychical factors have an influence on the immunofunction of polar researchers and how could objective evidence be obtained? / F. Wietschel ; G. Schrader.

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Time Scales and Ages. - 2.1 Absolute Time Scales. - 2.2 Relative Time Scales. - 2.3 Physical and Chemical Time Scales. - 3 Selection, Collection, Packing, Storage, Transport,and Description of the Samples. - 3.1 Selection and Collection of the Samples. - 3.2 Packing, Storage, and Transport of the Samples. - 3.3 Sample Description. - 4 Treatment and Interpretation of the Raw Data. - 4.1 Suitability of a Sample for Dating and Reliabilityof the Dates. - 4.1.1 Soft-Rock Dating. - 4.1.2 Hard-Rock Dating. - 4.1.3 Isotope Geochemistry. - 4.2 Mathematical Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Age Data. - 4.2.1 Rules for Simple Calculations with the Dating Results; Statistical Tests. - 4.2.2 Comparison of Age Values. - 4.2.3 Numerical and Graphical Evaluation of Age Values. - 4.3 Publication of the Age Values. - 5 Physical Dating Methods. - 5.1 Principles. - 5.2 Sample Treatment and Measurement Techniques. - 5.2.1 Sample Treatment. - 5.2.1.1 Hard-Rock Samples. - 5.2.1.2 Soft-Rock Samples. - 5.2.2 Radioactivity Measurements: Decay Counting Methods. - 5.2.2.1 Gas-Filled Proportional and Geiger-Müller Counters. - 5.2.2.2 Scintillation Counters. - 5.2.2.3 Semiconductor Detectors. - 5.2.3 Measurement of Stable and Long-Lived Isotopes: Atom Counting Methods. - 5.2.3.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS). - 5.2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). - 5.2.3.3 Resonance-Ionization Spectrometry (RIS). - 5.2.4 Other Analytical Techniques. - 5.2.4.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis (ID). - 5.2.4.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). - 5.2.4.3 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analysis (ICP). - 5.2.4.4 Ion-Microprobe (IMP) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA). - 5.2.4.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) . - 6 Radiometric Dating Methods. - 6.1 Parent/Daughter Isotope Ratios as a Geochronometer. - 6.1.1 Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.1 Conventional Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.2 Argon/Argon (39Ar/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.2 Potassium/Calcium (40K/40Ca) Method. - 6.1.3 Rubidium/Strontium (87Rb/87Sr) Method. - 6.1.4 Lanthanum/Cerium (138La/138Ce) Method. - 6.1.5 Lanthanum/Barium (138La/138Ba) Method. - 6.1.6 Samarium/Neodymium (147Sm/143Nd) Method. - 6.1.7 Lutetium/Hafnium (176Lu/176Hf) Method. - 6.1.8 Rhenium/Osmium (187Re/187Os) Method. - 6.1.9 Uranium/Thorium/Lead Methods (238U/206Pb, 235U/207Pb and 232Th/208Pb Methods). - 6.1.10 Common Lead Method. - 6.1.11 Lead/Lead (207Pb/206Pb) Method. - 6.1.12 Chemical Lead Method. - 6.1.13 Lead/Alpha Method (Larsen Method). - 6.1.14 Krypton/Krypton (Krsf/Krn) Method. - 6.1.15 Xenon Methods. - 6.1.15.1 Uranium/Xenon (U/Xesf) Method. - 6.1.15.2 Xenon/Xenon (Xesf/Xen) Method. - 6.2 Dating with Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 6.2.1 Radiocarbon (14C) Method. - 6.2.2 Tritium (3H) Methods. - 6.2.2.1 Classical Tritium (3H) Method. - 6.2.2.2 Tritium/Helium-3 (3H/3He) and Helium-3 (3He)Methods. - 6.2.3 Beryllium-10 (10Be) Method. - 6.2.4 Sodium-22 (22Na) Method. - 6.2.5 Aluminium-26 (26Al) Method. - 6.2.6 Silicon-32 (32Si) Method. - 6.2.7 Chlorine-36 (36Cl) Method. - 6.2.8 Argon-39 (39Ar) Method. - 6.2.9 Calcium-41 (41Ca) Method. - 6.2.10 Manganese-53 (53Mn) Method. - 6.2.11 Krypton-81 (81Kr) Method. - 6.2.12 Iodine-129 (129I) Method. - 6.2.13 Aluminium-26/Beryllium-10 (26Al/10Be) Method. - 6.2.14 Beryllium-10/Chlorine-36 (10Be/36Cl) Method. - 6.3 Dating Based on Radioactive Disequilibrium of the Uranium, Thorium, and Protactinium Decay Series: The Uranium/Thorium/Protactinium Methods. - 6.3.1 230Th/234U Method. - 6.3.2 231Pa/235U Method. - 6.3.3 231Pa/230Th Method. - 6.3.4 234U/238U Method. - 6.3.5 230Th-excess Method. - 6.3.6 231Pa-excess Method. - 6.3.7 230Th-excess/232Th or 230Th/238U Method. - 6.3.8 231Pa-excess/23Th-excess Method. - 6.3.9 234Th-excess Method. - 6.3.10 228Th-excess/232Th Method. - 6.3.11 Dating Methods Based on Supported 226Ra and Unsupported 226Ra. - 6.3.12 224Ra and 228Ra Methods. - 6.3.13 210Pb Method. - 6.3.14 Uranium/Helium (U/He) Method. - 6.3.15 Radium/Radon Method. - 6.4 Age Determination Using Radiation Damage. - 6.4.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) Method. - 6.4.2 Optical Dating (OSL) Method. - 6.4.3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR or EPR) Method. - 6.4.4 Exo-Electron Method (TSEE Method). - 6.4.5 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Method. - 6.4.6 Differential Thermoanalysis (DTA). - 6.4.7 Fission Track Method (FT Method). - 6.4.8 Alpha-Recoil Track Method. - 6.4.9 Age Determination Using Pleochroic Haloes. - 6.5 Dating Meteorites and Lunar Rocks. - 6.5.1 Introduction. - 6.5.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement. - 6.5.3 Formation Interval. - 6.5.4 Solidification Ages. - 6.5.5 Gas Retention Ages. - 6.5.6 Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages. - 6.5.7 Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites. - 7 Chronostratigraphic Methods Using Global Time Markers. - 7.1 Paleomagnetic Dating Methods. - 7.2 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 18O Values. - 7.3 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 34S and [Delta] 13C Values and 87Sr/86Sr Ratios. - 7.4 Artificial Radionuclides as Time Markers. - 7.5 Geochemical Time Markers. - 7.6 Chemical Pollution as Time Markers. - 8 Chemical Dating Methods. - 8.1 Amino-Acid Racemization Method (AAR). - 8.2 Amino-Acid Degradation Method. - 8.3 Dating of Bones Using the Nitrogen or Collagen Content. - 8.4 Chemical Electron-Spin-Resonance (ESR) Dating. - 8.5 Molecular (Protein and DNA) Clocks. - 8.6 Obsidian Hydration Method. - 8.7 Dating of Man-Made Glass. - 8.8 Calcium Diffusion and Cation-Ratio Methods. - 8.9 Dating of Bones Using the Fluorine or Uranium Content. - 9 Phanerozoic Time-Scale. - 9.1 Objectives and History of Geochronolgy. - 9.2 Geological Time-Scales. - 9.3 The Future. - 10 Literature. - 10.1 Journals that Frequently Publish Geochronological Papers. - 10.2 Geochronology Textbooks. - 10.3 References. - Acknowledgments. - Appendix A: Geochronology Glossary. - Appendix B: Radioactive and Stable Isotopes in Geochronology. - Appendix C: List of Addresses. - Subject Index. - Foldout Table: Dating Methods, Ranges, and Materials.

Anmerkung: Contents: General remarks on some geomedical problems in Arctic and Subarctic regions / J. Låg. - Geochemical mapping in northernmost Fennoscandia / B. Bølviken, R. T. Ottesen and R. Nilsen. - Atmospheric fallout of heavy metals in northern Norway / E. Steinnes. The chemistry of drinking waters in northern regions of Norway and some health aspects / T. P. Flaten. Human metal exposure, tissue accumulation and health effects among non-ferrous smelter workers in northern Sweden / G. Nordberg, L Gerhardsson and B. Lagerkvist. - Contamination of natural surrounding by heavy metals and ecological effects / T. D. Makarova and T. I. Moiseenko. - The regularities of the heavy metals accumulation in organism systems of fresh water fishes and pathological processes / T. I. Moiseenko and L. P. Kudratsjeva. - Features of harmful effects caused by air pollution on human and animal in cold / V. P. Chatchin. - The influence of selenium deficiency in environment on human health in Northeast China / Tan Jianan. - Methylmercury in northern Canada / C. Dumont and T. Kosatsky. - FAO European cooperative network on the trace elements. Activities concerning geomedical problems / H. Bergseth. - Trace element status in relation to aspects of animal health in northern regions of Norway / A. Frøslie. - Thyroid cancer: High risk areas in northern Norway / E. Glattre, S. Ø. Thoresen and J. W. Jebsen. - Selenium and human health in northern Norway / J. Ringstad. - Cadmium and lead concentrations in Norwegian reference population groups / J. Clench-Aas. - Some essential and toxic elements in Swedish diets / L. Jorhem. - Cancer in Pasvik. Pollution from Nikell. A connection? / H. G. Sunde and T. Haldorsen. - Serum selenium in patients with ankylosing spondylitis / J. Aaseth, Y. Thomassen and O. Vinje. - Lead in bone in smelter workers / L. Gerhardsson, D. Chettle, V. Englyst, G. F. Nordberg, M. Scott and A. Todd. - Correlation of cancer incidence with geochemistry in subarctic Finland / R. Riispanen. - The disturbance of renal calcium metabolism induced by metallothionein / T. Jin, P. Leffler and G. Nordberg. - Cadmium in Svalbard reindeer / G. Norheim and K. Nilssen. - Svalbard: Trace elements in liver from eider / G. Norheim and B. Borch-Johnsen. - Trace elements in reindeer and sheep from Sør-Varanger, Finnmark. A preliminary study / A. Frøslie. - List of participants.

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY. - The Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary in Russian Eurasia / Kirill V. Simakov. - Base Olenekian and Base Anisian Sequence Boundaries Produced by Triassic Circumpolar 'Synchronous' Transgressions / Atle Mørk, Alexander Y. Egorov, and Ashton F. Embry. - Mesozoic Stratigraphy of Franz Josef Land Archipelago, Arctic Russia - A Literature Review / Ashton F. Embry. - The Continental Triassic Biostratigraphy of the Timan-North Urals Region from Tetrapod Data / Igor V. Novikov. - Climatic Fluctuations and Other Events in the Mesozoic for the Siberian Arctic / Viktor A. Zakharov. - Lower Triassic Vertebrates from the North of Central Siberia / Michael A. Shishkin. - The Use of Parallel Bizonal Scales for Refined Correlation in the Jurassic of the Boreal Realm / Boris L. Nikitenko and Boris N. Shurygin. - Lower Toarcian Black Shales and Pliensbachian-Toarcian Crisis of the Biota of Siberian Paleoseas / Boris L. Nikitenko and Boris N. Shurygin. - Earliest Tertiary Cenozoic Paleogeography of the Arctic Ocean / Louie Marincovich, Jr. - Comparative Geology of Northern Chukotka and the Northern Canadian Cordillera / Yuri M. Bychkov and M. E. Gorodinsky. - Paleokarst in the Katakturuk Dolomite (Proterzoic), Northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska / James G. Clough and Mark S. Robinson. - Pre-Mississippian Rocks in the Clarence and Malcolm Rivers Area, Alaska, and the Yukon Territory / John S. Kelley, Chester T. Wrucke, and Larry S. Lane. - Correlation of Pre-Carboniferous Carbonate Successions of Northern Alaska / Julie A. Dumoulin and Anita G. Harris. - Depositional Record of a Major Tectonic Transition in Northern Alaska: Middle Devonian to Mississippian Rift-Basin Margin Deposits, Upper Kongakut River Region, Eastern Brooks Range, Alaska / Arlene V. Anderson, Wesley K Wallace, and Charles G. Mull. - Deep-Water Facies of the Lisburne Group, West-Central Brooks Range, Alaska / Julie A. Dumoulin, Anita G. Harris, and Jeanine M. Schmidt. - Conodont Biostratigraphy and Biofacies of the Wahoo Limestone (Carboniferous), Eastern Sadlerochit Mountains, Brooks Range, Alaska / Andrea P. Krumhardt, Anita G. Harris, and Keith F. Watts. - Maastrichtian/Danian(?) Ostracode Assemblages from Northern Alaska: Paleoenvironments and Paleobiogeographic Relations / Elisabeth M. Brouwers and Patrick De Deckker. - Geological and Geochemical Analysis of the Aurora Well, Offshore of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area / Arthur C. Banet. - Correlation Study of Selected Exploration Wells from the North Slope and Beaufort Sea, Alaska / Susan M. Banet and James Scherr. - Correlation of the Pennsylvanian-Lower Cretaceous Succession Between Northwest Alaska and Southwest Sverdrup Basin: Implications for Hanna Trough Statigraphy / Ashton F. Embry, Michael B. Mickey, Hideyo Haga, and John H. Wall. - Stratigraphic and Seismic Analyses of Offshore Yakataga Formation Sections, Northeast Gulf of Alaska / Sarah D. Zellers and Martin B. Lagoe. - Statigraphy and Correlation of the Neoproterozoic Shaler Supergroup, Amundsen Basin, Northwestern Canada / Robert H. Rainbird. - Lower Paleozoic T-R Sequence Stratigraphy, Central Canadian Arctic / Tim A. de Freitas, Ulrich Mayr, and J. Christopher Harrison. - Silurian Foredeep and Accretionary Prism in Northern Ellesmere Island: Implications for the Nature of the Ellesmerian Orogeny / Marcia G. Bjørnerud and D. C. Bradley. - Uppermost Albian-Campanian Palynological Biostratigraphy of Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere Islands (Canadian Arctic) / L. Koldo Núñez-Betelu, R. A. MacRae, L. V. Hills, and G.K Muecke. - STRUCTURE AND TECTONICS. - Triangle Zone Model for the Salt-Based Foldbelt in Canada's Arctic Islands / J. Christopher Harrison. - Subsidence Analysis and Tectonic Modeling of the Sverdrup Basin / Randell A. Stephenson, J. Boerstoel, A. F. Embry, and B. D. Rickerts. - Development of a Glaciated Arctic Continental Margin: Exemplified by the Western Margin of Svalbard / Espen S. Andersen, Anders Solheim, and Anders Elverhøi. - Basin Inversion and Thin-Skinned Deformation Associated with the Tertiary Transpressional West Spitsbergen Orogen / Arild Andresen, Steffen C. Burgh, and Pål Haremo. - The Geology of Franz Josef Land Archipelago, Russian Federation / Vitaly D. Dibner. - Triassic Marginal Basins of Northern and Eastern Europe and Evidence for Global Sea-Level Fluctuations / Vladlen R. Lozovsky. - Rift-and-Graben Systems of the Eurasian-Arctic Continental Margin / Edward V. Shipilov and E. V. Senin. - Accretionary History of Northeast Asia / Leonid N. Parfenov. - Paleomagnetism and the Kolyma Structural Loop / David B. Stone, Stephen G. Crumley, and Leonid M. Parfenov. - Major Tectonic Interpretation and Constraints for the New Siberian Islands Region, Russian Arctic / Mikhael K. Kos'ko. - Geology of Wrangel Island Between Chukchi and East Siberian Seas, Northeastern Russia - Excerpts from Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 461 / Mikhael K. Kos'ko, Michael P. Cecile, Victor G. Ganelin, Nikolai V. Khandoshkoy, and Boris G. Lopatin. - Precambrian Rocks in the Anadyr-Koryak Region / Oleg N. Ivanov. - Deep Structure of Mafic - Ultramafic Complexes in the Anadyr - Koryak Region / Yuri Ya. Vashchilov. - Accreted Mesozoic Oceanic Complexes of Koryak Superterrane, Northeastern Russia / Vladimir N. Grigoriev, Kirill A . Krylov, and Sergey D. Sokolov. - Reconnaissance Paleomagnetism of the Olyutorsky Superterrane, NE Russia / Alexander Heiphetz, William Harbert, and Leonid Savostin. - Preliminary Reconniassance Paleomagnetism of Some Late Mesozoic Ophiolites, Kuyul Region, Northern Kayak Superterrane, Russia / Alexander Heiphetz, William Harbert, and Paul Layer. - The Gankuvayam Section, Kuyul Ophiolitic Terrane, as a Type Ophiolitic Section on the Arctic Margin of the Russian Far East / Ivan V. Panchenko. - Tectono-Magmatic Environments Within Continent-to-Ocean Transition Zone of the Northwestern Pacific / Oleg N. Ivanov. - Stratigraphy, Structure, and Origin of the Franklinian, Northeast Chukchi Basin, Arctic Alaska Plate / Kirk W. Sherwood. - Early Tertiary Wrench Faulting in the North Chukchi Basin, Chukchi Sea, Alaska / Richard T. Lothamer. - Apatite Fission-Track Evidence of Episodic Early Cretaceous to Late Tertiary Cooling and Uplift Events, Central Brooks Range, Alaska / John M. Murphy, Paul B. O'Sullivan, and Andrew J. W. Gleadow. - The Cenozoic Structural Evolution of the Northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska / Catherine L. Hanks, Wesley K. Wallace, and Paul O'Sullivan. - Timing of Tertiary Episodes of Cooling in Response to Uplift and Erosion, Northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska / Paul B. O'Sullivan. - GEOPHYSICS OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS. - A New Crustal Model of the Lincoln Sea Polar Margin / Malcolm Argyle, David A. Forsyth, Andrew V. Okulitch, and Del Huston. - A New Plate Kinematic Model of Canada Basin Evolution / Larry S. Lane. - The Age of the Amerasia Basin / Ashton F. Embry and James Dixon. - Implications for Canada Basin Development from the Crustal Structure of the Southern Beaufort Sea-MacKenzie Delta Area / Randell A. Stephenson, K. C. Coflin, L. S. Lane, and J. R. Dietrich. - A Preliminary Analysis of Potential Field Data in the Southern Chukchi Sea / Bruce M. Hennan and Susan A. Zerwick. - Seismicity of the Amerasian Arctic Shelf and its Relationship to Tectonic Features / Kazuya Fujita and Boris M. Koz'min. - Generalized Rheological Model of the Lithosphere and Plate Tectonics / Vladimir P. Pan and Y. P. Zmiyensky. - The Arctic Geodynamic System: Its Boundaries, Deep Geology and Structural Evolution / Igor S. Gramberg and Y. E. Pogrebitsky. - QUATERNARY AND MARINE GEOLOGY. - The Quaternary Deposits of the Barents Sea and Valdai Glaciation of the Eurasian Arctic Shelf / Lev R. Merklin, N. N. Dunaev, O. V. Levchenko, and Yu. A. Pavlidis. - Deep Ice Scour and Mass Wasting Features on the Northern Svalbard Insular Shelf and Slope / Norman Z. Cherkis, M. D. Max, A. Midthassel, K. Crane,

