ALBERT

Beschreibung: A collection of cephalopods from the British Antarctic Survey’s Offshore Biological Programme is described and the cephalopod prey of vertebrate predators at South Georgia is reviewed. Comparison of these data indicates that predators catch larger specimens and a greater diversity of species than nets. There are also differences between samples from different types of net. The RMT 25, the largest research net used to date, has caught most of the species thought to occur in the Scotia Sea but specimens are generally smaller than those taken by predators. Cephalopods which are thought to have potential commercial value are Martialia hyadesi, Kondakovia longimana, Moroteuthis ingens, M. knipovitchi, M. robsoni and Gonatus antarcticus. Other possibilities include species of brachioteuthid, psychroteuthid and neoteuthid. It is likely that Antarctic stocks will be sensitive to exploitation and liable to dramatic fluctuations if overfished. The possible consequences of commercial exploitation of cephalopods for the reproductive success of the vertebrate predators, which prey on cephalopods in the Scotia Sea, are examined.

Beschreibung: Post-recruit Illex argentinus were collected from the fishery on the Patagonian Shelf between 1986 and 1988. Age was determined by analysis of daily growth increments in ground sections of the statolith, female fecundity was determined, specimens were dissected, weighed and assigned a maturity stage. The relation between mantle length and age is best approximated by a linear model. Both sexes live approximately one year. Females grow faster and attain a larger size than males, but males mature younger. Hatching occurs during the austral winter, peaking in June-July. There is a consistent trend of increasing growth rate with later date of hatching. Statolith growth is negatively allometric with body growth and there is greater divergence between statolith and body growth in females. In post-recruit Illex growth in mass of somatic tissues, apart from the digestive gland, approximates isometry with growth of the whole body. Growth of the digestive gland and the reproductive organs is positively allometric with growth in whole body mass. There is poor correlation between the female reproductive organs and whole body mass, which is due to differences in size at maturity. Mating rarely occurs on the feeding grounds. Fecundity of fully mature females in the sample falls in the range 113835-246098 eggs per individual. This possibly underestimates average fecundity because mature squid on the feeding grounds may be precocious and smaller than average at full maturity. A model combining absolute and relative growth, predicts average male and female growth and growth of the major somatic and reproductive organs. This poorly predicts average female maturity indices with age because of variability in mass of the female reproductive organs. A model that treats maturity stages separately gives close agreement with measured mass of the reproductive organs and maturity indices of a mature female at age one year. Females invest approximately 20% of total body mass in gonad and accessory reproductive organs at full maturity.

Beschreibung: This article reviews the major findings of an intensive geological and geophysical study of the Brazilian margin and adjacent oceanic and continental areas. Most of the data fits well with standard plate models for Atlantic-type margins, with clearly recognizeable pre-rift, rift, proto-oceanic and oceanic stages. However there are significant problems regarding the nature of the crust beneath the margin and the position of the boundary between oceanic and continental crust.

Beschreibung: An abrupt lithofacies change between calcareous shale and noncalcareous shale occurs in strata deposited in the mid-Cretaceous Greenhorn Seaway in the southeastern corner of Montana. The facies were correlated lithostratigraphically using bentonites and calcarenites. The lithocorrelations were then refined using ammonites, foraminifera, and calcareous nannofossils. Twenty-five time slices were defined within the upper middle and lower upper Cenomanian strata. Biofacies analysis indicate that lithofacies changes record the boundary or oceanic front between two water masses with distinctly different paleoceanographic conditions. One water mass entered the seaway from the Arctic and the other from the Gulf of Mexico/Tethys. The microfauna and microflora permit interpretation of the environmental conditions in each water mass. At times when the front was near vertical, the two water masses were of the same density but of different temperatures and salinities.

Beschreibung: The Cretaceous Western Interior seaway provided a wide, relatively shallow connection between the polar ocean and the subtropical ocean, both of which invaded the comparatively shallow western Interior Seaway and left distinctive faunal and floral records. Water masses from these very different climatic regions may have had similar densities but very different salinities and temperatures. Mixing of such disparate water masses could have produced a third water mass with a density greater than one or both of them, and this mechanism may have caused the Western Interior Seaway to become a significant source of intermediate water to the world ocean. The abrupt change in environmental conditions at the oceanic front where mixing occurred would probably have killed the plankton and introduced large amounts of organic matter into the descending, third water mass, leading to the development of an intense oxygen minimum. -from Authors

Beschreibung: In Moreton Bay, Queensland, the catch obtained using monofilament polyamide (PA) otter trawl-nets with multifilament polyethylene (PE) cod ends was compared with that obtained using multifilament PE trawl-nets of identical mesh opening (38 mm). Monofilament PA otter trawl-nets retained fewer small prawns ( 〈 24 mm carapace length) than conventional multifilament PE nets, but both nets caught similar quantities of larger prawns ( 〉 24 mm carapace length). The higher retention rate of small prawns by multifilament PE gear was reflected in the greater catch weights of Peraeus plebejus, Metapenaeus bennettae and Metapenaeopsis novaeguineae in those nets. Catch weights of larger prawn species such as Penaeus esculentus and Metapenaeus endeavouri did not differ between nets. Winter whiting (Sillago maculata) and squid (Loligo spp.) were trawled in similar abundance in both nets, although the monofilament retained fewer squid 〈 50 mm mantle length. More marketable ( 〉 15 cm carapace width) sand crabs (Portunus pelagicus) were caught in the monofilament net. There was not significant difference in the trash (noncommercial component) weight caught in both nets. Over the range of towing speeds tested (1.7–2.3 kn), use of monofilament nets significantly reduced total gear drag.

Beschreibung: The biology of the chokker squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii on inshore grounds in the South-East Cape was studied by examination of trends in jig catches, length frequency analyses, length/weight relationships, analyses of maturity stages and SCUBA diving transects in a spawning area. Commercial catches probably reflected the influx of squid into shallow waters to spawn. Modal length at spawning was between 265 and 305 mm mantle length (ML) in males and between 175 and 195 mm ML in females. There was no modal progression to indicate growth, nearly all squid were mature, a percentage of males were spent, the level of feeding on the grounds was very low, and mantle walls were thinner than those of squid offshore. These factors all indicate that the squid population inshore had reached the end of its life cycle and was in the spawning phase. The sex ratio was biased towards males, an indication either of differential inshore migration or of greater longevity in males than in females. The frequency of occurrence of trawled egg capsules was highest in summer and all eggs were between 18 and 25 m deep. The preferred substratum for spawning appeared to be low-relief reef interspersed with coarse sand, and the stalks of egg capsules were always embedded in the sand to form individual clusters, as in most other loliginids. No evidence was found of post-spawning mortality in the areas examined.

Beschreibung: The stomach contents of 1345 Sepia officinalis and 717 Sepia elegans caught in the Ria de Vigo have been examined. The feeding analysis of both species has been made employing an index of occurrence, as other indices gave similar results. The diet of both species is described and compared. Cuttlefish feed mostly on crustacea and fish. S. officinalis shows 40 different items of prey belonging to 4 groups (polychaeta, cephalopods, crustacea, bony fish) and S. elegans 18 different items of prey belonging to 3 groups (polychaeta, crustacea, bony fish). A significant change occurs in diet with growth in S. officinalis, but not in S. elegans, within the range studied. The variety of prey decreases with increase in size of S. officinalis, but not in S. elegans. Differences in feeding habits of male and female S. officinalis were not observed at any size, but were found in S. elegans. The feeding intensity of females increases with sexual maturity in S. officinalis but not in S. elegans. No seasonal changes in diet were found in absolute values and in order of importance of the prey clusters. S. officinalis fed on a wider variety of prey than S. elegans. The value and significance of some indices employed in feeding ecology is discussed.

Beschreibung: Increasing concentrations of CO2 and other gases seem likely to warm the earth in the next century. This article examines opportunities to prepare for the consequences, and focuses on options that are rational even if one is skeptical about global warming. These include rerouting the Mississippi River to save coastal Louisiana, changing coastal land use conventions to enable ecosystems to migrate inland as sea level rises, and phasing out federal water subsidies in the west. The merits of deferring action on the greenhouse effect until its consequences are proven must also be weighed against the relative ease of reaching a consensus on what is fair today, while the consequences still seem remote.

Beschreibung: New lithostratigraphic Standard is proposed for the Quaternary volcanic succession at Deception Island, South Shetland Islands (West Antarctica). The succession is subdivided into the older Foster Group (redefined group) which includes pre-caldera volcanics, and the younger Hawkes Group (new group) which includes syn-caldera and post-caldera volcanics and volcanic forms. The Foster Group consists of four formations (new units): the Entrance Fm. (basallic and basaltic andesite lavas and pyroclastics); the Cathcdral Fm. (agglomerates); the Stonethrow Fm. (basaltic andesite lavas alternating with agglomerates); and the Window Fm. (trachybasalt dykes). The Hawkes Group consists of seven formations (new units): the Murature Fm. (andesitic lapilli tuff, destroyed ring tephra cones); the Ronald Fm. (trachydacite lava and plug); the Collins F/n. (trachydacite lava flows, tuffs, craters and destroyed cones); the Chacao Fm. (basaltic andesite tephra cones and maars); the Casco Fm. (basaltic andesite tephra cones with craters); the Kirkwood Fm. (basaltic lavas and tephra; fissure eruptions and craters); and the Telefon Fm. (andesitic tephra cones, lavas and tephra cover associated with fissure eruptions, maars). The Telefon Fm. (three phases) relates to the 1967-1970 volcanic activity; the Kirkwood Fm. includes the 1842 event and the events between 1829 and 1912; all older formations pre-date 1829.

