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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: Es werden die Fährtentaxa Cincosaurus tauentzieni nov. ichnospec., Cursipes weingardti nov. ichnospec., cf. Limnopus littoralis, Pseudobradypus erini, Anomoeichnus ohioensis und Schmidtopus praesidentis beschrieben. Palaeosauropus (Asperipes) sp. wird als morphologische Variante von Pseudobradypus erini vermutet. Daneben werden die Körperproportionen der Fährtenerzeuger hypothetisch rekonstruiert und ihre Stellung innerhalb des orthotaxonomischen Systems erörtert.
    Description: Abstract: The ichno-taxa Cincosaurus tauentzieni nov. ichnospec., Cursipes weingardti nov. ichnospec., cf. Limnopus littoralis, Pseudobradypus erini, Anomoeichnus ohioensis and Schmidtopus praesidentis are described. Palaeosauropus (Asperipes) sp. is supposed to be a morphological variant of Pseudobradypus erini. In addition to this the body proportions of the producing animals are reconstructed hypothetically. The orthotaxonomic position of these animals is discussed.
    Description: 1. Einleitung 2. Fundort und Fundschichten 2.1. Saarkarbon (Westfalium C) 2.2. Ruhrkarbon (Westfalium A) 3. Terminologie 4. Beschreibung der Fährten 4.1. Cincosaurus tauentzieni nov. ichnospec. 4.2. Cursipes weingardti nov. ichnospec. 4.3. cf. Limnopus littoralis (Marsh, 1894) 4.4. Pseudobradypus erini (Schmidt, 1963) 4.5. Anomoeichnus ohioensis Carman, 1927 4.6. Schmidtopus praesidentis (Schmidt, 1956) 8 4.7. Kritische Bemerkungen zu Palaeosauropus (Asperipes) sp. 4.8. Ichnia indet. 5. Schlußbemerkungen Schriften
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:562 ; Oberkarbon ; Saarland ; Tetrapoden
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-07-27
    Description: Die Zusammenstellung der Foraminiferen (535 Taxa) und Ostrakoden (147 Taxa) beruht auf der Verarbeitung der verfügbaren Literatur. Da spezielle taxonomische Arbeiten in diesem Zusammenhang nicht möglich waren, finden sich in den Tabellen auch noch die alten Namen. Es werden kurze Angaben über stratigraphisch wichtige Formen und zur Ökologie gemacht.
    Description: Abstract: The synopsis of the foraminifers (535 taxa) and ostracods (147 taxa) from the “Pre-aquitanian’’ of the Mainz basin is based on a critical review of the available literature. As in this context special taxonomic studies were not intended the earlier taxonomic names are stillto be found. Brief data are given on biostratigraphically important taxa and to the ecology.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:562
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-07-27
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:562
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 4
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    Unknown
    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2022-08-02
    Description: Die Küsten des nördlichen Hokkaidos gehören zu den äquatornächsten Bereichen, die in saisonalem Wechsel einer wellen- und strömungsdominierten Sommerformung (8—10 Monate) und einer packeis- und frostinduzierten Winterformung (2—4 Monate) unterliegen. Es werden für diesen Raum die typischen Prozesse der Sommer- und Wintermonate beschrieben. Im Sommer werden die Küsten wesentlich stärker geformt als im Winter und die durch Eispressung entstandenen Formen an den Stränden und Dünen überdauern nur in Relikten. Dennoch kann die Zone der saisonal vereisten Küsten klimageomorphologisch von den Küsten wärmerer Breiten abgegrenzt werden, da nur hier ein derart großer Kontrast zwischen Sommer- und Winterformung existiert. Diese Grenze ist allerdings ein breiter Saum und kein schmaler Übergang, wie es für solche physisch geographischen Grenzen die Regel ist.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 5
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    VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Auch mit der dritten, völlig überarbeiteten Auflage dieses Buches wird der bisher bewährte Weg verfolgt, einen möglichst großen Leserkreis anzusprechen. Die umfassende, aber trotzdem knappe Darstellung des bodenkundlichen Stoffes, die Verknüpfung moderner Grundlagen mit einer praxisbezogenen Anwendung sollen dem Landwirt und den Interessierten benachbarter Disziplinen die Spezifik dieses Fachgebietes näherbringen. Studenten von Fach- und Hochschulen, die sich mit Standortproblemen etwas eingehender befassen wollen, wird das vorliegende Buch als Einführung empfohlen.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 430
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-03-07
    Description: 1977 wurde - ausgelöst durch bauliche Maßnahmen - in einer sechsmonatigen Notgrabung der westlich anschließende Teil der schon seit 1952 bekannten mittelpaläolithischen Fundstelle Salzgitter-Lebenstedt untersucht. Die pflanzlichen Großreste (Früchte, Samen, Gewebereste der Hauptfundschicht Einheit C) zeigen ein gemäßigt subarktisches Klima an, das neben kälteertragenden Arten auch wärmebedürftigen Pflanzensippen ein Fortkommen gestattete. Tümpel und Wasserlachen wurden von Laichkrautrasen eingenommen, Seggenrieder besiedelten die umgebenden semiterrestrischen Bereiche (Niedermoore). Holzreste von Birke und Kiefer weisen auf eine lichte Parktundra hin. Zeitlich gehört diese Artenkonstellation in kaltzeitliche Interstadiale. Die über der Einheit C liegenden Strata A und B müssen nach ihren pflanzlichen Makrofossilien in einem kälteren Abschnitt abgelagert worden sein. Darüber wird an anderer Stelle berichtet werden.
    Description: The middle palaeolithic site of Salzgitter-Lebenstedt, known already since 1952, was subject to examination over a period of six months − caused by building measures - in 1977. The plant macrofossils (fruits, seeds, tissues) of the stratum C indicate a moderate subarctic Climate which, in addition to arctophilous plant taxa, also permitted thermophilous species to thrive. The ponds and puddles were occupied by pondweed associations. The surrounding areas (fens) were colonized by sedge reeds. Wood residues of the species birch and pine indicate a sparse tree-tundra. Chronologically, these vegetation patterns developed in glacial interstadials. According to the macrofossil investigations the strata A and B, which are situated above the layer C, must have been deposited in a colder period. On these strata it will be reported in another paper.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:561 ; ddc:554 ; Moor ; Torf ; Vegetationsgeschichte ; Paläobotanik ; Paläolithicum ; Archäologie ; peatland ; peat
    Language: German
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-03-07
    Description: Es wird der 1976 angelegte Regenerationsversuch beschrieben, er soll helfen, folgende Fragen zu beantworten: Ist Bunkerde notwendig? Falls ja, welche Mächtigkeit? Ist Planierung vorteilhaft? Welcher Feuchtezustand sollte angestrebt werden? Die hydrologischen Ergebnisse lauten: - Nach mehreren Trockenjahren (1972/76) hat das Moor bis 1980 mehr als 350 mm Niederschlag im Torf gespeichert, dabei ist die Mooroberfläche bis zu 20 cm aufgequollen. - Die Oberfläche des (Grund-)Stauwassers im Moor ist von 100 cm unter Flur bis zur Mooroberfläche angestiegen, in Mulden steht es zeitweilig bis zu 15 cm über Gelände. - Die höhenmäßigen Unterschiede der Stauwasser-Oberfläche zwischen den Vernässungs-Versuchsvarianten "feucht - naß - sehr naß" betragen jeweils 5-6 cm. - Der erste Oberflächen-Abfluß wurde nach der Schneeschmelze im März 1979 gemessen, er trat während der folgenden Winter regelmäßig auf. - Der Grundwasserspiegel im Liegenden (pleistozäner Sand) ist von 1976 bis 1980 um rd. 175 cm angestiegen; das Grundwasser unter dem Moor ist damit wieder schwach gespannt.
    Description: The field experiments for bog regeneration, started in 1976, are described. The following questions shall be answered: - Is top spit necessary? If it is so, in which thickness? - Is levelling advantageous? - Which soil moisture is the best? The hydrological results are: - After several dry years (1972/76) the peat layer has until 1980 stored more than 350 mm rainfall. Thereby the peat surface is swollen up by about 20 cm. - The surface of the ground-water (damned-water) in the peat layer has risen by more than 100 cm up to the peat surface, in shallow bog hollows the water level stands from time to time up to 15 cm above the peat surface. - The height differences between the moisture plots "most - wet - very wet" are 5-6 cm respectively. - The first surface run-off was measured after snow melting in March 1979, in the following winters run-off took place regularly. - From 1976 to 1980 the ground-water layer in the sand subsoil rose about 175 cm, since then the ground-water in the sand has a shallow pressure into the peat layer.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:333.72 ; ddc:551.48 ; Moor ; Torf ; Wiedervernässung ; Hydrologie ; Naturschutz ; peatland ; peat ; nature conservation
    Language: German
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: Leegmoorkulturen, rekultiviert aus teilabgetorften Hochmooren nach dem Verfahren der Deutschen Hochmoorkultur, tendieren mit abnehmender Bunkerdemächtigkeit zu zunehmender Staunässe. Tiefpflügen von Bunkerde und Schwarztorf zur Vertiefung der Staunässesohle brachte in einem 5-jährigen Feldversuch nicht den erwarteten Erfolg. Die Erträge nahmen besonders in nassen Jahren mit zunehmender Pflugtiefe und Versuchsdauer ab. Dieses Versagen einer neuen Rekultivierungsmaßnahme wird durch zunehmende Lagerungsdichte, zunehmenden Scherwiderstand und davon abhängig verminderter Durchlässigkeit bodenphysikalisch erklärt.
