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  • Other Sources  (143)
  • CITATION GEO-LEO  (143)
  • GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum  (112)
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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1
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    Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉
    Description: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”
    Description: Ellrichshausen Foundation
    Description: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Fifty years after deep‐ploughing: Effects on yield, roots, nutrient stocks and soil structure (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Deep‐ploughing far beyond the common depth of 30 cm was used more than 50 years ago in Northern Germany with the aim to break root‐restricting layers and thereby improve access to subsoil water and nutrient resources. We hypothesized that effects of this earlier intervention on soil properties and yields prevailed after 50 years. Hence, we sampled two sandy soils and one silty soil (Cambisols and a Luvisol) of which half of the field had been deep‐ploughed 50 years ago (soils then re‐classified as Treposols). The adjacent other half was not deep‐ploughed and thus served as the control. At all the three sites, both deep‐ploughed and control parts were then conventionally managed over the last 50 years. We assessed yields during the dry year 2019 and additionally in 2020, and rooting intensity at the year of sampling (2019), as well as changes in soil structure, carbon and nutrient stocks in that year. We found that deep‐ploughing improved yields in the dry spell of 2019 at the sandy sites, which was supported by a more general pattern of higher NDVI indices in deep‐ploughed parts for the period from 2016 to 2021 across varying weather conditions. Subsoil stocks of soil organic carbon and total plant‐available phosphorus were enhanced by 21%–199% in the different sites. Root biomass in the subsoil was reduced due to deep‐ploughing at the silty site and was increased or unaffected at the sandy sites. Overall, the effects of deep‐ploughing were site‐specific, with reduced bulk density in the buried topsoil stripes in the subsoil of the sandy sites, but with elevated subsoil density in the silty site. Hence, even 50 years after deep‐ploughing, changes in soil properties are still detectable, although effect size differed among sites.〈/p〉
    Description: BonaRes http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100022576
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; aggregates ; carbon sequestration ; deep‐ploughing ; macronutrients ; subsoil ; Treposol
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)
    Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Inspecting the Reliability of Geochemical Facies Identified for the Waterworks' Capture Zone in Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Little research attention has been given to validating clusters obtained from the groundwater geochemistry of the waterworks' capture zone with a prevailing lake‐groundwater exchange. To address this knowledge gap, we proposed a new scheme whereby Gaussian finite mixture modeling (GFMM) and Spike‐and‐Slab Bayesian (SSB) algorithms were utilized to cluster the groundwater geochemistry while quantifying the probability of the resulting cluster membership against each other. We applied GFMM and SSB to 13 geochemical parameters collected during different sampling periods at 13 observation points across the Barnim Highlands plateau located in the northeast of Berlin, Germany; this included 10 observation wells, two lakes, and a gallery of drinking production wells. The cluster analysis of GFMM yielded nine clusters, either with a probability ≥0.8, while the SSB produced three hierarchical clusters with a probability of cluster membership varying from 〈0.2 to 〉0.8. The findings demonstrated that the clustering results of GFMM were in good agreement with the classification as per the principal component analysis and Piper diagram. By superimposing the parameter clustering onto the observation clustering, we could identify discrepancies that exist among the parameters of a certain cluster. This enables the identification of different factors that may control the geochemistry of a certain cluster, although parameters of that cluster share a strong similarity. The GFMM results have shown that from 2002, there has been active groundwater inflow from the lakes towards the capture zone. This means that it is necessary to adopt appropriate measures to reverse the inflow towards the lakes.
    Description: Article impact statement: The probability of cluster membership quantified using an algorithm should be validated against another probabilistic‐based classifier.
    Description: Federal Ministry of Education and Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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    Application of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models to explain copper variation in soil profiles of southern Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-01
    Description: Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants and microorganisms and at larger concentrations a toxic pollutant. A number of factors controlling Cu dynamics have been reported, but information on quantitative relationships is scarce. We aimed to (i) quantitatively describe and predict soil Cu concentrations (CuAR) in aqua regia considering site‐specific effects and effects of pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and (ii) study the suitability of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models for the analysis of long‐term soil monitoring data. Thirteen uncontaminated long‐term monitoring soil profiles in southern Germany were analysed. Since there was no measurable trend of increasing CuAR concentrations with time in the respective depth ranges of the sites, data from different sampling dates were combined and horizon‐specific regression analyses including model simplifications were carried out for 10 horizons. Fixed‐ and mixed‐effects models with the site as a random effect were useful for the different horizons and significant contributions (either of main effects or interactions) of SOC, CEC and pH were present for 9, 8 and 7 horizons, respectively. Horizon‐specific rule‐based cubist models described the CuAR data similarly well. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for the CuAR concentrations in A horizons were successful for the given population after random splitting into calibration and validation samples, but not after independent validations with random splitting according to sites. Overall, site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of CuAR concentrations using the different regression approaches. Highlights: Information on quantitative relationships for factors controlling Cu dynamics is scarce. Site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of Cu concentrations. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for A horizons were successful for a closed population of sites.
    Description: Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010219
    Description: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Millimetre scale aeration of the rhizosphere and drilosphere (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: Soil aeration is a critical factor for oxygen‐limited subsoil processes, as transport by diffusion and advection is restricted by the long distance to the free atmosphere. Oxygen transport into the soil matrix is highly dependent on its connectivity to larger pore channels like earthworm and root colonised biopores. Here we hypothesize that the soil matrix around biopores represents different connectivity depending on biopore genesis and actual coloniser. We analysed the soil pore system of undisturbed soil core samples around biopores generated or colonised by roots and earthworms and compared them with the pore system of soil, not in the immediacy of a biopore. Oxygen partial pressure profiles and gas relative diffusion was measured in the rhizosphere and drilosphere from the biopore wall into the bulk soil with microelectrodes. The measurements were linked with structural features such as porosity and connectivity obtained from X‐ray tomography and image analysis. Aeration was enhanced in the soil matrix surrounding biopores in comparison to the bulk soil, shown by higher oxygen concentrations and higher relative diffusion coefficients. Biopores colonised by roots presented more connected lateral pores than earthworm colonised ones, which resulted in enhanced aeration of the rhizosphere compared to the drilosphere. This has influenced biotic processes (microbial turnover/mineralization or root respiration) at biopore interfaces and highlights the importance of microstructural features for soil processes and their dependency on the biopore's coloniser.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Response of subsoil organic matter contents and physical properties to long‐term, high‐rate farmyard manure application (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-26
    Description: Application of farmyard manure (FYM) is common practice to improve physical and chemical properties of arable soil and crop yields. However, studies on effects of FYM application mainly focussed on topsoils, whereas subsoils have rarely been addressed so far. We, therefore, investigated the effects of 36‐year FYM application with different rates of annual organic carbon (OC) addition (0, 469, 938 and 1875 g C m−2 a−1) on OC contents of a Chernozem in 0–30 cm (topsoil) and 35–45 cm (subsoil) depth. We also investigated its effects on soil structure and hydraulic properties in subsoil. X‐ray computed tomography was used to analyse the response of the subsoil macropore system (≥19 μm) and the distribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to different FYM applications, which were related to contents in total OC (TOC) and water‐extractable OC (WEOC). We show that FYM‐C application of 469 g C m−2 a−1 caused increases in TOC and WEOC contents only in the topsoil, whereas rates of ≥938 g C m−2 a−1 were necessary for TOC enrichment also in the subsoil. At this depth, the subdivision of TOC into different OC sources shows that most of the increase was due to fresh POM, likely by the stimulation of root growth and bioturbation. The increase in subsoil TOC went along with increases in macroporosity and macropore connectivity. We neither observed increases in plant‐available water capacity nor in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. In conclusion, only very high application of FYM over long periods can increase OC content of subsoil at our study site, but this increase is largely based on fresh, easily degradable POM and likely accompanied by high C losses when considering the discrepancy between OC addition rate by FYM and TOC response in soil. Highlights A new image processing procedure to distinguish fresh and decomposed POM. The increase of subsoil C stock based to a large extend on fresh, labile POM. Potential of arable subsoils for long‐term C storage by large FYM application rates is limited. The increase in TOC has no effect on hydraulic properties of the subsoil.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)
    Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-26
    Description: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion
    Language: English
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    Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H
    Language: English
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    Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation
    Language: English
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    Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling
    Language: English
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    Evaluating learning spaces in flood risk management in Germany: Lessons for governance research (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Efforts to collaboratively manage the risk of flooding are ultimately based on individuals learning about risks, the decision process, and the effectiveness of decisions made in prior situations. This article argues that much can be learned about a governance setting by explicitly evaluating the relationships through which influential individuals and their immediate contacts receive and send information to one another. We define these individuals as “brokers,” and the networks that emerge from their interactions as “learning spaces.” The aim of this article is to develop strategies to identify and evaluate the properties of a broker's learning space that are indicative of a collaborative flood risk management arrangement. The first part of this article introduces a set of indicators, and presents strategies to employ this list so as to systematically identify brokers, and compare their learning spaces. The second part outlines the lessons from an evaluation that explored cases in two distinct flood risk management settings in Germany. The results show differences in the observed brokers' learning spaces. The contacts and interactions of the broker in Baden‐Württemberg imply a collaborative setting. In contrast, learning space of the broker in North Rhine‐Westphalia lacks the same level of diversity and polycentricity.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: MWK Baden‐Württemberg
    Keywords: 333.91 ; brokerage ; collaborative water governance ; comanagement ; comparative analysis ; social networks
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    Synthetic resampling strategies and machine learning for digital soil mapping in Iran (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Most common machine learning (ML) algorithms usually work well on balanced training sets, that is, datasets in which all classes are approximately represented equally. Otherwise, the accuracy estimates may be unreliable and classes with only a few values are often misclassified or neglected. This is known as a class imbalance problem in machine learning and datasets that do not meet this criterion are referred to as imbalanced data. Most datasets of soil classes are, therefore, imbalanced data. One of our main objectives is to compare eight resampling strategies that have been developed to counteract the imbalanced data problem. We compared the performance of five of the most common ML algorithms with the resampling approaches. The highest increase in prediction accuracy was achieved with SMOTE (the synthetic minority oversampling technique). In comparison to the baseline prediction on the original dataset, we achieved an increase of about 10, 20 and 10% in the overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score, respectively. Regarding the ML approaches, random forest (RF) showed the best performance with an overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score of 66, 60 and 57%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of RF and SMOTE improved the accuracy of the individual soil classes, compared to RF trained on the original dataset and allowed better prediction of soil classes with a low number of samples in the corresponding soil profile database, in our case for Chernozems. Our results show that balancing existing soil legacy data using synthetic sampling strategies can significantly improve the prediction accuracy in digital soil mapping (DSM). Highlights Spatial distribution of soil classes in Iran can be predicted using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The synthetic minority oversampling technique overcomes the drawback of imbalanced and highly biased soil legacy data. When combining a random forest model with synthetic sampling strategies the prediction accuracy of the soil model improves significantly. The resulting new soil map of Iran has a much higher spatial resolution compared to existing maps and displays new soil classes that have not yet been mapped in Iran.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
    Keywords: 631.4 ; covariates ; imbalanced data ; machine learning ; random forest ; soil legacy data
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    Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under‐represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha−1) and intermediate (17.1 t ha−1) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.
    Description: German Academic Exchange Service http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Institute Strategic Programme grants, “Soils to Nutrition”
    Keywords: 631.4 ; black carbon ; carbon sequestration ; corn ; digestate ; heterotrophic respiration ; marginal soils ; microbial biomass
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    Self‐stated recovery from flooding: Empirical results from a survey in Central Vietnam (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self‐stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression‐based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community in Thua Thien‐Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process‐related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress‐resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio‐environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.
    Keywords: 333.7 ; flood recovery ; resilience ; societal equity ; vulnerability
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    The potential of ryegrass as cover crop to reduce soil N2O emissions and increase the population size of denitrifying bacteria (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Nitrogen (N) fertilization is the major contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soil, especially in post‐harvest seasons. This study was carried out to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size. A microcosm experiment was conducted with soil planted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bare soil, each with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 5, 10 and 20 g N m−2; applied as calcium ammonium nitrate). The closed‐chamber approach was used to measure soil N2O fluxes. Real‐time PCR was used to estimate the biomass of bacteria and fungi and the abundance of genes involved in denitrification in soil. The results showed that the presence of ryegrass decreased the nitrate content in soil. Cumulative N2O emissions of soil with grass were lower than in bare soil at 5 and 10 g N m−2. Fertilization levels did not affect the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Soil with grass showed greater abundances of bacteria and fungi, as well as microorganisms carrying narG, napA, nirK, nirS and nosZ clade I genes. It is concluded that ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions in soils with moderate or high NO3− concentrations. This highlights the importance of cover crops for the reduction of N2O emissions from soil, particularly following N fertilization. Future research should explore the full potential of ryegrass to reduce soil N2O emissions under field conditions as well as in different soils. Highlights This study was to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size; Plant reduced soil N substrates on one side, but their root exudates stimulated denitrification on the other side; N2O emissions were lower in soil with grass than bare soil at medium fertilizer levels, and growing grass stimulated the proliferation of almost all the denitrifying bacteria except nosZ clade II; Ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions.
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: The National Science Project for University of Anhui Province
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 631.4 ; denitrification ; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ; soil bacteria ; soil CO2 emissions ; soil N2O emissions
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    ogs5py: A Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 Scientific Modeling Package (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: High‐performance numerical codes are an indispensable tool for hydrogeologists when modeling subsurface flow and transport systems. But as they are written in compiled languages, like C/C++ or Fortran, established software packages are rarely user‐friendly, limiting a wider adoption of such tools. OpenGeoSys (OGS), an open‐source, finite‐element solver for thermo‐hydro‐mechanical–chemical processes in porous and fractured media, is no exception. Graphical user interfaces may increase usability, but do so at a dramatic reduction of flexibility and are difficult or impossible to integrate into a larger workflow. Python offers an optimal trade‐off between these goals by providing a highly flexible, yet comparatively user‐friendly environment for software applications. Hence, we introduce ogs5py, a Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 scientific modeling package. It provides a fully Python‐based representation of an OGS project, a large array of convenience functions for users to interact with OGS and connects OGS to the scientific and computational environment of Python.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.49 ; hydrogeology ; subsurface flow ; modeling ; software
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    High‐Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water–Groundwater Interaction (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment–water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier–Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in‐ and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high‐resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.