Anmerkung: Beiträge teilweise Deutsch, teilweise Englisch, teilweise Spanisch

Anmerkung: Masterarbeit, Queen's University (Kingston, Ont.), 1990 , TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of Study 1.2 Site Description 1.2.1 Climate 1.2.2 Geology 1.2.3 Late Cenozoic Evolution of the Queen Elizabeth Islands 1.2.4 Origin of Colour Lake 1.2.5 Lake and Basin Morphometry and Morphology CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General Arctic Limnology 2.1.1 Thermal Regimes and Circulation 2.1.2 Biological Limnology 2.2 Sedimentation in Arctic Lakes 2.2.1 Sedimentary Processes 2.2.2 Deposits 2.3 Phycology and Paleophycology of High Arctic Lakes CHAPTER 3: METHODS 3.1 Basin Factors 3.1.1 Weather 3.1.2 Stream Sampling 3.1.3 Snowmelt, Depth of Ground Thaw, and Soil parameters 3.1.4 Measurement of Mass Wasting 3.2 General Limnology 3.3 Sediment Sampling and Analysis 3.3.1 Sediment Collection 3.3.2 Sediment Analysis 3.3.3 Microfossil Analysis 3.3.3.1 Diatoms and Chrysophytes 3.3.3.2 Chironomids CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Basin Factors 4.1.1 Weather 4.1.2 Stream Discharge and Water Quality 4.1.3 Snow, Active Layer Thickness, and Soil Parameters 4.1.4 Mass Wasting 4.1.4.1 Gelifluction survey 4.1.4.2 Mudflows and other Observations 4. 2 Limnology 4.2.1 General Limnology - 1987 4.2.1.1 Lake Temperature 4.2.1.2 Lake Chemistry 4.2.1.3 Water Stage 4.2.1.4 Suspended Sediment 4.2.1.5 Algae 4.2.2 General Limnology - 1988 4.3 Sedimentology 4.3.1 Surficial Sediments 4.3.1.1 Structure and Grain Size 4.3.1.2 Organic Matter 4.3.1.3 Microfossils 4.3.2 Long Cores 4.3.2.1 Structure and Grain Size 4.3.2.2 Organic Matter 4.3.2.3 Dating 4.3.2.4 Microfossils CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 5.1 Basin Factors 5.1.1 Inflows 5.1.2 Mass Wasting 5.1.2.1 Rates of Soil Movement 5.1.2.2 Gelifluction as a Sediment Source 5.2 Limnology 5.3 Sedimentology 5.3.1 Recent Sedimentary Environment 5.3.2 Late Holocene Sedimentary Environment 5.3.2.1 Signal from Alluvial Fan River 5.3.2.2 Signal from Gelifluction 5.3.2.3 Signal from Lake Ice Cover 5.2.3.4 General Sedimentology 5.2.3.5 Paleophycology 5.3.3 Modelling Colour Lake Sedimentology . CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX A: CORRECTION OF TALL BURIED STAKES APPENDIX B: TEST OF EFFECT OF IGNITION BEFORE SEDIGRAPHING APPENDIX C: DIATOM SPECIES LIST APPENDIX D: SEDIMENT VOLUME IN A SMALL MUDFLOW APPENDIX E: ICE RECORD VITA

Anmerkung: Masterarbeit, University of Waterloo, 1990 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgements List of figures List of tables List of plates preamble CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1.2 LOCATION AND CLIMATE 1.3 GEOLOGICAL SETTING 1.3.1 Bedrock geology 1.3.2 Glacial history 1.3.2 Surficial geology 1.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND PARALLEL STUDIES 1.5 SITE INVESTIGATIONS 1.5.1 Introduction 1.5.2 Water sampling methods 1.5.3 Piezometer methods 1.5.4 Measuring hydraulic conductivity 1.S.S Surface flow monitoring 1.5.6 Seepage meters 1.5.7 Coring and porewater squeezing 1.5.8 Frost table probing 1.5.9 Geological mapping 1.5.10 Weather records 1.5.11 Depth sounding 1.6 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS 1.6.1 Sample collection, filtration, and alkalinity 1.6.2 Analytical methods 1.6.3 Quality of chemical analyses 1.6.4 Grain-size distributions and organic matter contents in till 1.6.5 Core logging and porewater squeezing 1.6.6 SEM examination of mineral weathering CHAPTER 2: HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY synopsis 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 LOCATION AND CLIMATE 2.3 FIELD AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.3.1 Field methods 2.3.2 Analytical methods 2.4 SETTING 2.5 HYDROLOGY 2.5.1 Surface hydrology 2.5.2 Groundwater hydrology 2.5.2.1 Thawing of the active layer 2.5.2.2 Structure and composition of the active layer till 2.5.2.3 Groundwater flow 2.6 DISCUSSION 2.7 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY abstract 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 STUDY AREA 3.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3.4 VEGETATION AND ACTIVE LAYER PROPERTIES 3.5 STABLE ISOTOPE DATA 3.6 WATER CHEMISTRY 3.7 SUMMARY CHAPTER 4: ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATION synopsis 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 STUDY AREA 4.3 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS 4.3.1 Materials and field methods 4.3.2 Analytkal methods 4.4 THEORY 4.4.1 Theoretical development 4.4.2 Basis of this approach 4.5 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.6 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 4.7 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 5: WATER BALANCE AND GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATIONS abstract 5.l INTRODUCTION 5.2 SETTING 5.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS 5.4 HYDROLOGY 5.5 WATER BALANCE CALCULATIONS 5.6 GEOCHEMISTRY 5.7 DISCUSSION 5.8 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH References LIST OF APPENDICES A. Part A: Stable isotope analyses of water samples Part B: Tritium analyses Part C: Field geochemical measurements Part D: Major ion analyses of water samples B. GROUNDWATER SAMPLING FROM PIEZOMETERS C. RELIABILITY OF Eh MEASUREMENTS D. PIEZOMETER DESIGNS/INSTALLATION PROCEDURES Part A: 1988 Part B: 1989 E. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY TESTING/DATA F. SURFACE FLOW MEASUREMENTS Part 1: Weir Part 2: Stream gauging G. SEEPAGE METER METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS H. CORING AND SQUEEZING METHODS I. CORE AND SOIL PIT DESCRIPTIONS J. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS TO ADDRESS WATER QUALITY Part A: Duplicates, blanks, and comparative analyses Part B: Filtration experiment Part C: Dissolved organic carbon Part D: Carbon-13 K. CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC ANALYSES OF POREWATERS EXTRACTED FROM CORES L. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TILL M. WATER BALANCE THEORY

Anmerkung: Table of Contents: Airborne lidar for measurements of atmospheric gases and aerosols / Edward C. Browell. - Lidar observation of aerosol stratigication in the case of sea breeze circulation near the shore / I. Kolev, O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov, E. Donev, D. Ivanov. - Laser radar observation of the fog by "Yamase Wind" from the Okhotsk sea / M. Jyumonji and H. Uchiyama. - An overview of lidar studies of the atmosphere at Pune, India / P. C. S. Devara, P. E. Raj, G. Pandithurai and S. Sharma. - Lidar activity in China / Huanling Hu. - Technique for determining atmospheric aerosol optical parameters by multi-wavelength laser sounding / A. P. Chaikovsky, V. N. Shcherbakov, S. B. Tauroginskaya. - Aerosol microphysical properties influence on lidar particle size retrieval / Y. Emery, C. Flesia, A. Mugnai. - Stratifications and size distributions of aerosols derived from simultaneous measurements with lidar and radiometers / Tadahiro Hayasaka, Yasuhiko Meguro, Yasuhiro Sasano and Tamio Takamura. - Retrieval of aerosol size distribution moments with multi-wavelength lidar / L. de Schoulepnikoff, B. Stein, R. Rairoux. - Dial and long-path measurements of pollution / Martin J. T. Milton. - Dial measurement of CH4, CO2, CO and N2O using a tunable IR source based on the Ti:Sapphire laser / Michihiro Uchiumi, Oi Choo Chee, Katsunori Muraoka, Mitsuno Maeda and Osamu Uchino. - Trace gas fluxes in the convective boundary layer observed with DIAL and Radar-RASS / C. Senff, M. Bauer, J. Bösenberg, G. Grabbe, G. Peters, T. Schaberl. - Remote Sensing of mass fluxes of trace gases in the boundary layer / Ch. Werner, R. Haus, F. Köpp and K. Schäfer. - Contrail observation by ground based scanning lidar / Volker Freudenthaler, Frank Homburg and Horst Jäger. - Airborne lidar and radiometric detection and analysis of chemical plumes / Edward E. Uthe. - Development of an imaging laser radar for long-range gas plume visualization / Thomas J. Kulp, Randall Kennedy, Michael Delong, and Darrel Garvis. - Numerical study of a pump and probe lidar experiment for in situ tropospheric measurements of the OH radical / A. Clappier, B. Calpini, E. Durieux, L. Fiorani, L. Jaquet, H. van den Bergh. - Iron Boltzmann factor lidar: proposed new remote seinsing technique for mesospheric temperature / Jerry A. Gelbwachs. - A new method for monitoring asbestos fiber aerosols by measuring polarization of scattered light: principle / Norihisa Hiromoto, Toshikazu Itabe, Ken-ichi Araki, and Shigeo Ito. - Dual-dial measurements of ozone profiles / Zhien Wang, Huanling Hu, Jun Zhou. - Three dimensional imaging at 10 km using a diode pumped soild state ladar / J. R. Brandt and T. D. Steiner. - High spectral resolution lidar measurements using an I2 absorption filter / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Computer modeling of a lidar receiving system with a nanosecond resolution / D. V. Stoyanov and T. N. Dreischuh. - Lidar observation of the troposphere in Tokyo / Toshiyuki Murayama. - A program for the environmental monitoring by laser radar of Metro Manila, Philippines / Minella C. Alarcon. - Laser altimetry measurements of Okhotsk Sea Ice from an airplane / Mitsuno Ishizu, Tetsuro Aoki, Kohei Mizutani, Masao Takabe, Tosikazu Itabe. - Airborne lidar sensing of Lake Baikal water area / I. E. Penner and V. S. Shamanaev. - The Pacific '93 Aircraft Lidar Experiment / Raymond M. Hoff, Michael Harwood and Andrew Sheppard. - Lidar observation of turbulent structure in marine boundary layer / Susumu Yamagishi, Hiroshi Yamanouchi, and Masayuki Tsuchiya. - Analytical inversion method for the lidar equation: sensitivity to multiple scattering and particle shape / C. Flesia and A. Starkov. - Lidar sensing of aerosol optical parameters in lower troposphere / Yu. S. Balin and I. A. Razenkov. - Multi-wavelength laser sounding of the troposphere over continental regions / A. P. Chaikovsky, I. S. Hutko, A. P. Ivanov, F. P. Osipenko, V. N. Shcherbakov, S. B. Tauroginskaya. - Tropospheric aerosol measurements using Lidar, sunphotometer and particle counter / Tamio Takamura, Yasuhiro Sasano, and Tadahiro Hayasaka. - Wavelength dependence of aerosol optical parameters measured by a tuneable lidar / Ryoichi Toriumi and Hideo Tai and Hiroshi Okumura and Nobuo Takeuchi. - Aerosol extinction profiling with CO2-lidar / Arne Hågård and Rolf Persson. - High spectral resolution lidar measurements of particle size / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Dial measurements of nitrogen dioxide based on solid-state lasers / Ryoichi Toriumi and Hideo Tai, Nobuo Takeuchi. - Airborne UV-Dial urban plume measurements / James L. McElroy, Curtis M. Edmonds, and Donald H. Bundy, Hans Moosmüller, Rudolpha M. Jorgensen, Raul J. Alvarez, II. - Surveillance of industrial emissions using lidar techniques / Hand Edner, Pär Ragnarson, and Eva Wallinder. - Lidar measurements of volcanic gas fluxes / Hans Edner, Pär Ragnarson, Sune Svanberg, and Eva Wallinder. - Extending the CO2 dial mapping capability. Observations of gaseous diffusion over complex terrain / S. Egert, D. Peri, J. Sivan, Y. Baungarten. - Studies the stratospheric aerosol layer by spectral-polarization lidar / A. P. Chaikovsky, A. P. Ivanov, F. P. Osipenko, V. N. Shcherbakov. - Theory of lidar using Modulation Interference Radar (MIR) and its fundamental experiments using super sonic waves / Motoharu Jinguuji, Sachio Ehara and Tohru Mogi. - Synthetic aperture laser radar for 10 µm-Band high -resolution imaging / Shin Yoshikado and Tadashi Aruga. - An ozone-aerosol lidar and a three-wavelength inversion technique / Qiu Jinhuan. - Measurement of depolarization and fluorescence of the cedar pollen for lidar application / Katsuya Kiuchi, Makoto Abo and Chikao Nagasawa. - Lidar studies of light scattering anisotropy in the atmosphere / B. V. Kaul, A. L. Kuznetsov and I. V. Samokhvalov. - Depolarization measurements with the high spectral resolution lidar / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Lidar polarization measurements necessity in two cases of study of processes in the atmospheric planetary boundary layer / I. Kolev, O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov. - Comparison of multiple scattering in cloud and fog / Yuici Okazaki, Kazuo Noguchi, Hiroshi Okumura, Nobuo Takeuchi. - Cloud microstructure effect on the lidar return with multiple scattering / E. P. Zege, I. L. Katsev, I. N. Polonsky, A. A. Kokhanovsky. - Measurements of upper tropospheric moisture with a raman lidar / Scott E. Bisson and J. E. M. Goldsmith, Anthony D. Del Genio. - Temporal and spatial variability of atmospheric water vapor / S. H. Melfi, Keith Evans, David Whiteman, and Richard Ferrare. - Temperature effect on water vapor measurements with CO2 differential absorption lidars / Avishai Ben-David. - Dial measurements of water vapor using two narrowband Ti:Sapphire lasers / Chikao Nagasawa, Makoto Abo, Kenji Kimiyama. - Water vapor DIAL using an Alexandrite regenerative amplifier / V. Wulfmeyer, J. Bösenberg. - A comparison of water vapor measurements made by Raman lidar and radiosondes / R. A. Ferrare, S. H. Melfi, D. N. Whiteman, K. D. Evans, F. J. Schmidlin. - Daytime raman lidar profiling of atmospheric water vapor / J. E. M. Goldsmith and Scott E. Bisson. - Scale invariant properties of water vapor measured by a raman lidar / Keith D. Evans, S. H. Melfi, R. A. Ferrare, D. N. Whiteman, A. Marshak and A. Davis. - Micro pulse lidar systems and applications / James Spinhirne. - Compact lidar systems for surface, ship-based, and airborne remote sensing of the atmosphere / R. M. Hardesty, C. J. Grund, W. L. Eberhard, B. J. Rye, and Y. Zhao. - All solid-state laser system for airborne water vapor concentration measurements in the stratosphere using the dial technique in the near infrared / G. Ehret, W. Renger, E. Murphy and Ch. Werner. - Overview of lidar activities at NASDA / Akira Kikuchi, Takashi Noguchi. - Extending the dynamic range of differential absorption lidar measure

Anmerkung: Table of Contents 1 Preface 2 General information 3 Sample tabulation 4 Temperature and pressure conversions. Density and pressure with height (Item 4) 5 Pressure, density, temperature and potential temperature for constant lapse rate (Item 5) 6 Geodetic information, geostrophy and the Reference Atmosphere (Item 6) 7 Solar position, sunrise and sunset times and incident radiation on slopes (Item 7) 8 Integration of the Planck blackbody radiation function (Item 8) 9 Density, viscosity and fall velocity for particles in air or water (Item 9) 10 Saturation vapour pressure and latent heats for pure water and ice (Item 10) 11 Moisture parameters from dry bulb and wet or ice bulb readings (Item 11) 12 Meteorologically relevant temperatures for moist air (Item 12) 13 Speed of sound, density, molar mass and specific heats of moist air (Item 13) 14 Wind speed converter, Beaufort scale and the vertical profile of mean wind (Item 14) 15 Diffusion and dispersion in air (Item 15) 16 Fire weather tables (Item 16) 17 Normal and chi-squared distributions (Item 17) 18 Weibull distribution (Item 18) 19 Appendix (Item 2) 20 References

Anmerkung: Contents Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: Preface --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: On the description and modelling of glacimarine sediments and sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.01 --- G. S. Boulton: Sedimentary and sea level changes during glacial cycles and their control on glacimarine facies architecture / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:15-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.02 --- Ross D. Powell: Glacimarine processes at grounding-line fans and their growth to ice-contact deltas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:53-73, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.03 --- Ellen A. Cowan and Ross D. Powell: Suspended sediment transport and deposition of cyclically interlaminated sediment in a temperate glacial fjord, Alaska, U.S.A. / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:75-89, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.04 --- Eugene W. Domack: Laminated terrigenous sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula: the role of subglacial and marine processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:91-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.05 --- Robert Gilbert: Rafting in glacimarine environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:105-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.06 --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and Tavi Murray: Modelling rates of sedimentation from icebergs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:121-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.07 --- Paul R. Carlson, Terry R. Bruns, and Michael A. Fisher: Development of slope valleys in the glacimarine environment of a complex subduction zone, Northern Gulf of Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:139-153, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.08 --- Alec E. Aitken: Fossilization potential of Arctic fjord and continental shelf benthic macrofaunas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:155-176, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.09 --- James P. M. Syvitski, K. William G. LeBlanc, and R. E. Cranston: The flux and preservation of organic carbon in Baffin Island fjords / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:177-199, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.10 --- Ian J. Fairchild and Baruch Spiro: Carbonate minerals in glacial sediments: geochemical clues to palaeoenvironment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:201-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.11 --- C. M. T. Woodworth-Lynas and J. Y. Guigné: Iceberg scours in the geological record: examples from glacial Lake Agassiz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:217-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.12 --- Jens Bischof, Joachim Koch, Michaela Kubisch, Robert F. Spielhagen, and Jörn Thiede: Nordic Seas surface ice drift reconstructions: evidence from ice rafted coal fragments during oxygen isotope stage 6 / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:235-251, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.13 --- Anders Solheim, Lars Russwurm, Anders Elverhøi, and Mona Nyland Berg: Glacial geomorphic features in the northern Barents Sea: direct evidence for grounded ice and implications for the pattern of deglaciation and late glacial sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:253-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.14 --- Tore O. Vorren, Erland Lebesbye, and Kjell B. Larsen: Geometry and genesis of the glacigenic sediments in the southern Barents Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:269-288, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.15 --- D. Huddart and J. D. Peacock: Early Holocene morainal bank sedimentology and marine ecology, Skjoldungebrae gorge, North Scoresby Land, East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:289-305, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.16 --- Rodney L. Stevens: Proximal and distal glacimarine deposits in southwestern Sweden: contrasts in sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:307-316, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.17 --- A. R. Lord: The Pleistocene—Holocene transition in Southwestern Sweden and the recognition of deglaciation effects in adjacent seas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:317-328, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.18 --- J. D. Scourse, W. E. N. Austin, R. M. Bateman, J. A. Catt, C. D. R. Evans, J. E. Robinson, and J. R. Young: Sedimentology and micropalaeontology of glacimarine sediments from the Central and Southwestern Celtic Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:329-347, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.19 --- M. S. Stoker: Glacially-influenced sedimentation on the Hebridean slope, northwestern United Kingdom continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:349-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.20 --- Carolyn H. Eyles and Martin B. Lagoe: Sedimentation patterns and facies geometries on a temperate glacially-influenced continental shelf: the Yakataga Formation, Middleton Island, Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:363-386, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.21 --- A. C. M. Moncrieff and M. J. Hambrey: Marginal-marine glacial sedimentation in the late Precambrian succession of East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:387-410, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.22

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Forewordv Chapter 1 Introduetion Chapter 2 Review of Underlying Mathematical Techniques 2.1 Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares 2.2 Probability and Random Processes Chapter 3 Linear Dynamic Systems 3.1 State-Space Notation 3.2 Transition Matrix 3.3 Matrix Superposition Integral 3.4 Discrete Formulation 3.5 System Observability and Controllability 3.6 Covariance Matrix 3.7 Propagation of Errors 3.8 Modeling and State Vector Augmentation 3.9 Empirical Model Identification Chapter 4 Optimal Linear Filtering 4.1 Recursive Filters 4.2 Discrete Kalman Filter 4.3 Continuous Kalman Filter 4.4 Intuitive Concepts 4.5 Correlated Measurement Errors 4.6 Solution of the Riccati Equation 4.7 Statistical Steady State - The Wiener Filter Chapter 5 Optimal Linear Smoothing 5.1 Form of the Optimal Smoother 5.2 Optimal Fixed-Interval Smoother 5.3 Optimal Fixed-Point Smoother 5.4 Optimal Fixed-Lag Smoother Chapter 6 Nonlinear Estimation 6.1 Nonlinear Minimum Variance Estimation 6.2 Nonlinear Estimation by Statistical Linearization 6.3 Nonlinear Least-Squares Estimation 6.4 Direct Statistical Analysis of Nonlinear Systems - CADET Chapter 7 Suboptimal Filter Design and Sensitivity Analysis 7.1 Suboptimal Filter Design 7.2 Sensitivity Analysis: Kalman Filter 7.3 Sensitivity Analysis Examples 7.4 Developing an Error Budget 7.5 Sensitivity Analysis: Optimal Smoother 7.6 Organization of a Computer Program for Covariance Analysis Chapter 8 Implementation Considerations 8.1 Modeling Problems 8.2 Constraints Imposed by the Computer 8.3 The Inherently Finite Nature of the Computer 8.4 Algorithms and Computer Loading Analysis Chapter 9 Additionel Topics 9.1 Adaptive Kalman Filtering 9.2 Observers 9.3 Stochastic Approximation 9.4 Real-Time Parameter Identification 9.5 Optimal Control of Linear Systems Index