Beschreibung: Les Cephalopodes qui font l'objet de cette petite note furent recueillis au cours de la Campagne de la Calypso dans le golfe de Guinee, pendant les mois de mai a juillet 1956. Les recoltes proviennent de dragages, de chalutages et de peches planctoniques au large du continent africain, du Senegal au Gabon, et de dragages, de plongees et de peches a pied autour des iles S. Tome, Principe et Annobon. Le but principal de la campagne etait l'etude de la faune littorale des iles, et les conditions de travail dans cette region expliquent que les Cephalopodes captures soient peu nombreux. Je me fais un devoir de remercier M. le Professeur L. FAGE et M. J. FoREST d'avoir bien voulu me confier l'etude de ce materiel.

Beschreibung: This study is based on a collection of Cephalopoda, belonging to the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (Denmark), which Dr. J . Knudsen kindly entrusted to me. Most of the specimens were collected on the West African coast by different expeditions: "Dr. Th. Mortensen's Java-South Africa Expedition 1929-1930", the "Atlantide Expedition 1945-1946", "Dr. G. Thorson's Expedition to the Canary Islands 1947", and the "Galathea Expedition 1950-1952". Some other specimens from the West African coast or from other localities were added.

Beschreibung: Banded iron-formations (BIFs) occur in the Precambrian geologic record over a wide time span. Beginning at 3.8 Ga (Isua, West Greenland), they are part of Archean cratons and range in age from about 3.5 until 2.5 Ga. Their overall volume reaches a maximum at about 2.5 Ga (iron-formations in the Hamersley Basin of Western Australia) and they disappear from the geologic record at about 1.8 Ga, only to reappear between 0.8 and 0.6 Ga. ...

Beschreibung: The nature of subsidence near the ridge crest of the intermediate and fast spreading mid-ocean ridges of the Indian and Pacific Oceans is investigated using surface-ship bathymetry and magnetics profiles. The ridge can be divided into discrete sections, apparently bounded by distinct structural features such as major fracture zones, in which bathymetry plotted against crustal age forms a well-defined envelope with a width roughly the amplitude of the local bathymetry. The averaged bathymetry in all of the regions studied follows closely a square root of age subsidence curve which in most regions has a subsidence coefficient, C1, in the range of 340–390 m Myr−1/2. The best fitting subsidence curve, however, never reproduces the amplitude of the axial topographic high. The most notable region displaying unusual behaviour is the East Pacific Rise between 9°S and 22°S. In this region, the western flank of the ridge is subsiding at 200–225 m Myr−1/2 while the eastern flank is subsiding at ‘normal’ rates of 350–400 m Myr−1/2. Other anomalous areas include the region between the Easter Island hot spot and the Chile Rise triple junction in which the ridge crest is shallow and which is subsiding at rates of about 290 m Myr−1/2, and the region east of the Australia-Antarctic Discordance in which the northern flank is subsiding at 440 m Myr−1/2. This area may also be subsiding asymmetrically although there is not much data from the southern flank. The asymmetric subsidence in the 9°S-22°S region of the East Pacific Rise begins immediately at the ridge crest and the low subsidence rates on the west flank continue to at least 12 Myr old crust. Oligocene-aged crust on the western flank is subsiding at more normal rates, but is 500 m shallow with respect both to the world-wide average and to the conjugate crust on the eastern flank. The simplest model to explain these observations is that the western flank is underlain by a hotter mantle, perhaps as the result of upwelling resulting from the large-scale return circulation from the trenches. Depending on the depth of compensation, the observed asymmetry could result from a lateral temperature gradient of 0.05–0.10°C km−1 and a total lateral temperature variation of under 100°C.

Beschreibung: Males of Eledone cirrhosa grow to a size little over 600 g and normally have well-developed, and presumably active, reproductive organs from about 200 g upwards. Total weight of the genital bag is well correlated with total body weight (r= 0·906). Growth of the testis precedes that of the spermatophoric sac, and the size of neither of these reproductive components is predictable from body weight. The sizes of these organs and the estimated number and length of stored spermatophores are given for 100 g intervals of total body weight. No evidence was obtained for a seasonal trend in male maturity.

Beschreibung: A survey of the ecology of the octopus Eledone cirrhosa in Scottish waters is compiled from structured interviews with fishermen, records of occurrence in traps (for lobster and crab), and a research vessel survey. This species is widespread and common throughout the inshore waters covered by fishing activity (shoreline- 140 m) on bottom types ranging through rock, stones, sand and mud. It is caught in all months of the year but is especially common inshore in the summer (July-September) and further offshore on trawling grounds in October-December. The octopus is a normal and regular predator of large Crustacea (Hotnarus, Nephrops, Cancer) caught in commercial traps but gut contents yield little identifiable dietary remains.

Beschreibung: Oogenesis in four commercial Caribbean sponge species, Hippospongia lachne, Spongia barbara, S. cheiris and S. graminea, was studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. Eggs and embryos develop asynchronously in localized endosomal nurseries of these viviparous and gonochoristic species. Statistical analyses of specific morphological characteristics of reproductive elements have unequivocally identified four specific stages in the process of oogenesis. Oogonia undergo mitotic division to produce primary oocytes. Meiotic division occurs producing secondary oocytes which are fertilized before zygotes undergo major growth by phagocytosis and the transfer of nutrients through cytoplasmic bridges. During cleavage of the zygote, umbilici form between embryos and nurse cell layers and these function in the transfer of symbiotic bacteria and other mesohyl substances from the maternal parent to the embryo. These symbionts were observed dispersed between blastomeres of all young and maturing embryos and between internal cells of cytodifferentiated parenchymella larvae. Extracellular transfer of symbiotic bacteria from maternal tissues to developing embryos has not been reported in any other viviparous invertebrate.

Beschreibung: Before 1985, Martialia hyadesi (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the Pacific Ocean was known only from the Eltanin Fracture Zone and Macquarie Island. A joint Japan‐New Zealand squid survey around New Zealand captured many immature ommastrephid squids. Gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of immature M. hyadesi. Aspects of the external morphology are described. The distinctive tentacle club was evident in the smallest specimen examined, 19 mm dorsal mantle length (ML). Arm trabeculae were first evident in specimens of 40–50 mm ML. Immature squid were distributed around and southward of the Subtropical Convergence Zone. The presence of very small squid (〈 10 mm ML) indicated spawning on or near the Auckland Island Shelf.

Beschreibung: Serological methods for prey identification have been applied to detection of residues ofsandeel (Ammodytidae) protein in faeces of common seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals(Halichoerus grypus) from the Moray Firth, north-east Scotland. Antisera raised to muscleprotein from Ammodytes marinus were evaluated by testing their reactions with proteinextracts made from a range of North Sea fish species and protein residues in in vitro digestates,seal digestive tracts and seal faeces. It was concluded that, using fused rocketimmuno-electrophoresis, linkage of precipitin peaks from unknown samples with peaksfrom standard sandeel extract was a reliable indicator of the presence of sandeel in theunknown sample. Seasonal variation in the incidence of sandeels in common seal diet in theMoray Firth was examined by identifying otoliths, bones, and proteins, and all threemethods indicated that sandeels occurred in the majority of samples tested in the summer,but were less important during the winter. Proteins were detected in fewer samples thanotoliths, particularly in February and March. Possible reasons for this difference arediscussed. Serological identification of sandeel proteins is potentially applicable to dietarystudies on all marine predators.

Beschreibung: Intraspecific growth and structure of the squid, Illex argentinus (Ommastrephidae) in winter and spring in the southwestern Atlantic. — The intraspecific structure and growth of seasonal cohorts of Illex argentinus were studied on the basis of statoliths of 900 specimens of Illex argentinus (Ommastrephidae, Teuthida) with mantle length 1.2-39 cm caught in three fishery regions of the Exclusive Economic Zone of Argentina (EEZA): on the shelf (depths 130-140 m) and Continental slope (depths 400-700 m) in 41-42°S and 45-47°S, as well as in the open waters of Argentina Basin between July and October. Squids of all four seasonal groups at different ontogenetic stages occurred within the regions investigated. Adults of the spring cohort (mantle length 27-37 cm) caught on the slope in 42 and 45-46°S, were characterized by almost maximum growth rates for the species, being approximately the same as in winter adults hatched in August. Two forms were distinguished within summer-hatched squids: a fast growing form occurred on the Continental slope in 41-42°S (ML 23-29 cm) and a slow-growing form on the shelf in 45-47°S (ML 16-19 cm). Juveniles of autumn-hatched squids (ML 8-15 cm) predominated on the shelf in 45-47°S in September. Growth rates of juveniles of winter-hatched squids caught on the shelf in 45-47°S in September-October (shelf form with ML 4-8 cm) were higher than those of winter hatched juveniles in the open waters of the Argentine Basin at the same time (oceanic form with ML 2-4 cm). Possible reasons for growth rate variations of I. argentinus at individual, intra- and intergroup levels are discussed. An attempt was made to describe probable life cycle variations in each seasonal group of squid.