    Description: Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.4 ; aquatic systems ; sediment-water interface ; transport model
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    Iron isotope fractionation in soil and graminaceous crops after 100 years of liming in the long‐term agricultural experimental site at Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Sustainable arable cropping relies on repeated liming. Yet, the associated increase in soil pH can reduce the availability of iron (Fe) to plants. We hypothesized that repeated liming, but not pedogenic processes such as lessivage (i.e., translocation of clay particles), alters the Fe cycle in Luvisol soil, thereby affecting Fe isotope composition in soils and crops. Hence, we analysed Fe concentrations and isotope compositions in soil profiles and winter rye from the long‐term agricultural experimental site in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany, where a controlled liming trial with three field replicates per treatment has been conducted on Albic Luvisols since 1923. Heterogeneity in subsoil was observed at this site for Fe concentration but not for Fe isotope composition. Lessivage had not affected Fe isotope composition in the soil profiles. The results also showed that almost 100 years of liming lowered the concentration of the HCl‐extractable Fe that was potentially available for plant uptake in the surface soil (0–15 cm) from 1.03 (standard error (SE) 0.03) to 0.94 (SE 0.01) g kg−1. This HCl‐extractable Fe pool contained isotopically lighter Fe (δ56Fe = −0.05 to −0.29‰) than the bulk soil (δ56Fe = −0.08 to 0.08‰). However, its Fe isotope composition was not altered by the long‐term lime application. Liming resulted in relatively lower Fe concentrations in the roots of winter rye. In addition, liming led to a heavier Fe isotope composition of the whole plants compared with those grown in the non‐limed plots (δ56FeWholePlant_ + Lime = −0.12‰, SE 0.03 vs. δ56FeWholePlant_‐Lime = −0.21‰, SE 0.01). This suggests that the elevated soil pH (increased by one unit due to liming) promoted the Fe uptake strategy through complexation of Fe(III) from the rhizosphere, which favoured heavier Fe isotopes. Overall, the present study showed that liming and a related increase in pH did not affect the Fe isotope compositions of the soil, but may influence the Fe isotope composition of plants grown in the soil if they alter their Fe uptake strategy upon the change of Fe availability. Highlights Fe concentrations and stocks, but not Fe isotope compositions, were more heterogeneous in subsoil than in topsoil. Translocation of clay minerals did not result in Fe isotope fractionation in the soil profile of a Luvisol. Liming decreased Fe availability in topsoil, but did not affect its δ56Fe values. Uptake of heavier Fe isotopes by graminaceous crops was more pronounced at elevated pH.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: 551.9 ; liming ; plant‐available Fe pool in soil ; winter rye ; δ56Fe
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    How to Find Aquifer Statistics Utilizing Pumping Tests? Two Field Studies Using welltestpy (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: We present a workflow to estimate geostatistical aquifer parameters from pumping test data using the Python package welltestpy. The procedure of pumping test analysis is exemplified for two data sets from the Horkheimer Insel site and from the Lauswiesen site, Germany. The analysis is based on a semi‐analytical drawdown solution from the upscaling approach Radial Coarse Graining, which enables to infer log‐transmissivity variance and horizontal correlation length, beside mean transmissivity, and storativity, from pumping test data. We estimate these parameters of aquifer heterogeneity from type‐curve analysis and determine their sensitivity. This procedure, implemented in welltestpy, is a template for analyzing any pumping test. It goes beyond the possibilities of standard methods, for example, based on Theis' equation, which are limited to mean transmissivity and storativity. A sensitivity study showed the impact of observation well positions on the parameter estimation quality. The insights of this study help to optimize future test setups for geostatistical aquifer analysis and provides guidance for investigating pumping tests with regard to aquifer statistics using the open‐source software package welltestpy.
    Description: Article impact statement: We present a workflow to infer parameters of subsurface heterogeneity from pumping test data exemplified at two sites using welltestpy.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Keywords: ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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    Importance of sources of variability, scales and experimental design: A case study about the effects of biochar and slurry application on soil properties in agricultural silty loam soils (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: In designed experiments, different sources of variability and an adequate scale of measurement need to be considered, but not all approaches in common usage are equally valid. In order to elucidate the importance of sources of variability and choice of scale, we conducted an experiment where the effects of biochar and slurry applications on soil properties related to soil fertility were studied for different designs: (a) for a field‐scale sampling design with either a model soil (without natural variability) as an internal control or with composited soils, (b) for a design with a focus on amendment variabilities, and (c) for three individual field‐scale designs with true field replication and a combined analysis representative of the population of loess‐derived soils. Three silty loam sites in Germany were sampled and the soil macroaggregates were crushed. For each design, six treatments (0, 0.15 and 0.30 g slurry‐N kg−1 with and without 30 g biochar kg−1) were applied before incubating the units under constant soil moisture conditions for 78 days. CO2 fluxes were monitored and soils were analysed for macroaggregate yields and associated organic carbon (C). Mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. For all soil properties, results for the loess sites differed with respect to significant contributions of fixed effects for at least one site, suggesting the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils to be made and showed that site:slurry:biochar and site:slurry interactions were not negligible for macroaggregate yields. The use of a model soil as an internal control enabled observation of variabilities other than those related to soils or amendments. Experiments incorporating natural variability in soils or amendments resulted in partially different outcomes, indicating the need to include all important sources of variability. Highlights Effects of biochar and slurry applications were studied for different designs and mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. Including an internal control allowed observation of, e.g., methodological and analytical variabilities. The results suggested the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils. The results indicated the need to include all important sources of variability.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Do tree species affect decadal changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in Danish common garden experiments? (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Temperate forest soils are often considered as an important sink for atmospheric carbon (C), thereby buffering anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, the effect of tree species composition on the magnitude of this sink is unclear. We resampled a tree species common garden experiment (six sites) a decade after initial sampling to evaluate whether forest floor (FF) and topsoil organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (Nt) stocks changed in dependence of tree species (Norway spruce—Picea abies L., European beech—Fagus sylvatica L., pedunculate oak—Quercus robur L., sycamore maple—Acer pseudoplatanus L., European ash—Fraxinus excelsior L. and small‐leaved lime—Tilia cordata L.). Two groups of species were identified in terms of Corg and Nt distribution: (1) Spruce with high Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as a mor humus layer which tended to have smaller Corg and Nt stocks and a wider Corg:Nt ratio in the mineral topsoil, and (2) the broadleaved species, of which ash and maple distinguished most clearly from spruce by very low Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as mull humus layer, had greater Corg and Nt stocks, and narrow Corg:Nt ratios in the mineral topsoil. Over 11 years, FF Corg and Nt stocks increased most under spruce, while small decreases in bulk mineral soil (esp. in 0–15 cm and 0–30 cm depth) Corg and Nt stocks dominated irrespective of species. Observed decadal changes were associated with site‐related and tree species‐mediated soil properties in a way that hinted towards short‐term accumulation and mineralisation dynamics of easily available organic substances. We found no indication for Corg stabilisation. However, results indicated increasing Nt stabilisation with increasing biomass of burrowing earthworms, which were highest under ash, lime and maple and lowest under spruce. Highlights We studied if tree species differences in topsoil Corg and Nt stocks substantiate after a decade. The study is unique in its repeated soil sampling in a multisite common garden experiment. Forest floors increased under spruce, but topsoil stocks decreased irrespective of species. Changes were of short‐term nature. Nitrogen was most stable under arbuscular mycorrhizal species.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaff (DFG)
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:631.41
    Language: English
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    The ‘Flood Resilience Rose’: A management tool to promote transformation towards flood resilience (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-29
    Description: Coping with the growing impacts of flooding in EU countries, a paradigm shift in flood management can be observed, moving from safety‐based towards risk‐based approaches and holistic perspectives. Flood resilience is a common denominator of most of the approaches. In this article, we present the ‘Flood Resilience Rose’ (FRR), a management tool to promote harmonised action towards flood resilience in European regions and beyond. The FRR is a result of a two‐step process. First, based on scientific concepts as well as analysis of relevant policy documents, we identified three ‘levels of operation’. The first level refers to the EU Floods Directive and an extended multi‐layer safety approach, comprising the four different layers of protection, prevention, preparedness and recovery, and related measures to be taken. This level is not independent but depends both on the institutional (second level) and the wider (third level) context. Second, we used surveys, semi‐structured interviews and group discussions during workshops with experts from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to validate the definitions and the FRR's practical relevance. The presented FRR is thus the result of rigorous theoretical and practical consideration and provides a tool capable to strengthen flood risk management practice.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: 551.48 ; flood defence measures ; governance and institutions ; integrated flood risk management ; resilience
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    Urban pluvial flood adaptation: Results of a household survey across four German municipalities (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-30
    Description: In recent years, German cities were heavily impacted by pluvial flooding and related damage is projected to increase due to climate change and urbanisation. It is important to ask how to improve urban pluvial flood risk management. To understand the current state of property level adaptation, a survey was conducted in four municipalities that had recently been impacted by pluvial flooding. A hybrid framework based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Protection Action Decision Model (PADM) was used to investigate drivers of adaptive behaviour through both descriptive and regression analyses. Descriptive statistics revealed that participants tended to instal more low‐ and medium‐cost measures than high‐cost measures. Regression analyses showed that coping appraisal increased protection motivation, but that the adaptive behaviour also depends on framing factors, particularly homeownership. We further found that, while threat appraisal solely affects protection motivation and responsibility appraisal affects solely maladaptive thinking, coping appraisal affects both. Our results indicate that PMT is a solid starting point to study adaptive behaviours in the context of pluvial flooding, but we need to go beyond that by, for instance, considering factors of the PADM, such as responsibility, ownership, or respondent age, to fully understand this complex decision‐making process.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.489 ; ddc:363.34
    Language: English
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    Different styles of deformation of the fore-arc wedge along the Chilean convergent margin (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 890 ; VAE 130 ; VBE 000 ; TOE 000 ; TSX 500 ; VEX 500 ; Ozeanische Kruste {Tektonik} ; Geomechanik ; Modellierung von Prozessen in der Geosphäre ; Physikalisches Verhalten der Erde {Geophysik} ; Chile {Geophysik} ; Chile {Geologie}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 118 S.