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Acknowledgments Organizing Committee Welcome / Richard Asselin Opening / Dick Arnold Papers Review of the Classification of Permafrost-Affected Soils In the United States and Canada / R.J. Ahrens, C.A.S. Smith, J.P. Moore, and L. Ratliff Thermic Control on Soil Formation In Northeastern Asia and Probable Effects of Global Change / A. V. Alfimov, G.G. Mazhitova, and D.I. Bennan Gellsols: A New Proposed Order for Permafrost-Affected Soils / J.G. Bockheim, C.L. Ping, J.P. Moore, and J.M. Kimble Traces of Plelstocene Periglacial Processes and their recent Presence in Relief of the Republic of Croatia / Andrija Bognar Micromorphology of Permafrost-Affected Soils / Catherine A. Fox Relic Features In Recent Tundra Soli Profiles and Tundra Soils Classification / S.V. Gubin The Main Regularities of Soil Formation on Calcareous Rocks of the North / D.Ye. Konyushkov Permafrost-Affected Soils and Cryopeclology / Oleg V. Makeev The Main Soli Types In Northeastern Eurasia / Ye. M. Naumov Characterization of Organic Carbon, Using the 813C·value of a Permafrost Site In the Kolyma.Jndigirka·Lowland, Northeast Siberia / E-M. Pfeiffer and H. Janssen Reflection of Bedrock on the Soil Geochemistry and Weathering In the Tundra Region of Northernmost Finland / M.L. Räisänen Permafrost Dynamics and Soli Formation / Y.L. Shur and C.L. Ping Soil Cover of the North of Russia and Its Cartographic Modeling / I.A. Sokolov, Ye.M. Naumov, and D. Ye. Konyushkov Soils and Landscapes of the Upper Kobuk Valley, Alaska / David K. Swanson Genesis of Permafrost-Affected Soils / Charles Tamocai The Peculiar Features of Microstructure and Genesis of Cryosols of the Permafrost Regions of Russia / T.V. Tursina Mineralogical and Particle-Size Relationships of Two Alluvial Soils from Alaska / M.A. Wilson, W.C. Lynn, D.W. Moser, and A.B. Sarata Frozen Soils of China / Zhao Qi-guo and Wang Hao-qing Appendix 1: Tour Sites Appendix 2: Work Groups Appendix 3: Proposed Gelisol Order

Anmerkung: Table of Contents PROLOGUE The Geological History of Cenozoic Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic - An Introduction / U. Bleil, and J. Thiede PHYSIOGRAPHY AND PLATE TECTONICS OF THE POLAR DEEP-SEA BASINS AND THEIR CONTINENTAL MARGINS Morphology and Plate Tectonics: The Modern Polar Oceans / G. L. Johnson The Opening of the Arctic Ocean / L. A. Lamer, R. D. Müller, S. P. Srivastava, and W. Roest On the Tectonic Evolution and Paleoceanographic Significance of the Fram Strait Gateway / Y. Kristoffersen The Evolution of the Svalbard Margins: Synthesis and New Results / E. Sundvor, and A. Austegard The Western Barents Sea During the Cenozoic / T. O. Vorren, G. Richardsen, S.-M. Knutsen, and E. Henriksen Structures in Rift-Basin Sediments on the Conjugate Margins of Western Tasmania, South Tasman Rise, and Ross Sea, Antarctica / K Him, M. Hemmerich, U. Salge, and O. Eiken A Fine-Scale Seismic Stratigraphy of the Eastern Margin of the Weddell Sea / H. Miller, J. P. Henriet, N. Kaul, and A. Moons Some Speculations Regarding the Nature of the Explora-Andenes Escarpment, Weddell Sea / J. P. Henriet, and H. Miller POLAR ICE - COVERS AS GEOLOGICAL AGENTS A Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice and the Effects of Different Properties on Sea Ice Biota / M. Spindler Sea Ice Characteristics and the Role of Sediment Inclusions in Deep-Sea Deposition: Arctic - Antarctic Comparisons / Pfirman, M. A. Lange, I. Wollenburg, and P. Schlosser Cycles, Rhythms, and Events in Quaternary Arctic and Antarctic Glaciomarine Deposits / R. Henrich Cenozoic Glacier Fluctuations in Polar Regions - Terrestrial Records From Antarctica and the North Atlantic Sector of the Arctic / B. G. Andersen Past Changes in Precipitation Rate and Ice Thickness as Derived From Age-Depth Profiles in Ice-Sheets; Application to Greenland and Canadian Arctic Ice Core Records / N. Reeh Stability of the Arctic Ocean Ice-Cover and Pleistocene Warming Events: Outlining the Problem / D. L. Clark Late Weichselian Ice Recession in the Central Barents Sea / A. Elverhøi, M. Nyland-Berg, L. Russwurm, and A. Solheim MODERN DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF POLAR OCEANS Distribution Patterns of Calcareous Foraminifers in Arctic Ocean Sediments / N. V. Befyaeva, and T. A. Khusid Physiographic and Biologic Factors Controlling Surface Sediment Distributionin the Fram Strait / H. Berner, and G. Wefer Norwegian - Iceland Seas: Transfer Functions Between Marine Planktic Diatoms and Surface Water Temperature / H. Schroder, and N. Koc Karpuz Particle Sedimentation and Productivity in Antarctic Waters of the Atlantic Sector / G. Wefer, G. Fischer, D. K Futterer, R Gersonde, S. Honjo, and D. Ostermann Sediment Patterns in the Southern Weddell Sea: Filchner Shelf and Filchner Depression / D. K. Futterer, and M. Melles QUATERNARY HISTORY AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY OF POLAR OCEANS The Last Deglaciation in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: A Comparison Based on Oxygen Isotope, Sea Surface Temperature Estimates, and Accelerator 14C Dating From Deep-Sea Sediments / E. Bard, L. D. Labeyrie, J.-J. Pichon, M. Labracherie, M. Arnold, J. Duprat, J.Moyes, and J.-C. Duplessy Synthesis of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Coccolith Biochronology and History of North Atlantic Drift Water Influx During the Last 500.000 Years / G. Gard, and J. Backman Coccoliths in Sediments of the Eastern Arctic Basin / M. Baumann Foraminiferal Assemblages in Sediments From Mendeleev Ridge, Arctic Ocean / N. V. Befyaeva, and T. A. Khusid Physical and Acoustic Properties of Arctic Ocean Deep-Sea Sediments: Paleoclimatic Implications / J. Mienert, L. A. Mayer, G. A. Jones, and J. W. King High Resolution 10Be and 230Th Stratigraphy of Late Quaternary Sediments From the Fram Strait (Core 23235) / A. Eisenhauer, A. Mangini, R Botz, P. Walter, J. Beer, G. Bonani,M. Suter, H. J.Hofmann, and W. Wölfli The Enigma of Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 in the Central Fram Strait / S. E. I. Kohler, and R F. Spielhagen Dropstones in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea - Indications of Late Quaternary Circulation Patterns? / J. Bischof Glacial to Interglacial Changes in the Isotopic Gradients of Southern Ocean Surface Water / C. D. Charles, and R G. Fairbanks Stable Isotope Record and Late Quaternary Sedimentation Rates at the Antarctic Continental Margin / H. Grobe, A. Mackensen, H.-W. Hubberten, V. Spiess, and D.K Futterer PRE-QUATERNARY RECORDS OF POLAR OCEAN HISTORY Evolution of Biosiliceous Sedimentation Patterns - Eocene through Quaternary: Paleoceanographic Response to Polar Cooling / J. G. Baldauf, and J. A. Barron Neogene to Recent Palynostratigraphy of Circum-Arctic Basins: Results of ODP Leg 104, Norwegian Sea, Leg 105, Baffin Bay, and DSDP Site 611, Irminger Sea / P.J. Mudie, A. de Vernal, and M.J. Head Miocene to Quaternary Paleoceanography in the Northern North Atlantic: Variability in Carbonate and Biogenic Opal Accumulation / G. Bohrmann, R Henrich, and J. Thiede Neogene and Pleistocene Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere and Late Miocene - Pliocene Global Ice Volume Fluctuations: Evidence From the Norwegian Sea / E. Jansen, J. Sjoholm, U. Bleil, and J. A. Erichsen Southern Ocean Response to the Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation at 2.4 Ma / D. A. Hodell, and P. F. Ciesielski Pliocene - Pleistocene Paleoceanography in the Weddell Sea - Siliceous Microfossil Evidence / A. Abelmann, R. Gersonde, and V. Spiess Polar Front Fluctuations and the Upper Gauss to Brunhes Paleoceanographic Record in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean / F. Westall, and J. Fenner Authors Index Subject Index

Anmerkung: Contents: Foreword. - Notes and changes. - Glossary. - List of abbreviations. - Resedaceae. - Droseraceae. - Crassulaceae. - Saxifragaceae. - Paranassiaceae. - Grossulariaceae. - Rosaceae. - Leguminosae. - Oxalidaceae. - Geraniaceae. - Linaceae. - Euphorbiaceae. - Polygalaceae. - Aceraceae. - Hippocastanaceae. - Balsaminaceae. - Aquifoliaceae. - Celastraceae. - Rhamnaceae. - Tiliaceae. - Malvaceae. - Thymelaeaceae. - Elaeagnaceae. - Guttiferae. - Violaceae. - Cistaceae. - Tamaricaceae. - Elatinaceae. - Cucurbitaceae. - Lythraceae. - Trapaceae. - Onagraceae. - Haloragaceae. - Hippuridaceae. - Cornaceae. - Araliaceae. - Umbelliferae. - References. - Plates. - Index.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - PART I THE ELEMENTS OF AIR POLLUTION. - 1 The History of Air Pollution. - I. Before the Industrial Revolution. - II. The Industrial Revolution. - Ill. The Twentieth Century. - IV. The 1980s. - V. The 1990s. - VI. The Future. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 2 The Natural versus Polluted Atmosphere. - I. The Atmosphere. - II. Unpolluted Air. - Ill. Particulate Matter. - IV. Concepts. - IV. Personnel. - V. Advisory Groups. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 3 Scales of the Air Pollution Problem. - I. Local. - II. Urban. - Ill. Regional. - IV. Continental. - V. Global. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 4 Air Quality. - I. Averaging Time. - II. Cycles. - Ill. Primary and Secondary Pollutants. - IV. Measurement Systems. - V. Air Quality Levels. - Reference. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 5 The Philosophy of Air Pollution Control. - I. Strategy and Tactics-The Air Pollution System. - II. Episode Control. - Ill. Air Quality Management Control Strategy. - IV. Alternative Control Strategies. - V. Economic Considerations. - Reference. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 6 Sources of Air Pollution. - I. General. - II. Combustion. - Ill. Stationary Sources. - IV. Mobile Sources. - V. Emission Inventory. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART II THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. - 7 Effects on Human Health and Welfare. - I. Air-Water-Soil Interactions. - II. Total Body Burden. - Ill. The Human Respiratory System. - IV. Impact of Air Pollution on Humans. - V. Impact of Odor on Humans. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 8 Effects on Vegetation and Animals. - I. Injury versus Damage. - II. Effects on Vegetation and Crops. - Ill. Effects on Forests. - IV. Effects on Animals. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 9 Effects on Materials and Structures. - I. Effects on Metals. - II. Effects on Stone. - Ill. Effects on Fabrics and Dyes. - IV. Effects on Leather, Paper, Paint, and Glass. - V. Effects on Rubber. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 10 Effects on the Atmosphere, Soil, and Water Bodies. - I. The Physics of Visibility. - II. Formation of Atmospheric Haze. - Ill. Effects of Atmospheric Haze. - IV. Visibility. - V. Acidic Deposition. - VI. Effects of Acidic Deposition. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 11 Long-Term Effects on the Planet. - I. Global Warming. - II. Ozone Holes. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART III MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION. - 12 Atmospheric Chemistry. - I. Types of Atmospheric Chemical Transformations. - II. Role of Solar Radiation in Atmospheric Chemistry. - Ill. Gas-Phase Chemical Reaction Pathways. - IV. Heterogeneous Reactions. - V. Scavenging and Removal from the Atmosphere. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 13 Ambient Air Sampling. - I. Elements of a Sampling System. - II. Sampling Systems for Gaseous Pollutants. - Ill. Sampling Systems for Particulate Pollutants and PM10. - IV. Static Sampling Systems. - V. Sampler Siting Requirements. - VI. Sampling for Air Toxics. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 14 Ambient Air Pollutants: Analysis and Measurement. - I. Analysis and Measurement of Gaseous Pollutants. - II. Analysis and Measurement of Particulate Pollutants. - Ill. Analysis and Measurement of Odors. - IV. Analysis and Measurement of Visibility. - V. Analysis and Measurement of Acidic Deposition. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 15 Air Pollution Monitoring and Surveillance. - I. Stationary Monitoring Networks. - II. Mobile Monitoring and Surveillance. - Ill. Remote Sensing. - IV. Quality Assurance. - V. Data Analysis and Display. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 16 Air Pathways from Hazardous Waste Sites. - I. Introduction. - II. Multimedia Transport. - Ill. Contaminant Fate Analysis. - IV. Modeling. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART IV THE METEOROLOGY OF AIR POLLUTION. - 17 The Physics of the Atmosphere. - I. Sun, Atmosphere System, and Heat Balance. - II. Stability and Instability. - Ill. Laws of Motion. - IV. Local Wind Systems. - V. General Circulation. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 18 The Meteorological Bases of Atmospheric Pollution. - I. Ventilation. - II. Stagnation. - Ill. Meterological Conditions during Historic Pollution Episodes. - IV. Effects of Pollution on the Atmosphere. - V. Removal Mechanisms. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 19 Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants. - I. Wind Velocity. - II. Turbulence. - Ill. Estimating Concentrations from Point Sources. - IV. Dispersion Instrumentation. - V. Atmospheric Tracers. - VI. Concentration Variation with Averaging Time. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 20 Air Pollution Modeling and Prediction. - I. Plume Rise. - II. Modeling Techniques. - Ill. Modeling Nonreactive Pollutants. - IV. Modeling Pollutant Transformations. - V. Model Performance, Accuracy, and Utilization. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 21 Air Pollution Climatology. - I. Sources of Data. - II. Representativeness. - Ill. Frequency of Atmospheric Stagnations. - IV. Ventilation Climatology. - V. Wind and Pollution Roses. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART V THE REGULATORY CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. - 22 Air Quality Criteria and Standards. - I. Air Quality Criteria. - II. Conversion of Effects Data and Criteria to Standards. - Ill. Conversion of Physical Data and Criteria to Standards. - IV. Conversion of Biological Data and Criteria to Standards. - V. Air Quality Standards. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 23 Indoor Air Quality. - I. Changing Times. - II. Factors Influencing Indoor Air Quality. - Ill. Indoor Air Pollutants. - IV. Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants. - V. Control of Indoor Pollutants. - References. - Suggested Readings. - Questions. - 24 The U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. - I. Introduction. - II. Titles. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 25 Emission Standards. - I. Subjective Standards. - II. Objective Standards. - Ill. Types of Emission Standards. - IV. Variant Forms of Emission Standards. - V. Means for Implementing Emission Standards. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 26 The Elements of Regulatory Control. - I. Control of New Stationary Sources. - II. Control of Existing Stationary Sources. - Ill. Control of Mobile Sources. - IV. Air Quality Control Regions. - V. Tall Stacks and Intermittent and Supplementary Control Systems. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 27 Organizations for Air Pollution Control. - I. Functions. - II. Organization. - Ill. Finance. - IV. Personnel. - V. Advisory Groups. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART VI THE ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. - 28 Engineering Control Concepts. - I. Introduction. - II. Process Change. - Ill. Fuel Change. - IV. Pollution Removal. - V. Disposal of Pollutants. - VI. Pollution Prevention. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 29 Control Devices and Systems. - I. Introduction. - II. Removal of Dry Particulate Matter. - Ill. Removal of Liquid Droplets and Mists. - IV. Removal of Gaseous Pollutants. - V. Removal of Odors. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 30 Control of Stationary Sources. - I. Introduction. - II. Energy, Power, and Incineration. - Ill. Chemical and Metallurgical Industries. - IV. Agriculture and Forest Products Industries. - V. Other Industrial Processes. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - Control of Mobile Sources. - I. Introduction. - II. Gasoline-Powered Vehicles. - Ill. Diesel-Powered Vehicles. - IV. Gas Turbines and J

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Habil., 1993 u.d.T.: Energy requirements of the pygoscelid penguins

Anmerkung: Contents: Topographische und thematische Karten zur Ergebnisdarstellung der Spitzbergen-Expedition (SPE) 1990-1992 / K. BRUNNER & G. HELL. - Geodätische Arbeiten zur Untersttitzung der SPE-Teilprojekte / P. RAWIEL & S. RESSING. - Geologie und tektonische Entwicklung der Germaniahalvøya, Haakon VII Land, NW-Spitzbergen (Svalbard) / K. PIEPJOHN, & F. THIEDIG. - Zur jungquartären Vereisungsgeschichte und Landschaftsentwicklung in NW-Spitzbergen (Liefde-, Bock- und Woodfjord) / W. D. BLÜMEL, J. EBERLE & B. EITEL. - Zur Gletschergeschichte des Liefdefjords/NW-Spitzbergen / G. FURRER. - First results of structural and sedimentological investigations in the Liefdefjord and Woodfjord (northern Spitsbergen) / E. A. KROEMER, R. MÄUSBACHER, J. MÜLLER & R. SCHACHT. - Zur Entwicklung der postglazialen Sedimentation im Bereich des Liefdefjordes, NW-Spitzbergen / R. BAUMHAUER, & U. GLASER. - Evolution and age of shorelines along Woodfiord, northern Spitsbergen / H. BRÜCKNER & R. A. HALFAR. - Geomorphologische Kartierung der Germania Halvøya am Liefdefjorden (Nordwest-Spitzbergen) mit optischen Fernerkundungsdaten / G. STÄBLEIN & V. HOCHSCHILD. - Recent fluvial sediment budgets in glacial and periglacial environments, NW Spitsbergen / D. BARSCH, M. GUDE, R. MÄUSBACHER, G. SCHUKRAFT & A. SCHULTE. - Glacial dynamics, material transfer and sedimentation of Erikbreen and Hannabreen, Liefdefjorden, northern Spitsbergen / J. L. SOLLID, B. ETZELMÜLLER, G. VATNE & R. S. ØDEGARD. - Glaziologie und Glazialmorphologie des Liefde- und Bockfjordgebietes, NW-Spitzbergen / L. KING & M. VOLK. - Saisonaler Verlauf des Vorfluterchemismus im Kvikkåa-Einzugsgebiet (Liefdefjorden, NW-Spitzbergen) / M. POTSCHIN & H. LESER. - Terrain as an important controlling factor for climatological, meteorological and hydrological processes in NW-Spitsbergen / D. SCHERER & E. PARLOW. - Frostbodenformen im inneren Woodfjord, NW-Spitsbergen / D. THANNHEISER & I. MÖLLER. - Vegetationsgeographisch-synsoziologische Untersuchungen am Liefdefjord (NW-Spitzbergen) / D. THANNHEISER. - Vegetationsdecke und ökologischer Feuchtegrad als Indikatoren für solifluidale Prozesse in hocharktischen Ökosystemen des Liefdefjordes (NW-Spitzbergen) / E. SCHMITT. - Die Kartierung der Bodengesellschaften auf der Germania-Halbinsel (Liefdefjord/Spitzbergen) - Vorgehensweise, Abgrenzungskriterien und Bodensystematik / J. EBERLE & W. D. BLÜMEL. - Merkmale chemischer Verwitterung in hochpolaren Böden - Ergebnisse pedologisch-sedimentologischer Untersuchungen in NW-Spitzbergen / W. D. BLÜMEL & J. EBERLE. - Humuszustand und typische Humusprofile bei Böden der oligotrophen Tundra NW-Spitzbergens / L. WEBER & W. D. BLÜMEL. - The pattern of carbon-mineralisation in the high-arctic Tundra (Western and Northern Spitsbergen) as an expression of landscape ecologic environment heterogeneity / CH. WÜTHRICH, C. DÖBELI, D. SCHAUB & H. LESER. - Aufbau, Zerfall und Bedeutung der Meereisdecke am Liefdefjord, NW-Spitzbergen / L. KING & J. KNIES. , Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl.