    Description: Cut-over bogs, cultivated according to the German raised-bog cultivation method, tend to become increasingly wet with decreasing thickness of the topspit layer. It was tried to lower the damming-up horizon at the contact of the top-spit layer and the underlying black peat by deep ploughing and mixing top spit and black peat. The result of a five years' field trial was however negative. The grain yields decreased with increasing ploughing depth and with time, especially in wet years.The failure of this new recultivation method is explained by the change of soil-physical parameters: increase of bulk density and shear resistance and decrease of water permeability.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; Moor ; Torf ; peatland ; peat
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Seit gut 20 Jahren wird die Grundwassernutzung im Rahmen des "New Valley Project" stark vorangetri eben . Um eine langfristige Funktionsfähigkeit der Entwicklungsprojekte zu gewährleisten, mußte die Frage der Grundwasserbildung und -herkunft geklärt werden. Radiokarbon-Altersbestimmungen, Isotopenuntersuchungen und hydrochemische Analysen zeigen, daß das Grundwasser des Dakhl a-Beckens fossil ist; eine rezente Grundwasserneubildung ist nicht nachzuweisen. Grundwasserbildung fand letztmals während des letzten Hauptpluvials (〉20.000 Jahre B.P. ) statt, postpluviale Grundwässer wurden nicht nachgewiesen. Das Grundwasser wurde aus Niederschlägen atlantischer Feuchtmassen gebildet, die über eine Westwinddrift in die östliche Sahara gelangten. Die Grundwasserbildung war weitgehend lokal, großräumige Grundwasserbewegung findet nicht statt. Die Möglichkeit von Überläufen fossiler Grundwässer aus Nachbarbecken, wie Nordsudan-Becken und Kufra -Becken , konnte nicht geklärt werden. Aufgrund der analytischen Untersuchungen ist der Aquifer des Dakhl a-Beckens weder regional noch vertikal gliederbar; seine Ausbildung ist bei großräumiger Betrachtung sehr homogen. Wegen der ungleichen Verteilung der Informationen im Dakhla-Becken wurde zur Grundwassermassenberechnung ein dreidimensionales Computermodell entwickelt, das über Regressionen mit Polynomen höherer Ordnung die Volumina des Aquifers errechnete. Soweit überprüfbar, erbrachte das Modell gute Ergebnisse, so daß es künftig auch in Becken angewandt werden kann, von denen noch weniger Informationen vorliegen. Es wurde ein Zeit-Volumen-Modell erstellt, das zum einen den Absenkungsverlauf des Grundwasserspiegels beschreibt, zum anderen die zur Klärung der Grundwassersituation verwendeten Parameter stützt und sie als weitgehend richtig ausweist.
    Description: For about twenty years the use of the groundwater has been increased closely within the frame of the "New Valley Project". The questions of the formation and origin of the groundwater had to be elucidated in order to insure the long time function of the project. The investigations of isotopes, radiocarbon age dating and the hydrochemical analyses indicate the groundwater of the Dakhla Basin to be fossil; a recent formation of groundwater may safely be excluded. The last time groundwater formation occurred was during the last main pluvial (〉20,000 B.P.); there are no indications of postpluvial formation. The groundwater was formed by the precipitation of Atlantic humid air masses which reached the eastern Sahara by western drift. The groundwater formation was mainly local, regional groundwater movement does not occur. The possible overfl ow of fossil groundwater from the neighbouring basins as the North Sudan Basin and the Kufra Basin could not be clarified. Analytical investigations show the aquifer of the Dakhla Basin neither regionally nor vertically divisible; the shape is very nomogeneous over large regions. Since informations about the Dakhla Basin are distributed unevenly for the calculation of the groundwater masses the volumes of the aquifer were calculated using a three dimensional Computer model working with polynomal regressions of higher order. As far as possible the model shows good results; therefore it can be used in the future in basins with even less informations. A model of time and volume was made describing the decrease of the waterhead; the same model supports the Parameters used for the analysis of the groundwater Situation indicating that the Parameters are correct.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.4 ; ddc:556 ; Grundwasser ; Ägypten
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 150
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  • 10
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZB 45198:39
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Mit der Abu Bal las Formation sind erstmals unterkretazische marine Ablagerungen innerhalb der Kubischen Gruppe Südwest-Ägyptens nachgewiesen worden. Transgression und Regression erfolgten wahrscheinlich während des Apt. Die Ablagerungen der Formation treten in der Region zwischen dem Gilf Kebir und dem Abu Tartur Plateau zutage, wo sie die fluviatilen Sandsteine der Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastics) im Liegenden von den ebenfalls fluviatilen Sandsteinen der Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Beds) im Hangenden trennen. Die Abu Bal las Formation besteht lithologisch überwiegend aus roten und grünen Tonsteinen, untergeordnet kommen auch Silt- und Feinsandsteine vor. Die Mächtigkeit beträgt durchschnittlich 20 bis 30 m, örtlich kann sie 45 m erreichen. Nach Westen, Süden und Osten keilt die Formation aus. Die Ablagerungen der Formation lieferten neben etlichen Pflanzenresten eine unerwartet arten- und individuenreiche marine Fauna. Im einzelnen wurden gefunden: Pflanzen: Vier bisher unbekannte Fruktifikationen sowie acht weitere bisher zum Teil unbekannte Pflanzenreste. Foraminiferida: Drei agglutinierende Arten. Scleraciinia: Eine ahermatype Art. Brachiopoda: Eine inarticulate Art. Scaphopoda: Eine Art. Gastropoda: Acht Arten. Bivalvia: 33 Arten. Die Bivalven stellen die umfangreichste Fossilgruppe innerhalb der Fauna dar. Annelida: Eine Art. Arthropoda: Zwölf Arten. Echinoidea: Eine Art. Vertebrata: 14 Arten. Spurenfossilien: 23 Arten. Koprolithen: Vier Formen. Folgende zwei Taxa sind neu aufgestellt worden: Palaeosabellaxda aegyptiaca gen. nov., sp. nov.; Anomoeodus parvulus sp. Nov.. Die Abu Ballas Formation ist in einem sehr flachen Epikontinentalmeer abgelagert worden. Die Wassertiefe betrug in dem Gebiet, in dem die Formation zutage tritt, höchstens etwa 20 m, größtenteils war sie wahrscheinlich bedeutend geringer. Die Salinität des Meereswassers war fast während der gesamten Zeit vermindert, in Küstennähe kam es aber zu starken Schwankungen und kurzfristig auch zu euhalinen Verhältnissen. Es lassen sich mehrere Faziesräume des oberen und mittleren Sublittorals unterscheiden, die durch unterschiedliche Sedimente und durch verschiedene Faunengemeinschaften gekennzeichnet sind. Im Übergangsbereich zwischen mariner und fluviatiler Sedimentation kam es Örtlich zu Deltaschüttungen und zur Ausbildung einer Marsch. Die Apt-Transgression überflutete weite Teile Ägyptens. Lediglich der äußerste Südwesten und der Südosten des Landes sowie große Teile der Eastern Desert und der südliche Sinai blieben Festland.
    Description: The Abu Ballas Formation is the first known Lower Cretaceous marine transgression within the Nubia Group of southwestern Egypt. Transgression and Regression probably happened at Aptian times. The depositions of the formation crop out in the area between the Gilf Kebir and the Abu Tartur Plateau. They are underlain by fluvial deposits of the Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastics) and overlain by fluvial deposits of the Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Beds). Lithologically the Abu Ballas Formation mainly consists of red and green claystones, siltstones and finegrained sandstones are more rarely. The thickness averages 20 to 30 ms, reaching 45 ms locally. To the west, south, and east the formation wedges out. Aside from several plant remains the formation yields a marine fauna, which is unexpectedly rieh in species and individuals. There were found the following flora and fauna: Plants: Four fructifications unknown till now and eight other partly unknown plant remains. Foraminiferida: Three agglutinated species. Scleractinia: One ahermatypic coral . Brachiopoda: One inarticulate species. Scaphopoda: One species. Gastropoda: Eight species. Bivalvia: 33 species. The Bivalvia represent the most extensive group within the fauna. Annelida: One species. Arthropoda: Twelve species. Echinoidea: One species. Vertebrata: 14 species. Trace fossil s; 23 species. Coprolites: Four forms. The following two new taxa have been established: Palaeosabellaria aegyptiaea gen. nov., sp. nov. (Annelida: Hermell idae) and Anomoeodus parvulus sp. nov. (Hol ostei: Pycnodontidae) .The Abu Ballas Formation has been deposited in a very shallow epi Continental sea. In the area, where the formation crops out, the depth of the water was probably ca. 20 ms at most, usually it was considerably shallower. The salinity was reduced to some degree, near the coast however, it varied in a high extent. For a short time the conditions were euhaline. Several facies of the upper and middle sublittoral can be distinguished, characterised by different Sediments and different faunal associations. In the transitional zone between the marine and the fluviatile facies deltaic and marsh deposits were found locally. This transgression had flooded large areas of Egypt. Only the extreme southwestern part and the southeastern part of the country, probably wide areas of the Eastern Desert too, and the Southern half of the Sinai remained Continental.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.77 ; Paläontologie ; Ägypten ; Afrika
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 187
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Aus feinstratigraphisch aufgenommenen Profilen im kontinentalen Neogen (Jungpliozän-Altpleistozän) der Insel Kos (Dodekanes) werden horizontiert gesammelte Populationen der limnischen Gastropoden-Gattung Viviparus biometrisch untersucht und aufgrund dessen die bestehende taxonomische Aufteilung revidiert. Die Höhe und Breite der allometrischen Gehäuse werden an jeder Windung ermittelt und dargestellt. Diese Daten werden auf signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Populationen geprüft und die verallgemeinerten Trennwerte nach der Häufigkeit aufgetragen. Sie sind meist nahezu normal verteilt. Daraus wird auf ähnliche Variabilität der Populationen geschlossen. Durch die Cluster-Analyse wird die Ähnlichkeit der Individuen jeder Probe hierarchisch geordnet und gezeichnet (Dendrogramme) . Vermuteter Sexual-Dimorphismus der Gehäuse ist wahrscheinlich, kann aber nicht mit Sicherheit bestätigt werden. Im Laufe der Zeit verändern sich glattschalige kontinuierlich zu drei gekielten Formen trotz mehrfachen und deutlichen Milieuwechsels. Damit ist genetisch bedingte evolutive Umgestaltung der Gehäuse wahrscheinlich zu machen. Die Einordnung der Individuen aller Populationen in verschiedene Formklassen verdeutlicht diesen evolutiven Trend. Gleichzeitig treten fünf distinkte Häufigkeitsmaxima übereinander auf. Dadurch ist eine gegenüber anderen Methoden erheblich verfeinerte biostratigraphische Gliederung der ca. 250 m mächtigen nv:- parus- führenden Neogenfolge von Ost-Kos möglich.