Beschreibung: Age and growth were estimated in the European squid, Loligo vulgaris, by examining growth increments in the statoliths of 203 specimens collected from off the French Mediterranean coast. Length and increment data were analyzed assuming that the increments were formed daily. The relationships between age and length showed that: growth rate varied considerably among individuals; growth was double exponential; the squids grew on average to 240 mm ML at 240 d from hatching, with a maximum of 350 mm at 240 d; the life span is probably about one year.

Beschreibung: Some of the limits to the use of serology to identify prey species in the digestive tracts of cephalopods have been evaluated. Cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, were given meals of krill slurry (Euphausia superba). Protein extracts of contents from four regions of the digestive tract, stomach, caecum, digestive gland and intestine, were tested for prey antigenicity. Digestion times (loss of antigenicity) ranged from 1 to 8 h depending on sampling site. Stomach and caecum emptied rapidly, but meal antigenicity persisted longer in the digestive gland. The Sepia experiments provide a basis for interpretation of results from natural predation by cephalopods).

Beschreibung: Distribution and abundance of the horned octopus Eledone cirrhosa in the Tyrrhenian Sea are described on the basis of stratified-random bottom trawl surveys in spring and summer of the years 1985–1987. Specimens were caught between 25 and 630 m depth (higher densities between 50 and 200 m depth); mature males were found to prefer deeper bottoms than mature females. Young specimens occurred in spring samples from the Western Ligurian Sea and in summer samples from the Lower Tyrrhenian Sea, but were scarcely represented in the Higher Tyrrhenian Sea. Thus recruitment seems to be progressively delayed later in the season from north to south. The greatest abundance was recorded in the Higher Tyrrhenian Sea; wide seasonal variations of minimum stock biomass estimates have been observed and total biomass decreased from 1985 to 1987 in the surveyed areas.

Beschreibung: Samples of the squid Martialia hyadesi were collected aboard two Japanese squid-jigging vessels carrying out commercial fishing trials at the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, north Scotia Sea, in February 1989. The dissected stomachs of 61 specimens were classified according to fullness and the contents were examined visually. Identifiable food items included fish sagittal otoliths, crustacean eyes, the lappets on euphausiid first antennule segments and cephalopod sucker rings. The most frequent items in the squid's diet were the myctophid fishes Krefftichthys anderssoni and Electrona carlsbergi, the euphausiid Euphausia superba and a hyperiid amphipod, probably Themisto gaudichaudi. A small proportion of the sample had been feeding cannibalistically. Total lengths of the fish prey were estimated from sagittal otolith size using published relationships. All fish were relatively small; 7 to 35% of squid mantle-length. However, it is possible that some heads of larger fish are discarded by the squid and so are not represented by otoliths in the stomach contents. Over the size range of squid in the sample there was no relationship between size of fish prey and size of squid. Similarly, when the squid sample was divided into groups according to prey categories: crustaceans, crustaceans+fish, fish, cephalopod, there was no evidence that dietary preference was related to squid size. The prevalence of copepod-feeding myctophids in the diet of this squid, which is itself a major prey item of some higher predators in the Scotia Sea, suggests that a previously unrecognised food chain: copepod-myctophid-M. hyadesi-higher predator, may be an important component of the Antarctic oceanic ecosystem.

Beschreibung: Secondary minerals found in fracture fillings and in fragments of altered basalt from Holes 417A and 417D were studied by both X-ray diffraction and chemical techniques. Minerals found in fracture fillings from Hole 417A are dominated by montmorillonite, "protoceládonite," analcite, and lesser saponite; celadonite and ferrosaponite are the characteristic secondary minerals in Hole 417D fracture fillings. Assuming that minerals found in such fracture fillings reflect the composition of the secondary fluids that produced them, it is apparent that those from Hole 417A were dominantly Al-rich, while those from Hole 417D were more enriched in Fe, Mg, and K. X-ray diffraction study of bulk samples support such fundamental differences in secondary mineralogy. In addition, the X-ray data on bulk samples suggest that primary plagioclase is the feldspar in Hole 417D rocks, and secondary potassium feldspar is the feldspar in Hole 417A altered rocks. Using available published data on secondary miner?1" found in other altered oceanic crust, it is possible to interpret the differences in secondary mineralogy that exist between the two sites. Secondary minerals present in Hole 417D rocks are believed to have formed under hydrothermally influenced, low temperature, nonoxidative diagenesis; whereas, those present in Hole 417A were produced under similarly low temperatures, but much more highly oxidizing conditions. The fundamental differences in secondary mineralogy between the two sites can be best explained by the accompanying remobilization of elements that involved plagioclase alteration in Hole 417A rocks. A comparison of the composition of Hole 417A and 417D secondary minerals with those found in younger crust suggests that the age of crust, influenced by the changing conditions of alteration, control the chemistry of secondary minerals found in available pore spaces in altered rocks. Minerals found in young crust (〈15 m.y.B.P.) are highly Mg-rich; minerals found in crust of intermediate age (—15-50 m.y.B.P.) are dominantly enriched in Fe and Mg; and those found in older crust have higher contents of Al and K.

Beschreibung: ln the past, analysis of habitat choice by marine nekton has been hampered by limited access to its environment. We suggest a method to facilitate study of habitat choice, using data gathered from videotapes. The aims of this study were (a) to identify members of a particular nekton assemblage, and (b) to identify environmental variables important to the assemblage as a whole. Data on species and environmental variables came from Videotapes of a sandy-bottom shelf area (60m depth) in the Gulf of Mexico off Pensacola, Florida, taken by a remote-controlled submersible travelling along defined transects. We analyzed these Videotapes to derive Information on habitat use of several species of fishes and large invertebrates. We divided the transects into sections which were homo· geneaus for bottom type and algal coverage, and in each section measured habitat variables and abundances of the most common and reliably identifiable species of demersal nekton. Factor analysis of species' means for environmental variables identified patterns of habitat use among these species. The analysis identified these patterns by generating axes that represented environmental gradients. The patterns of habitat use by these species related to their preferences for different amounts of three·dimensional structure, algae, and infaunal and epifaunal organisms. We compared species distributions and habitat distributions on these axes to find which environmental gradients were of most importance in habitat selection by these species. We found that more species selected habitats on the basis of particular amounts of structure, fewer selected on the basis of algal coverage and infaunal organisms. Only one species seemed to select habitats on the basis of types or abundances of epifaunal organisms. Thus, amount of three-dimensional structure seemed an important variable to the sandy·bottom assemblage overall, followed by amount of algal coverage and types of infaunal organisms.

Beschreibung: Records of 158 observations of cephalopods from submersibles, primarily the Johnson Sea-Link, have been compiled through collaboration with several investigators. These observations include 118 videotape sequences, 58 collected specimens, and numerous shipboard photographs of live animals. At least 33 species have been observed to date; a few species have been observed repeatedly and could be good subjects for directed studies. The methods developed for in situ observation and subsequent collection of specimens with little or no damage allow descriptions of behavior, morphology, physiology, and distribution that are not possible with other methods of collecting.

Beschreibung: A multiproxy study of palaeoceanographic and climatic changes in northernmost Baffin Bay shows that major environmental changes have occurred since the deglaciation of the area at about 12 500 cal. yr BP. The interpretation is based on sedimentology, benthic and planktonic foraminifera and their isotopic composition, as well as diatom assemblages in the sedimentary records at two core sites, one located in the deeper central part of northernmost Baffin Bay and one in a separate trough closer to the Greenland coast. A revised chronology for the two records is established on the basis of 15 previously published AMS 14C age determinations. A basal diamicton is overlain by laminated, fossil-free sediments. Our data from the early part of the fossiliferous record (12 300–11 300 cal. yr BP), which is also initially laminated, indicate extensive seasonal sea-ice cover and brine release. There is indication of a cooling event between 11 300 and 10 900 cal. yr BP, and maximum Atlantic Water influence occurred between 10 900 and 8200 cal. yr BP (no sediment recovery between 8200 and 7300 cal. yr BP). A gradual, but fluctuating, increase in sea-ice cover is seen after 7300 cal. yr BP. Sea-ice diatoms were particularly abundant in the central part of northernmost Baffin Bay, presumably due to the inflow of Polar waters from the Arctic Ocean, and less sea ice occurred at the near-coastal site, which was under continuous influence of the West Greenland Current. Our data from the deep, central part show a fluctuating degree of upwelling after c. 7300 cal. yr BP, culminating between 4000 and 3050 cal. yr BP. There was a gradual increase in the influence of cold bottom waters from the Arctic Ocean after about 3050 cal. yr BP, when agglutinated foraminifera became abundant. A superimposed short-term change in the sea-surface proxies is correlated with the Little Ice Age cooling.

Beschreibung: The authors report the discovery of large specimen of Ommastrephes caroli (Ayn.O.bartramii), caught wirth a pelagic drifting net in Southern Thyrrenian Sea.