Anmerkung: Table of Contents: 1. The TRANSDRIFT l Expedition: A Multidisciplinary Russian-Gerrnan Approach to Study the Complex System of the Laptev Sea. - 1.1 Course of the Expedition. - 1.2 Navigation. - 1.3 Ice Conditions in the Laptev Sea. - 2. Meteorological Studies. - 2.1 Processes of Air-Sea Interaction in the Laptev Sea. - 3. Oceanographic studies. - 3.1 Therrnohaline and Dynarnic Water Structure in the Laptev Sea. - 4. Hydrochernical Studies. - 4.1 Hydrochernical Structure of the Laptev Sea. - 4.2 Studies of Water Pollution. - 4.3 Radiochemical Observations. - 5. Biological Studies. - 5.1 Hydrobiological Investigations in the Laptev Sea. - 5.2 Ecological Studies in the Laptev Sea. - 6. Geological Investigations. - 6.1 Geosystem Laptev Sea. - 6.2 Dynamic Geological Shelf Processes - Implications From Side-Scan-Sonar Observations. - 6.3 Sediment Distribution in the Laptev Sea. - 6.4 Physical Properties of Near-Surface Sediments in the Laptev Sea. - 6.5 Ecological-Geochemical Studies. - 6.6 Geochemistry. - 6.7 Pore Water Geochemistry. - 6.8 All Year Round Sea-Floor Temperature and Conductivity Measurements. - 7. Conclusions. - 8. Acknowledgements. - 9. References. - 10. Appendix. - List of Participants of the TRANSDRIFT l Expedition. - Station List of the TRANSDRIFT l Expedition. - Description of Sediment Cores Taken During the TRANSDRIFT l Expedition. - Geological Sampling and Sedimentological Analyses Carried out During the TRANSDRIFT l Expedition. - Shipboard Geological Sampling Programme. - Results of Smear Slide Analyses Carried out on Board RV Ivan Kireye.

Anmerkung: Inhalt Summary Brachysira, allgemeine Charakterisierung der Gattung Brachysira, die Taxa im einzelnen Addenda zu Nupela, Navicula, Naviculadicta, Sellaphora Nupela Navicula sensu lato Naviculadicta nov. gen. Sellaphora Nachtrag zu Achnanthes und Thalassiosira Dank Literaturverzeichnis Bildtafeln Register

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1994

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis Part 1: Geochronology of phanerozoic granitoids from folded areas of Eastern Europe / Ye. N. Bartnitsky ; O. Z. Dudauri ; L. M. Stepanyuk. - Isotopic dating of the oldest granulite-gneiss terranes: an example of the Aldan Shield and Antarctica / B. V. Beliatsky ; I. M. Morozova. - Pb-Pb and Rb.Sr Dating of granitoids from Lusatian Block / K.-H. Bielicki ; G. Haase ; J. Eidam ; H. Kemnitz ; F. Schust ; H. Gerstenberger ; H. Hiller ; M. Habedank. - Radiocarbon dating of sediments from the Bunger Oasis (East Antarctica) / D. Bolshiyanov ; S. Verkulich ; V. Klokov ; V. Makeev ; H. Arslanov. - 287Pb-286Pb-age determinations on single zircons from the GDR by thermal ion mass spectrometry / K. Bombach ; M. Hengst ; J. Pilot. - U/PB and SM/ND geochronological investigations of unconformity-type uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada / C. Carl ; A. Hoehndorf ; E. von Pechmann. - Isotopic age of Mesozoic intrusive formations of Georgia (Tanscaucasus) / O. Z. Dudauri ; M. G. Togonidze ; V. I. Vinogradov. - Isotopic composition of Pb in archaeology: finds of bronze in the far east of the USSR / N. N. Fefelov ; N. V. Konkova ; N. V. Zarudneva ; S. B. Brandt. - Whole rock isotope systematics of granitoids in Central Europe / H. Gerstenberger. - Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb geochronology of plutonic rocks from the Central German Crystalline Zone and adjacent regions / G. Haase ; K.-H. Bielicki ; G. Rölling ; H. Gerstenberger ; M. Habedank ; H. Hiller. - On the Sr-isotope heterogeneity of kimberlites / M. N. Maslovskaya ; A. I. Kiselyov ; A. A. Lunegov ; I. K. Beckmann ; S. B. Brandt. - Rb-Sr isochron age of quartzite-gneisses from the supracomplex of the Anabar Shield / A. I. Melnikov ; V. S. Lepin ; V. N. Solodyankina ; S. B. Brandt. - Geochronology of granitoids from the Ukrainian Shield / N. P. Shcherbak ; V. M. Verkhoglyad. - Radiocarbon dating of holocene fluviatile sediments in North-Eastern Bohemia / J. Šilar ; A. Zeman. - Apatite fission track ages of the Erzgebirge / D. Stams. - Dating by uranium/thorium disequilibrium / J. van der Plicht ; H. Heijnis. - First single zircon 287Pb/286Pb-ages from the Saxonian Granulite Massif / Th. Wenzel ; J. Pilot ; M. Hengst ; J. Hofmann. - Geochronological study of some types of granitoids from the Elbe Valley-Zone / Th. Wenzel ; W. Schmidt ; M. Hengst ; D. Wolf ; J. Pilot. - Istotopic composition of minerals in Greisen-type ore deposits of the Primorsky Region / L. V. Borovik ; A. V. Ignatyev ; V. I. Gvozdev. - Reason for abnormally high δD values in granitoids from Thuringia / T. Böttger ; A. L. Devirts ; Yu. A. Shukolyukov ; G. Stiehl ; U. Wand. - Oxygen isotope geochemistry of pegmatites from a high-grade metamorphic terrain (Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica): preliminary results / Yu. A. Borshchevskiy ; Kh. B. Amosova ; S. L. Borisova ; N. I. Medvedovskaya ; E. I. Belkov ; U. Wand. - 15N characteristics of sedimentary rocks of the Thuringian Forest (GDR) at the proterozoic-phanerozoic boundary / K. Bräuer ; K. Hahne ; G. Stiehl ; M. Gehre. - 15N variations of rocks from the Lusatian Granodiroite Massif, GDR / K. Bräuer ; G. Stiehl ; U. Wand ; M. Gehre. - Methanogenesis in town gas stored in an underground storage gas reservoir / F. Buzek ; V. Onderka ; P. Vančura ; I. Wolf. - Isotopic characteristics of some ore deposits related to influence of meteoric and connate waters: examples of barite and copper silver deposits / Y. Fuchs. - Investigations on the secular trend of the δ18O-values of cherts and carbonates using a mathematical diagenesis model / O. Gebhardt. - The origin of magnesite deposits from Polish foresudetic block ophiolites: the preliminary δ13C and δ18O investigations / S. Hałas ; M. O. Jędrysek ; M. Boduch ; J. Lis. - Isotopically light aquatic kerogen in the Hungarian oligocene / E. Hertelendi ; I. Vető. - Nitrogen isotope characteristics of breccias, granitoids and greisens from Eastern Erzgebirge tin ore deposits (Sadisdorf, Altenberg), GDR / F. Junge ; R. Seltmann ; G. Stiehl. - Geochemistry of carbon, oxygen, sulphur isotopes in skarn deposits of Dalnegorsk Ore Field, South Prymorye, USSR / V. I. Kiselyev ; A. V. Ignatyev ; N. A. Nosenko. - A dolomite fossil smoker chimney in the Holy Cross Mts, Poland: petrographic and isotopic evidence / Z. M. Migaszewski ; S. Halas. - Isotope variations of H, C, N, and O in granitoids from the Central German Crystalline Zone, GDR (Delitzsch and Pretzsch-Prettin Plutonite Complexes) / H.-M. Nitzsche ; T. Böttger ; D. Haendel ; G. Röllig ; G. Stiehl ; U. Wand. - Use of the methane/ethane conception: first experience received by about 500 natural gas samples from deposits all over the world / H. Schütze ; K. Mühle. - Nitrogen isotope characteristics of parametamorphic rocks / G. Stiehl. - Nitrogen isotope characteristics of magmatic rocks / G. Stiehl. - Temperature-time-matter related convection model of a granitic intrusion / R. Thomas ; G. Strauch ; K.-H. Bielicki ; G. Haase ; H. Kaempf ; W. Klemm. - The Akhomten Massif on Kamchatka: natural model of the granitoid generation / V. I. Vinogradov ; I. I. Vishnevskaya ; V. S. Grigoriev ; B. G. Pokrovsky. - C, O, N, and Sr isotope characteristics of carbonatites from the Central German Crystalline Zone, GDR / U. Wand ; G. Stiehl ; G. Rölling ; K. Mühle ; G. Haase ; H. Gerstenberger. - Drastic change of the Sr and S isotopic composition in seawater at the end of the paleozoic / K. H. Wedepohl ; U. Kramm. - Isotope geochemistry of carbonate rocks from the Ukrainian shield / V. N. Zagnitko. - Stable isotope study of vertical zoning of the Březové Hory (Příbram) vein hydrothermal deposit (Czechoslovakia) / K. Žak. , Inhaltsverzeichnis Part 2: On the δD variation of Iraqi autumn precipitation / K. Farjo. - Sulphur and oxygen isotopes behaviour in sulphates of atmospheric-groundwater system / A. Trembaczowski. - On the origin of saline groundwaters in an aquifer system determined with uranium isotopes / R. Gellermann ; R. Trettin ; J. Tesch. - The evaluation of runoff components on the slope of the open-pit mine by means of environmental isotopes O-18 and T / F. Buzek ; J. Hanzlík ; M. Hrubý ; P. Tryzna. - Isotope composition and genesis of groundwaters in vulcano-tectonic lignite basins in the SE of Lusatia, GDR / R. Trettin ; F. Junge ; A. Hiller ; W. Kurze ; R. Höfling ; P. Kowski ; E. Raithel. - Complex isotope investigations of groundwater from a lignite basin originated by halokinetics in the Berlin Glacial Valley / R. Trettin ; A. Hiller ; W. Kurze , W. Richter ; A. Müller ; J. Tesch. - An oxygen-18 thermometer from snow of Northern Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - Isotope data from ice-cored moraines suggest a higher ice sheet surface in Central Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) during cold stages / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - Oxygen isotopes in permafrost and in ground ice - a new tool for paleoclimatic investigations / R. Vaikmäe. - Stable isotope composition of Antarctic salt efflorescences: a palaeoclimatical tool? / G. Strauch ; U. Wand. - Verification of annual growth rings in Egyptian trees by C-14 method / N. Belacy ; F. Abou El-Nour ; G. C. Jacoby. - The variations of 13C/12C ratios and CO2 concentration in soil air under Rosa Lilli in Lublin City / A. Dudziak ; S. Halas. - Carbon isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 / J. Szaran. - Carbon isotope studies on global methane production with emphasis on paddy fields / E. Wada ; K. Nakamura. - Measurement of uptake of NO2 by leaves using 15N-labelled gas / H. Förstel ; C. Latus ; A. Neubert. - Origin and isotope effects of oxygen in compounds of the nitrogen cycle / H.-L. Schmidt ; S. Voerkelius. - Radioactive noble gases in the environment / T. Florkowski. - A model for water contamination prediction in fallout situations / M. Jurk. - Distribution of caesium isotopes in soil after Chernobyl accident / K. Skubacz ; St. Chałupnik. - Distribution pattern of artificial radionuclides in the Baltic Sea in the special event of the Chernobyl fallout / D. Weiss. - Arguments in favour of a panel discussion on the application of isotopes in environmental research in the program of the fifth working meeting "Isotopes in Nature" / K. Wetzel. - Environmental influence on isotopic discrimination in biological systems / H.-L. Schmidt. - Application of the natural variation of stable isotopes to resolve urgent environmental problems, panel contribution / H. Förstel. - Use of δ15N as a source indicator of N2O during oxidation-reduction processes / E. Wada. - Environmental radioisotopes and underground disposal of high radioactive waste / T. Florkowski. - Human activities and environmental stress: a brief statement of the essentials / M. Schidlowski. - Computerized simulations of isotope separation by capillary flow of gases / S. Fritzsche. - Intermolecular interaction contributions to thermodynamic isotope effects: high density fluid isochores / H.-L. Vörtler ; J. Heybey. - Influences of composition and state conditions on isotope exchange factor in dense geological systems / H. Schmid ; J. Heybey ; H.-L. Vörtler. - Effect of pressure on isotope fractionation in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-C-H-O / J. Heybey ; U. Wand. - The effect of pressure on the equilibrium isotopic fractionation in soilds / V. B. Polyakov ; N. N. Kharlashina. - Quantum statistical development of the method of isotopic bond number / V. B. Polykov. - Fractioning and non-fractioning ("normalized") isotopes / S. B. Brandt ; L. V. Dneprovskaya. - Fractional crystallization in open systems / G. Christoph. - H/D Isotopic exchange between hydrogen and water vapour on Ni/Cr2O3/ThO2 catalysts / F. Abou El-Nour ; N. Belacy ; M. Abdel-Khalik ; T. Khalil ; H. F. Aly. - Isotope effects in desorption processes at elevated pressures / P. Harting ; K. Weingart ; G. Schwarz. - Pressure dependence of deuterium isotope effects in the system hydrogen-hexadecane / G. Schwarz ; P. Harting ; St. Engel ; U. Schröter. - Comments on carbon isotope fractionation by radiolytic separation of gaseous hydrocarbons from crude oil and coal / G. Weise ; I. Maass ; H. Schütze ; K. Mühle. - Computer and interpretation of experimental coalification tests / I. Maass ; O. Gebhardt ; Ch. Henze. - Fractionation of carbon isotopes in microbial processes / A. A. Ivlev ; D. A. Knyazev ; A. D. Yesikov ; I. N. Matyushenko. - Carbon-Extractor / U. Morgenstern ; D. Hebert. - Preparation of hydrogen for isotope analysis by means of magnesium / S. Halas ; W. Wolacewicz. - Automated equipment for determining C, N, O, S isotopic composition and techniques of sample preparation / A. V. Ignatyev ; L. V. Borovik. - Determination of δD-values using a mass spectrometer "delta E" / D. Rohmer ; M. Gehre ; H. Gerstenberger. - A program for gamma spectrum analysis and computations for neutron activation analysis / St. Chałupnik ; B. Michalik. - Problems in building up a 14C-database / J. Görsdorf. - List of participants.

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction. - 1 Atmosphere: Origin, Composition, and Structure. - Understanding the Atmosphere. - Evolution of the Atmosphere. - Probing the Atmosphere. - Temperature Profile of the Atmosphere. - The Ionosphere and the Aurora. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Martian Atmosphere. - Special Topic: The Ionosphere and Radio Transmission. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 2 Radiation. - Electromagnetic Radiation. - Radiation Laws. - Input of Solar Radiation. - Solar Radiation and the Atmosphere. - The Ozone Shield. - Solar Radiation and the Earth's Surface. - Solar Radiation Budget. - Infrared Response and the Greenhouse Effect. - Radiation Measurement. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Why Is the Sky Blue?. - Special Topic: The Hazards of Sunbathing. - Weather Fact: Greenhouse Effect on Mars and Venus. - Mathematical Note: Blackbody Radiation Laws. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 3 Heat and Temperature. - Distinguishing Heat and Temperature. - Temperature Scales. - Temperature Measurement. - Heat Units. - Transport of Heat. - Specific Heat. - Heating and Cooling Degree-days. - Windchill. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Temperature and Human Comfort. - Special Topic: Temperature and Crop Yields. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 4 Heat Imbalances and Weather. - Heat Imbalance: Atmosphere Versus Earth's Surface. - Heat Imbalance: Variation by Latitude. - Weather: Response to Heat Imbalances. - Variation of Air Temperature. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Unique Thermal Properties of Water. - Special Topic: Solar Power. - Weather Fact: Why Mountaintops Are Cold. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions . - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 5 Air Pressure. - Defining Air Pressure. - Pressure Balance. - Variation with Altitude. - Horizontal Variations. - Highs and Lows. - Air Pressure Measurement. - Pressure Units. - The Gas Law. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Human Response to Changes in Air Pressure. - Special Topic: Altimetry. - Mathematical Note: The Gas Law. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 6 Humidity and Stability. - The Hydrologic Cycle. - How Humid Is It?. - The Saturation Concept. - Relative Humidity. - Humidification. - Humidity Measurement. - Achieving Saturation. - Atmospheric Stability. - Lifting Processes. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Humidity and Human Comfort. - Special Topic: Clouds by Mixing. - Weather Fact: The Rainiest Place on Earth. - Mathematical Note: Energy Conservation and the Dry Adiabatic Process. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 7 Dew, Frost, Fog, and Clouds. - Low-Level Saturation Processes. - Cloud Development. - Classification of Clouds. - Unusual Clouds. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Freeze Prevention. - Special Topic: Jack Frost and Autumn Color. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 8 Precipitation, Weather Modification, and Atmospheric Optics. - Precipitation Processes. - Forms of Precipitation. - Precipitation Measurement. - Weather Modification. - Atmospheric Optics. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: When Is It Too Cold or Too Warm to Snow?. - Special Topic: Mirages. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 9 The Wind. - The Forces. - Joining Forces. - Continuity of Wind. - Scales of Weather Systems. - Wind Pressure. - Wind Measurement. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Wind Power. - Special Topic: Wind Gusts, Wind Shear, and Atmospheric Stability. - Weather Fact: The Windiest Place on Earth. - Mathematical Note: Geostrophic and Gradient Winds. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 10 Planetary-Scale Circulation. - Idealized Circulation Pattern. - Pressure Systems and Wind Belts. - Upper-Air Westerlies. - El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The ENSO Event of 1982-83. - Mathematical Note: The Polar Front and the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 11 Air Masses, Fronts, Cyclones, and Anticyclones by Patrìda M. Pauley. - Air Masses. - Frontal Weather. - Midlatitude Cyclones. - Anticyclones. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Case of the Missing Storm. - Mathematical Note: Vorticity. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 12 Local and Regional Circulation Systems. - Monsoons. - Land and Sea (or Lake) Breezes. - Lake-Effect Snows. - Heat Island Circulation. - Katabatic Winds. - Chinook Winds. - Desert Winds. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Conclusion. - Special Topic: Monsoon Failure and Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 13 Thunderstorms. - Thunderstorm Life Cycle. - Thunderstorm Genesis. - Geographical Distribution. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Thunderstorm Hazards. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Lightning Safety. - Special Topic: Hail Suppression. - Weather Fact: The Rumble of Thunder. - Key Terms. - Summary Statement. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 14 Tornadoes. - Tornado Characteristics. - Distribution of Tornadoes. - Hazards of Tornadoes. - The F-Scale. - The Tornado-Thunderstorm Connection. - Tornado Look-Alikes. - Weather Radar. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Wind Profilers. - Weather Fact: Tornado Oddities. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 15 Hurricanes. - Hurricane Characteristics. - Distribution of Hurricanes. - Hazards of Hurricanes. - Life Cycle of Tropical Storms. - Hurricane Threat to the Southeast. - Hurricane Modification. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Atlantic Hurricanes and West African Rainfall. - Weather Fact: Naming Hurricanes. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 16 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - World Meteorological Organization. - Acquisition of Weather Data. - Meteorology by Satallite. - Data Depiction on Weather Maps. - Weather Prediction. - Communication and Dissemination. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Weather Proverbs: Fact or Fiction?. - Special Topic: Aviation Weather Hazards. - Mathematical Note: Some Orbital Characteristics of Weather Satellites. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 17 Air Pollution Meteorology. - Air Pollutants. - Air Pollution Episodes. - Air Pollution's Impact on Weather. - The Ozone Shield. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Principal Air Pollutants. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 18 World Climates. - Describing Climate. - Climate Controls. - Global Patterns of Climate. - Climate Classification. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: 1816, The Year Without a Summer?. - Special Topic: Agroclimatic Compensation: The Be

Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS ECOLOGY 1 Sea ice: its formation, distribution and properties 2 Ice-associated ecosystems 3 Ice diatoms 4 Techniques for sampling sea-ice algae 5 The Antarctic planktonic ecosystem 6 Some aspects of the large-scale physical oceanography of the Arctic Ocean influencing biological oceanography 7 Arctic planktonic ecosystems 8 Arctic plankton diatoms: dominant species, biogeography 9 The paleontological significance of fossil diatoms from the high-latitude oceans TAXONOMY 10 Key to diatom families and glossary 11 Family Thalassiosiraceae Section 1: the genera Skeletonema, Pororsira, Bacterosira, and Detonula and the genus Thalassiosira from the Arctic Section 2: the genus Thalassiosira from the Antarctic 12 Family Leptocylindraceae: the genus Corethron 13 Family Coscinodiscaceae: the genus Stellarima 14 Family Hemidiscaceae: the genera Actinocyclus and Azpeitia 15 Family Rhizosoleniaceae: the genera Rhizosolenia and Proboscia 16 Family Biddulphiaceae: the genus Eucampia 17 Family Diatomaceae: the genera Thalassiothrix and Trichotoxon 18 Family Naviculaceae: Arctic species of the genera Diploneis, Gyrosigma, Haslea, Navicula, Pinnularia, Pleurosigma, Stauroneis and Stenoneis 19 Family Naviculaceae: the genera Plagiotropis, Manguinea, Membraneis, and Banquisia 20 Family Naviculaceae: the genus Pseudogomphonema 21 Family Auriculaceae and Bacillariaceae: the genera Auricula, Hantzschia, and Nitzschia 22 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Pseudonitzschia 23 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Nitzschiella 24 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Fragilariopsis BIBLlOGRAPHY

Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES 1. NORTHERN HYDROLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Definition of "North" 1.2.1. Physical North 1.2.1.1. Polar Circles 1.2.1.2. Temperature 1.2.1.3. Snow/Ice Covers 1.2.1.4. Frozen Ground 1.2.1.5. Vegetation 1.2.1.6. Run-Off Direction 1.2.1.7. Composite Definition 1.2.1.8. Guideline Definition 1.3. Natural Landscape, Climate and Hydrology 1.3.1. General Landscape 1.3.2. Hydroclimatic Characteristics 1.3 .2.1. Precipitation/Snowcover 1.3.2.2. Drainage/Run-Off 1.3.2.3. Surface Storage 1.3.2.4. Permafrost 1.3.2.5. Ground Water 1.3.2.6. Evaporation/Evapotranspiration 1.3.2.7. Freshwater Ice Cover 1.3.2.8. Data-Collection Networks 1.4. Hydrological Classifications 1.4.1. Church (1974) Classification 1.4.1.1. Arctic-Nival 1.4.1.2. Subarctic-Nival 1.4.1.3. Proglacial 1.4.1.4. Muskeg 1.4.2. Network Classification 1.5. Development and Water Use 1.5.1. Historical Resource Development 1.5.2. Present Resources 1.5.2.1. Hydro-Power 1.5.2.2. Diversions 1.5.2.3. Mining 1.5.2.4. Oil and Gas 1.6. Evolving Issues 1.6.1. Northem Pollution 1.6.2. Global Change Effects 1.6.2.1. Precipitation/Snow/Glaciers 1.6.2.2. Floating Ice 1.6.2.3. Permafrost 1.6.2.4. Other 1.6.3. Monitoring Global Change 1.7. Reflections 2. SNOW HYDROLOGY 2.1. Introduction 2.1.1. Basic Processes 2.1.1.1. Atmospheric Processes 2.1.1.2. Snowcover Formation 2.1.1.3. Snowmelt Run-Off Processes 2.1.1.4. Snowcover Chemistry 2.1.2. Geographical Variations 2.1.2.1. Snowfall 2.1.2.2. Snowcover 2.1.2.3. Nival Streamflow Regimes 2.1.3. Relationship to Other Hydrological Variables 2.2. Historical Background 2.2.1. Snowfall 2.2.2. Snowcover Properties 2.2.3. Snowmelt Run-Off 2.3. Current Research 2.3.1. Blowing Snow 2.3.2. Meltwater Infiltration 2.3.3. Water Flux Through Cold Snowcovers 2.3.4. Remote Sensing 2.3.5. Snow Chemistry 2.3.6. Snow/Ground Interface Temperature 2.3.7. Snow Radiative Properties 2.4. Future Research Needs 2.4.1. Snowfall 2.4.2. Snowcover 2.4.3. Snowmelt 2.4.4. Snowmelt Run-Off 2.4.5. Removal of Solutes from Melting Snowcovers 3. PERMAFROST HYDROLOGY 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Historical Background 3.2.1. Streamflow Studies 3.2.2. Water-Balance Studies 3.2.3. Hillslope Hydrological Studies 3.2.4. Studies of Lake and Wetland Hydrology 3.3. Recent Trends 3.4. Current Research 3 .4.1. Coupling Snowmelt, Infiltration and Soil Moisture 3.4.2. Hydrological Modelling 3.5. Future Research Needs 3.5.1. Regional Hydrology 3.5.2. Climatic Change and Permafrost Hydrology 3.5.2.1. Application of Spatial Analogues 3.5.2.2. Application of Climatic Variability Analogues 3.5.2.3. Use of Simulation Models 4. GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY 4.1. Introduction 4.1.1. Permafrost 4.1.2. Properties of Frozen Ground and Permafrost 4.1.2.1. Ice and Water Contents 4.1.2.2. Hydraulic Conductivity 4.1.3. Effects on Water Chemistry 4.1.3.1. Low Temperatures 4.1.3.2. Permafrost 4.2. Aquifers in Permafrost Areas 4.2.1. Position Relative to Permafrost 4.2.2. Suprapermafrost Aquifers 4.2.2.1. Subtype I Aquifers 4.2.2.2. Subtype II and III Aquifers 4.2.2.3. Chemical composition of suprapermafrost water 4.2.3. Intrapermafrost Aquifers 4.2.3.1. Open Taliks 4.2.3.2. Lateral Taliks 4.2.3.3. Isolated Taliks 4.2.3.4. Chemical Composition of Intrapermafrost Water 4.2.4. Subpermafrost Aquifers 4.2.4.1. Unconsolidated Deposits 4.2.4.2. Sedimentary Bedrock 4.2.4.3. Karst 4.2.4.4. Igneous and Metamorphic Terrain 4.2.4.5. Chemical Composition of Subpermafrost Water 4.3. Ground-Water Hydrology 4.3.1. Comparison with Non-Permafrost Areas 4.3.2. Infiltration and Ground-Water Recharge 4.3.3. Lateral Movement of Ground Water 4.3.4. Discharge of Ground Water 4.3.4.1. Springs 4.3.4.2. Base Flow 4.3.4.3. Icings 4.3.4.4. Ground-Water Discharge Rates from Icing Volumes 4.3.4.5. Chemical Composition of Icings and Meltwater 4.3.5. Importance of Ground Water 4.3.5.1. Fisheries 4.3.5.2. Vegetation 4.3.5.3. Water Supply 4.3.5.4. Recreation and Space Heating 4.4. Historical Background 4.4.1. Pre-1970 Situation 4.4.2. Recent Advances 4.4.3. Agencies Involved in Recent Research 4.4.4. Incentives for Recent Research 4.5. Current Research 4.6. Future Research Needs 4.6.1. Major Unknowns 4.6.2. Subjects Requiring Research 4.6.3. Future Incentives for Ground-Water Research 4.6.4. Major Impediments 5. HYDROLOGY OF FLOATING ICE 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Ice Processes on Rivers and Lakes: an Overview 5.3. Historical Background 5.3.1. Floods and High Stages 5.3.2. Low Flow 5.3.3. Flow Duration 5.3.4. Flow Measurement 5.4. Current Research 5.4.1. Ice Jams, Break-Up and Freeze-Up 5.4.2. Low Flows 5.4.3. Flow Duration 5.4.4. Flow Measurement 5.5. Future Research Needs 5.5.1. Ice Jams, Break-Up and Freeze-Up 5.5.2. Low Flows 5.5.3. Continuous Simulation 5.5.4. Flow Measurement 5.6. New Research Approaches 5.7. Conclusion 5.8. Acknowledgements 6. GLACIER HYDROLOGY 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Glacier Hydrology: an Overview 6.2.1. Run-Off 6.2.2. Local Variability in Climatic Inputs 6.2.3. Regional Variability 6.2.4. Temporal Variability in Climatic Inputs 6.2.5. Glacier Outburst Floods 6.2.6. Distribution and Characteristics of Canadian Glaciers 6.3. Process and Regional Examples 6.3.1. Typical Run-off Components from a Glacierized Catchment 6.3.2. Western Cordilleran Example - Peyto Glacier 6.3.3.1. Basin Description 6.3.3.2. Meteorological Inputs and Snow-Line Movement 6.3.3.3. Internal Hydrology of the Glacier 6.3.3.4. Specific Yield within the Basin 6.3.3.5. The Resultant Hydrographs 6.3.3.6. Detailed Interrelationship (1970/74) 6.3.4. High-Arctic Example - White Glacier 6.4. A History of Glacier Hydrology Studies 6.4.1. Studies in the Western Cordillera 6.4.2. The Arctic lslands 6.4.3. Studies in the Yukon 6.4.4. Studies in Labrador 6.4.5. The International Hydrological Decade 6.4.6. International Hydrological Programme 6.5. The Main Achievements of Hydrology Studies in Glacierized Basins 6.5.1. Basic Description of Resources 6.5.2. Achievements in Glacier Mass Balance 6.5.3. Achievements in Glacier-Run-Off Studies 6.5.3.1. Meltwater Generation 6.5.3.2. Glacier Outburst Floods 6.5.3.3. Models of Basin Run-Off 6.5.4. Achievements in Surveying and Remote Sensing 6.6. The Future 7. WATER-QUALITY RESEARCH 7.1. Introduction 7 .2. Historical Background 7.2.1. Activities Prior to 1969 7.2.2. Overview ofN.W.T. Water-Quality Network Data 7.2.3. Mackenzie River Basin 7.2.4. Yukon River Basin 7.2.5. Limnological Research Activities near Resolute, Cornwallis Island and at Saqvaqjuac 7.3. Current Research - Long-Range Atmospheric Transport and Deposition 7.4. Future Research Needs 7.5. Acknowledgements 8. THE REGIONAL ENERGY BALANCE 8.1. Introduction 8.1.1. Basic Processes 8.1.2. Regional Variations 8.1.3. Relationship to Other Hydrological Variables 8.1.4. Importance to the Northern Environment 8.2. Historical Background 8.2.1. Subarctic 8.2.2. Arctic Tundra 8.2.3. Glacierized Basins 8.3. Current Research 8.4. Future Research Needs 9. REGIONAL HYDROLOGY 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Hydrological Regions 9.2.1. Shawinigan Engineering Studies 9.2.2 Acres Consulting Services Ltd 9 .2.2.1. Annual Yield 9.2.2.2. Low Flow 9.2.2.3. Floods 9.2.3. Joint DOE-DIAND Studies 9.2.4. 1985-86 IWD Network Evaluation in Western and Northern Region 9.2.5 The Maekenzie River Basin Flow Model 9.3. River Elements in the Northern Hydrological Cycle 9.3.1. Snowfall Components 9.3.2. Ice Proeesses and Northem Streamflow 9.3.2.1. The Freeze-Up 9.3.2.2. Midwinter Flows 9.3.2.3. Streamflow in the Annual Break-Up 9.4. Northern Streamflow Data Collection 9.5. Conclusions 10. WATER MANAGEMENT NORTH OF 60° 10.1. lntroduction 10.2. Legislative Framework 10.3. Water Boards 10.4. Licensing and Authorization 10.4.1. Lieensing 10.4.2. Authorization 10.5. Enforcement 10.6. Data Collection 10.6.1. Water Quantity 10.6.2. Water Quality 10.6.3. Preeipitation 10.7. Planning 10.7.1. Comprehensive Planning 10.7.2. Integrated Planning 10.8. Major Ma

Anmerkung: Groningen, Univ., Diss., 1983 , CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION. - CHAPTER 1. ANALYTICAL AND PREPARATIVE TECHNIQUES. - 1.1. Introduction. - 1.2. Isotope mass spectrometry of H, O and C. - 1.2.1. 2H analysis of H2. - 1.2.2. 18O and 13C analysis of CO2. - 1.3. Preparation of H2 from H2O and organic compounds. - 1.3.1. Combustion and reduction system. - 1.3.1.1. Automated vacuum taps. - 1.3.1.2. Automated cold trap. - 1.3.1.3. Automated combustion. - 1.3.1,4, Membrane pump. - 1.3.2. Performance and results. - 1.3.2.1. H2O samples. - 1.3.2.1. Organic samples. - 1.4. Preparation of CO2 from H2O and organic compounds. - 1.4.1. Introduction. - 1.4.2. Review of the available methods for extracting oxygen. - 1.4.3. Sealed nickel tube pyrolysis. - 1.4.3.1. Principle. - 1.4.3.2. Realization. - 1.4.3.3. Technical details. - 1.4.3.4. Results and calibration. - 1.4.3.5. 18O analysis of some organic pounds 1.4.3.5. δ2H of hydrogen produced by the SNTP method. - 1.5. Preparation of carbon dioxide for 13C analysis. - 1.6. Separation of cellulose from wood and peat. - 1.6.1. Introduction. - 1.6.2. Separation of cellulose from wood. - 1.6.3. Separation of cellulose from peat. - 1.6.4 Nitration and drying of cellulose. - CHAPTER 2. 18O FRACTIONATION BETWEEN CO2 AND H2O. - 2.1. Introduction. - 2.2. 18O analysis of H2O. - 2.3. Equilibration with CO2. - 2.4. Mass spectrometric analyses. - 2.5. Results anddiscussion. - CHAPTER 3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE 2H/1H AND 18O/16O RATIO OF PLANT CELLULOSE. - 3.1. Survey of factors affecting the 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratio. - 3.2. Isotopic composition of precipitation. - 3.3. Leaf-water isotopic enrichment. - 3.3.1. Theoretical. - 3.3.2. Measurement of leaf-water enrichment. - 3.3.2.1. Trees. - 3.3.2.2. Bog plants. - 3.4. Biochemical fractionation. - CHAPTER 4. 2H, 18O AND 13C VARIATIONS IN TREE RINGS. - 4.1. Introduction. - 4.2. Methods and material. - 4.3. Results and discussion. - 4.3.1. Intra-ring variations. - 4.3.1.1. Late wood. - 4.3.1.2. Differences between early wood and late wood. - 4.3.2. Inter-ring variations. - CHAPTER 5. 2H, 18O AND 13C VARIATIONS IN PEAT. - 5.1. Introduction. - 5.2. δ2H, δ18O and δ13C values of bog plants. - 5.2.1. Material and method. - 5.2.2. δ18O and δ2H. - 5.2.3. δ13C 5.3. Engbertsdijksveen I. - 5.3. Introduction. - 5.3.2. Description of the local vegetational succession. - 5.3.3. Cellulose preparation. - 5.3.4. The δ2H and δ18O record. - 5.4. Engbertsdijksveen VII. - 5.4.1. Introduction. - 5.4.2. Description of the local vegetational succession. - 5.4.3. The δ2H and δ18O record. - 5.4.4. The δ13C record. - 5.5. Comparison between Engbertsdijksveen I and VII. - 5.6. Conclusions. - Appendix. - REFERENCES. - SUMMARY. - SAMENVATTING. - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

Anmerkung: Table of Contents: Preface. - 1.0 Introduction. - 2.0 Geo-referenced data base. - 3.0 Polar stereographic elevation grid. - 4.0 Goid grid. - Tables. - Appendix. - References.

Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Distribution List. - List of acronyms and abbreviations used. - Record of Amendments. - Foreword to 1st Edition. - Foreword to 2nd Edition. - HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS OF ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - CONSIDERATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS BY SCAR AND ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE PARTIES. - OPERATION OF INDIVIDUAL NATIONS' NETWORKS. - Australia's Antarctic Communications. - Japan's Antarctic communications. - UK Antarctic communications. - US Antarctic communications. - ANTARCTIC TREATY RESOLUTIONS ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - WMO RESOLUTIONS AND PRINCIPLES ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - Introduction. - Engineering principles of the GTS. - Functions and responsibilities of Meteorological Telecommunications Centres. - Characteristics of the networks of the GTS. - Operational principles of the GTS. - The transmission of meteorological data an the GTS. - Collection and transmission of meteorological data. - Data processing. - Telecommunications system. - Weather reporting by traverse parties. - Automatic weather station in the Antarctic. - AIREP reports. - Mobile ship stations. - OTHER RELEVANT RECOMMENDATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS. - APPENDIXES. - APPENDIX I. - Manual an the Global Data Processing System, Regional Aspects, the Antarctic. - APPENDIX II. - Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Antarctic. - APPENDIX III. - Results of the monitoring of Antarctic data reception carried out during the period 12-15 March 1982. - APPENDIX IV. - Existing links for the daily international exchange of meteorological data within the Antarctic. - APPENDIX V. - Principal routes by which Antarctic meteorological data enters the GTS. - APPENDIX VI. - List of Antarctic stations and the routing of their meteorological data to the GTS.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - ATLANTIC. - New transfer function for estimating past sea-surface conditions from sea-bed distribution of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages in the North Atlantic / Nilva G. Kipp. - Glacial North Atlantic 18,000 years ago: a CLIMAP reconstruction / Andrew Mclntyre and Nilva G. Kipp with Allen W. H. Bé, Thomas Crowley, Thomas Kellogg, James V. Gardner, Warren Prell, and William F. Ruddiman. - Late Quaternary climatic changes: Evidence from deep-sea cores of Norwegian and Greenland Seas / Thomas B. Kellogg. - Northeast Atlantic paleoclimatic changes over the past 600,000 years / W. F. Ruddiman and A. Mclntyre. - O18 record of the Atlantic Ocean for the entire Pleistocene Epoch / Jan van Donk. - Late Quaternary climatic record in western equatorial Atlantic sediment / Allan W. H. Bé, John E. Damuth, Leroy Lott, and Rosemary Free. - Late Pleistocene faunal and temperature patterns of the Colombia Basin, Caribbean Sea / Warren L. Prell and James D. Hays. - Responses of sea-surface temperature and circulation to global climatic change during the past 200,000 years in the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean / James V. Gardner and James D. Hays. - Equatorial Atlantic and Caribbean foraminiferal assemblages, temperatures, and circulation: Interglacial and glacial comparisons / Warren L. Prell, James V. Gardner, Allan W. H. Bé, and James D. Hays. - Corresponding patterns of contemporary pollen and vegetation in central North America / T. Webb III and J. H. McAndrews. - ANTARCTIC. - Relationship of radiolarian assemblages to sediment types and physical oceanography in the Atlantic and western Indian Ocean sectors of the Antarctic Ocean / Jose A. Lozano and James D. Hays. - Reconstruction of the Atlantic and western Indian Ocean sectors of the 18,000 B.P. Antarctic Ocean / James D. Hays, Jose A. Lozano, Nicholas Shackleton, and Grace Irving. - PACIFIC. - Late Quaternary sediment of the Panama Basin: Sedimentation rates, periodicities, and controls of carbonate and opal accumulation / Nicklas G. Pisias. - Late Quaternary accumulation rates of opal, quartz, organic carbon, and calcium carbonate in the Cascadia Basin area, northeast Pacific / G. Ross Heath, Ted C. Moore, Jr., and J. Paul Dauphin. - Glacial advance in the Gulf of Alaska area implied by ice-rafted material / Roland von Huene, Jim Crouch, and Edwin Larson. - Modern Pacific coccolith assemblages: Derivation and application to late Pleistocene paleotemperature analysis / Kurt R. Geitzenauer, Michael B. Roche, and Andrew Mclntyre. - Oxygen-isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Pacific core V28-239 late Pliocene to latest Pleistocene / N. J. Shackleton and N. D. Opdyke.

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Preface. - Dedication. - List of Contributors. - 1. Exine ultrastructure in the spores of enigmatic Devonian plants: its bearing on the interpretation of relationships and on the origin of the sporophyte / A. R. Hemsley. - 2. A review of Mesozoic megaspore ultrastructure / W. L. Kovach. - 3. Tests and applications of a method of quantitative analysis of fossil and extant lycopsid megaspore walls / W. A. Taylor. - 4. Exospore ultrastructure in Carboniferous sphenopsids / B. Lugardon and C. Brousmiche Delcambre. - 5. Comparative ultrastructure of living and fossil matoniaceous spores (Pteridophyta) / J. H. A. Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert and M.H. Kurmann. - 6. Ultrastructure of Teickertospora torquata (Higgs) from the Late Devonian: oldest saccate palynomorph / C. B. Foster and B.E. Balme. - 7. Comparative ultrastructure of fossil gymnosperm pollen and its phylogenetic implications / J. M. Osborn and T. N. Taylor . - 8. Pollen morphological diversity in extant and fossil gymnosperms / M. H. Kurmann and M. S. Zavada. - 9. Ultrastructure of pollen from Cretaceous angiosperm reproductive structures / K. R. Pedersen, E. M. Friis and P. R. Crane. - 10. Ultrastructure and relationships of mid-Cretaceous polyforate and triporate pollen from Northern Gondwana / J. V. Ward and J. A. Doyle. - 11. Pollen ultrastructure of Pandanaceae and the fossil genus Pandaniidites / C. L. Hotton, H. A. Leffingwell and J. J. Skvarla. - 12. Relationship between Propylipollis annularis (Tertiary dispersed pollen) and extant Xylomelum (Proteaceae) / L. A. Milne. - Taxonomic Index.