    Description: On Kos Island, populations of the limnic gastropod genus Viviparus taken from defined horizons from Neogene (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene) sequences have been analyzed biometrically and have been revised paleontologically. Height and width of all coils of the allometric Shells have been measured and plotted. These data are examined with respect to significant differences between the populations. The discriminant scores of the samples show approximately Gaussian distributions. From this, a similar variability of the populations is deduced. The similarity of individuals within populations is hierarchically clustered in dendrograms. A supposed sexual dimorphism of the analyzed Shells is probable but has not been confirmed. In spite of several remarkable environmental changes, strongly sculptured forms conti nually develop from smooth Shells in the course of approximately 2 m.y. This proves a genetically controlled development of the various forms, i.e. evolution. By the arrangement of all the individuals in different morphological classes this evolutionary trend is illustrated. Moreover, five distinct maxima of frequency distributions are found. Accordingly, a refined biostratigraphic subdivision of the Neogene sequence bearing Viviparus in eastern Kos (approx. 250 m thick) has been rendered possible.
    Description: A l'Est de l’Tle de Kos (Dodecanese, Grece), des populations d’horizons determines du genre de gasteropodes limniques de Viviparus, provenant d’une sequence ininterrompue du Neogene Continental (Pliocene superieur au Pleistocene inferieur) ont ete etudiees par des methodes statistiques multivariees. Grace ä leurs resultats, une revision du groupement taxonomique existant est effectuee. La hauteur et la largueur de chaque circonvolution des coquilles allometriques sont mesurees et presentees graphiquement. Ces dates morphometriques sont examinees quant aux differences significatives dont leurs distances general isees sont tracees en distributions de frequence. Celles-ci sont pour la plupart normalement distribuees. De lä est deduite une variabilite ressemblante des populations. La ressemblance des individus de chaque faune est evaluee par l'analyse des similarites et tracees hierarchiquement en forme de dendrogrammes . II en res ulte la vraisemblance d'un dimorphisme sexuel de ces coquilles du genre Viviparus. Au cours de 2 millions d'annees environ, des formes lisses se sont developpees conti nuellement en forme multicarenees malgre plusieurs changements ecologiques prononces. Ainsi, le developpement de la forme de coquilles, genetiquement controllee, donc son evolution, peut etre constate. Le classement des individus de chaque population en dix types morphologiques differents precise cette tendance evolutive. En plus, cinq maxima de distributions de frequence sont nettement ä distinguer. De ce fait resulte, en comparaison avec d'autres methodes appliquees jusqu'ä present, une subdivision biostratigraphique plus detaillee de la sequence neogene de 1'Tie de Kos, epaisse de 250 m environ.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:564.3 ; Gastropoda ; Paläontologie ; Kos
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 138
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  • 12
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    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Unter der Bezeichnung "Scaglia" wird im Südalpin und im Nordapennin eine Folge überwiegend pelagischer, kreide- und tertiärzeitlicher Sedimente zusammengefaßt, die aus bunten Tonschiefern, Mergeln und Kalken besteht. Zusätzlich können detritische Kalke, Breccien und Konglomerate auf treten. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit behandelten Scaglia-Sedimente der Toskanischen Decke ("Scaglia Toscana“) konnten nach ihrer Lithofazies sechs Formationen zugeordnet werden. Mit Hilfe mikropaläontologischer Untersuchungen an pelagischen Foraminiferen wurden die Ablagerungen biostrati graphisch datiert; sie repräsentieren den Zeitraum Alb – Oligozän. Zahlreiche im Gelände auf genommene Schichtfolgen wurden lithofaziell und biostrati graphisch bearbeitet. Die Profile wurden korreliert und in einem standardisierten Normal profil zusammengefaßt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Verbreitung der Fazies typen sowie ihre Mächtigkeit von einer Beckenkonfi guration abhängt, die bereits seit dem Lias erkennbar ist. Eine generelle Umgestaltung des Ablagerungsraumes an der Wende Unter-/Oberkreide, wie sie als Folge der paläoapenninen Phase von verschiedenen Autoren angenommen wurde, konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Aus der Abfolge der mesozoischen bis alttertiären Ablagerungen läßt sich vielmehr im Zentrum des Sedimentationsraumes ein Hochgebiet mit lückenhafter und geringmächtiger Sedimentation rekonstruieren, welches vom älteren Jura bis in das Eozän hinein Bestand hatte und beiderseits von Becken mit mächtigeren und vollständigeren Schichtfolgen gesäumt wurde. Diese Schwellenregion wird als "Zentral toskanisches Hochgebiet" bezeichnet und entspricht teilweise der von BOCCALETTI & BORTOLOTTI (1965) rekonstruierten "Dorsale costiera". Im Oligozän - ?Miozän wurden diese morphologischen Strukturen entland der Linie Livorno-Sillaro in zwei gegeneinander versetzte Blöcke zerlegt. Die paläoapennine Phase (Wende Unter-/Oberkreide) sowie auch die ligurische Phase (Eozän), die in den internen Bereichen des Nordapennins (Ligurikum) zu einer bedeutenden Umgestaltung der Sedimentationsraume führten, dokumentieren sich in der Schichtfolge der Toskanischen Decke lediglich im vermehrten Auftreten von Breccien, Konglomeraten und ersten ganz lokal vorkommenden Grauwackenschüttungen. Im Neokom und verstärkt mit Beginn der Scaglia-Sedimentation im Alb und damit auch zeitgleich mit der palaoapenninen Phase, setzt im toskanischen Abi agerungs raum außerdem von NE her die Schüttung detritischer Kalke ein. Diese füllen zunächst das Becken östlich des Zentral toskanischen Hochgebietes ; vom Eozän ab greifen sie auch auf die westlichen Gebiete über. Diese detritischen Kalke der Scaglia Toscana zeigen Sedimentstrukturen wie sie für Turbiditablagerungen typisch sind. Sie müssen als Kalkflysch angesprechen werden, der sich mit normal sedimentierten Ablagerungen verzahnt. Die Scaglia Toscana kann deshalb nicht mehr als rein pelagische Schichtfolge der Präflyschphase angesehen werden, sondern repräsentiert, wenigstens in Teilen, schon das volle Flyschstadium des Drögens.
    Description: In the Southern Alps and in the Northern Apennines the name "Scaglia" is used for a mainly pelagic, cretaceous to tertiary sedimentary sequence which is composed of variegated clayey shales, marls and limestones. In this succession detrital limestones, breccias and conglomerates may occur as well. The Scaglia Sediments of the Tuscan Nappe ("Scaglia Toscana") examinated in the present study were subordinated to six forma tions according to their lithofacies. The Sediments were dated biostratigraphically by means of micropaleontological studies on pelagic foraminiers; they represent the period between Albian and Oligocene. Detailed field investigations and biostratigraphical datings of numerous strati graphical sequences allowed a correlation of serial sec tions and a summari za tion to a Standard! zed columnar section. It was evident that the distribution of the different facies types as well as their thickness depends on a bas in topography which is recognizable since Liassic times. A general transformation of the deposition area at the boundary of Lower and Upper Cretaceous as a consequence of the "Paleoapenninic Phase", postulated by several authors, could not be proved. From the sequence of the Mesozoic to Paleogene sediments one could rather reconstruct a ridge characterized by thin Sedimentation and Stratigraphie gaps in the centre of the deposition area. This rise existed from the Juras sic up to the Eocene and was accompanied on both sides by bas ins with thicker and more complete strati graphical sequences. This ridge is called "Central Tuscan Ridge" ("Zentral toskanisches Hochgebiet") and corresponds partly to the "Dorsale costiera" reconstructed by BOCCALETTI & BORTOLOTTI (1965). In the Oligocene - (?)Miocene these morphological structures were divided into two blocks which were displaced versus each other along the Livorno-Sillaro-Structure. The "Paleoapenninic Phase" (Lower/Upper Cretaceous) as well as the "Ligurian Phase" (Eocene) which initiated significant translocations in the inner areas of the Northern Apennines (Ligurids), are documented within the sequence of the Tuscan Nappe only by an increasing occurrence of breccias, conglomerates and a first local accumulation of graywackes. In the Neocomian and even more intensive with the beginn! ng of Scaglia-sedimentation and therefore contemporaneous with the "Paleoapenninic Phase", in the Tuscan area the accretion of detrital limestones begins from NE. At first these limestones fill up the bas in east of the Central Tuscan Ridge and from the Eocene on they also start spreading out towards Western areas. These detrital Times tones of the Scaglia Toscana show sedimentary fabrics typical of turbidites. They represent a carbonate facies which interfingers with normal sedimentated depositions. Thus the Scaglia Toscana can no longer considered a pure pelagic sequence of the pre-flysch period but represents, at least in parts, the flysch stage of the orogene.