Beschreibung: An important objective of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 65 was to study crustal accretion at an ocean ridge axis with an intermediate-spreading rate for comparison with previously studied sections displaying slowand fast-spreading rates. The southern Gulf of California was selected for this purpose because the basement displays high seismic velocities (comparable to those observed for Cretaceous basement in the western North Atlantic) and high ambient sedimentation rates, which facilitated penetration of zero-age basement. Four sites were drilled, forming an axial transect immediately south of the Tamayo Fracture Zone (Figs. 1 and 2) and providing a series of characteristic sections into the crust. This chapter attempts to provide a brief synthesis of the results from Leg 65, focusing particularly on the lithology, geochemistry, and paleomagnetic properties of the cored basement material. From these data, we present an interpretation of the processes of magmatic evolution and crustal accretion occurring at the Gulf of California spreading axis.

Beschreibung: Im Auftrag des Instituts für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel und dem Institut für Energieanwendung und Rationelle Energiewirtschaft an der Universität Stuttgart; Die vorliegende Arbeit ist das Ergebnis einer 3-monatigen Studie über Einträge und Wirkungen von Kohlenwasserstoffen, die durch Aktivitäten der offshore Erdölproduktion und durch die Tankschiffahrt in die marine Umwelt gelangen. Sie umfaßt zunächst einen Überblick über Art und Umfang von Einträgen aus weltweiten und regionalen offshore Aktivitäten. Als exemplarische Fallstudie werden ergänzend aktuelle Informationen über Art und Umfang von Entsorgungen in die Nordsee durch die norwegische Ölplattform OSEBERG C gegeben. Globale und regionale Eintragsgrößen aus dem Transport von Rohöl und seiner Raffinate durch Tanker werden anschließend erörtert. Zum erständnis der Auswirkungen auf die Lebewelt erschien eine Betrachtung der Ausbreitung von Öl im Meer sowie dessen Veränderung unter dem Einfluß physikalisch-biologischer Abbauprozesse als notwendig. Abschließend werden potentielle Auswirkungen eines küstennahen Ölunfalls auf den betroffenen Wirtschaftsraum diskutiert und auf Probleme hingewiesen, die sich aus der Entsorgung ausgedienter Ölförderplattformen ergeben können.

Beschreibung: We compared the diets of 4 CO-occurring species of penguin at sub-Antarctic Marion Island in light of mechanlsn~s thought to result in dietary differentiation. Calculation of overlap indices and correspondence analyses indicated a clear separation in the diets of the 3 penguin genera but considerable similarity between the congeneric species pair The pelagic foraging king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus consumed mainly myctophid fish, whereas the near-to offshore foraging macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus and rockhopper penguin E. chrysocome both consumed predominantly small pelagic crustaceans, although in different proportions. The inshore foraging gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua fed largely on benthic nototheniid fish. Although king penguins rarely take small prey, differences in diet cannot be accounted for solely on the basis of prey size selection. Different diving capabilities may have some role in dietary differentiation, however, we consider prey availability in the apparently distinct feeding zones to explain most of the differences in the diets of the 4 species of penguins at Marion Island. The daily population food requirements of the respective penguin species at the Prince Edward Islands (comprising Marion and Prince Edward islands) increased with Increasing species foraging range. The mainly benthic nature of the prey in the inshore area, compared with the more easily replenished pelagic food stocks, probably explains the differences in food ava11abi.lity that sustain the greater food demands of the large populations of pelagic and offshore foragers.

Beschreibung: A detailed structural study of Naxos (Attic-Cycladic massif, Greece) reveals two major deformation events. The first one is associated with large scale thrusting and high-pressure-low-temperature metamorphism during an early Alpine subduction episode. The second event occurred during continental extension and the associated development of localized thermal domes, where lower crustal rocks were brought into contact with upper crustal units along a major shallow dipping shear zone. We agree with a model of Naxos as a Cordilleran type Metamorphic Core Complex. However, our observations show that the sense of shear was ‘upper plate moving North’ during the second event, calling for a reinterpretation of existing tectonic models of the Cyclades.

Beschreibung: 1The behaviour of a female Argonauta kept alive for a week at Naples is described. 2The animal usually swam near the surface but was capable of going down to the bottom and of attaching itself to the floor or sides of the tank. 3The web is suddenly retracted from the shell when the animal is disturbed The resulting white flash produces a startling (dymantic) effect, causing flight of an attacker. 4When a dead sardine was placed near the argonauta there were colour changes, quickened mantle contractions and movements of the arms, but no definite forward swimming or attack. 5When a food particle touches the web the fourth arm of that side is brought out with a sweeping movement that captures the food. 6No reactions were seen to live fishes or crustaceans. 7On several occasions the argonauta spread out its web upon the glass side of the tank. The animal twice left the shell and then lay helpless. When re-placed in the shell it recovered completely on the first occasion but died upon the second. 8Eggs were laid in the shell on both occasions before the animal left it. 9The web and shell thus serve many purposes. The shell provides protection and flotation and allows attachment of the eggs. The web, besides secreting the shell, acts as a receptor for the feeding reaction, and provides a startling colour when the animal is disturbed.

Beschreibung: Sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus were observed off the Galapagos Islands between late February and April 1985, a year of cool sea-surface temperatures (SST), and January to June 1987, an 'El Nino' year of warm SST Distribu- tlon, abundance and diet of sperm whales were similar in both years. However, in 1987 they appeared to have a lower feeding success, as ind~cated by a reduced rate of observing faeces, and dived to shallower depths. Excretion rates were negatively correlated with sea-surface temperatures.

Beschreibung: Experimental fishing for flying squid (Ommastrephes bartrami) was continued in 1987 from both a Japanese vessel and a Canadian vessel in northeastern Pacific Ocean waters off the coast of British Columbia. Average squid catch rates (383 kg km-1) for the Japanese vessel was the highest obtained over the 3-yr experimental study period. Pomfret and blue shark remained the major by catch species, but as in 1986, marine mammal catch rate increased substantially over the previous year's level. A total of 90 marine mammals were caught by the two vessels combined, and while the average length of net required to catch one mammal was similar for the Canadian vessel over the past two years, catch rate increased (i.e., the average net length required to catch one mammal decreased) for the Japanese vessel in 1987.

Beschreibung: We present ΔA14C and 39Ar data collected in the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov basins during two expeditions to the central Arctic Ocean (RV Polarstern cruises ARK IV/3, 1987 and ARK VIII/3, 1991). The data are used, together with published Δ14C values, to describe the distribution of Δ14C in all major basins of the Arctic Ocean (Nansen, Amundsen, Makarov and Canada Basins), as well as the 39Ar distribution in the Nansen Basin and the deep waters of the Amundsen and Makarov Basins. From the combined Δ14C and 39Ar distributions, we derive information on the mean “isolation ages” of the deep and bottom waters of the Arctic Ocean. The data point toward mean ages of the bottom waters in the Eurasian Basin (Nansen and Amundsen Basins) of ca. 250-300 yr. The deep waters of the Amundsen Basin show slightly higher 3H concentrations than those in the Nansen Basin, indicating the addition of a higher fraction of water that has been at the sea surface during the past few decades. Correction for the bomb 14C added to the deep waters along with bomb 3H yields isolation ages for the bulk of the deep and bottom waters of the Amundsen Basin similar to those estimated for the Nansen Basin. This finding agrees well with the 39Ar data. Deep and bottom waters in the Canadian Basin (Makarov and Canada Basins) are very homogeneous, with an isolation age of ca. 450 yr. Δ14C and 39Ar data and a simple inverse model treating the Canadian Basin Deep Water (CBDW) as one well-mixed reservoir renewed by a mixture of Atlantic Water (29%), Eurasian Basin Deep Water (69%) and brine-enriched shelf water (2%) yield a mean residence time of CBDW of ca. 300 yr.

Beschreibung: The main types of reproductive system structure, development and functions in cephalopods are described from personal observations and use of the literature. There is one type in males and three in females which are order specific. These have provided a basis for examining possible evolutionary trends in reproductive system development and in reproductive strategies within coleoid cephalopods and for developing a general scale for maturity staging for males and females. Development of the cephalopod reproductive system consists of two main phases. The first includes sexual cell differentiation, growth and maturation (i.e. juvenile phase and physiological maturation). The second begins after maturation of sexual cells. It includes their transport and accumulation in different parts of the reproductive system and their conversion into spermatophores in males and eggs with protective coverings in females (i.e. physiological maturity, functional maturation and maturity). It was found that species with different life styles within each order have similar reproductive systems. This may be attributable to the relative youth in an evolutionary sense of the main groups of living cephalopods. A general scale of seven maturity stages for cephalopods was developed. Distinct characteristics of each stage are described and supplemented with a generalized drawing of gonad structure. In the first phase of reproductive system development, maturity stages are distinguished by the degree of development of the gonad and accessory glands. In the second phase maturity stages are distinguished by the fate of the mature sexual cells, particularly by their transport and location in different parts of the reproductive system up to the time of spawning

Beschreibung: The cuttlefish ingests much skeleton from the crustaceans and fish it preys upon. The skeletal pieces are relatively large and their dimensions bear a close relationship to the length of the buccal mass and diameter of the oesophagus. The structures of the buccal mass are instrumental in the breakdown of prey and orientation of long pieces of skeleton to ensure their entry into the oesophagus. Many pieces of skeletal material present in the stomach contents still have attached muscles, showing that there is little, or no, external digestion. Skeletal material may be important for long-term maintenance of young Sepia in captivity.