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    Neogene seismotectonics of the south-central Chile margin (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TSX 500 ; VEX 100 ; VEX 500 ; VAE 500 ; TOH 800 ; Chile {Geophysik} ; Anden {Geologie} ; Chile {Geologie} ; Geotektonische Entwicklung der Erdkruste {Geologie} ; Paläoerdbeben {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 108 S.
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    Seismic structure of the Arava Fault, Dead Sea Transform (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Ein transversales Störungssystem im Nahen Osten, die Dead Sea Transform (DST), trennt die Arabische Platte von der Sinai-Mikroplatte und erstreckt sich von Süden nach Norden vom Extensionsgebiet im Roten Meer über das Tote Meer bis zur Taurus-Zagros Kollisionszone. Die sinistrale DST bildete sich im Miozän vor etwa 17 Ma und steht mit dem Aufbrechen des Afro-Arabischen Kontinents in Verbindung. Das Untersuchungsgebiet liegt im Arava Tal zwischen Totem und Rotem Meer, mittig über der Arava Störung (Arava Fault, AF), die hier den Hauptast der DST bildet. Eine Reihe seismischer Experimente, aufgebaut aus künstlichen Quellen, linearen Profilen über die Störung und entsprechend entworfenen Empfänger-Arrays, zeigt die Untergrundstruktur in der Umgebung der AF und der Verwerfungszone selbst bis in eine Tiefe von 3-4 km. Ein tomographisch bestimmtes Modell der seismischen Geschwindigkeiten von P-Wellen zeigt einen starken Kontrast nahe der AF mit niedrigeren Geschwindigkeiten auf der westlichen Seite als im Osten. Scherwellen lokaler Erdbeben liefern ein mittleres P-zu-S Geschwindigkeitsverhältnis und es gibt Anzeichen für Änderungen über die Störung hinweg ...
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 850 ; TQC 220 ; TSI 000 ; VEI 400 ; Festländische Lineamente {Geologie} ; Reflexionsseismik {Geophysik} ; Vorderasien {Geophysik} ; Israel, Palästina {Geologie}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 142 S.
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    Das CHAMP-Radiookkultationsexperiment (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 145 S.
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    Untersuchung des thermo-hydraulischen Feldes und der Wärmeflussdichte in der Nähe eines aktiven Mantelplumes (Insel Hawaii) mit Hilfe von Bohrlochtemperaturmessungen (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TQG 000 ; TOO 000 ; TOD 410 ; TSV 200 ; TSZ 300 ; Geophysikalische Bohrlochmessungen ; Geothermik {Geophysik} ; Oberer Erdmantel {Geophysik} ; USA {Geophysik} ; Pazifischer Ozean {Geophysik}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 94 S.
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    Regional geoid determination (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TQH 000 ; TQA 000 ; TOF 000 ; Aerogeophysik ; Gravimetrische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Schwerkraft {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 48 S.
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    Die Leitfähigkeitsstruktur der Zentralen Anden bei 21°S (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 116 S.
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  • 39
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    Frontale Akkretion und Verformungsaufteilung eines gebogenen Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtels (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 811 ; VEX 100 ; VEX 300 ; Alpidische Orogene {Geologie} ; Anden {Geologie} ; Bolivien und Paraguay {Geologie}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 128 S.
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    Advanced algorithms of inversion of GPS radio limb sounding data (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 106 S.
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    Kombination regionaler magnetischer Vermessungen Europas zwischen 1955 und 1995 (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 538.78 ; 551 ; 550
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 102 S.
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    Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Abbildung krustaler Leitfähigkeitsstrukturen anhand von Magnetotellurikdaten aus Namibia (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TQD 000 ; TSR 000 ; VAE 814 ; VER 200 ; Elektrische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Südafrika {Geophysik} ; Präkambrische Orogene {Geologie} ; Namibia {Geologie}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 133 S.
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    About the influence of a possible relative rotation of the earth's inner core on the polar motion, the geomagnetic field and the gravity field (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TOB 300 ; TOD 500 ; TOF 000 ; TOT 400 ; Polbewegungen {Geophysik: Erde} ; Erdkern {Geophysik} ; Schwerkraft {Geophysik} ; Magnetfeld der Erde im allgemeinen {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 15 S.
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    Lecture and exercise notes (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: lecture
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
    Type: anthology , publishedVersion
    Format: 675 S.
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    Seasonal oscillations in length-of-day (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TOB 100 ; Drehbewegungen {Geophysik: Erde}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 8 S.
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  • 46
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    Polar motion at seasonal frequencies (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TOB 300 ; Polbewegungen {Geophysik: Erde}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 9 S.
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    Radioholographic analysis of radioocculation data (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 39 S.
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    On the contribution of the Geodetic Institute Potsdam to the International Latitude Service (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 28 S.
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    Evaluierung geowissenschaftlicher und wirtschaftlicher Bedingungen für die Nutzung hydrogeothermaler Ressourcen (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; VRG 000 ; ZHB 380 ; Geothermalfelder ; Geothermische Energie {Energietechnik}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 70 S.
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    Erschließung sedimentärer Speichergesteine für eine geothermische Stromerzeugung (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VRG 000 ; Geothermalfelder
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 175 S.
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    Microfacies and isotope analyses of the varved Piànico lake sediment profile for high-resolution reconstruction of interglacial climate dynamics (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wiss.-Parks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551.792 ; 551 ; VAU 000 ; TWC 500 ; VKB 380 ; VKB 378 ; VBO 000 ; VEB 167 ; Paläolimnologie {Geologie} ; Klimaschwankungen und Klimaänderungen im Quartär ; Sedimente bestimmter Regionen ; Rhytmite {Sedimentologie} ; Isotopengeologie ; Westalpen {Geologie}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 91 S.