    Description: Nel Sudalpino e nel Appennino settentrionale con il nome di "Scaglia" viene intesa una sequenza di sedimenti per lo piü pelagici, di etä Cretaceo-Terziaria, ehe e costituita da scisti argillosi policromi, marne e calcari; possono essere presenti anche calcari detritici, brecce e conglomerati. I sedimenti della Scaglia della Falda Toscana (Scaglia Toscana) trattati nel presente lavoro, potrebbero venire attribuiti, in base al la loro litofacies, a sei formazioni. Con l'aiuto di ricerche micropaleontologiche su foraminiferi pelagici le fasi di sedimentazione sono state datate in un periodo tra l'Albiano e l’Oligocene. Numerose sequenze di strati osservate in campagna sono state esaminate sia dal punto di vista della litofacies ehe da quello biostratigrafico. Le sezioni strati graf i ehe sono state correlate e vengono rappresentate da una sezione Standard. Si e notato ehe la diffusione dei tipi di facies come pure il loro spessore sia dipeso dal la presenza di un bacino esistente giä dal Lias. Contrariamente a quanto e stato affermato da vari autori , non si e potuto di mostrare un cambiamento dei bacini di sedimentazione nel periodo tra il Cretaceo inferiore e quello superiore, come conseguenza della fase paleoappeninica. Dalle sequenze sedimentarie dal Mesozoico al Paleogene si lascia ricostruire nel centro del bacino di sedimentazione una regione elevata con sedimentazione incompleta e scarsa, ehe e esistita dal Giurassico inferiore fino all'Eocene ed era circondata dall'una e dall’altra parte da bacini con sequenze sedimentarie complete e di grande spessore. Questa regione montuosa e ondulata e indicata con il nome di "Dorsale Toscana centrale” ( "Zentral toskanisches Hochgebiet") e corrisponde in parte al la "Dorsale costiera" ricostruita da BOCCALETTI & BORTOLOTTI (1965). Nell ‘Oligocene - (?)Miocene queste strutture morfologiche sono state divise in due blocchi rivolti l’uno contro l'altro. La fase paleoappeninica (tra Cretaceo inf. e sup.) e la fase ligure (Eocene), ehe nelle zone interne del Nord Appenino (Ligurico) hanno portato ad un notevole cambiamento dei bacini di sedimentazione, sono documentate nel la sequenza sedimentaria della Falda Toscana tramite la presenza di brecce, conglomerati e le prime deposizioni di grovacke. Nel Neocomiano e ancor piü con 1‘inizio della sedimentazione della Scaglia nell ’Albiano, contemporaneamente alla fase paleoappeninica, comincia nel bacino toscano la sedimentazione di calcari detritici da NE. Questi riempiono dapprima il bacino posto al lato orientale della "Dorsale Toscana centrale"; dall'Eocene in poi si diffondono anche nella zona occidentale. Questi calcari detritici della Scaglia Toscana mostrano strutture sedimentarie tipiche delle turbiditi. Essi devono venire considerati flysch cal carei i quali si intercalano alla sedimentazione normale. Per questo motivo la Scaglia Toscana non puo piü essere considerata una pura sequenza pelagica della fase preorogenica ma rappresenta, almeno in parte, giä il pieno stadio del flysch, durante l'orogenesi.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Sediment ; Geologie ; Oligozän
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 134
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  • 13
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    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: research
    Keywords: Aluminiumhydroxide ; Kationenaustausch ; Gleichgewichtsmodell ; Bodenchemie ; Physikochemische Bodeneigenschaft
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 14
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    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: research
    Keywords: Bodenanalyse ; Stoffübertragung ; Physikochemische Bodeneigenschaft ; Solling
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 15
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    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: research
    Keywords: Lysimeter ; Bodenwasserhaushalt ; Evapotranspiration ; Göttingen / B.b. Geologie ; Löss
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 16
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    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: research
    Keywords: Dränung ; Gleiboden ; Auenboden
    Language: German
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  • 17
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    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Über den paläozoischen Sedimenten im Dakhla-Becken folgen überwiegend fluvio-kontinentale Sedimente des Mesozoikums, die sich aufgrund ihrer gleichartigen Ausbildung innerhalb des Beckens in Ost-West-Erstreckung verfolgen lassen. Die pauschal als "Nubischer Sandstein" bezeichneten klastischen Sedimente konnten in sechs Formationen gegliedert und ihre strati graphische Stellung weitgehend gesichert werden. Die Einheiten der Nubischen Gruppe heißen von unten nach oben: Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastics), Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale), Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Beds), Maghrabi Formation (Plant Beds), Taref Formation (Taref Sandstein) und Mut Formation (Variegated Shales). Sie sind fast ausschließlich der Kreide bis zum Maastricht zugehörig. Der Sedimentationsraum gehört zu einem sich nach Nordwesten vertiefenden Becken zwischen der Calanscio-Uweinat-Schwelle im Westen und dem Kharga-Upl ift im Osten. Die Sandstein-Formationen bestehen in der Körnerfraktion ausschließlich aus Quarz, Zirkon, Turmalin, Rutil und Leukoxen und zeigen bei den Tonmineralen eine absolute Kaolinitvormacht. Die überwiegend tonigen Formationen, mit unterschiedlichen Tonmineral-Vergesellschaffungen, deuten auf eine Sedimentation in einem flachen Epikontinentalmeer hin. Die Sedimente der Nubischen Gruppe entstammen Gebieten mit lateritischer Verwitterung. Die Resedimentation erfolgte unter gleichen Klimabedingungen, wie synsedimentäre Bodenbildung und Sesquioxid-Krusten zeigen. Die Faktoren-Analyse ergab folgende Elementgruppen: Ti, Nb, Zr und Cr: Elemente, die überwiegend in Schwermineralen auftreten ; Mn, Co, Ni und Cu: adsorptiv an Mn gebunden und in manganreichen Krusten angereichert ; Y, SE; an Tonminerale angelagerte Elemente ; Ca, Sr, Rb und Pb: an Tonminerale gebundene Elemente. Eisen konnte keiner dieser Gruppen zugeordnet werden. Da die fünf Elementgruppen in den Formationen der Nubischen Gruppe charakteristisch verteilt sind, ist eine Unterscheidung der Formationen aufgrund der Elementverteilung möglich.