Beschreibung: The cartilaginous tubercles of the mantle of the squid Cranchia scabra have been examined with the scanning electron microscope. Some tubercles are small, simple nodules whereas others are large with a complex Maltese cross form. The varying shapes and sizes probably represent a developmental sequence. The possible role of the tubercles is discussed.

Beschreibung: Alteration patterns in the lavas and dykes of the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus, record a complex history of axial hydrothermal alteration, crustal aging, and subsequent uplift and emplacement of the ophiolite. Field mapping shows that distribution of five alteration zones, each with distinct mineralogical, geochemical, and hydrologie characteristics, is influenced by igneous stratigraphy, structure, and the nature and thickness of the overlying sediments. Paragenetic sequences of secondary minerals indicate that alteration conditions changed progressively as the crust cooled and moved off-axis. Along spreading axes, low temperatures (≤50°C) were maintained by the rapid flow of seawater in and out of the lavas, and only minimal alteration took place. In contrast, lower water/rock ratios and higher temperatures (〉200°C) in the dykes promoted extensive seawater-rock interaction. Although the sharp rise in temperature between the two regimes generally coincides with the lava-dyke transition, late-stage intrusions or hydrothermal upwelling zones locally cause high-temperature alteration to extend upward into the lavas. As a segment of crust moved off-axis, temperatures remained low in the lavas and progressively decreased, from 〉250° to 〈80°C, in the dykes. High permeability in the uppermost lavas led to the downward migration of an oxidative alteration front whose thickness and spatial distribution was dependent upon the rate and nature of sedimentation and, thus, the original seafloor morphology. Although field relations show that alteration has a consistent vertical pattern in Troodos, the alteration zones are not laterally continuous, and the stratigraphie depth of their boundaries varies considerably.

Beschreibung: The diet of the Wandering Albatross at Subantarctic Marion Island was studied by inducing recently fed chicks to regurgitate and by stomach flushing adults about to feed chicks. Liquid comprised 70.2% of stomach content mass recovered from chicks. Solid material comprised cephalopods (58.6% by mass), fish (36.5%) and crustacean, cetacean and seabird material as minor items. Twenty-three taxa of cephalopods were identified, the onychcteuthid squid Kondakovia longimana being the most important. Estimated average mass of squid was 694 g with a maximum of over 8 kg. Diet of the Wandering Albatross at Marion Island was broadly similar to that at other studied localities. The high proportion of cephalopods known to float after death in the diet, and the deep-water habits of the few fish identified, suggest that scavenging plays an important role in foraging behaviour.

Beschreibung: The reproductive strategy of the cirrate octopods Opisthoteuthis agassizii and O. vossi (collected off Namibia from 1988 to 1990) was analyzed. Ovarian oocyte size frequency analysis for both species revealed continuous egg production over the entire adult life span. Mature eggs were stored in the single oviducal gland and distal oviduct, but oviducal gland fullness was not related to body size (p〉0.2). All O. agassizii male specimens from 95 to 5400 g total weight were sexually mature, as were all females from 190 to 1650 g, indicating that considerable growth takes place after the onset of sexual maturity. “Continuous spawning” is defined as a single, extended and continuous period of egg maturation and spawning. This model of reproductive strategy is previously unreported in cephalopods. All O. vossi male specimens from 750 to 3050 g total weight, and females from 800 to 1300 g, were sexually mature. Mature males and females of both species were collected in all seasons of the year. The adaptation of cirrate octopods to non-scasonal deep-sea environments is considered. The sexual maturity characteristics of males were analyzed, and examination of the spermatophore revealed opercular structures previously unreported in cephalopods. For females, the micropyle of the eggs are described and the mineral analysis of the egg shell disclosed that sulphur was the major element present.

Beschreibung: Eleven species of paralarvae belonging to the Chiroteuthidae and related families are described from Hawaiian waters. The doratopsis stage is shown to be a diagnostic feature of the family Chiroteuthidae. This family, as now defined, includes the genera Chiroteuthis, Asperoteuthis, Grimalditeuthis and Planktoteuthis. Doratopsis sagitta, Valbyteuthis, Tankaia, Echinoteuthis and Enoptroteuthis spinicauda are placed as junior synonyms of Grimalditeuthis bonplandi, Planktoteuthis, Chiroteuthis, Mastigoteuthis and Lepidoteuthis grimaldii respectively. An unknown type of paralarva referred to as “big-fin” is described. Members of the “chiroteuthid lineage” which apparently includes the Chiroteuthidae, Mastigoteuthidae, Joubiniteuthidae, Batoteuthidae, Promachoteuthidae and “big-fin” may all have secondarily derived tentacular clubs.

Beschreibung: Thirteen types of octopodid paralarvae are recognized from Hawaiian waters, although the adults of only seven species (three are undescribed) are currently known from this area. The most common 11 paralarval types are described; five types can be identified with known adults. Stage II paralarvae differ from Stage I paralarvae by the presence of sucker buds on their arms. The number of suckers in Stage I paralarvae is characteristic for a species, as are their chromatophore patterns. Hatchlings have a high density of integumental pores containing secretory granules that may produce a mucous “drogue” to assist in offshore transport.

Beschreibung: The beaks of 9,994 cephalopods of 61 species, obtained mainly from chick regurgitations of wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans L.) at Gough, Auckland, Antipodes, Prince Edward and Macquarie Islands and South Georgia, were used to specify and calculate the biomass of cephalopods consumed. Histioteuthidae were most important by numbers and biomass at Gough Island (in warmest seas), but Onycboteuthidae increasingly superseded them southwards; Kondakovia longimana formed 59 to 75% of biomass eaten at the three localities nearest the Antarctic Polar Front. Other important families were Octopoteuthidae, Cranchiidae, Architeuthidae (juveniles) and Ommastrephidae (South Georgia only). Most frequently eaten were Histioteuthis atlantica 13.7%, Galiteuthis glacialis 12.4%, H. eltaninae 12.0% and Kondakovia longimana 11.6%. Wandering albatrosses rearing chicks can forage at least to 3,000 km in a single foray, and may exploit an important food source about 1200 km from the nest (as in the probable commensalism of South Georgian birds with the Falkland Islands fishery). They feed, sometimes opportunistically, on cephalopods active or moribund at the surface, or discarded or lost by trawlers, cetaceans or seals. Vertically migrating cephalopods, especially bioluminescent species, are disproportionately frequent in their non-commensal diet, suggesting that they often feed at night.

Beschreibung: During a study of Dark-romped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) breeding biology in the Galapagos Islands, we collected over 80 samples of food regurgitated by petrel chicks. We identified the prey to the lowest possible taxonomic level and determined the relative importance of each food class in the petrel's diet. We also monitored the daily changes in mass of 14 chicks on Floreana Island to determine the quantity of food delivered as well as the food delivery rate. Dark-romped Petrel hatchlings were fed a mixture of stomach oils, semi-digested fish, cephalopods and crustaceans. On the basis of mass composition, about 46% of the diet was cephalopods, about 37% fish, and about 17% crustaceans. Cephalopods, of at least 16 families, occurred with the greatest regularity. Fish were present in the samples more frequently than Crustacea: seven and five families, respectively. Feeding rates were highest in the month after hatching and lowest before fledging. Estimated food loads averaged 68 g and did not increase in size over the growth period. Dark-romped Petrels fed on mainly mesopelagic prey, taken presumably at night, while ranging up to 2,000 km from the colonies, largely southwards.

Beschreibung: Food samples from 27 Buller’s mollymawks Diomedea bulleri from the New Zealand region showed that cephalopods were, by frequency of occurrence and by mass, their preferred food. Fish, crustaceans, and tunicates, in decreasing order of importance, also were taken. Seventeen species of Cephalopoda were identified by their beaks, with 78.5% of individuals belonging to the Ommastrephidae (77% Nototodarus spp.) and 10% to the Histioteuthidae. The diet was compared with that of four other small species of Diomedea, and found to be similar to that of D. chrysostoma, D. irrorata, and D. cauta, but different from that of D. melanophris, whose preferred food is euphausiids. Squid-fishing operations around New Zealand may come into competition with Buller’s mollymawk.

Beschreibung: A link is proposed between the processes that led to the evolution of large species of squid and the highly variable, cyclic recruitment seen in squid fisheries. Maximum growth requires maximal feeding and minimal routine metabolism at optimum temperatures, which decrease as squid grow. Topographically induced upwelling zones, inshore of western boundary currents, provide productive environments with appropriate temperatures for all life stages. Most squid are small and live in the tropics or subtropics; locomotor constraints prevent them from swimming long distances. Long annual migrations to spawn upstream in current systems require short-lived squids to maximize rates of growth. Therefore, such systems provide the opportunity and a powerful selective advantage for large size and rapid growth. Increased fecundity and cannibalism provide additional directional selection for large individuals. Current systems show food production peaks (blooms); paralarval release must match these to increase survival. Because squid are semelparous, disruption of delicately balanced lifecycles by physical events can virtually annihilate stocks. Recovery probably requires that populations of large squid "re-evolve" from smaller, more-stable tropical populations of small squid. This recovery phase may extend the "down-side" of abundance cycles. Studies of squid/current systems have focused on western boundary currents, but the Illex complex also associates with eastern boundaries. Such populations are generally smaller than in larger systems, supporting the hypothesis, but more detailed comparisons are required.