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitende Übersicht 2. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit 3. Forschungsarbeiten - Expeditionen 3.1 Antarktisexpedition X/2-8 3.2 Arktisexpedition IX 3.3 Antarktisexpedition Xl 3.4 Landexpedition Sibirien 4. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Sektionen 4.1 Biologie I (Zoologie) 4.2 Biologie II (Botanik und Mikrobiologie) 4.3 Chemie 4.4 Geologie 4.5 Geophysik 4.6 Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre I 4.7 Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre II 4.8 Meeresphysik und Meßwesen 4.9 Forschungsstelle Potsdam 5. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen Die Entwicklung von Kaltwasser-Makroalgen Die Biodiversität des antarktischen Benthos Weddellrobben - Tieftaucher in der Hochantarktis Die weltweit verbreitete Planktonalge Phaeocystis: Untersuchungen zu physiologischen und molekularen Unterschieden Die Entwicklung von Algen- und Bakteriengemeinschaften im Meereis Zooplanktonkot in der Arktis: Nahrungsgrundlage im Pelagial oder Transportvehikel bei der Sedimentation? Stimuliert ein globaler Anstieg des Kohlendioxids die marine Primärproduktion? Die Beziehung zwischen Huminstoffen und Aminosäuren in polaren Gewässern Die Ozonverteilung in der Atmosphäre über dem Atlantik Pinatubo-Aerosole und polare stratosphärische Wolken Spurengas-Messungen in der arktischen Stratosphäre während der Polarnacht Die mittleren vertikalen Ozonverteilungen über Arktis und Antarktis Eisbewegung und Subglazialtopographie im Umfeld der Schirmacheroase, Ostantarktis Umweltgeschichte der kontinentalen Ostantarktis - aufgezeichnet in Seesedimenten Das antarktische Meereis und seine Verbreitung in geologischer Vorzeit-Rekonstruktion und Modellierung Kalt- und Warmzeiten im Südatlantik anhand benthischer Foraminiferen Terrigener Sedimenteintrag im östlichen Arktischen Ozean Mineralbildung in Sedimenten und Böden der Permafrostzone Seismische Untersuchungen im eurasischen Becken (Arktischer Ozean) Untersuchungen zum Massenhaushalt des Inlandeises in Nordostgrönland Wassermassenbildung im Storfjord - ein Modell arktischer Schelfgebiete Atmosphärische Rollenkonvektion in der Framstraße ERS-l Radaraufnahmen des antarktischen Meereises Der Einfluß von Algen auf die physikalischen Prozesse im Meereis: ein Modell Die Bestimmung der Zirkulation im Weltmeer aus hydrographischen Daten Auswirkungen der Tiefenwasserproduktion auf die Zirkulation des Nordatlantik Infrarot-Zeilenkamera zur verbesserten Meereisfernerkundung LlDAR-Gerät zur Beobachtung fluoreszierender Stoffe im Meer Untersuchung der durch das Ozonloch verursachten UV-B Belastung auf Produktion und Artenzusammensetzung des Phytoplanktons 6. Logistik 7. Zentrale Einrichtungen 7.1 Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 7.2 Bibliothek 7.3 Rechenzentrum 8. Personeller Ausbau und Haushaltsentwicklung 8.1 Personal 8.2 Haushalt Anhang I Personal II Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen III Publikationen des Instituts IV Veröffentlichungen der Mitarbeiter V Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten VI "Polarstern"-Expeditionen , Contents 1. Introductory Overview 2. International and National Cooperation 3. Research Projects - Expeditions 3.1 ANT X/2-8 3.2 ARK IX 3.3 ANT XI 3.4 Land Expedition to Siberia 4. Scienlific Work of the Sections 4.1 Biology I (Zoology, Ecophysiology and Macroalgae Ecology) 4.2 Biology II (Botany and Microbiology) 4.3 Chemistry 4.4. Geology 4.5 Geophysics and Glaciology 4.6 Physics of the Ocean and Atmosphere I 4.7 Physics of the Ocean and Atmosphere II 4.8 Marine Physics and Instrumentation 4.9 Potsdam Research Unit 5. Selected Research Topics The Evolution of cold-water macroalgae Antarctic Benthos Biodiversity Weddell Seals - deep divers in the High Antarctic The Cosmopolitan Planktonic Alga Phaeocystis: investigations into physiological and molecular differences Development of algal and bacterial communities in sea ice Zooplankton Faeces in Arctic Waters: Food for the Pelagic System or Transport Vehicle for Sedimenting Matter? Does the Global C02 Increase Stimulate Marine Primary Production? Relationship between Humic Substances and Amino Acids in Polar Waters The Ozone Distribution in the Atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean Pinatubo Aerosols and Polar Stratospheric Clouds.. Measurement of Trace Gases in the Arctic Stratosphere during the Polar Night The Mean Vertical Distributions of Ozone above the Arctic and Antarctic Ice Movement and Sub-glacial Topography in the Vicinity of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctic The Environmental History of the Continental East Antarctic as Recorded in Lake Sediments The Antarctic Sea Ice and its Extent in Geologically Prehistoric Times - Reconstruction and Modelling Benthic Foraminifera- Indicators of Glacial and Interglacial Climate in the South Atlantic Ocean Terrigenous Sediment Supply to the Eastern Arctic Ocean Mineral Formation in the Sediments and Soils of the Permafrost Zone Seismic Investigations in the Eurasian Basin (Arctic Ocean) Investigations into the Mass Balance of the Inland Ice in Northeast Greenland Water Mass Formation in the Storfjord - a Model of Arctic Shelf Regions Atmospheric Roll-Convection in the Fram Strait ERS-1 Radar Images of the Antarctic Sea Ice The Influence of Algae on the Physical Processes in Sea Ice: a Model Estimation of the Global Ocean Circulation from Hydrographic Measurements Influence of Deep Water Production on the North Atlantic General Circulation Infrared Line Scanner for Improved Remote Sensing of Sea Ice The LIDAR Instrument for Observation of Fluorescent Matter in the Ocean lnvestigation of the UV-B Impact on Phytoplankton Production and Species Composition 6. Logistics 6.1 Polar Stations 6.2 Research Vessels "Polarsten" and "Victor Hensen" 6.3 Polar Aircraft and Helicopters 6.4 General Logistics 7. Central Services 7.1 Press and Public Relations 7.2 Library 7.3 Computer Centre 8. Personnel Expansion and Budget Development 8.1 Personnel 8.2 Budget Annex I. Personnel II. Scientific Events Ill. Publications of the Institute IV. Publications by Members of Staff V. Completed Theses and Dissertations VI. "Polarstern" Expeditions

Anmerkung: Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1. FROZEN GROUND 1.1 Frozen ground support systems Frozen earth wall Design considerations 1.2 Seasonally and perennially frozen ground Cold regions: definition Subsurface temperatures Active layer, Permafrost 1.3 Terrain features in permafrost areas Ground ice features Patterned ground 1.4 Engineering considerations Freezing process Thawing of frozen ground Frost action Useful aspects of frozen ground Ice as a construction material Problems CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Composition and structure of frozen ground Soil types Phase relationships Ice phase Particle size and size distribution Consistency of cohesive soils 2.2 Soil classification Unified soil classification system Frozen soil classification 2.3 Water-ice phase relationships Unfrozen water in frozen soil Effect of solutes on freezing 2.4 Soil frost action Frost action process Frost susceptibility of soils Frost-heave forces Freeze-thaw effects on permeability 2.5 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity Heat capacity Thermal diffusiuity Latent heat of fusion Thermal expansion (or contraction) Problems CHAPTER 3. HEAT FLOW IN SOILS 3.1 Heat transfer at the ground surface Climatic factors Freezing (or thawing) indices Surface n-factor 3.2 Seasonal ground freezing (or thawing) Frost depth Thawing of frozen soil Design implications 3.3 Temperature below cooled (or heated) areas Steady state heat flow Transient temperatures Periodic heat flow 3.4 Thermal analysis: frozen ground support systems Single freeze pipe Wall formation Multiple rows of freeze pipes Problems CHAPTER 4. THAW BEHAVIOR OF FROZEN GROUND 4.1 Thaw settlement 4.2 Consolidation of thawing soils Thaw consolidation Residual stress in thawing soils 4.3 Thaw-consolidation in some layered systems Two layer soil problems Compressible soil ouer discrete ice layers Problems CHAPTER 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOILS 5.1 Stress-strain-time and strength behavior Hydrostatic pressure effect on frozen soil behavior Shear stress effect on frozen soil behavior 5.2 Factors influencing creep and strength Creep of frozen soil under constant stress Stress-strain behavior under constant strain rate Ice content effect on strength Normal pressure effect on strength Strain rate effect on strength Temperature effect on strength Frozen soil behauior at cryogenic temperatures 5.3 Analytical representation of creep and strength data General creep equation Strength of frozen soils Comparison with Vyalou's creep and strength equations Normal pressure effect on creep and strength Salinity effect on frozen soil creep and strength 5.4 Frozen soil behavior in uniaxial tension 5.5 Deformability of frozen soils 5.6 Compressibility of frozen soils Problems CHAPTER 6. CONSTRUCTION GROUND FREEZING 6.1 Design considerations Ground freezing applications Soil conditions Groundwater flow Ground movement 6.2 Freezing methods and system installation Primary plant and pumped loop secondary coolant Expendable liquid refrigerant Installation of the cooling system 6.3 Structural design of frozen earth walls Curved walls Straight walls and combinations Tunnels Finite-element method 6.4 Monitoring requirements Freeze hole deviation Temperature Frost boundary location and wall thickness 6.5 Other construction considerations Protection of exposed frozen earth Concrete placement against frozen earth Problems CHAPTER 7. FOUNDATIONS IN FROZEN SOILS 7.1 General considerations Foundations in seasonally frozen ground Foundations in permafrost 7.2 Shallow foundations Selection of foundation method Design of shallow foundations Bearing capacity Settlement considerations 7.3 Pile foundations Pile types Pile placement Pile freezeback Axially loaded piles Laterally loaded piles Anchors in frozen ground 7.4 Frost-heave forces on foundations Tangential forces on a vertical surface Design for frost heave Problems CHAPTER 8. STABILITY OF SOIL MASSES IN COLD REGIONS 8.1 Landslides in permafrost: classification 8.2 Slopes in thawing permafrost Low-angle planar flows Slides 8.3 Slopes in frozen soils 8.4 Slope stabilization methods Construction and design techniques Stabilization of planar slides Stabilization of cut slopes Problems CHAPTER 9. EARTHWORK IN COLD REGIONS 9.1 Site considerations Drainage Thermal and frost action factors Subsurface conditions Material sources 9.2 Excavation and transport Mechanical excavation Drilling and blasting Thawing frozen soil Hydraulic dredging 9.3 Field placement Compaction Placement in water 9.4 Water-retaining embankments on permafrost Unfrozen embankments Frozen embankments Maintaining the frozen state Thermal and stability considerations 9.5 Embankment performance Frost heave Settlement Stability Artificial islands CHAPTER 10. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 10.1. Sampling frozen ground Sampling methods Sample protection 10.2 Ground-temperature measurement Temperature sensors and measuring equipment 10.3 Field testing of frozen soils Field test methods Pressuremeter test Deep static cone penetration test Other types of field tests 10.4 Geophysical methods Seismic velocities in frozen ground Electrical properties of frozen ground Geophysical techniques used in frozen ground High-frequency electrical methods Borehole logging in permafrost APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS APPENDIX B. SI UNITS APPENDIX C LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS ON FROZEN SOILS C1 Handling, storage, and machining of specimens prior to testing C2 Uniaxial compression test C3 Uniaxial tensile test C.4 Salinity of soil pore water C5 Thermosiphon C6 Pile load test in permafrost REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Introduction History and development along the Elliott and Dalton Highways Elliott Highway Hickel Highway Dalton Highway Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Climate Temperature Precipitation Physiography Permafrost and ground ice Hydrology Icings Pingos Geology Bedrock geology Glacial geology of the Brooks Range Vegetation Bottomland spruce-poplar forest Upland spruce-hardwood forest Lowland spruce-hardwood forest High shrub Low shrub bogs Moist tundra Wet tundra Alpine tundra Disturbance patterns Flora Soils Road log Introduction Fox Fox - Livengood Livengood Livengood - Yukon River Yukon River region and crossing Yukon River - Atigun Pass Cirque glaciation and processes in the Atigun Pass area Slushflow activity in the Atigun Pass area Atigun Valley - Prudhoe Bay The Prudhoe Bay region Oil-field development Geology Geomorphology. soils, and vegetation Selected references Appendix A - Soil taxonomy Appendix B - List of plants

Anmerkung: Table of Contents: Preface. - Why Learn UNIX?. - How to Use This Book. - A Word About UNIX Versions. - Conventions Used in This Handbook. - Chapter 1 Introduction to the UNIX Operating System. - Logging In to UNIX. - UNIX Commands. - The UNIX File System. - Files and Filenames. - The File System's Structure. - Simple Commands for Working with Files. - Simple Commands for Working with Directories. - Wildcards. - File Access Permission. - Standard Input and Output. - Pipes. - Controlling Execution. - Stopping Programs. - Foreground and Background. - Running a Job at a Later Time. - Shell Programs. - Command Line Arguments. - Shell Variables. - Loops. - Conditionals. - Shell Customization. - Environment Variables. - Shell Variables. - Aliases. - Other Basic Tools. - Standard UNIX Documentation. - Online Help. - Chapter 2 Creating a FORTRAN Program with vi. - Invoking vi. - Retrieving Backup Versions. - Modes. - Text Mode. - Command Mode. - Moving Within a File. - Adding and Deleting Text. - Search Operations. - Moving Blocks of Text-Named Buffers. - Saving and Exiting. - Editing and Inserting Other Files. - Executing UNIX Commands from vi. - Other Features. - Options. - Pattern Matching. - Chapter 3 Compiling and Linking FORTRAN Programs. - FORTRAN Compilation. - Libraries. - Output Files. - make and the Compiler. - Compilation Options. - The Preprocessor. - Preprocessor Statements. - File Inclusion. - Conditional Compilation. - Comments. - Summary of Preprocessor Statements. - Assembling a FORTRAN Program. - Invoking the Assembler. - Linking FORTRAN Programs. - Invoking Id. - Linker Options. - Error Messages. - Creating Libraries. - Chapter 4 FORTRAN Working Environment. - FORTRAN I/O. - Default Filenames. - FORTRAN I/O Initialization. - Simple Character I/O. - File System Information. - Tape I/O. - UNIX System Calls and Functions. - Command Line Arguments. - Accessing the Environment. - Timing. - Mathematical Routines. - Executing UNIX Commands. - System Error Handling. - Installing Local Programs. - Chapter 5 Debugging FORTRAN Programs. - Source-level Debugging with dbx. - Compilation for dbx. - Starting dbx. - Basic dbx Commands. - Current File and Current Function. - Definitions and Conventions. - Advanced Features. - Debugging at the Assembly Level with adb. - Invoking adb. - adb Commands. - Executing a Program Under adb. - Working with Subroutines and Functions. - Working with Common Blocks. - Modifying Values. - Some Hints. - Chapter 6 Automatic Compilation with make. - Creating a makefile. - Dependencies. - Abbreviations and Macros. - Search Directories. - Default Compilation Rules. - Invoking make. - Convenient Flags. - make and RCS. - A Note on Source Files. - Error Messages. - Some Final Notes. - Chapter 7 Source Management with RCS. - Revision Trees. - Basic Operations. - RCS Directories and Files. - The Revision Log. - Identification Strings. - Strict Access. - More About Checking In. - New and Old Generations. - Other Features. - States. - Names. - Changing a File's Description. - Access Lists. - Chapter 8 Program Timing and Profiling. - Simple Timings. - Introduction to Profiling. - Preparing a Program for Profiling. - Name Handling. - Generating a Profile with gprof. - Interpreting a Profile from gprof. - The Flat Profile. - The Call Graph Profile. - Profiling with prof. - Appendix A Extensions and Oddities: UNIX Compatibility Issues. - UNIX FORTRAN Compilers. - UNIX Extensions. - Data Types. - Constants. - Tab Formatting. - File Inclusion. - I/O Extensions. - Intrinsic Functions. - Extensions to Avoid. - Quirks. - Save Status and Zero Initialization. - Common Block Padding. - Argument Matching. - Capitalization. - Listings. - Miscellaneous. - Appendix B Programs Mixing FORTRAN and C. - Calling C Procedures from FORTRAN. - Naming. - Arguments to Procedures. - Appendix C Data Representations. - Data Representations. - Storage Layout. - Integer Representation. - Logicals. - Floating-Point Numbers. - Single Precision (REAL, REAL*4). - Double Precision. - COMPLEX. - Error Conditions. - Appendix D UNIX Error Numbers and Signals. - General UNIX Error Numbers. - FORTRAN-Specific Error Numbers. - Signals. - Index.

Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. - PREFACE. - INTRODUCTION. - SYMBOLS AND NOTATION. - PART I. FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY OF ICE. - 1.General Concepts. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Equations of Balance. - 3. Material Response. - (a) General constitutive relations, simple materials. - (b) The rule of material objectivity. - (c) Material symmetry. - (d) Constitutive response for isotropie bodies. - (e) Materials with bounded memory-some constitutive representations. - (f) Incompressibility. - (g) Some representations of isotropic functions. - 4. The Entropy Principle. - (a) The viscous heat-conducting compressible fluid. - (b) The viscous heat-conducting incompressible fluid. - (c) Pressure and extra stress as independent variables. - (d) Thermoelastic solid. - (e) Final remarks. - 5. Phase Changes. - (a) Phase changes for a viscous compressible heat-conducting fluid. - (b) Phase changes for a viscous incompressible heat-conducting fluid. - References. - 2. A Brief Summary of Constitutive Relations for Ice. - 1. Preliminary Remarks. - 2. The Mechanical Properties of Hexagonal Ice. - (a) The crystal structure of ordinary ice. - (b) The elastic behavior of hexagonal ice. - (c) The inelastic behavior of single-crystal ice. - 3. The Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Ice. - (a) The elastic behavior of polycrystalline ice. - (b) Linear viscoelastic properties of polycrystalline ice. - (α) General theory. - (β) Experimental results. - (c) Non-linear viscous deformation and creep. - (α) Results of creep tests. - (β) Generalization to a three-dimensional flow law. - (γ) Other flow laws. - 4. The Mechanical Properties of Sea Ice. - (a) The phase diagram of standard sea ice and its brine conten. - (b) Elastic properties. - (c) Other material properties. - References. - PART II. THE DEFORMATION OF AN ICE MASS UNDER ITS OWN WEIGHT. - 3. A Mathematical Ice-flow Model and its Application to Parallel-sided Ice Slabs. - 1. Motivation and Physical Description. - 2. The Basic Model - Its Field Equations and Boundary Conditions. - (a) The field equations. - (α) Cold ice region. - (β) Temperate ice region. - (b) Boundary conditions. - (α) At the free surface. - (β) Along the ice-water interface. - (γ) Along the bedrock surface. - (δ) Along the melting surface. - 3. The Response of a Parallel-sided Ice Slab to Steady Conditions. - (a) Dimensionless forms of the field equations. - (b) Parallel-sided ice slab, a first approximation to glacier and ice-shelf flow dynamics. - (α) Velocity and temperature fields x-independent. - (β) Extending and compressing flow. - (γ) Floating ice shelves 4. Concluding Remark. - References. - 4. Thermo-mechanical Response of Nearly Parallel-sided Ice Slabs Sliding over their Bed. - 1. Motivation. - 2. The Basic Boundary-value Problem and its Reduction to Linear Form. - 3. The Solution of the Boundary-value Problems. - (a) Zeroth-order problem. - (b) First-order problem. - (α) Harmonic perturbation from uniform flow for a zero accumulation rate. - (β) Analytic solution for a Newtonian fluid. - (γ) Numerical solution for non-linear rheology. - (δ) Effect of a steady accumulation rate. - (ε) A historical note on a previous approach. - (η) The first-order temperature problem. - (c) Numerical results for steady state. - (α) Transfer of bottom protuberances to the surface. - (β) Basal stresses. - (γ) Surface velocities. - (δ) Effect of a steady accumulation rate. - 4. Remarks on Response to a Time-dependent Accumulation Rate. - 5. Surface-wave Stability Analysis. - (a) The eigenvalue problem. - (b) Discussion of results. - 6. Final Remarks. - References. - 5. The Application of the Shallow-ice Approximation. - 1. Background and Previous Work. - 2. Derivation of the Basal Shear-stress Formula by Integrating the Momentum Equations over Ice Thickness. - (a) Derivation. - (b) The use of the basal shear-stress formula in applied glaciology. - 3. Solution of the Ice-flow Problem using the Shallow-ice Approximation. - (a) Governing equations. - (b) Shallow-ice approximation. - (c) Construction of the perturbation solution. - (d) Results. - (e) Temperature field. - 4. Theoretical Steady-state Profiles. - (a) Earlier theories and their limitations. - (b) Surface profiles determined by using the shallow-ice approximation. - 5. An Alternative Scaling - a Proper Analysis of Dynamics of Ice Sheets with Ice Divides. - (a) Finite-bed inclination. - (b) Small-bed inclination. - (c) Illustrations. - References. - 6. The Response of a Glacier or an Ice Sheet to Seasonal and Climatic Changes. - 1. Statement of the Problem. - 2. Development of the Kinematic Wave Theory. - (a) Full non-linear theory. - (b) Perturbation expansion-linear theory. - (c) An estimate for the coefficients C and D. - (d) Boundary and initial conditions. - 3. Theoretical Solutions for a Model Glacier. - (a) Solutions neglecting diffusion. - (b) Theoretical solutions for a diffusive model. - (α) Coefficient functions for the special model. - (β) Solution for a step function. - (γ) General solution for uniform accumulation rate. - (δ) The inverse problem - calculation of climate from variations of the snout. - 4. General Treatment for an Arbitrary Valley Glacier. - (a) Fourier analysis in time. - (α) Low-frequency response. - (β) High-frequency response. - (γ) Use of the results. - (b) Direct integration methods. - 5. Derivation of the Surface-wave Equation from First Principles Non-linear Theory. - (a) Surface waves in the shallow-ice approximation. - (α) Integration by the methods of characteristics. - (β) An illustrative example. - (γ) A remark on linearization. - (δ) Effects of diffusion. - (b) Remarks regarding time-dependent surface profiles in ice sheets. - (c) Long waves in an infinite ice slab - Is accounting for diffusion enough?. - (α) Basic equations. - (β) Construction of perturbation solutions. - (γ) Numerical results. - 6. Concluding Remarks. - References. - 7. Three-dimensional and Local Flow Effects in Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Effect of Valley Sides on the Motion of a Glacier. - (a) Solutions in special cases. - (α) Exact solutions for the limiting cases. - (β) Solution for a slightly off-circular channel. - (γ) A note on very deep and wide channels. - (b) A useful result for symmetrical channels with no boundary slip. - (c) Numerical solution - discussion of results. - 3. Three-dimensional Flow Effects in Ice Sheets. - (a) Basic equations. - (b) Decoupling of the stress-velocity problem from the problem of surface profile. - (c) The equation describing the surface geometry. - (d) The margin conditions. - 4. Variational Principles. - (a) Fundamental variational theorem. - (b) Variational principle for velocities. - (c) Reciprocal variational theorem. - (d) Maximum and minimum principles. - (e) Adoption of the variational principles to ice problems. - 5. Discussion of Some Finite-element Solutions. - References. - Appendix: Detailed Calculations Pertaining to Higher-order Stresses in the Shallow-ice Approximation. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Introduction / Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 1: Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems / Thomas F. Anderson and Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 2: Stable isotopes of sulfur, nitrogen and deuterium in recent marine environments / Ian R. Kaplan. - Chapter 3: Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique / Ján Veizer. - Chapter 4: The application of stable isotopes to studies of the origin of dolomite and to problems of diagenesis of clastic sediments / Lynton S. Land. - Bibliography.