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    Glacial isostatic adjustment and sea level change near Berkner Island, Antarctica (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wiss.-Parks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The glacial-isostatic adjustment in Iceland resulting from the recent melting of the Vatnajökull ice cap is controlled by the viscosity distribution in the earth's interior and by the details of the melting history. Interpretations of the results of GPS and gravity measuring campaigns in the time interval 1991-2000 and 1992-1999, respectively, by means of laterally homogeneous earth models for the determination of the lithosphere thickness, the asthenosphere thickness and the asthenosphere viscosity have so far been not fully satisfactory. In particular near the ice margin, the fitting of the computed land uplift and gravity change to the observational data was inadequate, which may be related to the neglegt of the Iceland plume in the laterally homogeneous earth models. In the present study, a program package is used for the modelling of the land uplift and gravity change that allows the computation of load-induced perturbations of a Maxwell-viscoelastic, incompressible, self-gravitating, spherical earth model. To simulate the presence of the plume below the Vatnajökull, an axisymmetric viscosity distribution is used, where the plume radius and the plume viscosity are free parameters. Based on seismic results, a 6-km-thick lithosphere is assumed above the plume, which thickens to 35 km in the peripheral region of the plume. The melting history of the Vatnajökull is founded on interpretations of geomorphological and climatological investigations and is simulated by a load co-axial with the plume with parabolic profile and time-dependent radius. The results of the modelling favour a plume radius of ~80 km and a plume viscosity of (0.3-1.0) x 10^{18} Pa s.
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 20 S.
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  • 53
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    GPS data processing at GFZ for monitoring the vertical motion of global tide gauge benchmarks (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wiss.-Parks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 300 ; TQI 000 ; UNH 100 ; Epirogenese {{Geologie}} ; Geophysikalische Satellitenfernerkundung ; GPS {Praktische Geodäsie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 28 S.
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  • 54
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    Theory of elastic waves (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wiss.-Parks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 228 S.
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  • 55
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    On the relation of stress and deformation fields to natural and induced seismicity (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TOH 530 ; VAE 200 ; VAE 130 ; Häufigkeit und Verbreitung von Erdbeben {Geophysik} ; Geodynamik der Lithosphäre {Geologie} ; Geomechanik
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
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  • 56
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    Sedimentologie, Faziesarchitektur und Faziesentwicklung des kontinentalen Rotliegenden im Nordostdeutschen Becken (NEDB) (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VDG 810 ; VKB 340 ; VEB 110 ; Unter-Perm ; Fazieskunde ; Norddeutsche Senke {Geologie}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
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  • 57
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    Geothermische Technologieentwicklung (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; ZHB 380 ; VRG 000 ; TOO 000 ; Geothermische Energie {Energietechnik} ; Geothermalfelder ; Geothermik {Geophysik}
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 110 S.
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  • 58
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    Der Wärmetransport in kristallinen Gesteinen unter den Bedingungen der kontinentalen Kruste (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 148 S.
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  • 59
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    Zur Bestimmung des cm-Geoids und dessen zeitlicher Variationen mit GRACE (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TOF 000 ; TQA 000 ; TQI 000 ; Schwerkraft {Geophysik} ; Gravimetrische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Geophysikalische Satellitenfernerkundung
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 141 S.
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  • 60
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    Geothermisches Heizwerk Neustadt-Glewe (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; ZHB 380 ; Geothermische Energie {Energietechnik}
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 206 S.
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  • 61
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    Analyse der Mechanik des Makran Akkretionskeils mit Hilfe der Finiten und der Diskreten Elemente Methode sowie analoger Sandexperimente (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 130 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 120 ; VEI 700 ; Geomechanik ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Iran {Geologie}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 159 S.
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  • 62
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    Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Hill-Gleichungen für die Schwerefeldbestimmung (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 521.1 ; 550 ; TOF 000 ; TQA 000 ; TJ 900 ; Schwerkraft {Geophysik} ; Gravimetrische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Einzelne Weltraumprojekte
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
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  • 63
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    Geowissenschaftliche Bewertungsgrundlagen zur Nutzung hydrogeothermaler Ressourcen in Norddeutschland (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; VRG 000 ; TOO 000 ; Geothermalfelder ; Geothermik {Geophysik}
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 150 S.
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  • 64
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    Hydrogeothermale Anlagen (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 72 S.
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  • 65
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    Angebotspotential der Erdwärme sowie rechtliche und wirtschaftliche Aspekte der Nutzung hydrothermaler Ressourcen (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; VRG 000 ; VBV 000 ; Geothermalfelder ; Nationales und internationales Recht in der Geologie
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 95 S.
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  • 66
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    In-situ Geothermielabor Groß Schönebeck 2000/2001 (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TOO 000 ; VBL 500 ; TQG 000 ; VEB 213 ; Geothermik {Geophysik} ; Geologische Bohrungen in einzelnen Regionen ; Geophysikalische Bohrlochmessungen ; Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt & Mecklenburg-Vorpommern {Geologie}
    Language: German
    Type: anthology , publishedVersion
    Format: 190 S.
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  • 67
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    3-D-Lokalbebentomographie der südlichen Anden zwischen 36° und 40° S (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die südlichen Anden sind Teil des aktiven Kontinentalrandes von Südamerika, der durch eine Kombination subduktionsgebundener Prozesse gebildet wurde. Die andine Gebirgskette erstreckt sich über den gesamten südamerikanischen Kontinent, variiert jedoch merklich in Höhe und Krustenmächtigkeit. Während die Zentralen Anden, vor allem auch die tieferen Strukturen bis in den oberen Mantel, vergleichsweise gut erforscht sind (SFB267), ist über den geophysikalischen Aufbau der südlichen Anden bisher relativ wenig bekannt. Aus diesem Grund wurde das seismische Experiment ISSA2000 in den südlichen Anden durchgeführt. In dieser Arbeit wurde mithilfe der Methode der lokalen Erdbebentomographie ein 3-D Modell der seismischen Geschwindigkeitstruktur erstellt. Die gleichzeitig durchgeführte Lokalisierung der registrierten Erdbeben, ergibt darüberhinaus ein detailliertes Bild der Verteilung der Seismizität im Untersuchungsgebiet. Im Rahmen des ISSA2000-Experimentes wurde ein seismologisches Netzwerk mit 62 Seismographen betrieben, das die Subduktionszone von der Küste bis in den backarc zwischen 36ʿ und 40ʿS überdeckt. Die Hypozentren der 440 lokalen Erdbeben zeigen eine ~30ʿ geneigte Wadati-Benioff-Zone mit kontinuierlicher Seismizität bis in 120km Tiefe, die vereinzelt bis in 200km Tiefe zu beobachten ist. Sowohl die generell geringe Seismizität im Untersuchungsgebiet als auch die geringe Tiefenerstreckung der Wadati-Benioff-Zone u.a. im Vergleich zu den Zentralen Anden sowie die Konzentration der mitteltiefen Erdbeben in 60km Tiefe, spiegeln wahrscheinlich den Einfluß des jungen Alters und des damit verbundenen hohen thermischen Zustandes der Nazca-Platte auf das Subduktionsregime wider. Das tomographische Vp Modell zeigt zum ersten Mal die Geschwindigkeitsstruktur der südlichen Anden bis in eine Tiefe von 100km. Die Nazca-Platte ist durch die Lage der Erdbeben definiert und durch hohe Vp Geschwindigkeiten gekennzeichnet (7,2-8,3km/s). Die durchschnittlichen Geschwindigkeiten in der kontinentalen Kruste sind im gesamten Vp Modell relativ hoch (5,5-6,5km/s) ...