    Description: The Paleozoic sediments within the Dakhla Basin are overlain by fluvio-continental sediments of Mesozoic age which can be traced in the. basin in east-west extension caused by their similar development. The clastic sediments, generally called "Nubian Sandstone", could be subdivided into six formations and their: stratigraphic position could be more or less assured. The units of the Nubia Group are named from the bottom towards the top as follows: Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastic Unit), Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale Unit), Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Unit), Maghrabi Formation (Plant Bed Unit), Taref Formation (Taref Sandstone Unit), and Mut Formation (Variegated Shale Unit). Stratigraphically they are nearly exclusively of Cretaceous up to Maastrichtian age. The area of sedimentation is a basin between the Calanscio-Uweinat Uplift in the west and the Kharga Uplift in the east. The bottom of the basin dips towards the northwest. The more sandy units contain as grains exclusively quartz, zircone, turmaline, rutile and leocoxene. The same units show as a clay-mineral an absolute predominance of kaolinite. The chiefly clayey units with a different association of clayminerals point at a sedimentation in a shallow epicontinental sea. The sediments of the Nubia Group are descended from regions with a lateritic weathering. The resedimentation took place under the same climatic conditions as it is shown by syn sedimentary development of soil horizons and sesquioxide crusts. The factor analysis caused the following groups of elements: Ti, Nb, Zr and Cr: elements which occur mainly in heavy minerals ; Mn, Co, Ni and Cu: elements which are bound adsorptively at Mn and are concentrated in crusts with a high content of manganese ; Y and R.E.E.: elements which are attached to clayminerals ; Ca, Sr, Rb and Pb: elements which are bound at clayminerals. Iron could not be associated with one of these groups. As the five groups of elements are distributed characteristically in the units of the Nubia Group, a differentiation of the units is possible based on the dissamination of the elements.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Nubischer Sandstein ; Stratigraphie ; Geochemie ; Sedimentologie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 93
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  • 18
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    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Das Sebkha-Gourine-System am Golf von Gabes in Süd-Tunesien wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit sedimentologisch, hydrogeologisch und geobotanisch beschrieben. Der für das Mittelmeer ungewöhnlich hohe Tidenhub bewirkt hier die Ausbildung eines sehr breiten Gezeitenbereiches. Das gemäßigt-aride Klima des Hinterlandes führt zur Bildung evaporitischer Minerale: in dem Sebkha-Bereich kommt es zur Ausscheidung von Gips-Lagen oberhalb des Grundwasserspiegels und zur Entstehung von temporären Halit- und Gipskrusten an der Sedimentoberf lache. Die gleichmäßig feinkörnigen, karbonatischen und silikatischen Sedimente sind marinen, fluviatilen und äolischen Ursprungs. Mit Hilfe der halophytischen Vegetationszonierung war eine flächenhafte Kartierung der Grundwasser-Salinitäten möglich. Anhand der Kalium-Gehalte konnten bei der chemischen Analyse der Sebkha-Grundwässer Lösungen marinen und kontinentalen Ursprungs voneinander unterschieden werden. Mit dem Trockenfallen während der grimaldischen Regression vor ca. 8000 Jahren entstand in einem ehemaligen Ästuar ein breiter Gezeitenbereich, dessen Faziesräume sich mit der zurückweichenden Küstenlinie stetig meerwärts verlagerten. Die in pleistozäne und mio-pliozäne Sedimente erodierte Hohlform wurde vom Kontinent her mit feinkörnigen Wadi-Sedimenten und vom Meer her mit Strandsand karbonatischer und silikatischer Zusammensetzung aufgefüllt. In Lagunen und im Oberen Gezeitenbereich kam es immer wieder zum Absatz feinkörniger Sedimente (Verlandung). Der heutige Zustand wird charakterisiert durch eine flache Küstenlagune, die insgesamt noch im Gezeitenbereich liegt und täglich trocken fällt. Dadurch ist eine Voranreicherung des Meerwassers durch Eindunstung und reduzierte Zirkulation (wie z. B. in der Laguna Madre, Texas) nicht möglich. Das max. 1000 m breite Intertidal ist durch massenhaftes Pflanzenwachstum ( Salicovnla fruticosa und Halocnenwn strobilaeeum ), dichte, lederartige Grünalgen -Matten und sil tig-tonige Sedimente gekennzeichnet. Die Salinität liegt im Bereich der Meerwasser-Konzentration. Der eigentliche Sebkha-Bereich mit nur gelegentlichen Überflutungen bei Sturmfluten reicht noch etwa 3000 m weit ins Landesinnere. Die Sedimente bestehen aus einer Wechsellagerung von dünnen Ton- und Algenschichten und Feinsand-Lagen aus umgelagertem Flugsand. Überflutungsdauer und -häufigkeiten reichen für eine effektive Infiltration des eindringenden Meerwassers in die porösen Sedimente. Die hohen sommerlichen Temperaturen und die starken, trockenen Winde erzeugen eine Verdunstungsrate von ca. 2000 mm/ Jahr, die einen überwiegend aufwärts gerichteten Grundwasserstrom bedingt. Durch die Evaporation werden im Grundwasser Salinitäten bis zu 30 % erreicht, so daß oberhalb des Grundwasserspiegels eine lagenweise Kristallisation von Gips ("Wüstenrosen") zu beobachten ist. Bei dem weiteren kapillaren Aufstieg entsteht eine oberflächennahe Mineralisation der unverfestigten, sandigen Sedimente in Form von feinen, unverwachsenen Gips-Plättchen ("disks"), die auf organische Substanzen und alkalische Verhältnisse hinweisen. An der Oberfläche kommt es zu dünnen Halit-Krusten und -Imprägnationen. Bei den meist im Winter auftretenden Sturmfluten und verstärkt durch die oberirdisch ablaufenden Niederschläge werden nur die Halit-Krusten wieder quantitativ aufgelöst und in das Meer zurücktransportiert. So kommt es ohne unterirdischen Abfluß einer angereicherten Lauge ("reflux") zur Entstehung einer geringmächtigen Gips-Lage in karbonatischen und silikatischen Sanden. Eine Dolomitisierung ist nicht zu beobachten. Die im Sebkha-Gourine-System beobachteten Sebkha-Prozesse folgen weitgehend dem von BUTLER (1969) für die Sebkhas am Persischen Golf aufgestellten "flood water recharge"-Modell , in dem die Salz-Bilanz durch die winterlichen Überflutungen geprägt wird. Das "evaporative pumping"-Modell nach HSÜ & SIEGENTHALER (1969) kann für das Untersuchungebiet ausgeschlossen werden.
    Description: This study describes the sedimentological, hydrogeological and geobotanical features of the Sebkha Gourine in the Gulf of Gabes, Southern Tunisia. The tidal spring range is exceptionally high for Mediterranean conditions and creates a very wide intertidal zone. Formation of evaporite minerals like gypsum and halite is due to the attenuated arid climate. Gypsum cristals are found in layers above the groundwater table. Crusts of halite and gypsum occur temporarily on the sebkha surface. The fine-grained carbonate and quartzose sediments are of marine, fluviatile and eolian origin. Zonation of halophytic vegetation was used as a tool for mapping groundwater salinities. Sebkha groundwaters of marine and continental origin were distinguished by their potassium content. An ancient estuary, carved into Pleistocene and Mio-Pliocene sediments, was filled after the "Grimaldic" regression (8000 BP). Continental fine-grained wadi sediments interlock with carbonate and quartzose beach sands. Minor lagoons and the upper intertidal zone were constantly being silted up. Even today a shallow coastal lagoon is still flooded daily. Therefore the effects of evaporation within the lagoon cannot be accumulated and only a slight increase can be observed in the salinity of sea water entering the sebkha. The intertidal zone extends well over 1000 m and is occupied by a living algal mat and in its upper parts by a dense halophytic vegetation (mainly Salicornia fruticosa and Haloenemum strobilaceun ). The salinities are within the range of sea water concentration. The sebkha itself extends well over 3000 m and is flooded only during spring tides. Sediments consist of gray and brown carbonate sands interlaminated with fine algal mats. These sediments are sufficiently porous to allow for effective infiltration of flood waters. Evaporation is high due to high summer temperatures and strong dry winds and creates an upward groundwater flow. Salinities rise to 30 % leading to massive gypsum cristallization ("desert roses"). Gypsum "disks" are found in unconsolidated surface sediments at shallow depths. Their untwinned habit is related to the presence of organic matter and alcaline conditions. The sediment surface is temporarily impregnated by a thin halite crust, which is removed by winter storm flooding and transported back into the sea. No underground backflow of enriched brine ("reflux") and associated dolomitization could be observed. The "flood water recharge "-model by BUTLER (1969) thus is applicable to the Sebkha Gourine area. The salinity balance is controlled by winter flooding and summer evaporation. The "evaporative pumping" -model by HSÜ & SIEGENTHALER (1969) on the other hand can be rejected for the area in consideration.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; ddc:580 ; ddc:551.48 ; Sedimentologie ; Hydrologie ; Geobotanik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 114
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  • 19
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    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Die Arbeit behandelt die in vielen Küstengebieten auf tretende Erscheinung des Eindringens von Meerwasser in den Untergrund des Binnenlandes und die daraus resultierende Grundwasserversalzung (Küstenversalzung). Zur Klärung dieser Frage wurden im ostfriesischen Küstengebiet seewärts und landwärts der Süßwasser-/Salzwassergrenze mittels spezieller Bohrungen aus Tiefen zwischen 5 und 300 m u.G. insgesamt 46 Grundwasserproben entnommen, der Stoffbestand analysiert, die Sauerstoff- und Schwefel -Isotopenverhältnisse ermittelt und die Radiokohlenstoffkonzentration bestimmt. Ergänzende Untersuchungen betrafen die Dynamik der Versalzungsvorgänge. Ein hydrochemisches Profil durch die Versalzungsfront zeigt, daß im Untersuchungsgebiet eine durch intrudiertes Meerwasser verursachte Versalzung bis zu 16 km landeinwärts der heutigen Küstenlinie und bis in einer Tiefe von 250 m u.G. nachzuweisen ist. Unterhalb dieser Tiefe ist eine zunehmende GrundwasserVersalzung durch hochmineralisierte Tiefengrundwässer zu beobachten. Der intrudierte Meerwasserkörper ist sowohl hinsichtlich Art und Konzentration der gelösten Salze als auch altersmäßig heterogen. Die Versalzung erfaßt gutdurchlässige quartäre wie geringdurchlässige tertiäre Ablagerungen. Die Form der Süßwasser-/Salzwassergrenze ist keine mehr oder weniger flach einfallende Fläche, sondern eine Verzahnung zwischen süßwasser- und salzwassererfüllten Schichten, so daß hochversalzte Wässer von Süßwässern unterlagert werden können. Die Versalzung des Grundwassers im Untersuchungsgebiet ist nicht das Ergebnis eines einheitlichen Vorgangs; auf Grund der hydrochemischen Untersuchungen und Radiokohlenstoffdatierungen sind innerhalb des durch intrudierte Meerwässer versalzten Bereichs mindestens 3 Salzwasserkörper zu unterscheiden, die zu verschiedenen Zeiten in den Untergrund eingedrungen sind. Zwischen dem Altersaufbau der Versalzungsfront und dem großklimatischen Geschehen der letzten 7000 Jahre scheinen Zusammenhänge zu bestehen.