Beschreibung: During a cruise in March 1988 dedicated to investigation of the marine resources of South Africa's continental slope, 62 species in 22 families of Cephalopoda were collected from the Cape Canyon and Cape Point Valley. Multivariate analysis revealed a clear distinction between cephalopods of the upper and lower continental slope in both benthic and epibenthic habitats. Todaropsis eblanae and Todarodes angolensis were indicator species for the upper slope benthic, from 300 to 500 m, but on the lower slope, in 700–900 m of water, they were replaced by Histioteuthis miranda and Opisthoteuthis agassizii. In the epibenthic, both upper and lower slopes were dominated by Abraliopsis gilchristi and Lycoteuthis ?diadema, but other species characteristic of the lower slope were the oceanic species Mastigoteuthis hjorti, Ctenopteryx sicula and Taonius sp. A. Cranchia scabra indicated the presence of oceanic water at stations 700–900 m deep. Other species of significance in the catches were Todarodes filippovae, Histioteuthis macrohista, Rossia enigmatica and Bathypolypus valdiviae. Species affinities indicate that the cephalopod fauna of the southern African continental slope includes the following zoogeographic components: southern African endemic, circum-Subantarctic species associated with Antarctic Intermediate Water, circum-global southern tropical/subtropical, tropical Indo-Pacific and cosmopolitan tropical/subtropical.

Beschreibung: Literature on trophic relationships in the Benguela ecosystem has stressed the importance of cephalopods as prey of groundfish. The groundfish community of the shelf and upper slope of southern Africa is dominated by the Cape hakes, and the results presented (1984–1991) confirm that both species of hake are important predators of cephalopods, especially taking into consideration the abundance of hake in the ecosystem. However, geographic, seasonal and species variability are evident in the patterns observed. The main prey species are Sepia spp. (predominantly Sepia australis), Loligo vulgaris reynaudii, Todaropsis eblanae and Lycoteuthis ?diadema. The last-named is an important food organism for fish. Its systematic status needs revision, however. Qualitative results of studies of cephalopod predation are also provided for kingklip and monkfish.

Beschreibung: Cephalopods of importance in the Benguela ecosystem include Loligo vulgaris reynaudii, Todarodes angolensis, Todaropsis eblanae, Lycoteuthis ?diadema, Sepia australis, Octopus spp. (up to three species) and Argonauta spp., and possibly also Ocythoe tuberculata and Rossia enigmatica. Species which may prove important as a result of further research are Lolliguncula mercatoris, Ommastrephes bartramii, Todarodes filippovae, Histioteuthis miranda and Abraliopsis gilchristi. "Importance" is defined on the basis of "survey abundance" (including commercial fisheries) and their trophic links with other organisms. Use of the latter criterion indicates that Sepia australis, Todaropsis eblanae and Lycoteuthis ?diadema are sufficiently abundant to be exploited by fisheries. Unknown factors are dispersal, availability and market considerations. The only examples of cephalopods feeding on commercial species of fish are Loligo v. reynaudii feeding on anchovy Engraulis capensis and Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and/or M. paradoxus in the southern Benguela and Todarodes angolensis preying on Cape hake in the northern Benguela. Such feeding is opportunistic and is not believed to threaten the fish stocks. Predators of cephalopods are mostly opportunistic, switching to other prey when cephalopods are not available. There is no evidence that such predators pose a threat to the Loligo fisheries. The opportunistic nature of cephalopods as prey and predators makes quantification of predation (in both directions) difficult. Data for such quantification are, as yet, unavailable.

Beschreibung: The present study contributes new information on the cephalopods off Namibia, contains the first record of Ornithoteuthis volatilis (Sasaki, 1915) in the Atlantic, and adds records of six species in the Benguela Current and three species in Namibian waters. The presence of certain species seldom encountered in the Benguela Current has been confirmed. A compilation of the cephalopod fauna off Namibia had also been included, listing 65 species. Additional morphological data on Stoloteuthis leucoptera, Lycoteuthis lorigera, Architeuthis sp., Pholidoteuthis boschmai, Ornithoteuthis volatilis, Eledone nigra, and Graneledone sp. have been provided. The status of the genus Lycoteuthis has been reviewed in the light of the first collection of Lycoteuthis lorigera (Steenstrup, 1875) males in the Atlantic, and Lycoteuthis diadema (Chun, 1900) has been considered to be a synonym for Lycoteuthis lorigera

Beschreibung: The results of ichthyoplankton surveys carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Pesca (INAPE) in the Argentine–Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone (AUCFZ) in summer 1980 and the winters of 1980–1982 are presented. In addition, the results of joint research with INIDEP, the Argentine and Japan Fisheries Agency, on larvae, juveniles and adults of the short-finned squid Illex argentinus carried out in winter 1989 are given, as are data obtained during the joint sardine and anchovy recruitment project carried out by R.V. Meteor in November/December 1989. The short-finned squid Illex argentinus is the most important cephalopod resource of the area, and an extended fishery is carried out on the Patagonian shelf and in the proximity of the Falkland Islands. The fishing season in the AUCFZ, for pre-spawning and spawning animals, extends from early autumn to winter (March–August). Abundance of rhynchoteuthion larvae (417–485 larvae·10 m−2) was greatest in winter in surface temperatures of 12,1–16,9°C and surface salinities of 34,8 – 35,2 × 10−3. The distribution of the larvae is related to the western boundary of the Brazil Current and the convergence front.

Beschreibung: Cephalopod paralarvae and juveniles were sampled with RMT8 and Bongo nets during 2 cruises of the MV 'Falklands Protector' in the southwest Atlantic Ocean in October/November 1990 and 1991. Each cruise had 2 phases, a northern phase over the Patagonian Shelf edge and adjacent waters, and a southern phase over the shelf around the Falkland Islands. Vertical temperature profiles were used to identify the major fronts and water masses. The subtropical water of the Brazil Current was characterized by the tropical/subtropical Abraliopsis pfefferi and Histioteuthis corona corona, the subtropical/subantarctic H. atlantica and the widespread Taningia danae, species of Brachioteuthis, Chiroteuthis and Galiteuthis, a single specimen of Illex argentinus and an ommastrephid rhynchoteuthion type B. The subantarctic surface water of the Falkland Current contained the richest assemblage of species and was characterised by the subtropical/subantarctic H. atlantica, the subantarctic Batoteuthis skolops, H. eltaninae, H. macrohista and the subantarctic/antarctic Gonatus antarcticus. With the exception of some small Gonatus antarcticus, the polar frontal zone water of the Falkland Current was relatively poor in species. The Falkland Islands Shelf yielded Loligo gahi, Gonatus antarcticus, Martialia hyadesi, Moroteuthis knipovitchi, Batoteuthis skolops, Semirossia patagonica and an Octopus sp. The data provide new information on the life cycles of Martialia hyadesi and Gonatus antarcticus and are consistent with the view that L. gahi reproduces in shallow water around the Falkland Islands with 1 major brood spawning in the late austral winter.

Beschreibung: The question whether the chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii resource can be managed effectively is examined in the light of developments in the fishery and knowledge of the resource gathered in recent years. The history of the fishery since its inception in 1985, management controls and the current state of knowledge of stock identity, distribution, seasonality and abundance, life cycle and population dynamics are reviewed as a background to a discussion of management alternatives. Long-term measures, such as fleet limitation, seasonal closures and de facto closed areas and size limits, all appropriate in the early stages of a fishery when knowledge is limited, should be replaced by more-flexible alternatives as knowledge improves. Methods of stock assessment, stock-recruitment studies and further basic biological analyses are recognized as being crucial to improving management methods. An explanation embracing physical oceanographic features and plankton productivity in the vicinity of the spawning grounds is advanced for the mechanisms underlying hatchling survival. The possible contribution of trophic studies to squid management is recognized. Effective management of the chokka squid resource is concluded to be possible provided that the specific areas needing attention be addressed by means of goal-orientated research. Rational, but not necessarily optimal, management decisions can, however, be made even in the absence of stock-recruitment data, by the employment of common-sense measures which generally include some form of effort control.

Beschreibung: Gastric contents o f Merluccius australis polylepis Ginsburg y Macruronus magellanicus Lönnberg were examined in Order to know the cephalopods incidence. The samples were obtained from multiespecific fishing (whith bottom trawls) off chilean coast (45°-56°30’Sy 68°-76°W)between may and november 1986. Both species offish analized have low percentage of squids (5,6% and 4,8% respectively). The following species of cephalopods were identified: Loligo gahi Orbigny, Histioteuthis atlantica ? (Hoyle), Brachioteuthis picta Chun, Gonatus antarciicus Lönnberg Todarodes filippovae Adam y Kondakovia longimana Filippovae. L. gahi being the most abundant. Records of their geographic and batimetric distribution and a list of chilean cephalopods of Teuthoidea are given.