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 137 S.
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  • 68
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    Modelling and interpretation of global lithospheric magnetic anomalies (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: After a gap of nearly two decades since the Magsat mission in 1980, the dedicated low-orbit potential field mission CHAMP is now in the third of its seven year mission. Already, the new magnetic total intensity and vector data have yielded maps of the global crustal field of unprecedented accuracy and resolution. Here, we assess the value of these maps to infer deep crustal structure of regions overlain by younger cover. A GIS based modelling technique has been developed to model the various geological units of the continents starting from the geological map of the world. Depending upon the known rock types of the region, they are assigned a standard susceptibility value and using the global seismic crustal structure, a vertically integrated susceptibility (VIS) model is computed at each point of the region. Starting with this initial VIS model, the vertical field anomaly is computed at a satellite altitude of 400 km and compared with the corresponding CHAMP vertical field anomaly map. The first comparison is carried out against a model using the lateral extent of a cratonic region as given by published tectonic maps. In the subsequent modelling step, depending upon the extent of the observed anomaly pattern of that region, the surface geology is extended beneath the sediments until the recomputed map fits the observed magnetic anomaly map. Here, we focus on modelling results for the selected few provinces of the world where the initial model does not agree with the observed anomaly map. Similar modelling of CHAMP satellite magnetic anomalies can constrain the subsurface structure hidden by Phanerozoic cover in many parts of the world.
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TOD 200 ; TOT 330 ; TOT 100 ; TQI 000 ; TQB 000 ; Erdkruste {Geophysik} ; Anomalien {Geophysik: Erdmagnetismus} ; Methodik {Geophysik: Erdmagnetismus} ; Geophysikalische Satellitenfernerkundung ; Erdmagnetische Verfahren {Geophysik}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 137 S.
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  • 69
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    Entwicklung eines optisch-gepumpten Skalar-Magnetometers mit hoher Langzeitkonstanz am GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 39 S.
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  • 70
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    Seasonal variations in length of day and atmospheric-angular-momentum (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 30 S.
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  • 71
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    Retrieval of earthquake source parameters in inhomogeneous anisotropic media with application to swarm events in West Bohemia in 2000 (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 190 S.
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  • 72
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    Teleseismic tomographic images of the Central Andes at 21°S and 25.5°S (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VEX 100 ; VAE 811 ; TSX 100 ; TQC 200 ; Anden {Geologie} ; Alpidische Orogene {Geologie} ; Anden {Geophysik} ; Prospektionsseismik {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 139 S.
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  • 73
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    Fracture toughness determination and micromechanics of rock under Mode I and Mode II loading (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 120 ; VAE 140 ; VBP 500 ; VBP 200 ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Bodenmechanik, Erdbaumechanik, Baugrunddynamik ; Ingenieurgeologische Bewertung von Gesteinen als Baugrund und Baustoff
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 95,S.
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  • 74
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    Reproduzierbarkeit und Auflösungsvermögen faseroptischer Temperaturmessungen für Bohrlochanwendungen (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 54 S.
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  • 75
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    Atmospheric, oceanic and hydrological contributions to seasonal variations in length of day (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TVI 000 ; Jahreszeiten als meteorologische Erscheinung
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 16 S.
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  • 76
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    Interannual variations in length-of-day and atmospheric-angular-momentum with respect to ENSO cycles (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TVI 000 ; TM 600 ; Jahreszeiten als meteorologische Erscheinung ; Grenzgebiete. Beziehungen. Einflüsse. Wirkungen {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 17 S.
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  • 77
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    Seasonal length of day changes and atmospheric angular momentum oscillations in their temporal variability (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TOB 100 ; Drehbewegungen {Geophysik: Erde}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 43 S.
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  • 78
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    Modellierung der allgemeinen ozeanischen Dynamik zur Korrektur und Interpretation von Satellitendaten (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wiss.-Parks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VBJ 000 ; Satellitenbildgeologie
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 113 S.
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  • 79
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    Anatomy of an ancient subduction channel in the depth range of its seismogenic coupling zone - insights from field studies in the Swiss Alps and Southern Chile (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VBN 500 ; VAE 811 ; VEB 168 ; VEX 100 ; VEX 500 ; TSX 500 ; TSB 168 ; VKB 270 ; VAE 880 ; Geochronologie einzelner Regionen im allgemeinen ; Alpidische Orogene {Geologie} ; Schweizer Alpen {Geologie} ; Anden {Geologie} ; Chile {Geologie} ; Chile {Geophysik} ; Schweizer Alpen {Geophysik} ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Passive und aktive Kontinentalränder {Geologie}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 179 S.
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  • 80
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    Interpretation glazial-isostatischer Ausgleichsvorgänge im Südosten Islands unter Berücksichtigung des Island-Plumes (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wiss.-Parks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 43 S.
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  • 81
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    Lithospheric and upper mantle structure beneath the western Bohemian Massif obtained from teleseismic P and S receiver functions (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TOD 200 ; TOD 410 ; TSB 000 ; VAE 812 ; VEB 130 ; TOH 100 ; Erdkruste {Geophysik} ; Oberer Erdmantel {Geophysik} ; Mitteleuropa {Geophysik} ; Variszisch-herzynische Orogene {Geologie} ; Böhmische Masse {Geologie} ; Seismometrie {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 149 S.
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  • 82
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    A high resolution global gravity field model combining CHAMP and GRACE satellite mission and surface data: EIGEN-CG01C (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 12 S.
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  • 83
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    Deformation, erosion and natural resources in continental collision zones (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 500 ; VBB 000 ; VAJ 400 ; Geotektonische Entwicklung der Erdkruste {Geologie} ; Experimentelle Geologie ; Abtragung durch Erosion {Geologie}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 141 S.
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  • 84
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    Innovation und Zukunft der Steine- und Erden-Industrie in Mitteleuropa (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; VBT 000 ; Wirtschaftsgeologie
    Language: German
    Type: anthology , publishedVersion
    Format: 77 S.
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  • 85
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    Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Vanuatu (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein], Potsdam
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TOH 530 ; TST 000 ; VET 600 ; Häufigkeit und Verbreitung von Erdbeben {Geophysik} ; Ozeanien {Geophysik} ; Sonstige Inselgruppen {Geologie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 86
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    Glaziale Isostasie und rezente Meeresspiegeländerung (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TOG 000 ; VAE 300 ; Isostasie {Geophysik} ; Epirogenese {{Geologie}}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 221 S.
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  • 87
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    Thermomechanical polythermal ice-sheet model (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], [Potsdam]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 511.8 ; 551 ; TOO 000 ; VAQ 400 ; Geothermik {Geophysik} ; Morphologie, Ausmaß und Dicke, Masse und Energiegleichgewicht {Glaziologie}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 106 S.
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  • 88
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    Mean annual and seasonal atmospheric tide models based on 3-hourly and 6-hourly ECMWF surface pressure data (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum | [Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein] [Vertrieb], Potsdam
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 511.8 ; 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 89
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    Core surface flow models from decadal and subdecadal secular variation of the main geomagnetic field (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The main objective of this thesis is an investigation and description of the secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field between 1980 and 2000. In particular, in the first part of this study the phenomenon of geomagnetic jerks are investigated by means of a deterministic model, which basically gives a description of the secular variation as a parameterization of typical periodicities of the external field. I argue that the conclusion drawn from this approach is not valid for explaining jerks as caused by external events and not valid to describe the global secular variation. In the second part a time--dependent model of the secular variation between 1980 and 2000 is developed. The endpoints of the time interval were chosen, because of the availability of high quality field models from satellite data for these epochs. The Gauss coefficients are expanded in time as function of cubic B--splines. This model is forced to fit field models from high quality vector measurements from MAGSAT in 1980 and OERSTED in 2000. The methodology is new. The model is a valuable extension of the hitherto existing time--dependent description of the secular variation, the GUFM which was valid until 1990. Unlike GUFM the model is based on observatory monthly means, and the knot spacing of the cubic B--Splines tighter than GUFM. Therefore it reveals a short term secular variation on subdecadal time scale, which was not as yet resolved. The model is also valuable to test the frozen flux hypothesis and to link some of the morphology of the radial field at the core--mantle boundary to the geodynamo. The third part of this thesis deals with the inversion of the time--dependent field and secular variation model for different kinds of core surface flow ...