    Description: This work deals with the intrusion of sea water into the underground of binnen lands and with the resulting groundwater salinization, which is a common phenomenon of many coastal areas. For the solution of this problem in the coastal areas of East Frisia in all 46 groundwater samples have been taken from special boreholes (depth between 5 and 300 m below surface) located seaward and landward of the fresh water-/salt water boundary. The mineral contents of the ground-water samples have been analysed, the isotope relations of oxygen and sulphur have been determined and the concentrations of radiocarbon have been assessed. Further investigations dealt with the dynamics of salinization processes. A hydrochemical section crossing the salinization front shows, that within the area of investigation salinization caused by sea water intrusion can be demonstrated up to 16 km landwards from the recent coast line and down to a depth of 250 m below surface. Below this depth an increasing salinization of highly mineralized deep groundwater can be observed. The intruded sea water body is very heterogenous regarding the kind and concentration of soluted salts as well as regarding its age. The salinization incorporates both the well permeable Quaternary layers and the less permeable Tertiary sediments. The form of the fresh-water/salt-water interface is no more or less slightly dipping plane, but an interfingering of layers with salt water and layers with fresh water; thus highly mineralized waters can be underlain by fresh waters. The salinization of the groundwater in the investigated area is not the result of a uniform process. On the base of the hydrochemical investigations and the radiocarbon datings within the area affected by sea-water intrusion at least three different salt water bodies can be distinguished which intruded at different times into the underground. Apparently a correlation exists between the age relations within the salinization front and the large scale climatic history of the last 7000 years.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Versalzung ; Hydrochemie ; Grundwasser ; Küste
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 94
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Kernproben aus dem Bereich der Abu-Ballas-Formation (Lingula Shale, früher Teil des "Nubischen Sandsteins") in der Bohrung Mawhoub West 2 (Teufe 596 - 634 m) lieferten zwei praktisch ausschließlich kontinentale Palynomorphen-Assoziationen (vgl. Tab. 1). Beide Assoziationen sind charakterisiert durch einen hohen Anteil an Pollen von Ephedripites- (in der älteren Mikroflora ca. 22 %, in der jüngeren ca. 24 %) und Retimonocolpites-Arten (in der älteren Mikroflora ca. 24 %, in der jüngeren ca. 17 %). Unter den Sporen ist die Deltoidospora/Cyathidites- ruppz mit ca. 8 % vom Gesamtbestand der Mikrofloren am häufigsten. Die verschiedenen Retimonocolpites-Arten repräsentieren die aus Ägypten noch kaum dokumentierte frühe monosulcate, reticulate Phase der Angiospermen-Pollen-Evolution. Nach einem Vergleich mit der palynologischen Zonierung für die algerisch/tunesische Sahara (REYRE 1973) sowie unter Berücksichtigung des ebenfalls vorhandenen "Reticulatasporites" jardinus, der in S-Amerika und in Afrika auf das Intervall Apt/Cenoman beschränkt ist, können die Mawhoub-West-Mikrofloren ins Apt (bis unteres Alb?) gestellt werden.
    Description: Core samples from the borehole Mawhoub West 2 (depth 596 - 634 m) probably belonging to the Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale, a part of the former "Nubian Sandstone") have yielded two nearly exclusively continental associations of palynomorphs (see Table 1). Both associations are characterized by a high percentage of Ephedripites (ca. 22 % in the lower microflora, ca. 24 % in the upper microflora) and Retimonocolpites (ca. 24 % in the lower microflora, ca. 17 % in the upper microflora). The Deltoidospora/Cythidites group is most frequent among the spores. It represents ca. 8 % of all spore/pollen grains found. The different species of Retimonocolpites represent the early monosulcate, reticulate phase of angiosperm pollen evolution hitherto hardly recorded from Egypt. After a comparison with the palynological zonation of the Algerian/Tunesi an Sahara (REYRE 1973) and taking into consideration the also occurring "Reticulatasporites" jardinus, which is restricted in South America and in Africa to the Aptian/Cenomani an , the Mawhoub West pollen and spores may be placed in the Aptian (until Lower Albian?).
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:561.13 ; Sporomorphae ; Kreide ; Nubischer Sandstein ; Palynologie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 40
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Bei der Auswertung von' Fernerkundungsdaten wurde bisher davon ausgegangen, daß die untersuchten Objekte angenähert LAMBERT'sch reflektieren. Daß diese Annahme für Pflanzen falsch ist, wurde schon vor über 10 Jahren erkannt und seitdem mehrfach systematisch untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde in grundlegender Weise das Reflexions verhalten von natürlichen Gesteinsoberflächen untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf die Richtungsverteilung der reflektierten Strahlung unter verschiedenen geometrischen Bedingungen gerichtet. So wurde als Simulation der natürlichen Geländebedingungen, wie sie etwa in den Alpen vorliegen, der Beleuchtungswinkel, die Probenneigung und der Detektorstand systematisch variiert und der Einfluß dieser Veränderungen auf das Reflexionsverhalten der Gesteine registriert. Die meisten Messungen erfolgten im Labor mit Hilfe eines speziell für diesen Zweck konstruierten Meßtisches, Als Proben dienten natürliche Gesteinsproben, die vorher unter Geländebedingungen gemessen worden waren. Bei den meisten Proben handelte es sich um Karbonatgesteine; wenige Ausnahmen, wie z,B. Sandsteine, wurden als Sonderfälle studiert. Bei zahlreichen Vergleichs- und Kontrollmessungen wurde versucht, den Zusammenhang zwischen Labor- und Geländemessungen herzustellen, Als wichtigstes Ergebnis wurde nachgewiesen, daß die Reflexion bei keiner der untersuchten Proben dem LAMBERT‘schen Reflexionsgesetz folgt: Der Reflexionsfaktor hängt also von den geometrischen Bedingungen ab, bei denen die Messung erfolgte, Sonnenstand, Hangneigung und Detektorstand sind als zusätzliche Parameter zu berücksichtigen. Die Ursachen für diese Richtungsabhängigkeit der Reflexion sind einerseits die innere Struktur − also die Ausbildung von primären Reflexionsflächen, die sich auf die Gesteinsoberfläche durchprägen − und andererseits die Rauhigkeit oder Relieftiefe der Oberfläche. Die größten Abweichungen vom LAMBERT'schen Reflexionsverhalten wurden bei größeren Zenitdistanzen, besonders bei schrägem bis streifendem Lichteinfall beobachtet. Die Konsequenzen für die Bildverarbeitung sind eindeutig: Bei der Klassifizierung und Identifizierung von Gesteinen aus Fernerkundungsdaten muß das Geländerelief und die Beleuchtungssituation mit berücksichtigt werden. Schon die unterschiedliche Beleuchtung auf verschieden geneigte Flächen gleicher Oberfläche erzeugt unterschiedliche Grauwerte für die einzelnen Flächen. Das gilt für jede Oberfläche, unabhängig von ihrem Reflexionsverhalten. Das richtungsabhängige oberflächenspezifische Reflexionsverhalten bewirkt (je nach der Winkel Konfiguration) eine weitere Veränderung der Grauwerte. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, wie die Korrektur der Beleuchtungsverhältnisse mit Hilfe eines digitalen Geländemodells erfolgen könnte. Die aus einer topographischen Karte entnommenen Höhendaten bilden die Grundlage für eine radiometrische Reliefkorrektur, bei der die durch schräge Beleuchtung verfälschten Grauwerte so korrigiert werden, daß die Ergebnisse einer Aufnahme ohne Relief entsprechen. Somit sind alle korrigierten Aufnahmen, unabhängig vom Sonnenstand, untereinander vergleichbar. Die Wirkung der Korrektur wurde an einem Modellgelände demonstriert. Eine Korrektur von vollständigen Aufnahmen, wie z.B, ganzen LANDSAT-Szenen, war bis zur Fertigstellung der Arbeit wegen der begrenzten Rechnerkapazität noch nicht möglich. Mit einer erweiterten Rechenanlage wird es aber in Zukunft möglich sein, eine ganze Szene in Hinblick auf ihre Beleuchtungsverhältnisse zu korrigieren. Der nächste Schritt, die gesteinsspezifische Korrektur mit Hilfe der ermittelten Labordaten, kann dann ebenfalls mit Hilfe des digitalen Geländemodells erfolgen.
    Description: During the evaluation of Remote Sensing Data it has been assumed up to now that the examined objects reflect approximately with LAMBERT'S law. In the case of plants it has been recognized over ten years ago that this assumption is wrong and this has led to numerous systematic examinations. In the present thesis the basics of the reflective behavior of natural rock surfaces was studied. Special emphasis was placed on the directional distribution of the reflected radiation under various geometric conditions, Natural terrain conditions, as found for instance in the Alps, were simulated by systematic variation of the angle of illumination, the sample inclination and the position of the detector. The influence of these variations on the reflective behavior of rocks was registered. Most of the measurements were done in the laboratory with the help of an apparatus which was constructed for this specific purpose. Samples of natural rocks were used; these were measured previously in the terrain. Most of these samples were carbonates; a few exceptions, such as sandstone, were also studied. During numerous comparitive and verifying measurements it was attempted to establish the correlation between laboratory and terrain measurements. As prime result, it was shown that none of the examined samples followed LAMBERT’S law of reflection. The reflection factor, therefore, depends on the geometric conditions at the time of measurement. Additional parameters that have to be accounted for are: position of the sun, terrain inclination and position of the detector. The reasons for this directional dependency of the reflection are on one hand the inner structure, i.e. the formation of primary reflection surfaces, which are imprinted on the rock surface, and on the other hand the roughness or depth of relief of the surface. The largest deviations from LAMBERT'S reflective law were noticed at larger zenith angles, particularly for sloping to glancing illumination. The consequences for the image analysis are clear-cut: during the classification and identification of rocks using remote sensing data the terrain relief and the illumination conditions have to be taken into account. Even a varying illumination of tilted areas of identical surfaces results in different gray values for the individual areas. This is true for any surface, regardless of its reflective behavior. The surface-specific directional reflectance gives rise to a further change in the gray values (depending on the angle configuration). In this thesis it has been shown how a correction of the illumination can be achieved with the help of a digital terrain model. The elevation data extracted from a topographic map give the basis for a radiometric relief correction. The gray values falsified by sloping illumination are corrected, such that the result is an image without relief. Therefore all corrected images, independent of the position of the sun, are comparable. The effect of this correction was demonstrated using a terrain model. Complete images such as LANDSAT scenes could not be corrected in this manner at the time of completing this thesis due to limited computer capacity. With a larger computer it will be possible in future to correct complete scenes in regard to the illumination conditions. The next step, a rock-specific correction with the help of data established in the laboratory, can also be achieved with the help of the digital terrain model.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Gesteinsoberfläche ; Reflektometrie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 94
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  • 22
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Energy management in its most comprehensive sense encompasses economic, technical, environmental, and political problems. The present evaluation of prospects notes that opportunities for energy conservation are widespread, in such fields as building air conditioning, transportation, electrical appliances, and industrial processes. Further conservation is expected to be achieved through a combination of technology development and economics; the latter factor must not be unduly influenced by political measures that shield consumers from the true cost of energy.