Beschreibung: In April 27, 1990 a specimen of Chiroteuthis veranyi (Ferussac, 1835) was collected near Isla Mocha, Chile. This record extends the southern limit of C. veranyi's geographic distribution in the South-east Pacific. Some anatomical characteristics of the specimen are included.

Beschreibung: The squid Nototodarus gouldi (McCoy, 1888) was caught by bottom trawl in Port Phillip Bay, Australia in February 1985. The squid accumulates in its digestive gland high levels of trace metals, with up to 100 μg Cd g-1 dry tissue, 1 200 μg g-1 copper and 1 500 μg g-1 zinc and up to 24 Bq g-1 of the naturally occurring radionuclide polonium-210. The molecular binding of these elements in six squid was investigated using column chromatography. Two poorly resolved copper peaks were associated with proteins of average molecular weights of 11 500 and 18 000. The two squid containing the highest levels of cadmium in their digestive glands (44 and 88 μg g-1) had cadmium associated with a peak of molecular weight intermediate between the copper-binding peaks, but this peak was absent from squid containing lower levels of cadmium. Zinc was associated with ligands of less than 1 500 molecular weight. The 210Po eluted with proteins of greater than 70 000 molecular weight, and there was no evidence of binding to low molecular weight proteins. Different mechanisms appear to be involved in the binding and control of the four elements.

Beschreibung: Three specimens of the rare giant squid (genus Architeuthis, 18 nominal species) are described from the waters around southern Africa. Consideration of their internal and external morphology, including beaks, radula, statocyst and statolith give no reason to suppose that the three specimens do not pertain to the same species. A standardized data collection form and a summary of existing morphometric data are presented for the first time and the morphology and systematics of the genus are discussed. The value of various systematic characters is examined and certain guidelines are proposed, with an appeal for a more scientific approach to Architeuthis studies. Features of the internal anatomy, including the female reproductive tract, are described and illustrated and the beak dimensions are used to evaluate existing regression formulae for beak and body parameters. The statocyst and statolith are described and illustrated in full, the statolith for the first time, and are compared with those of other squids. The value of recent data from trawl-caught specimens, as well as indirect evidence, is cited to replace speculation in discussions on distribution and habitat. Our specimens suggest that the waters off the south-western coast of Africa may be one of the natural habitats of Architeurhis, during both feeding and spawning periods of the life cycle.

Beschreibung: An investigation was carried out on larvae of the oceanic tropical squid Sthenoteuthis pteropus in the equatorial Atlantic (2°30′N–7°S;12°W –8°30′E) The age of the larvae was calculated from the statolith microstructure of 20 larvae; mortality was estimated from the size structure of 1128 larvae. The larval stage lasts 32–38 days. At ages ranging from 14 to 38 days. the daily relative growth rates of mantle length decrease from 7.5 to 2.8% day −1 and from 14–16 to 5.8% of body weight day −1 At age 12–24 days, mortality rates were estimated using both raw catch data and corrected data accounting for net avoidance. The mean value of raw mortality rates was 0.189, the corrected value was 0.158. During the proboscis division (transformation of the larva into juvenile) at age 25–35 days, a sharp decrease in larval growth rates and a simultaneous increase in mortality rates (raw 0.443, corrected 0.379) were observed.

Beschreibung: An investigation was carried out on the morphology, growth and microstructure of statoliths of 833 specimens of Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Steenstrup) mantle length (ML): 2–548 mm collected in the open waters of the Gulf of Guinea in 1984–1988. Statolith morphology is similar to that of other species of the subfamily Ommastrephinae and is similar to the sibling species S. oulaniensis. Statolith development includes five stages resembling those of Illex illecebrosus and other ommastrephids. Statolith growth is characterized by negative allometry. Increments visible in ground sections of statoliths can be grouped into four main growth zones, differing mainly in colour and increment width. Age and growth rates of S. pteropus were calculated using increment counts. The life span of females of all size groups does not exceed 1 yr, that of males is 1–2 months shorter, probably due to preliminary mating. Instantaneous relative growth rage (G) of paralarvae is high (up to 16% of body weight (BW)). G values for juveniles decline, but remain relatively high (7–8% BW). Juveniles attain 100–110 mm ML by age 100–110 days. G values for adults are the lowest (1.8–2% BW), but daily growth rates reach maximum values (40–70 g per day in large females of 450–500 mm ML). Each ontogenetic phase of S. pteropus corresponds to features of morphology, growth and microstructure of the statolith.

Beschreibung: Investigations indicate that the Iceland Ice Sheet was reduced in size during MIS 3 but readvanced to the shelf break at the LGM. Retreat occurred very rapidly around 15 k–16 k cal. yr BP. By contrast, the margin of the ice sheet on the East Greenland shelf, north of the Denmark Strait, was at or close to the shelf break during MIS 3 and 2 and retreat starting ∼17 k cal. yr BP. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of the 〈2 mm sediment fraction was undertaken on 161 samples from Iceland and East Greenland diamictons, and from cores on the slopes and margins of the Denmark Strait. Weight% mineralogical data are used in a principal component analysis to differentiate sediments derived from the two margins. The first two PC axes explain 52% of the variance. These associations are used to characterise sediments as being affiliated with (a) Iceland, (b) East Greenland or (c) mixed. The contribution from Iceland becomes prominent during MIS 2. The extensive outcrop of early Tertiary basalts on East Greenland between 68° and 71° N is an alternative source for basaltic clasts and North Atlantic sediments with εNd(0) values close to ±0.

Beschreibung: Experimental light luring fishing was conducted in west coast of the Gulf of Thailand using a stick-held cast net. A variety of fishes were simultaneously caught with a higher proportion of commercially important Indian squid Loligo duvauceli. Three trends in catch of squid observed might directly be correlated to the catch of other species simultaneously captured. It was clearly shown that the catch of Indian squid reached its maximum level (10-20kg/haul) at the catch of other species approximately 0.5-1.0kg/haul. The relationship between the presence of other species and the amount of squids caught were analyzed in consideration of size structure of both Indian squid L. duvauceli, and Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta, commonly apperaring in the catches. The catch of larger size squid more than about 15cm mantle length seemed to be correlated with the presence of Indian mackerel.

Beschreibung: The volcanic arc of the Hellenic subduction zone with its four volcanic centers is of major relevance when evaluating the seismovolcanic hazard for the Aegean region. We present results from a 22-station temporary seismic network (CYCNET) in the central Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA). CYCNET recordings allow to analyze the level and spatio-temporal evolution of microseismic activity in this region for the first time. A total of 2175 events recorded between September 2002 and July 2004 are analyzed using statistical methods, cluster analysis and relative relocation techniques. We identify distinct regions with significantly varying spatiotemporal behavior of microseismicity. A large portion of the seismic activity within the upper crust is associated with the presence of islands representing horst structures that were generated during the major Oligocene extensional phase. In contrast, the central part of the Cyclades metamorphic core complex remains aseismic considering our magnitude threshold of 1.8 except one spot where events occur swarm-like and with highly similar waveforms. The highest activity in the study area was identified along the SW–NE striking Santorini–Amorgos zone. Within this zone the submarine Columbo volcano exhibits strong temporal variations of seismic activity on a high background level. This activity is interpreted to be directly linked to the magma reservoir and therein the migration of magma and fluids towards the surface. NE of Columbo where no volcanic activity has yet been reported we observe a similar seismicity pattern with small-scaled activity spots that might represent local pathways of upward migrating fluids or even developing volcanic activity within this zone of crustal weakness. In contrast, the Santorini and Milos volcanic complexes do not show significant temporal variations and low to moderate background activity, respectively. Relating our results to the distribution of historical earthquakes and the GPS-derived horizontal velocity field we conclude that the Santorini–Amorgos zone is presently in the state of right-lateral transtension reflecting a major structural boundary of the volcanic arc subdividing it into a seismically and volcanically quiet western and an active eastern part.

Beschreibung: The following report is a synthesis of the main results of the OECD Cooperative Programme on Eutrophication. It is the outcome of several years' concerted effort by 18 Member countries. The objectives were to establish, through international cooperation, a basis for eutrophication control of inland waters (lakes and reservoirs in particular), and to develop better guidelines for fixing nutrient load criteria compatible with water use objectives. The present report is both complementary and supplementary to the four Regional Project Reports (2) already published. In parallel with the OECD study programme, progress has been made in other areas, particularly in dynamic modelling. The results of the OECD study and approach have already been successfully applied in several instances in North America, Europe and elsewhere. It can be anticipated that 0- while knowledge of eutrophication and its control methods are advancing -- the OECD results presented here will continue to provide a basic reference in eutrophication control studies.

Beschreibung: The foraging ecology of free—living King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) was studied during October and November 1991 on Possession Island (46°25' S, 51°45'E), Crozet Archipelago. Feeding was detected with stomach temperature sensors, which logged feeding activity as indicated by temperature drops. The penguins fed mainly on myctophid fish. Stomach temperature of 16 birds at sea was recorded for a total of 146 d. During 125 d a total of 16 474 food ingestion events was recorded, a mean of 132 events per day. Here, calculated food intake averaged 2320 g/d (range 11—12 889 g) with 〉80% (range 71—95%) of prey caught during daylight. During the remaining 21 d stomach temperature dropped below the detection limit of 20°C, which made determination of the number of ingestion events impossible and mass ingested determination inaccurate. We propose that there is selection pressure for King Penguins to ingest and digest large quantities of food quickly because these birds alternate fasting periods on land, during which time they care for their chicks, with foraging trips, during which time they must feed on patchily distributed prey.