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TOT 500 ; TOD 500 ; Ursprung und säkulare Änderungen des Erdmagnetfeldes {Geophysik} ; Erdkern {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
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  • 90
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    Geochemie und Geochronologie des Erongo-Komplexes, Namibia (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Erongo complex is the largest of the Cretaceous igneous complexes in the Damaraland, Southern Etendeka Province, Namibia. Erongo is made up of a series of mainly silicic volcanic and intrusive units, like many of the Damaraland complexes, but it is unique by virtue of its size and well-preserved igneous sequence silicic magmas as well as tholeiitic and alkaline basalts.The goals of this study were to determine the ages and petrogenetic relationships of the silicic and basic units in the Erongo complex, and to contribute to understanding the magmatic evolution of the Damaraland province. As part of this investigation, Os isotope compositions were determined on basic rocks from the complex, and this is the first study of Os isotopes in the Etendeka Province. The Erongo is built up on a sequence of tholeiitic basaltic lavas which are compositionally equivalent to the Southern Etendeka flood basalts (Tafelberg type) and probably represent erosional remnants of these (see below). The felsic volcanic units at Erongo include two types of rhyodacites and one rhyolite. The most voluminous of these is the Ombu rhyodacite, which has a thickness of up to 500 m and makes up most of the topographic expression of the complex. The Ombu rhyodacite rests directly on the basal tholeiites in the southern and eastern part of the complex, but to the north and west, a second rhyodacite occurs below it, the Erongorus rhyodacite ...
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VBN 500 ; VER 300 ; VAC 000 ; VKB 111 ; VKB 124 ; VBO 000 ; VJJ 000 ; Geochronologie einzelner Regionen im allgemeinen ; Botswana {Geologie} ; Magmatismus {Geologie} ; Granitische Gesteine {Petrologie} ; Basaltische Vulkanite {Petrologie} ; Isotopengeologie ; Spezielle Geochemie
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
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  • 91
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    MFGsoft (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TM 300 ; Methodik. Arbeitsmittel. Abkürzungsverzeichnisse {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 92
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    Correlations between the geomagnetic field variations, the fluctuations of the earth's rotation and climate change (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TOB 000 ; TOT 500 ; Periodische Bewegungen der Erde {Geophysik} ; Ursprung und säkulare Änderungen des Erdmagnetfeldes {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 41 S.
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  • 93
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    Engineering geological rock mass characterisation of granitic gneisses based on seismic in-situ measurements (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: For deep underground excavations, the prediction of locations of small-scale geotechnical hazardous structures such as faults is nearly impossible when exploration is restricted to surface based methods. Therefore, for many base tunnels, exploration ahead of the advancing tunnel face is an essential component of the excavation plan. This PhD thesis aims at improving the technology for geological interpretations of seismic data, collected in underground excavations. For that purpose GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam carried out a series of seismic measurements along the 2600 m long and up to 1400 m deep Faido access tunnel, an adit to the 57 km long Gotthard base tunnel in Switzerland.
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TQC 500 ; VBP 400 ; VBP 100 ; Untertageseismik {Geophysik} ; Felsmechanik, Gebirgsmechanik, Gebirgsdruck ; Methodik, Untersuchungsverfahren und Instrumente {Ingenieurgeologie}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 127 S.
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  • 94
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    Glacial isostatic contributions to present day sea level change around Greenland (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Present-day sea-level change around Greenland is examined by assessing the roleplayed by glacial-isostatic adjustment (GIA). We consider the contributions from: (1) the ongoing GIA due to changes in the extent and thickness of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), (2) the equivalent signal associated with the continental ice masses located outside of Greenland, and (3) present-day changes in the GIS. Changes in the GIS arising from the last glacial-interglacial transition generally result in falling sea level today. The contribution from ice-load changes outside of Greenland causes rising sea level, owing to Greenland's location on the collapsing forebulge that surrounds the former North American ice sheets. Combining predictions of these contributions gives results showing rising sea level in the southwest and falling sea level in the north and east. However, this is strongly dependent upon the neoglacial part of the GIS's history. The present-day behaviour of the GIS is predicted to cause falling sea level with rates of several mm yr?1 around areas experiencing the larger ice-load changes. The available tide-gauge data are considered unusable by the standards of many workers. Nevertheless, we compare rates of local sea-level change inferred from this type of data with our predictions. In Southern Greenland, where the tide-gauge stations are located, sea level is predicted to be rising at a rate of 4 to 5 mm yr?1. Our predictions match most of the rates obtained from the tide-gauge time series, with the exception of Qaqortoq where the inferred rates may also reect additional oceanic and meteorological effects. Similarly, our predictions are consistent with GPS observations, with again the exception of Qaqortoq.
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TOG 000 ; VSY 000 ; Isostasie {Geophysik} ; Polargebiete {Fossile Energieträger}
    Language: English
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  • 95
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    Experimente zur Produktivitätssteigerung in der Geothermie-Forschungsbohrung Groß Schönebeck 3/90 (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der vorliegende Report fasst die wissenschaftlichen und technischen Arbeiten zur Steigerung der Produktivität von Thermalwasser in der Geothermie-Forschungsbohrung Groß Schönebeck 3/90 zusammen, die von 2002 bis 2004 durchgeführt wurden. Das Ziel des Projektes ist die Erschließung von heißen Wässern in tiefen Speichergesteinen, die sich zur Erzeugung von elektrischem Strom eignen. Dies erfordert die Bereitstellung einer kontinuierlichen Förderung heißer Tiefenwässer mit Temperaturen 〉 150 ʿC und Fließraten 〉 50 mđ/h. In Tiefen mit Mindesttemperaturen um 150 ʿC ist die natürliche Permeabilität (Durchlässigkeit) der Gesteine jedoch nicht ausreichend. Die Gesteine müssen stimuliert werden, d. h. zu vorhandenen Rissen werden zusätzliche künstlich erzeugt, damit das Wasser ungehindert zirkulieren kann. Bereits vorliegende Erkenntnisse zur Erschließung und Charakterisierung der in weiten Regionen des Norddeutschen Sedimentbeckens in Tiefen von etwa 4000 bis 5000 Metern verbreiteten Speichertypen basieren größtenteils auf Erfahrungen der Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie. Für die geothermische Nutzung sind diese jedoch nur eingeschränkt anwendbar, da bei der Erschließung von Kohlenwasserstoffen schon kleine Fließraten genügen. Daher liegt der Schlüssel zum Durchbruch der Geothermie in der Entwicklung effektiver Stimulationstechniken zur gezielten Produktivitätssteigerung geothermischer Reservoire. Die Geothermiebohrung Groß Schönebeck schließt geothermisch relevante Horizonte des Norddeutschen Beckens zwischen 3900 m und 4300 m in einem Temperaturniveau von etwa 150 ʿC auf. Diese Bohrung bietet derzeit die einzigartige Möglichkeit, die geothermische Nutzbarkeit unterschiedlicher Gesteinsformationen des Rotliegenden vertiefend zu untersuchen: die Vulkanite an der Basis und den darüber liegenden Sandstein. Experimente zur Erhöhung der Zuflussrate von heißen Wässern aus Sandsteinformationen durch hydraulische Stimulation konnten bereits erfolgreich durchgeführt werden (siehe Berichte zu den Projekten BEO 0327063 und ZIP 0327063C). Die erzielten Fließraten reichten jedoch für eine wirtschaftliche Elektrizitätserzeugung noch nicht aus ...