    Keywords: SOCIAL SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper presents the results of a series of total and spectral solar irradiance measurements made at ground surface (Table Mountain Facility, Calif., altitude 2.18 km). The spectral irradiance data are presented for the 0.3-3.0-micron spectral region for air mass 1.5.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 21; 3, Fe
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Collected Software Engineering Papers, Volume 1; 14 p
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  • 25
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Background information and exercises are provided to: (1) establish or expand understanding of the concepts, methods, and terminology of computer processing of image producing data; (2) develop insight into the advantages of computer based image processing compared with the photointerpretation approach for processing, classifying, interpreting, and applying remote sensing data; (3) foster a broad perspective on the principal of the main techniques for image enhancement, pattern recognition, and thematic classification; (4) appreciate the pros and cons of batch and interactive modes of image analysis; (5) examine and evaluate some specific computer generated products for subscenes in Pennsylvania and New Jersey; and (6) interrelate these particular examples of output with more theoretical explanations of computer processing strategies and procedures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 145-232
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The High Resoltuion Spectrograph (HRS) in conjunction with the Space Telescope (ST), extends ultraviolet astronomical spectroscopy to higher spectra, spatial, and time resolutions than previously achieved, as well as to fainter and more distant celestial objects. Other significant advances inherent in the instrument are high photometric accuracy and efficient operation via exposure meter control and real time rejection of bad data. These capabilities are provided to accomplish the scientific programs of the HRS investigation definition team, which concern the interstellar medium, stellar winds, and evolutionary aspects of stellar atmosphere studies; the determination of chemical abundances relevant to stellar evolution; the investigation of quasars and Seyfert galaxy nuclei; and the analysis of the atmospheres of solar system objects, including comets.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 76-105
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  • 27
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2008-07-17
    Description: A proposal for a multi-institutional investigation of the processes involved in the growth and maintenance of high level extended clouds is presented. Mapping of variability of the cloud and of its radiative characteristics in terms of the meteorological environment of the cloud; performance of case studies involving observation of the cloud microphysics and radiation characteristics; and investigation of the processes responsible for the generation, maintenance, and dissipation of the cloud system are recommended. Both modeling and monitoring activities are considered. The specific research projects which the author proposes to carry out are described. Suggestions for the administrative organization of the total effort are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Initial Studies of Middle and Upper Tropospheric Stratiform Clouds; 56 p
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  • 28
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2008-07-17
    Description: The interplay of the various physical processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and decay of middle and upper tropospheric stratiform clouds is discussed. Ice phase fair weather cloud forms are considered. Simulations of cirriform clouds which attempt to incorporate the physical processes in an interactive manner were performed. A two dimensional time dependent Eulerian numerical model, which incorporates all of the important physical processes in a simplified way, is employed to investigate the role of these processes in the evolution of a cloud in an isolated atmospheric layer. Physical parameters considered are the eddy viscosity and the thermal, water vapor, and ice water eddy diffusivities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Initial Studies of Middle and Upper Tropospheric Stratiform Clouds; 189 p
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  • 29
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2004-10-05
    Description: The papers in this section include: 1)'Wind Derivation from Geostationary Satellites'; 2) 'The Operational Processing of Wind Estimates from Cloud Motions: Past, Present, and Future'; 3) 'Intercomparision of SMS Wind Sets: A Study Using Rapid Scan Imagery'; 4) 'Mesoscale Wind Fields for a Severe Storm Situation Determined from SMS Cloud Observations'; 5) 'Moisture Convergence Using Satellite-Derived Wind Fields: A Severe Local Storm Case Study'
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Workshop on Satellite Meteorology. Part 2: Satellite Image Analysis and Interpretation
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Collected Software Engineering Papers, Volume 1; 7 p
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Collected Software Engineering Papers, Volume 1; 12 p
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  • 32
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: There are different levels of helicopter noise prediction which may be appropriate at various stages in the design process. In the early preliminary design stages, when available information is usually limited to parameters such as gross weight, tip speed, forward speed, rotor radius, and possibly number of blades, one is limited to purely empirically based methodology. As the design progresses, and airfoil blade planforms and twists are defined, predictions of airloads, vortex paths, and compressibility effects may permit application of more analytically based sound pressure level prediction methods. At the present stage of development of first principle prediction methodology, however, the designer may still find it necessary to supplement such analyses with modifications based on empirical experience. Various causes and parameters of helicopter noise were identified and discussed from the standpoint of prediction. Rotational noise, blade-vortex interaction noise, thickness noise, broadband noise, and flyover noise were considered. A modular computer program for helicopter noise prediction (HELNOP) was described briefly. Wind tunnel models as useful tools in predicting full scale helicopter noise were also discussed.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 123-146
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A KC-135A aircraft equipped with wing tip winglets was flight tested to demonstrate and validate the potential performance gain of the winglet concept as predicted from analytical and wind tunnel data. Flight data were obtained at cruise conditions for Mach numbers of 0.70, 0.75, and 0.80 at a nominal altitude of 36,000 ft. and winglet configurations of 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence, 0 deg cant/-4 deg incidence, and baseline. For the Mach numbers tested the data show that the addition of winglets did not affect the lifting characteristics of the wing. However, both winglet configurations showed a drag reduction over the baseline configuration, with the best winglet configuration being the 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence configuration. This drag reduction due to winglets also increased with increasing lift coefficient. It was also shown that a small difference exists between the 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence flight and wind tunnel predicted data. This difference was attributed to the pillowing of the winglet skins in flight which would decrease the winglet performance.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 103-116
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  • 34
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A joint NASA/USAF program was conducted to accomplish the following objectives: (1) evaluate the benefits that could be achieved from the application of winglets to KC-135 aircraft; and (2) determine the ability of wind tunnel tests and analytical analysis to predict winglet characteristics. The program included wind-tunnel development of a test winglet configuration; analytical predictions of the changes to the aircraft resulting from the application of the test winglet; and finally, flight tests of the developed configuration. Pressure distribution, loads, stability and control, buffet, fuel mileage, and flutter data were obtained to fulfill the objectives of the program.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 1-46
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A full-scale winglet flight test on a KC-135 airplane with an upper winglet was conducted. Data were taken at Mach numbers from 0.70 to 0.82 at altitudes from 34,000 feet to 39,000 feet at stabilized flight conditions for wing/winglet configurations of basic wing tip, 15/-4 deg, 15/-2 deg, and 0/-4 deg winglet cant/incidence. An analysis of selected pressure distribution and data showed that with the basic wing tip, the flight and wind tunnel wing pressure distribution data showed good agreement. With winglets installed, the effects on the wing pressure distribution were mainly near the tip. Also, the flight and wind tunnel winglet pressure distributions had some significant differences primarily due to the oilcanning in flight. However, in general, the agreement was good. For the winglet cant and incidence configuration presented, the incidence had the largest effect on the winglet pressure distributions. The incremental flight wing deflection data showed that the semispan wind tunnel model did a reasonable job of simulating the aeroelastic effects at the wing tip. The flight loads data showed good agreement with predictions at the design point and also substantiated the predicted structural penalty (load increase) of the 15 deg cant/-2 deg incidence winglet configuration.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 47-102
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A model that explains the flat-spot power loss phenomenon is presented. Evidence suggests that the effect is due to localized metallurgical interactions between the silicon substrate and the contact metallization. These reactions are shown to result in localized regions in which the P-N junction is destroyed and replaced with a metal semiconductor-like interface. The effects of thermal treatment, crystallographic orientation, junction depth, and metallization are shown along with a method of preventing the effect through the suppression of vacancy formation at the free surface of the contact metallization. Data indicating the effectiveness of a TiN diffusion barrier in preventing the effect are also given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 65-70
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  • 37
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The significance of the Space Telescope for the advancement of astronomy and astrophysics is described. The current state of knowledge in astronomy and cosmology is summarized and unanswered questions in those fields discussed. The rapid evolution of modern astronomy and the need for systematic observations are stressed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 121-134
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Astrometry with the Space Telescope (ST) is performed using one of the fine guidance sensors (FGS). The FGS, which is based on a pair of Koester's prism interferometers, one for each axis, is capable of measuring the position of one object relative to another with an accuracy of 0.002 arcseconds. Astrometric Data Reduction Software (ADRS) available to the astrometric user of ST is described. The kinds of problems the space telescope astrometry team plans to investigate using ST are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 114-120
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A wide site of potential astronomical and solar system scientific studies using the wide field planetary camera on space telescope are described. The expected performance of the camera as it approaches final assembly and testing is also detailed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 28-39
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The role of the European Coordinating Facility is described. European participation in the Space Telescope Science Institute and the relation of Space Telescope to ground-based astronomy in Europe are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Telescope Science Inst. The Space Telescope Obs.; p 16-19
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A comprehensive set of measurements about the orbiter environment are provided by the plasma diagnostics package (PDP). Ion and electron particle densities, energies, and spatial distribution functions; ion mass for identification of particular molecular ion species; and magnetic fields, electric fields and electromagnetic waves over a broad frequency range are studied. Shuttle environmental measurements will be made both on the pallet and, by use of the remote manipulator system (RMS), the PDP will be maneuvered in and external to the bay area to continue environmental measurements and to carry on a joint plasma experiment with the Utah State University fast-pulsed electron generator. Results of orbiter environment EMI measurements and S-band field strengths as well as preliminary results from wake search operations indicating wake boundary identifiers are reported.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 8 p