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction Data printouts Late reports Notes Numerical station index Alphabetical station index Appendix 1 Laboratories which have co-operated or are co-operating in the IAEA/WMO network Tritium laboratories Stable isotopes laboratories

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Notation The governing physical laws 1.1 The first law of thermodynamics 1.2 Conservation of matter 1.3 Newton's second law of motion 1.4 Coordinate systems 1.5 Hydrostatic balance and its implications 1.6 Vorticity 1.7 The quasi-geostrophic approximation 1.8 Potential vorticity and the omega equation 1.9 Ertel's potential vorticity 1.10 Problems 2 Observing and modelling global circulations 2.1 Averaging the atmosphere 2.2 The global observing network 2.3 Numerical weather prediction models 2.4 The analysis-forecast cycle 2.5 Global circulation models 2.6 Problems 3 The atmospheric heat engine 3.1 Global energy balance 3.2 Local radiative balance 3.3 Thermodynamics of fluid motion 3.4 Observed atmospheric heating 3.5 Problems 4 The zonal mean meridional circulation 4.1 Observational basis 4.2 The Held-Hou model of the Hadley circulation 4.3 More realistic models of the Hadley circulation 4.4 Zonal mean circulation in midlatitudes 4.5 A Lagrangian view of the meridional circulation 4.6 Problems 5 Transient disturbances in the midlatitudes 5.1 Timescales of atmospheric motion 5.2 The structure of transient eddies 5.3 Atmospheric energetics 5.4 Theories of baroclinic instability 5.5 Baroclinic lifecycles and high frequency transients 5.6 Problems 6 Wave propagation and steady eddies 6.1 Observations of steady eddies 6.2 Barotropic model 6.3 Application to observed steady eddies 6.4 Vertical propagation of Rossby waves 6.5 The Eliassen-Palm flux 6.6 Eliassen-Palm fluxes and baroclinic lifecycles 6.7 Problems 7 Three-dimensional aspects of the global circulation 7.1 Zonal variations in the tropics 7.2 Monsoon circulations 7.3 Midlatitude storm zones and jets 7.4 Interactions between transient and steady eddies 7.5 The global transport of water vapour 7.6 Problems 8 Low frequency variability of the circulation 8.1 Low frequency transients 8.2 Teleconnection-patterns 8.3 Stratospheric oscillations 8.4 Intraseasonal oscillation 8.5 The Southern Oscillation 8.6 Blocking of the midlatitude flow 8.7 Chaos and ultra low frequency variability 8.8 Problems 9 The stratosphere 9.1 The seasonal cycle of the stratospheric circulation 9.2 Wave propagation and mean flow interactions 9.3 The production and transport of ozone 9.4 Exchange of matter across the tropopause 9.5 Problems 10 Planetary atmospheres and other fluid systems 10.1 Major influences on planetary circulations 10.2 Terrestrial circulations 10.3 Slowly rotating atmospheres 10.4 The atmospheric circulation of the giant planets 10.5 Large scale ocean circulation 10.6 Laboratory systems 10.7 Problems Appendix Solutions to Problems Bibliography References Index

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. The Transformation of Snow to Ice. - 3. Mass Balance. - 4. Heat Budget and Climatology. - 5. Structure and Deformation of Ice. - 6. Hydraulics of Glaciers. - 7. Glacier Sliding. - 8. Deformation of Subglacial Till. - 9. Structures and Fabrics in Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 10. Distribution of Temperature in Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 11. Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 12. Flow of Ice Shelves and Ice Streams. - 13. Non-Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 14. Surging and Tidewater Glaciers. - 15. Ice Core Studies. - APPENDICES. - REFERENCES. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Glossary. - G.1 Abbreviations of mineral names used in the text. - G.2 Other abbreviations and symbols used in the text. - 1 Geochemical data. - 1.1 lntroduction. - 1.2 Geological processes and their geochemical signatures. - 1.2.1 Processes which control the chemical composition of igneous rocks. - 1.2.2 Processes which control the chemical composition of sedimentary rocks. - 1.2.3 Processes which control the chemical composition of metamorphic rocks. - 1.3 Geological controls on geochemical data. - 1.4 Analytical methods in geochemistry. - 1.4.1 X-ray fluorescence (XRF). - 1.4.2 Neutron activation analysis (INAA and RNAA). - 1.4.3 lnductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP). - 1.4.4 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). - 1.4.5 Mass spectrometry. - Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). - lnductively coupled plasma emission mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). - Spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS). - 1.4.6 Electron microprobe analysis. - 1.4.7 The ion microprobe. - 1.5 Selecting an appropriate analytical technique. - 1.6 Sources of error in geochemical analysis. - 1.6.1 Cantamination. - 1.6.2 CaIibration. - 1.6.3 Peak overlap. - 1.6.4 Detecting errors in geochemical data. - 2 Analysing geochemical data. - 2.1 lntroduction. - 2.2 Averages. - 2.3 Correlation. - 2.3.1 The correlation coefficient. - 2.3.2 The significance of the correlation coefficient (r). - 2.3.3 Assumptions in the calculation of the product-moment coefficient of correlation. - 2.3.4 Spearman rank correlation. - 2.3.5 Correlation matrices. - 2.3.6 Correlation coefficient patterns. - 2.4 Regression. - 2.4.1 Ordinary least squares regression. - 2.4.2 Reduced major axis regression. - 2.4.3 Weighted least squares regression. - 2.4.4 Robust regression. - 2.4.5 Some problems with traditional approaches to correlation and regression. - 2.5 Ratio correlation. - 2.5.1 An example of the improper use of ratio correlation - Pearce element ratio diagrams. - 2.5.2 Application to trace element diagrams. - 2.5.3 Ratio correlation in isotope geology. - 2.6 The constant sum problern. - 2.6.1 The consequences of closure. - Correlating compositional data. - The means of compositional data-sets. - Invalid escape routes. - 2.6.2 Aitchison's solution to the constant sum effect. - An example - basalts from Kilauea lki Iava Iake, Hawaii . - The interpretation of log-ratios. - 2.7 The interpretation of trends on triangular diagrams. - 2.8 Principal component analysis. - 2.9 Discriminant analysis. - 2.9.1 An example from igneous petrology. - 2.9.2 Other applications of discriminant analysis. - 2.10 Whither geochemical data analysis?. - 3 Using major element data. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Rock classification. - 3.2.1 Classifying igneous rocks using oxide-oxide plots. - The total alkalis-silica diagram (TAS). - (a) Using TAS with volcanic rocks. - (b) A TAS diagram for plutonic rocks. - (c) Discrimination between the alkaline and subalkaline rock series using TAS. - The K2O vs SiO2 diagram for the Subdivision of the subalkaline series. - 3.2.2 Classifying igneous rocks using the norm. - Cation norms. - Norm calculations and the oxidation state of iron. - Basalt classification using the Ne-Di-Ol-Hy-Q diagram of Thompson (1984). - Granite classification using the Ab-An-Or diagram of O'Connor (1965). - The Q'(F' )- ANOR diagram of Streckeisen and Le Maitre (1979). - 3.2.3 Classifying igneous rocks using cations. - The R1-R2 diagram of de Ia Roche et al. (1980). - The Jensen cation plot (Jensen, 1976). - 3.2.4 The chemical classification of sedimentary rocks. - Arenite/wacke. - Mudrocks. - 3.2.5 Discussion. - 3.3 Variation diagrams. - 3.3.1 Recognizing geochemical processes on a major element variation diagram. - Fractional crystallization. - Assimilation and fractional crystallization. - Partial melting. - Mixing lines in sedimentary rocks. - The identification of former weathering conditions from sedimentary rocks. - Mixing in metamorphic rocks. - Element mobility. - Artificial trends. - 3.3.2 Selecting a variation diagram. - Bivariate plots. - (a) Harker diagrams - bivariate plots using SiO2 along the x-axis. - (b) Bivariate plots which use MgO on the x-axis. - (c) Bivariate plots using cations. - (d) Bivariate plots using the magnesium number. - Triangular variation diagrams. - (a) The AFM diagram. - (b) Problems in the use of the AFM diagram. - 3.3.3 lnterpreting trends on variation diagrams. - Extract calculations. - Addition-subtraction diagrams. - Trends showing an inflection. - Scattered trends. - A computer-based approach to mixing calculations. - 3.3.4 Modelling major element processes in igneous rocks. - 3.3.5 Discussion. - 3.4 Diagrams on which rock chemistry can be plotted together with experimentally determined phase boundaries. - 3.4.1 The normative albite-orthoclase-quartz diagram -the 'granite system'. - Water-undersaturated equilibria. - The presence of anorthite. - 3.4.2 The silica-undersaturated portion of the normative nepheline-kalsilite-silica diagram - the 'nepheline syenite system'. - 3.4.3 Basaltic experimental systems. - CMAS diagrams. - (a) Projecting rock compositions into CMAS. - (b) Interpreting CMAS diagrams. - Diagrams based upon the Yoder-Tilley (1962) CIPW normative tetrahedron. - (a) Projections in the tholeiite basalt tetrahedron OI-PI-Di-Q. - (b) The normative Ne-Di-OI-Hy-Q diagram. - (c) The low-pressure tholeiitic basalt phase diagram (Cox et al., 1979). - (d) Problems with CIPW normative projections. - 3.4.4 Experimental systems for calc-alkaline rocks. - The olivine-clinopyroxene-silica projection of Grove et al. (1982). - The projections of Baker and Eggler (1983, 1987). - 3.4.5 Discussion. - Chapter 4 Using trace element data. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.1.1 Classification of trace elements according to their geochemical behaviour. - Trace element groupings in the periodic table. - Trace element behaviour in magmatic systems. - 4.2 Controls on trace element distribution. - 4.2.1 Partition coefficients. - Measuring partition coefficients. - Physical controls on the value of partition coefficients in mineral-melt systems. - (a) Composition. - (b) Temperature. - (c) Pressure. - (d) Oxygen activity. - (e) Crystal chemistry. - (f) Water content of the melt. - (g) Selecting a partition coefficient. - Partition coefficients in basalts and basaltic andesites. - Partition coefficients in andesites. - Partition coefficients in dacites and rhyolites. - 4.2.2 Geological controls on the distribution of trace elements. - Element mobility. - Partial melting. - (a) Batch melting. - (b) Fractional melting. - Crystal fractionation. - (a) Equilibrium crystallization. - (b) Fractional crystallization/Rayleigh fractionation. - (c) In situ crystallization. - Contamination. - (a) AFC processes. - (b) Zone refining. - Dynamic models. - (a) Dynamic melting. - (b) The RTF magma chamber. - Sedimentary processes. - 4.3 Rare earth elements (REE). - 4.3.1 The chemistry of the REE. - 4.3.2 Presenting REE data. - (a) Difficulties with chondrite normalization. - (b) Choosing a set of normalizing values. - REE ratio diagrams. - NASC normalization for sediments. - Rock normalization. - 4.3.3 Interpreting REE patterns. - REE patterns in igneous rocks. - REE patterns in sea and river water. - REE patterns in sedirnents. - (a) Clastic sediments. - (b) Chemical sediments. - 4.4 Normalized multi-element diagrams or incompatible element diagrams (spider diagrams). - 4.4.1 Multi-element diagrams for igneous rocks. - Primordial (primitive) mantle-normalized spider diagrams. - Chondrite-normalized spider diagrams. - MORB-normalized spider diagrams. - Which spider diagrams do we use?. - Interpreting multi-element diagrams for igneous rocks. - 4.4.2 Multi-element diagrams for sediments. - Interpreting multi-element diagrams for sediments. - 4.5 Platinum metal group element (PGE) plots. - 4.5.1 Presenting PGE data. - Chondrite normalization. -Primitive mantle normali

Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD LIST OF AUTHORS AND PARTICIPANTS I - OPERATION OF THE OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE CARBON CYCLE The recent state of carbon cycling through the atmosphere / I. Levin Glacial ocean carbon cycle modeling / Ch. Heinze Glacial-interglacial changes in continental weathering: possible implication for atmospheric CO2 / G. Munhoven and L.M.François II - VARIATIONS OF THE OCEANS CARBON RESERVOIR: FAUNAL VERSUS GEOCHEMCAL RECORDS The relationship between surface water masses, oceanographic fronts and paleoclimatic proxies in surface sediments of the Greenland, Iceland, Norwegian Seas / T. Johannessen, E. Jansen, A. Flatrøy, A. C. Ravelo. - Is there a relationship between atmospheric CO2 and manganese in the ocean? / A. Mangini, H.-J. Rutsch, M. Frank, A. Eisenhauer, J.-D. Eckhardt Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and the δ13C-signal in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean: glacial-to-interglacial contrasts / A. Mackensen, H. Grobe, H.-W. Hubberten, G. Kuhn Foraminiferal population dynamics and stable carbon isotopes / Ch. Hemleben and J. Bijma A comparison of carbon isotopes and cadmium in the modern and glacial maximum ocean: can we account for the discrepancies? / E. A. Boyle Tracer-nutrient correlations in the upper ocean: observational and box model constraints on the use of benthic foraminiferal δ13C and Cd/Ca as paleo-proxies for the intermediate-depth ocean / R. Zahn and R. Keir IIΙ - GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE ORGANIC SEDIMENT FRACTION: CONSTRAINTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL CARBON PUMP Possible early diagenetic alteration of palaeo proxies / G.J. De Lange, B. Van Os, P.A. Pruysers, J.J. Middelburg, D. Castradori, P. Van Santvoort, P.J. Müller, H. Eggenkamp, F.G. Prahl Nitrogen isotope fractionation in the modern ocean: implications for the sedimentary record / J. P. Montoya The use of nitrogen isotopic ratio for reconstruction of past changes in surface ocean nutrient utilization / M.A. Altabet and R. Francois Variations in sedimentary organic δ13C as a proxy for past changes in ocean and atmospheric CO2 concentrations / G. H. Rau Reconstruction of paleoceanic PCO2 levels from carbon isotopic compositions of sedimentary biogenic components /J.P. Jasper and J.M. Hayes Late Quaternary PCO2 variations in the Angola Current: evidence from organic carbon δ13C and alkenone temperatures / P.J. Müller, R. Schneider, G. Ruhland PCO2 variations of equatorial surface water over the last 330,000 years: the δ13C record of organic carbon / L. Westerhausen, M. Sarnthein, U. Struck, H. Erlenkeuser, J. Poynter IV - GEOCHEMICAL AND MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL INDEXES OF PALEO-PRODUCTIVITY Paleoproductivity: flux proxies versus nutrient proxies and other problems concerning the Quaternary productivity record / W.H. Berger, J.C. Herguera, C.B. Lange, R. Schneider From modern flux to paleoflux: assessment from sinking assemblages to thanatocoenosis / K. Takahashi Late Quaternary paleoproductivity variations in the NE and equatorial Atlantic: diatom and Corg evidence / F. Abrantes, K. Winn, M. Sarnthein Glacial-Holocene paleoproductivity off western Australia: a comparison of proxy records / D.C. McCorkle, H. H. Veeh, D.J. Heggie Nutrient, mixing and export indices: A 250 Kyr paleoproductivity record from the western equatorial Pacific / J.C. Herguera Dinoflagellate cysts as paleoproductivity indicators: state of the art, potential, and limits / B. Dale and A. Fjeliså Deep-sea benthic foraminifers: food and bottom water masses / D. Schnitker The history of barium, biogenic silica and organic carbon accumulation in the Weddell Sea and Antarctic Ocean over the last 150,000 years / G. Shimmield, S. Derrick, A. Mackensen, H. Grobe, C. Pudsey SUBJECT INDEX