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: anthology , publishedVersion
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  • 96
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    A reanalysis and reinterpretation of geodetic and geological evidence of glacial isostatic adjustment in the Churchill region, Hudson Bay. (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: We review the historical, geological, tide-gauge, GPS and gravimetric evidence advanced in favour of or against continuing land uplift around Hudson Bay, Canada. After this, we reanalyse the tide-gauge and GPS data for Churchill using longer time series than those available to previous investigators. The dependence of the mean rate of relative sea-level change obtained on the length and mid-epoch of the observation interval considered is investigated by means of the newly developed linear-trend analysis diagram. For studying the shorter-period variability of the tide-gauge record, the continuous-wavelet transform is used. The mean rate of land uplift obtained from GPS is based on a new analysis using IGS solutions of GFZ. Furthermore, sea-level indicators from the Churchill region representing the relative sea-level history during the past 8000 a are included. Finally, the four types of observable are jointly inverted in terms of mantle viscosity. The optimum values are 3×10^20 Pa s and 1.6 × 10^22 Pa s for the upper- and lower-mantle viscosities, respectively.
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551
    Language: English
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  • 97
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    Geostrophic ocean surface velocities from TOPEX Altimetry, and CHAMP and GRACE satellite gravity models (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Recently released global gravity field models generated solely from CHAMP and GRACE satellite observations allow with an unprecedented accuracy and resolution the recovery of the mean sea surface topography from the difference between an altimetry-based mean sea surface height model and the gravity model's derived geoid. Here the CHAMP EIGEN-2 gravity field model, and the first GFZ GRACE gravity model, EIGEN-GRACE01S, are used. The mean sea surface height model has been compiled from four years'; worth of TOPEX altimeter data. To evaluate the accuracy and resolution limits of the CHAMP and GRACE geoids for the envisaged application, a low pass filter in the spatial domain with different cut-off wavelengths has been applied to the geoid and sea surface data before subtraction. The minimum wavelength, where noisy and erroneous features in the recovered sea surface topography are minimised, can be interpreted as an indicator for the best suited common spatial resolution. The EIGEN-2 model's geoid has been tested to have a resolution of 1800 km, which corresponds to a truncation degree of l = 22 in terms of spherical harmonics. Using the EIGEN-GRACE01S model, the resolution could be extended to 1000 km (l = 40). These boundaries can be attributed to the geoid's error, exceeding 2 cm in case of the CHAMP model, and in case of the GRACE model to spurious systematic signals increasing with increasing spherical harmonic degree. The calculated sea surface topography models have been used to derive absolute geostrophic sea surface velocities. An error propagation shows that the requirement of 1 cm/s for geoid induced velocity errors is fulfilled at the given resolutions for all latitudes excluding a narrow equatorial band. Maximum geostrophic velocities are derived in the 1000 km-resolution model for the Kuroshio region with 40 cm/s, and for the Gulf Stream east off Cape Hatteras with 25 cm/s.
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; TQI 000 ; Geophysikalische Satellitenfernerkundung
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 22 S.
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  • 98
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    Die Abbildung von Bewegungsbahnen in Deformationszonen der Erde mit elektrischen Methoden (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit werden voneinander unabhängige Experimente zur Untersuchung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit im Untergrund miteinander verknüpft, mit dem Ziel, das Potenzial der Methode Magnetotellurik für das Abbilden aktiver und fossiler tektonischer Systeme aufzuzeigen. Die Magnetotellurik hat sich in den letzten zehn bis fünfzehn Jahren zunehmend zu einem zuverlässigen und aussagekräftigen Tiefensondierungsverfahren entwickelt. Dieser positive Entwicklungsprozess wird auch durch meine Forschungsergebnisse dokumentiert, die in verschiedenen Projekten während meiner Zeit am GeoForschungsZentrum entstanden sind. Eine Übersicht über die verwendeten Arbeiten befindet sich in Tabelle 1.1. Große geophysikalische Feldexperimente, wie die hier beschriebenen Magnetotellurikprojekte, lassen sich nur im Team durchführen. Im akademischen Bereich bedeutet dies die Integration von Studenten und Doktoranden bei den Feldmessungen und der anschließenden Bearbeitung der Daten. Entsprechend gehen einige der in Tabelle 1.1 aufgeführten Arbeiten auf Diplomarbeiten oder Promotionsschriften zurück, die von mir mitbetreut wurden. Bei anschließender Veröffentlichung der Arbeiten habe ich als Co-Autor mitgewirkt. Die beiliegenden Veröffentlichungen enthalten eine Einführung in die Methode der Magnetotellurik und gegebenenfalls die Beschreibung neu entwickelter Methoden. Eine allgemeine Darstellung der theoretischen Grundlagen der Magnetotellurik findet man z.B. in (Kaufman & Keller, 1981; Nabighian, 1987; Weaver, 1994). Am Ende der Arbeit befindet sich ein Glossar, in dem einige Begriffe und Abkürzungen erklärt werden.
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; TQD 000 ; VAE 120 ; Elektrische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
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  • 99
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    Quantitative Analysen magmatischer Gesteine mittels reflexionsspektroskopischer Infrarot-Messungen (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The objective of this research is the quantification of modal composition of magmatic rocks using infraredspectra and based on spectral analysis of individual minerals. For that purpose a new, model-based spectralunmixing method was developed. This method is based on thermal infrared reflection spectroscopy at a wave-lenght between 8 - 14 æm since silicates and magmatic rocks show their strongest spectral features(Reststrahlen bands) in this range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Rock samples from the precambrian igne-ous complex Mt. Timna in Southern Israel were analyzed. The samples include different granitoid rocks andone ultrabasic rock unit. This research was part of preparatory investigations to develop new approaches ofdata analysis for a new thermal hyperspectral sensor (ARES) which is scheduled for operation in 2005 by GFZand DLR. Before the modal composition of the magmatic rock samples was quantified, extensive spectral analysis wasperformed to identify and study the spectral behavior of silicates within their original rock context. The mostimportant rock-forming minerals were measured for the first time in thin sections using a microscope and bidi-rectional reflection spectroscopy methods in the thermal infrared. For quantitative mineral analysis a methodwas developed that calculates the correlation of automatically extracted spectral features and chemical com-position or solid solution of different minerals and selects the best suited results ...
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; VJA 240 ; VJB 311 ; VKA 110 ; VKB 100 ; VEI 400 ; VGB 700 ; VBE 000 ; Spektroskopische Verfahren {Geochemie} ; Geochemie der Magmatite ; Gesteinsbestimmung ; Petrologie der Magmatite ; Israel, Palästina {Geologie} ; Spektroskopische Methoden {Mineralogie} ; Modellierung von Prozessen in der Geosphäre
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
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  • 100
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    Risiken durch Naturgefahren in Deutschland (2010)
    GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 551 ; QFC 240 ; VBS 900 ; VEB 210 ; V 200 ; Hazards {Angewandte Geographie} ; Umweltgeologie einzelner Regionen ; Deutschland {Geologie} ; Wissenschaftsorganisation und -Pflege {Geologische Wissenschaften}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 339 S.
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