Call number:
9781444328479 (e-book)
Type of Medium:
12
Pages:
1 Online-Ressource (XIII, 768 Seiten)
,
Illustrationen
Edition:
Second edition
ISBN:
9781444328479 (e-book)
,
978-1-4443-2847-9
URL:
Fulltext @ Ebook Central (AWI only)
Language:
English
Note:
Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part 1: Making Sediment
Introduction
Clastic sediment as a chemical and physical breakdown product
1.1 Introduction: clastic sediments—'accidents' of weathering
1.2 Silicate minerals and chemical weathering
1.3 Solute flux: rates and mechanisms of silicate chemical weathering
1.4 Physical weathering
1.5 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape
1.6 Links between soil age, chemical weathering and weathered-rock removal
1.7 Provenance: siliciclastic sediment-sourcing
Further reading
2 Carbonate, siliceous, iron-rich and evaporite sediments
2.1 Marine vs. freshwater chemical composition and fluxes
2.2 The calcium carbonate system in the oceans
2.3 Ooid carbonate grains
2.4 Carbonate grains from marine plants and animals
2.5 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks
2.6 Other carbonate grains of biological origins
2.7 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates
2.8 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism
2.9 The carbonate system on land
2.10 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation as sediment
2.11 Silica and pelagic plankton
2.12 Iron minerals and biomineralizers
2.13 Desert varnish
2.14 Phosphates
2.15 Primary microbial-induced sediments: algal mats and stromatolites
Further reading
3 Sediment grain properties
3.1 General
3.2 Grain size
3.3 Grain-size distributions
3.4 Grain shape and form
3.5 Bulk properties of grain aggregates
Further reading
Part 2: Moving Fluid
Introduction
4 Fluid basics
4.1 Material properties of fluids
4.2 Fluid kinematics
4.3 Fluid continuity with constant density
4.4 Fluid dynamics
4.5 Energy, mechanical work and power
Further reading
5 Types of fluid motion
5.1 Osborne Reynolds and flow types
5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer
5.3 Turbulent flows
5.4 The structure of turbulent shear flows
5.5 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents
5.6 Subcritical and supercritical flows: the Froude number and hydraulic jumps
5.7 Stratified flow generally
5.8 Water waves
5.9 Tidal flow—long-period waves
Further reading
Part 3: Transporting Sediment
Introduction
6 Sediment in fluid and fluid flow—general
6.1 Fall of grains through stationary fluids
6.2 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex
6.3 Fluids as transporting machines
6.4 Initiation of grain motion
6.5 Paths of grain motion
6.6 Categories of transported sediment
6.7 Some contrasts between wind and water flows
6.8 Cohesive sediment transport and erosion
6.9 A warning: nonequilibrium effects dominate natural sediment transport systems
6.10 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation and competence vs. capacity
Further reading
7 Bedforms and sedimentary structures in flows and under waves
7.1 Trinity of interaction: turbulent flow, sediment transport and bedform development
7.2 Water-flow bedforms
7.3 Bedform phase diagrams for water flows
7.4 Water flow erosional bedforms on cohesive beds
7.5 Water wave bedforms
7.6 Combined flows: wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification
7.7 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows
Further reading
8 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Granular flows
8.3 Debris flows
8.4 Turbidity flows
8.5 Turbidite evidence for downslope transformation from turbidity to debris flows
Further reading
9 Liquefaction, fluidization and sliding sediment deformation
9.1 Liquefaction
9.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction
9.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps
9.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures
Further reading
Part 4: Major External Controls on Sedimentation and Sedimentary Environments
Introduction
10 Major external controls on sedimentation
10.1 Climate
10.2 Global climates: a summary
10.3 Sea-level changes
10.4 Tectonics
10.5 Sediment yield, denudation rate and the sedimentary record
Further reading
Part 5: Continental Sedimentary Environments
Introduction
11 Rivers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 River networks, hydrographs,patterns and long profiles
11.3 Channel form
11.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures
11.5 The floodplain
11.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges and avulsion
11.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium
11.8 Alluvial architecture: product of complex responses
11.9 Alluvial architecture: scale, controls and time
Further reading
12 Subaerial Fans: Alluvial and Colluvial
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Controls on the size (area) and gradient of fans
12.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans
12.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans
12.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans
12.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans and talus cones
Further reading
13 Aeolian Sediments in Low-Latitude Deserts
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Aeolian system state
13.3 Physical processes and erg formation
13.4 Erg margins and interbedform areas
13.5 Erg and draa evolution and sedimentary architecture
13.6 Erg construction, stasis and destruction: climate and sea-level controls
13.7 Ancient desert facies
Further reading
14 Lakes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Lake stratification
14.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents
14.4 Wind-forced physical processes
14.5 Temperate lake chemical processes and cycles
14.6 Saline lake chemical processes and cycles
14.7 Biological processes and cycles
14.8 Modern temperate lakes and their sedimentary facies
14.9 Lakes in the East African rifts
14.10 Lake Baikal
14.11 The succession of facies as lakes evolve
14.12 Ancient lake facies
Further reading
15 Ice
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Physical processes of ice flow
15.3 Glacier flow, basal lubrication and surges
15.4 Sediment transport, erosion and deposition by flowing ice
15.5 Glacigenic sediment: nomenclature and classification
15.6 Quaternary and modern glacial environments and facies
15.7 Ice-produced glacigenic erosion and depositional facies on land and in the periglacial realm
15.8 Glaciofluvial processes on land at and within the ice-front
15.9 Glacimarine environments
15.10 Glacilacustrine environments
15.11 Glacial facies in the pre-Quaternary geological record: case of Cenozoic Antarctica
Further reading
Part 6: Marine Sedimentary Environments
Introduction
16. Estuaries
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Estuarine dynamics
16.3 Modern estuarine morphology and sedimentary environments
16.4 Estuaries and sequence stratigraphy
Further reading
17. River and Fan Deltas
17.1 Introduction to river deltas
17.2 Basic physical processes and sedimentation at the river delta front
17.3 Mass movements and slope failure on the subaqueous delta
17.4 Organic deposition in river deltas
17.5 River delta case histories
17.6 River deltas and sea-level change
17.7 Ancient river delta deposits
17.8 Fan deltas
Further reading
18. Linear Siliciclastic Shorelines
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Beach processes and sedimentation
18.3 Barrier-inlet-spit systems and their deposits
18.4 Tidal flats, salt marsh and chenier ridges
18.5 Ancient clastic shoreline facies
Further reading
19 Siliciclastic Shelves
19.1 Introduction: shelf sinks and lowstand bypass
19.2 Shelf water dynamics
19.3 Holocene highstand shelf sediments: general
19.4 Tide-dominated, low river input, highstand shelves
19.5 Tide-dominated, high river input, highstand shelves
19.6 Weather-dominated highstand shelves
Further reading
20 Calcium-carbonate-evaporite Shorelines, Shelves and Basins
20.1 Introduction: calcium carbonate 'nurseries' and their consequences
20.2 Arid carbonate tidal flats, lagoons and evaporite sabkhas
20.3 Humid carbonate tidal flats and marshes
20.4 Lagoons and bays
20.5 Tidal delta and margin-spillover carbonate tidal sands
20.6 Open-shelf carbonate ramps
20.7 Platform margin reefs and carbonate build-ups
20.8 Platform margin slopes and basins
20.9 Carbonate sediments, cycles and sea-level change
20.10 Displacement and destruction of carbonate environments: silicicl
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