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Sir Douglas Mawson. - Symposium Opening Ceremony. - The Mawson Lecture. - Symposium Topics. - 1. Precambrian East Antarctic Craton. - 2. East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary and the Ross Orogen, including Northern Victoria Land. - 3. Beacon Supergroup and Associated Igneous Rocks. - 4. West Antarctica. - 5. Scotia Arc and Antarctic Peninsula. - 6. Marine Geology. - 7. Antarctic Resources. - 8. Glacial Geology and Geomorphology. - 9. Crusta! Structure of Antarctica. - 10. Cenozoic Tectonics and Climatic Record-Onshore and Offshore Evidence. - 11. Antarctica in Gondwanaland. - 12. Plate Tectonics. - 13. Antarctic Meteorites. - 14. Subantarctic Islands. - 15. Cenozoic Igneous Activity. - I. Precambrian East Antarctic Craton. - The Precambrian Geological Evolution of the East Antarctic Metamorphic Shield: a Review / P.R. James and R.J. Tingey. - Geological History of the Archaean Napier Complex of Enderby Land / L.P. Black and P.R. James. - The Geology of the Fyfe Hills-Khmara Bay Region, Enderby Land / M.A. Sandiford and C.J.L. Wilson. - The Napier and Rayner Complexes of Enderby Land, Antarctica: Contrasting Styles of Metamorphism and Tectonism / D.J. Ellis. - Regional Geobarometry-Geothermometry and Metamorphic Evolution of Enderby Land, Antarctica / S.L. Harley. - Sm-Nd Isotopic Systematics of Enderby Land Granulites. Evidence for the Redistribution of Sm and Nd During Metamorphism (Abstract) / M. T. McCulloch and L.P. Black. - Geology and Petrology of Prince Olav Coast, East Antarctica / Y. Hiroi, K. Shiraishi, Y. Nakai, T. Kano and S. Yoshikura. - Tectonic Situation of Lützow-Holm Bay in East Antarctica and its significance in Gondwanaland / M. Yoshida and K. Kizaki. - Sapphirine-Garnet and Associated Parageneses in Antarctica / E.S. Grew. - A Review of the Tectonic and Metamorphic History of the Lützow-Holm Bay Region, East Antarctica / M. Yoshida, M. Suzuki, H. Shirahata, H. Kojima and K. Kizaki. - Spinels in Calc-silicate Rocks from the coast of Lützow-Holm Bay and surrounding areas (Abstract) / H. Matsueda, Y. Matsumoto and Y. Motoyoshi. - Petrochemical Study of Metamorphic Rocks in the Lützow-Holm Bay Area, East Antarctica (Abstract) / S. Kanisawa and K. Yanai. - Geology and Petrology of the Yamato Mountains / K. Shiraishi, M. Asami and Y. Ohta. - Geology and Petrology of the Belgica Mountains (Abstract) / H. Kojima, K. Yanai and T. Nishida. - Lead Isotopic Composition in Metamorphic Rocks from Skarvsnes, East Antarctica / H. Shirahata. - Sr-Isotopic Studies of some Intrusive Rocks in the Ahlmann Ridge and Annandagstoppane, Western Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / J.M. Barton Jr. and Y.E. Copperthwaite. - Preliminary Report on the Geochemistry and Petrology of some Igneous Rocks in the Ahlmanryggen and Giaeverryggen, Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (Abstract) / J.R. Krynauw. - Petrology and Zircon Geochronology of Herring Island and Commonwealth Bay and Evidence for Gondwana Reconstruction / R.L. Oliver, J.A. Cooper and A .F. Truelove. - Manganese-Rich Chemical Sediments from Wilkes Land, Antarctica / l.R. Plimer and J.R Lovering. - A Reassessment of the Age of the Windmill Metamorphics, Casey Area / l.S. Williams, W. Compston, K.D. Collerson, P.A. Arriens and J.R Lovering. - Lithological and Sr-Nd Isotopic Relationships in the Vestfold Block: Implications for Archaean and Proterozoic Crustal Evolution in the East Antarctic / K.D. Collerson, E. Reid, D. Millar and M. T. McCulloch. - Structure, Fabric Development and Metamorphism in Archaean Gneisses of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica / A.J. Parker, P.R. James, R.L. Oliver and V. Mielnik. - 2. East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary and the Ross Orogen, including Northern Victoria Land. - A Review of the Ross Fold Belt of the Transantarctic Mountains as a Boundary Structure between East Antarctica and West Antarctica (Abstract) / G.E. Grikurov. - The East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary between the Ice Shelves: a Review / C. Craddock. - The Pre-Beacon Geology of Northern Victoria Land: a Review / J.D. Bradshaw and M. G. Laird. - The Sedimentology of the Robertson Bay Group, Northern Victoria Land / B. D. Field and R.H. Findlay. - Tectonic Significance of Deformations affecting the Robertson Bay Group and Associated Rocks, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / R.H. Findlay and B.D. Field. - Geology of the Daniels Range, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: a Preliminary Report / C. C. Plummer, R.S. Babcock, J. W. Sheraton, C.J.D. Adams and R.L. Oliver. - Geology of the Daniels Range Intrusive Complex Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica (Abstract) / R.S. Babcock, C.C. Plummer, J.S. Sheraton, C.J. Adams, R.L. Oliver. - Trends in Regional Metamorphism and Deformation in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / G. Kleinschmidt. - New Data on the Lower Palaeozoic Bowers Supergroup, Northern Victoria Land / M. G. Laird and J.D. Bradshaw. - Geosynclinal Sedimentation and Ross Orogeny in Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / R. Tessensohn. - Age and Correlation of the Cambrian-Ordovician Bowers Supergroup, Northern Victoria Land / R.A. Cooper, J.B. Jago, A.J. Rowell and P. Braddock. - Post-Mindyallan Late Cambrian Trilobite Faunas from Antarctica (Abstract) / J.H. Shergold. - Post-Ross Orogeny Cratonisation of Northern Victoria Land / G. W. Grindley and P.J. Oliver. - Geochemistry, Petrography and Geochronology of the Cambro-Ordovician and Devonian-Carboniferous Granitoids of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / U. Vetter, N. W. Roland, H. Kreuzer, A. Hohndorf, H. Lenz and C. Besang. - Chemistry of Palaeozoic Granites of Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / D. Wyborn. - Chemical Control on Stratigraphic Relations in Northern Victoria Land and Some Possible Relations with SE Australia (Abstract) / D. Wyborn. - Results of Palaeomagnetic Investigations in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / G. Delisle. - The Geology of Terra Nova Bay / D.N.B. Skinner. - The Petrology and Origin of Orbicular Tonalite from Western Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / P.S. Dahl and D.R Palmer. - The Granites and Two Orogenies of Southern Victoria Land / D.N.B. Skinner. - A Re-interpretation of the Basement Granites, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (Abstract) / R.H. Findlay. - Petrology and Geochemistry of the Queen Maud Batholith, Central Transantarctic Mountains, with Implications for the Ross Orogeny / S.G. Borg. - Type Locality of the Ackerman Formation, La Gorce Mountains, Antarctica / E. Stump. - The Structural Development of Selected Areas in the Pensacola Mountains (Abstract) / A. Frischbutter, W. Weber, J. Hojmann and H.J. Paech. - A Gcochronological Investigation of the Shackleton Range / R.J. Pankhurst, P.D. Marsh, P.D. Clarkson. - Tectonics and Relationships between Structural Stages in the Precambrian of the Shackleton Range, Western Margin of the East Antarctic Craton / J. Hojmann and H.J. Paech. - The Late Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic History of The Shackleton Range, Coats Land / P.D. Marsh. - Structure and Outline of Geologic History of the Southern Weddell Sea Basin / E.N. Kamenev and V.L. Ivanov. - Magnetic Studies of Upper Crusta! Structure in West Antarctica and the Boundary with East Antarctica / E.J. Jankowski, D.J. Drewry and J.C. Behrendt. - Crust and Upper Mantle Study of McMurdo Sound / L.D. McGinnis, D.D. Wilson, W.J. Burdelik and T.H. Larson. - 3. Beacon Supergroup and Associated Igneous Rocks. - The Beacon Supergroup of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / B.C. Walker. - Trace Fossils of the Permian-Triassic Takrouna Formation, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / J.M. Zawiskie, J. W. Collinson and W.R. Hammer. - Permian-Triassic Sedimentary Sequence in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / J. W. Collinson and N.R. Kemp. - Late Palaeozoic Glacigene Strata in Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / B. C. McKelvey and B.C. Walker. - Deposition of the Weller Coal M

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: 1 Overview. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Examples and Scope of This Book. - 2 Fundamental Concepts. - 2.1 Stochastic Processes. - 2.2 The Autocovariance and Autocarrelation Functions. - 2.3 The Partial Autocarrelation Function. - 2.4 White Noise Processes. - 2.5 Estimation of the Mean, Autocovariances, and Autocarrelations. - 2.5.1 Sample Mean. - 2.5.2 Sample Autocovariance Function. - 2.5.3 Sample Autocarrelation Function. - 2.5.4 Sample Partial Autocarrelation Function. - 2.6 Moving Average and Autoregressive Representations of Time Series Processes. - 2.7 Linear Difference Equations. - Exercises. - 3 Stationary Time Series Models. - 3.1 Autoregressive Processes. - 3.1.1 The First Order Autoregressive AR(1) Process. - 3.1.2 The Second Order Autoregressive AR(2) Process. - 3.1.3 The General pth Order Autoregressive AR(p)Process. - 3.2 Moving Average Processes. - 3.2.1 The First Order Moving Average MA(1) Process. - 3.2.2 The Second Order Moving Average MA(2) Process. - 3.2.3 The General qth Order Moving Average MA(q) Process. - 3.3 The Dual Relationship between AR(p) and MA(q) Processes. - 3.4 Autoregressive Moving Average ARMA(p,q) Processes. - 3.4.1 The General Mixed ARMA(p,q) Process. - 3.4.2 The ARMA(1, 1) Process. - Exercises. - 4 Nonstationary Time Series Models. - 4.1 Nonstationarity in the Mean. - 4.1.1 Deterministic Trend Models. - 4.1.2 Stochastic Trend Models and Differencing. - 4.2 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average ARIMA Models. - 4.2.1 The General ARIMA Model. - 4.2.2 The Random Walk Model. - 4.2.3 The ARIMA(0, 1, 1) or IMA(1, 1) Model. - 4.3 Nonstationarity in the Variance and the Autocovariance. - 4.3.1 Variance and Autocovariance of the ARIMA Models. - 4.3.2 Variance Stabilizing Transformations. - Exercises. - 5 Forecasting. - 5.1 lntroduction. - 5.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Forecasts. - 5.2.1 Minimum Mean Square Error Forecasts for ARMA Models. - 5.2.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Forecasts for ARIMA Models. - 5.3 Computation of Forecasts. - 5.4 The ARIMA Forecast as a Weighted Average of Previous Observations. - 5.5 Updating Forecasts. - 5.6 Eventual Forecast Functions. - 5.7 A Numerical Example. - Exercises. - 6 Model ldentification. - 6.1 Steps for Model ldentification. - 6.2 Empirical Examples. - 6.3 Inverse Autocarrelation Function (IACF). - 6.4 Extended Sample Autocarrelation Function and Other ldentification Procedures. - 6.4.1 Extended Sample Autocarrelation Function (ESACF). - 6.4.2 Other ldentification Procedures. - Exercises. - 7 Parameter Estimation, Diagnostic Checking, and Model Selection. - 7.1 The Method of Moments. - 7.2 Maximum Likelihood Method. - 7.2.1 Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation. - 7.2.2 Unconditional Maximum Likelihood Estimationand Backcasting Method. - 7.2.3 Exact Likelihood Functions. - 7.3 Nonlinear Estimation. - 7.4 Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Estimation in Time Series Analysis. - 7.5 Diagnostic Checking. - 7.6 Empirical Examples for Series W1-W7. - 7.7 Model Selection Criteria. - Exercises. - 8 Seasonal Time Series Models. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Traditional Methods. - 8.2.1 Regression Method. - 8.2.2 Moving Average Method. - 8.3 Seasonal ARIMA Models. - 8.4 Empirical Examples. - Exercises. - 9 Intervention Analysis and Outlier Detection. - 9.1 Intervention Models. - 9.2 Examples of Intervention Analysis. - 9.3 Time Series Outliers. - 9.3.1 Additive and Innovational Outliers. - 9.3.2 Estimation of the Outlier Effect When theTiming of the Outlier ls Known. - 9.3.3 Detection of Outliers Using an Iterative Procedure. - 9.4 Examples of Outlier Analysis. - 9.5 Remarks on Outlier and Intervention Problems. - Exercises. - 10 Fourier Analysis. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Orthogonal Functions. - 10.3 Fourier Representation of Finite Sequences. - 10.4 Fourier Representation of Periodic Sequences. - 10.5 Fourier Representation of Nonperiodic Sequences - The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform. - 10.6 Fourier Representation of Continuous-Time Functions. - 10.6.1 Fourier Representation of Periodic Functions. - 10.6.2 Fourier Representation of Nonperiodic Functions - The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform. - 10.7 The Fast Fourier Transform. - Exercises. - 11 Spectral Theory of Stationary Processes. - 11.1 The Spectrum. - 11.1.1 The Spectrum and lts Properties. - 11.1.2 The Spectral Representation of Autocovariance Functions - The Spectral Distribution Function. - 11.1.3 Wold's Decomposition of a Stationary Process. - 11.1.4 The Spectral Representation of Stationary Processes. - 11.2 The Spectrum of Same Common Processes. - 11.2.1 The Spectrum and the Autocovariance Generating Function. - 11.2.2 The Spectrum of ARMA Models. - 11.2.3 The Spectrum of the Sum of Two Independent Processes. - 11.2.4 The Spectrum of Seasonal Models. - 11.3 The Spectrum of Linear Filters. - 11.4 Aliasing. - Exercises. - 12 Estimation of the Spectrum. - 12.1 Periodogram Analysis. - 12.1.1 The Periodogram. - 12.1.2 Sampling Properties of the Periodogram. - 12.1.3 Test for Hidden Periodic Components. - 12.2 The Sample Spectrum. - 12.3 The Smoothed Spectrum. - 12.3.1 Smoothing in the Frequency Domain - The Spectral Window. - 12.3.2 Smoothing in the Time Domain - The Lag Window. - 12.3.3 Some Commonly Used Windows. - 12.3.4 Approximate Confidence Intervals for Spectral Ordinates. - 12.4 ARMA Spectral Estimation. - Exercises. - 13 Transfer Function Models. - 13.1 Single-Input Transfer Function Models. - 13.1.1 General Concepts. - 13.1.2 Some Typical Impulse Response Functions. - 13.2 The Cross-Correlation Function and Transfer Function Models. - 13.2.1 The Cross-Correlation Function (CCF). - 13.2.2 The Relationship between the Cross-Correlation Function and the Transfer Function. - 13.3 Construction of Transfer Function Models. - 13.3.1 Sample Cross-Correlation Function. - 13.3.2 Identification of Transfer Function Models. - 13.3.3 Estimation of Transfer Function Models. - 13.3.4 Diagnostic Checking of Transfer Function Models. - 13.3.5 An Empirical Example. - 13.4 Forecasting Using Transfer Function Models. - 13.4.1 Minimum Mean Square Error Forecasts for Stationary Input and Output Series. - 13.4.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Forecasts for Nonstationary Input and Output Series. - 13.4.3 An Example. - 13.5 Bivariate Frequency-Domain Analysis. - 13.5.1 Cross-Covariance Generating Functions and the Cross-Spectrum. - 13.5.2 Interpretation of the Cross-Spectral Functions. - 13.5.3 Examples. - 13.5.4 Estimation of the Cross-Spectrum. - 13.6 The Cross-Spectrum and Transfer Function Models. - 13.6.1 Construction of Transfer Function Models through Cross-Spectrum Analysis. - 13.6.2 Cross-Spectral Functions of Transfer Function Models. - 13.7 Multiple Input Transfer Function Models. - Exercises. - 14 Vector Time Series Models. - 14.1 Covariance and Correlation Matrix Functions. - 14.2 Moving Average and Autoregressive Representations of Vector Processes. - 14.3 The Vector Autoregressive Moving Average Process. - 14.3.1 Vector AR(1) Models. - 14.3.2 Vector AR(p) Models. - 14.3.3 Vector MA(1) Models. - 14.3.4 Vector MA(q) Models. - 14.3.5 Vector ARMA(1, 1) Models. - 14.3.6 Remarks on Vector ARMA Representations. - 14.4 Nonstationary Vector Autoregressive Moving Average Models. - 14.5 Identification of Vector Time Series Models. - 14.5.1 Sample Correlation Matrix Function. - 14.5.2 Partial Autoregression Matrices. - 14.5.3 Partial Lag Correlation Matrix Function. - 14.6 Model Fitting and Forecasting. - 14.7 An Empirical Example. - 14.8 Partial Process and Partial Process Correlation Matrices. - 14.8.1 Covariance Matrix Generating Functions. - 14.8.2 Partial Covariance Matrix Generating Function. - 14.8.3 Partial Process Sample Correlation Matrix Functions. - 14.8.4 An Empirical Example - The U. S. Hog Data. - 14.9 Spectral Properties of Vector Processes. - Exercises. - 15 State Space Models and the Kaiman Filter. - 15.1 Introduction. - 15.2 The Relationship between State Space and ARMA models. - 15.3 State Space Model Fitting and Canonic

Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1. The CO2-Carbonic Acid System and Solution Chemistry Basic Concepts Activity Coefficients in Solutions Influences of Temperature and Pressure The Carbonic Acid System in Seawater Calculation of the Saturation State of Seawater with Respect to Carbonate Minerals Concluding Remarks Chapter 2. Interactions Between Carbonate Minerals and Solutions Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals Basic Concepts Characteristics of Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals Solubility Behavior of Carbonate Minerals General Considerations Calcite and Aragonite Solubility Methods for the Calculation of Equilibrium Solution Composition Under Different Conditions Surface Chemistry of Carbonate Minerals Basic Principles Adsorption of Ions on Carbonate Surfaces Carbonate Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics Basic Principles Reaction Kinetics in Simple Solutions Reaction Kinetics in Complex Solutions Concluding Remarks Chapter 3. Coprecipitation Reactions and Solid Solutions of Carbonate Minerals General Concepts Background Information Basic Chemical Considerations Coprecipitation of "Foreign" Ions in Carbonate Minerals Examples of Coprecipitation Reactions General Models for Partition Coefficients in Carbonates Magnesian Calcite General Considerations The Fundamental Problems Experimental Observations Hypothesis of a Hydrated Magnesian Calcite Stable Isotope Chemistry General Considerations Oxygen Isotopes Carbon Stable Isotopes Concluding Remarks Chapter 4. The Oceanic Carbonate System and Calcium Carbonate Accumulation in Deep Sea Sediments An Overview of Major Processes The CO2 System in Oceanic Waters The Upper Ocean The Deep Sea Saturation State of Deep Seawater with Respect to CaCO3 Sources and Sedimentation of Deep Sea Carbonates Sources Sedimentation The Distribution of CaCO3 in Deep Sea Sediments and Carbonate Lithofacies General Considerations The Distribution of CaCO3 in Surface Sediments Factors Controlling the Accumulation of Calcium Carbonate in Deep Sea Sediments General Relations Factors Leading to Variability Near Interfacial Processes Variability of Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Deep Sea Sediments with Time Influence of Glacial Times The Impact of Fossil Fuel CO2 on the Ocean-Carbonate System Concluding Remarks Chapter 5. Composition and Source of Shoal-Water Carbonate Sediments Introduction Shoal-Water Carbonates in Space and Time Carbonate Grains and Skeletal Parts Overview and Examples Sediment Classification Depositional Environments Concluding Statement Biomineralization General Aspects Environmental Controls on Mineralogy Stable Isotopes Coprecipitation Precipitation of Carbonates from Seawater Carbonate Chemistry of Shallow Seawater Abiotic Precipitation of CaCO3 from Seawater Sources of Aragonite Needle Muds Formation of Oöids Concluding Remarks 238 Chapter 6. Early Marine Diagenesis of Shoal-Water Carbonate Sediments Introduction Some Preliminary Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations Very Early Diagenesis Major Diagenetic Processes Pore Water Chemistry Precipitation of Early Carbonate Cements Dissolution of Carbonates Concluding Remarks Chapter 7. Early Non-Marine Diagenesis of Sedimentary Carbonates Introduction Plate-Tectonic Controls on Diagenesis General Considerations for Early Non-Marine Diagenesis Major Types of Non-Marine Environments Water Chemistry Reactivity of Sedimentary Carbonates Major Phase Transformations The Transformation of Aragonite to Calcite Dolomite Formation Summary Remarks Mass Transfer During Diagenesis General Considerations Geochemical Constraints on Mass Transfer Beachrock Formation Lithification in the Meteoric Environment Introduction The Meteoric Environment and Cement Precipitates Bermuda: A Case Study of a Meteoric Diagenetic Environment Introduction Geological Framework Limestone Chemistry and Isotopic Composition Water Chemistry Carbonate Mass Transfer A Brief Synthesis of Meteoric Diagenesis Diagenetic Stages Effect of Original Mineralogy Climatic Effects Rock-Water Relationships Mixed Meteoric-Marine Regime Concluding Remarks Chapter 8. Carbonates as Sedimentary Rocks in Subsurface Processes Introduction P,T, and X and Carbonate Mineral Stability Subsurface Water Chemistry in Sedimentary Basins Continuous Processes Pressure Solution Dolomitization Mud to Spar Neomorphism Secondary Porosity Cementation in the Subsurface Examples of "Models" of Long-Term Diagenesis The Present Ocean Setting The Present Continental Setting Concluding Remarks Chapter 9. The Current Carbon Cycle and Human Impact Introduction Modern Biogeochemical Cycle of Carbon A Model for the Cycle of Carbon Methane and Carbon Monoxide Fluxes CO2 Fluxes Human Impact on Carbon Fluxes The Fossil Fuel and Land Use Fluxes Observed Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Increase Future'Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Trends Consequences of Increased Atmospheric CO2 Levels The Oceanic System Sources of Calcium, Magnesium, and Carbon for Modern Oceans Mass Balance of Ca, Mg, and C in Present Oceans Oceanic Mass Balance of Elements Interactive with Ca, Mg, and C Concluding Remarks Chapter 10. Sedimentary Carbonates in the Evolution of Earth's Surface Environment Introduction Sedimentary Rock Mass-Age Distributions Secular Trends in Sedimentary Rock Properties Lithologic Types Chemistry and Mineralogy Carbon Cycling Modeling Introduction and Development of a Global Model Glacial-Interglacial Changes of Carbon Dioxide Long-Term Changes of Atmospheric CO2 Phanerozoic Cycling of Sedimentary Carbonates Synopsis of the Origin and Evolution of the Hydrosphere-Atmosphere-Sedimentary Lithosphere Origin of the Hydrosphere The Early Stages The Transitional Stage Modern Conditions Concluding Remarks Epilogue Introduction The Road Traveled The State of the Art Ever Onward References Index