Beschreibung: The diet composition of Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri chicks was examined at Auster and Taylor Glacier colonies, near Australia's Mawson station, Antarctica, between hatching in mid-winter and fledging in mid-summer by “water-offloading” adults. Chicks at both colonies were fed a similar suite of prey species. Crustaceans occurred in 82% of stomach samples at Auster and 87% of stomachs at Taylor Glacier and were heavily digested: their contribution to food mass could not be quantified. Fish, primarily bentho-pelagic species, accounted for 52% by number and 55% by mass of chick diet at Auster, and squid formed the remainder. At Taylor Glacier the corresponding values were 27% by number and 31% by mass of fish and 73% by number and 69% by mass of squid. Of the 33 species or taxa identified, the fish Trematomus eulepidotus and the squid Psychroteuthis glacialis and Allu-roteuthis antarcticus accounted for 64% and 74% of the diets by mass at Auster and Taylor Glacier, respectively. The sizes of fish varied temporally but not in a linear manner from winter to summer. Adult penguins captured fish ranging in length from 60 mm (Pfeura-gramma antarcticum) to 250 mm (T. eulepidotus) and squid (P. glacialis) from 19 to 280 mm in mantle length. The length-frequency distribution of P. glacialis showed seasonal variation, with the size of squid increasing from winter to summer. The energy density of chick diet mix increased significantly prior to “fledging”.

Beschreibung: The proximate (protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash) and elemental (C, H, N and P) composition of the major tissues were measured for 18 male and 51 female Illex argentinus sampled from the feeding grounds over the Patagonian Shelf. In most tissues the chemical composition did not vary with sexual maturity, although the mass of the tissue increased significantly because sexual maturation and growth were proceeding simultaneously. The composition of the ovary and associated tissues (nidamental gland, oviducal gland) did change significantly during sexual maturation. Several tissues contained significant amounts of one or more unknown components. The nitrogen content of an unknown component in the testis was similar to that of DNA. In the spermatophoric complex the nitrogen content suggested the unknown fraction may be an amino acid or short peptide, whereas in the nidamental gland the nitrogen content suggested an amino-sugar or polysaccharide derivative. The digestive gland was rich in lipid and continued to accumulate substantial reserves of energy throughout the period of sexual maturation on the feeding grounds. During this period there was no evidence for the utilization of either digestive gland or mantle tissues to supply energy for gonads. Accumulation of carbon and energy (estimated stoichiometrically from carbon) during the final 50 days on the feeding grounds indicated that energy demands for tissue synthesis in females were almost twice those of the smaller males, and that a relatively small fraction of the demands were for reproductive tissues (5% in males, 15% in females). Most energy intake in this period was directed to the digestive gland (40% in males, 47% in females) and other somatic growth (54% in males, 38% in females). A preliminary power budget suggested that during the final days of feeding before migrating to the spawning grounds, energy intake of Illex argentinus is 4-5% body energy content per day, growth efficiencies are low (17-22%) and that energy reserves in the digestive gland would fuel migration in the absence of feeding for 14 days in males and 21 days in females.

Beschreibung: Mean intracellular pH (pHi) and PCO2 (PiCO2) have been analysed based on pH and total CO2 measurements in tissue homogenates. Tissues were sampled from undisturbed worms (Sipunculus nudus), squid (Illex illecebrosus), trout (Salmo gairdneri), toads (Bufo marinus), and rats. Homogenate metabolism was inhibited by the addition of potassium fluoride and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). Model calculations revealed that the influence of dilution, medium buffers, and contamination by extracellular fluids was negligible. In white muscle tissue the resulting pHi values were virtually the same as found in studies using DMO (dimethyloxazolidinedione). If large fractions of mitochondria were present (e.g. in heart muscle), DMO derived pHi values were considerably higher, probably representing overestimates. Homogenate derived pHi values are concluded to represent the effective mean pHi by taking into account pH gradients, and the volumes and buffering of cellular compartments. High time resolution and small variability make this method especially useful to assess rapid changes in pHi, e.g. in exercising animals.

Beschreibung: The concentrations of intermediate and end products of anaerobic energy metabolism and of free amino acids were determined in mantle musculature and blood sampled from cannulated, unrestrained squid (Loligo pealei, Illex illecebrosus) under control conditions, after fatigue from increasing levels of exercise, and during postexercise recovery. Phosphagen depletion, accumulation of octopine (more so in Illex than in Loligo), and accumulation of succinate indicate that anaerobic metabolism contributes to energy production before fatigue. Proline was a substrate of metabolism in Loligo, as indicated by its depletion in the mantle. In both species, there was no evidence of catabolism of ATP beyond AMP. A comparison of the changes in the free and total levels of adenylates and the phosphagen indicates an earlier detrimental effect of fatigue on the energy status in Loligo. The acidosis provoked by octopine formation in Illex was demonstrated to promote the use of the phosphagen and to protect the free energy change of ATP such that the anaerobic scope of metabolism during swimming is extended and expressed more in Illex than in Loligo. In both species, there was no decrease in the sum of phospho-L-arginine, octopine, and L-arginine, and thus no release of octopine from the mantle, thereby supporting our earlier claim that octopine and associated protons are recycled in the mantle tissue. Overall, the metabolic strategy of Loligo is much less disturbing for the acid-base status. This strategy and the alternative strategy of Illex to keep acidifying protons in the tissue may be important for the protection of hemocyanin function in the two species.

Beschreibung: Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to investigate levels of genetic differentiation between four samples of the nominate squid species Martialia hyadesi Rochbrune and Mabille, 1889, obtained from regions of the Patagonian Shelf and Antarctic Polar Fron-tal Zone over 1000 km apart. M. hyadesi is an ecologically important South Atlantic ommastrephid squid and it is probable that, in the future, fishing effort will be increasingly directed towards this species. Details regarding the population structure of the species are therefore required. In comparison with the other three samples of M. hyadesi, one of the samples from the Patagonian Shelf (PAT 89II) exhibited fixed allelic differences at 16 of the 39 enzyme loci which were resolved (genetic identity, I=0.51). This high level of genetic differentiation contradicts the apparent morphological similarity between samples, indicating the presence of a cryptic or sibling congeneric species. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and significant differences in allele distribution were also detected within and between the other three putative M. hyadesi samples, suggesting that the species fails to maintain effective panmixia across its geographical range. The occurrence of both temporal (1986 cf. 1989) and geographic structuring within the species complex is consequently indicated, caused possibly by an overlap of reproductively isolated stocks (stock mixing) outside their respective breeding areas. Low levels of genetic variability were detected throughout the samples examined, estimates of average heterozygosity per locus within the two species detected being in the order of 0.01 and 0.002. These values are discussed in relation to levels of genetic variability reported for other squid species, and in comparison with values typically expected for marine invertebrates.

Beschreibung: The in vitro oxygen-binding characteristics of haemocyanin were investigated in whole blood of two species of pelagic squid, Illex illecebrosus and Loligo pealei. pH-independent Haldane coefficients (ΔHCO3−/ΔHcyO2) (where HcyO2 is haemocyanin-bound oxygen) slightly smaller than —1 were found in both species. Oxygen-linked CO2 binding was not present. Buffer values ranged between 5 and 5.8 m mol l−1pH unit−1. For further analyses a pH/saturation diagram was selected to show the effect of pH on oxygen binding at constant POO2 in a continuous plot. The slopes of the resulting oxygen isobars (ΔHcyO2/ΔpH or ΔS/ΔpH) (where S is oxygen saturation) depend on pH. The diagram allows evaluation of both the Bohr coefficients (ΔlogP50/ΔpH) and the Hill coefficients (n50) at specific pH values. It provides an integrated illustration of the importance of the Bohr effect and cooperativity for oxygen binding. In accordance with Wyman's linkage equation, Bohr and Haldane coefficients are found to be identical. Both are pH-independent between pH7 and 8. The changing slopes of the oxygen isobars are likely to reflect changes in cooperativity with pH. Maximum values of n50 coincide with maximum steepness of the oxygen isobars in the physiological range of pH and POO2. Assuming that the haemocyanin acts as a buffer for venous POO2, this maximum in pH sensitivity and its decrease in the higher and lower pH ranges are discussed in the light of the maintenance of pigment function in vivo.

Beschreibung: Variations in the distribution and abundance of coastal cephalopods in the Cabo Frio (Brazil) region were studied from 71 trawl samples obtained between November 1986 and October 1988. Species abundance was compared over the depths sampled and their relationship with hydrological features investigated. Best catches were markedly associated with upwelling of nutrient-rich water (South Atlantic Central Water) during the spring-summer period, at depths from 45 to 60 m. Two species, Loligo sanpaulensis and Eledone massyae, account for most of this increase. Variations in abundance of these species are related to recruitment and periods of high productivity on the feeding grounds. Benthic octopods such as Octopus tehuelchus, O. vulgaris and Eledone gaucha occurred in small numbers at 60 m. Species broadly distributed in the western Atlantic, such as Semirossia tenera and Loligo plei, were also present.