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE) software development approach is described. An iterative development approach was adopted which provides for three releases or versions of the processing system, each of increasing levels of complexity and solidity. The final release of the system will be used to process the flight data. The major phases for each iterative release consist of specifications developed in concert with the science team, preliminary design, subsystem reviews, coding, subsystem code walkthroughs, system testing, system documentation, and project status review.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 15 p
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The correlation of outgassing to the stability of the damping properties of polymer materials to be used in spacecraft structures is discussed. A test series was devised to obtain basic information from off-the-shelf damping materials. The test results could be considered as a guideline toward the application of these materials. Eight materials were selected to form a representative cross section of those polymers having both ready availability as commercial damping materials and desirable properties. A table indicates the temperatures at which peak damping occurs at 1 Hz and the type of beam specimen used in the vacuum exposure tests. These materials as a group cover the temperature range of -85 C to 38 C.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 25 p
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Both separate and combined wind tunnel and vibration shaker tests were conducted on two structural panels representative of the Shuttle orbiter in the NASA LaRC 8-foot transonic pressure tunnel to determine the effects of combined loads on the thermal protection system (TPS). The primary objective of this test was to provide a combined full-scale load environment and realistic time history of the dynamic pressures, Mach numbers (through transonic), and dynamic structural responses of these panels. The panels were selected from orbiter locations where interactive load sources such as aerodynamic shock waves, turbulent boundary layers, strut-induced vorticity, and substrate deformation combined to provide high bonding loads between the TPS and the orbiter structure. The test panels were highly instrumented with static and dynamic pressure gages, accelerometers, deflectometers, strain gages, Schileren and high speed photography, and special instrumentation necessary to determine TPS/structure interface loads and tile motions. Two test specimens of each orbiter panel were utilized. Both were high-fidelity representations of the selected orbiter location.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 157-163
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Results of wind-tunnel and acoustic tests to investigate buffet loads on Shuttle Thermal-Protection-System (TPS) tiles are given. Also described is the application of these results to the prediction of tile buffet loads for the first shuttle flight into orbit. The wind-tunnel tests of tiles were conducted at transonic and supersonic Mach numbers simulating flow regions on the Orbiter where shock waves and boundary-layer separations occur. The acoustic tests were conducted in a progressive wave tube at an overall sound pressure level (OASPL) approximately equal to the maximum OASPL measured during the wind-tunnel tests in a region of flow separation. The STS-1 buffet load predictions yielded peak tile stresses due to buffeting that were as much as 20 percent of the total stress for the design-load case when a shock wave was on a tile.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 147-153
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The dynamic and static analysis methods used to model the nonlinear structural behavior of the Shuttle Orbiter's tile/pad thermal protection system are discussed. The structural evaluation of the tile/pad system is complicated by the nonlinear stiffening, hysteresis and viscosity exhibited by the pad material. Application of the analysis to square tiles subject to sinusoidal and random excitation is presented along with appropriate test data. Correlation is considered good. In order to treat the stress analysis of thousands of individual tiles, a nonlinear static analysis was developed which utilizes equivalent static loads derived from the dynamic environment. Tensile stress at the bondline is examined in thousands of unique tiles.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 127-145
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  • 47
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Shuttle tile ascent environments are discussed and the procedures used to convert these environments into tile loads are outlined. Testing which was performed to quantify or verify the loads are discussed, along with the load combination rationale which was used. The discussion of the ascent environment is limited to the transonic/supersonic portion of the mission since mechanical design loads occur during this time, and to specific regions of the vehicle, in particular those regions in which undensified critical (black) tiles are located.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 111-125
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The thermal protection system (TPS) of the Space Shuttle Orbiter is described as well as the results of dynamic reponse studies conducted in support of the efforts to certify the TPS for flight. The ceramic Thermal Protection System consists of ceramic tiles bonded to felt pads which are in turn bonded to the Orbiter substructure to protect the aluminum substructure from the heat of reentry.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 101-110
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The unique space shuttle vehicle size, weight, and configuration gave rise to problems in determining vibration requirements and in verifying structural integrity for anticipated mission environments. The applications of large-scale vibration testing played a prominent part in qualifying the shuttle for its intended missions. Severe vibration excitation from rocket engines, aerodynamic noise, and onboard equipment are expected on each shuttle flight. Scale-model wind tunnel and rocket firing tests, as well as full-size rocket engine tests were relied on to define the random forcing functions. The determination of structural response to these environments is described as well as evaluations of measured flight data and comparison with predicted design and test criteria.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 71-80
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A computerized data bank system was developed for utilization of large amounts of vibration and acoustic data to formulate component random vibration design and test criteria. This system consists of a computer, graphics tablet, and a dry-silver hard copier which are all desk-top type hardware and occupy minimal space. The data bank contains data from the Saturn V and Titan III flight and static test programs. The vibration and acoustic data are stored in the form of power spectral density and one-third octave band plots over the frequency range from 20 to 2000 Hz. The data was stored by digitizing each spectral plot by tracing with the graphics tablet. The digitized data was statistically analyzed and the resulting 97.5% probability levels were stored on tape along with the appropriate structural parameters. Standard extrapolation procedures were programmed for prediction of component random vibration test criteria for new launch vehicle and payload configurations. This automated vibroacoustic data bank system greatly enhances the speed and accuracy of formulating vibration test criteria. In the future, the data bank will be expanded to include all data acquired from the space shuttle flight test program.
    Keywords: DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 65-70
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: One nemesis of the structural dynamist is the tedious task of reviewing large quantities of data. This data, obtained from various types of instrumentation, may be represented by oscillogram records, root-mean-squared (rms) time histories, power spectral densities, shock spectra, 1/3 octave band analyses, and various statistical distributions. In an attempt to reduce the laborious task of manually reviewing all of the space shuttle orbiter wideband frequency-modulated (FM) analog data, an automated processing system was developed to perform the screening process based upon predefined or predicted threshold criteria.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 43-51
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Recovery of the space shuttle solid rocket boosters required development of a heavy duty large decelerator subsystem. Successful recovery of the first launch pair of boosters demonstrated the adequacy of the design. Flight data consisting of accelerometers and parachute attach point loads provide a basis for evaluation of the decelerator subsystem performance. These results are summarized and compared to preflight predictions.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 27-33
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Solid rocket booster cavity collapse flight measurements included external pressures on the motor case and aft skirt, internal motor case pressures, accelerometers located in the forward skirt, mid-body area, and aft skirt, as well as strain gages located on the skin of the motor case. This flight data yielded applied pressure longitudinal and circumferential distributions which compare well with model test predictions. The internal motor case ullage pressure, which is below atmospheric due to the rapid cooling of the hot internal gas, was more severe (lower) than anticipated due to the ullage gas being hotter than predicted. The structural dynamic response characteristics were as expected. Structural ring and wall damage are detailed and are considered to be attributable to the direct application of cavity collapse pressure combined with the structurally destabilizing, low internal motor case pressure.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 21-26
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  • 54
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Transpiration cooling is treated and then full coverage discrete hole injection for three injection orientations. Spacings with pitch to diameter ratios of 5 and 10 are discussed. The array is staggered, with the transverse pitch and the streamwise pitch the same. Results are presented in terms of the Stanton number using the heat transfer coefficient defined in terms of the difference between the wall temperature and the free stream temperature. Two values of Stanton number are provided for each situation: one with the injectant at wall temperature, and the other with the injectant at free stream temperature. These two values are equivalent to knowing the heat transfer coefficient and the adiabatic effectiveness. The heat transfer coefficient thus defined is used with the actual wall temperature to and the actual gas temperature to calculate the heat load. The principle of superposition thus invoked is valid exactly when the governing equations are linear.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Film Cooling and Turbine Blade Heat Transfer, Vol. 1; 27 p
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  • 55
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: Charts relating to helicopter noise reduction design efforts are given. Information regarding priorities, design guidelines, design margins, risks, noise prediction, derivative trends, design impact, and cost impact is given.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 397-404
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  • 56
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: High speed compressibility noise and vortex interaction noise, which are aerodynamically generated noise sources, were investigated. Noise generating mechanisms were identified. Linear and nonlinear theory were compared and are in agreement with data on amplitude and wave forms. The interaction area between the acoustic planform and blade/vortex interaction lines are examined.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 319-330
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  • 57
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: Calculated engine core noise levels, based on NASA Lewis prediction procedures, for five representative helicopter engines are compared with measured total helicopter noise levels and ICAO helicopter noise certification requirements. Comparisons are made for level flyover and approach procedures. The measured noise levels are generally significantly greater than those predicted for the core noise levels, except for the Sikorsky S-61 and S-64 helicopters. However, the predicted engine core noise levels are generally at or within 3 dB of the ICAO noise rules. Consequently, helicopter engine core noise can be a significant contributor to the overall helicopter noise signature.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 261-284
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: The history and methodology of aerodynamic noise reduction in rotary wing aircraft are presented. Thickness noise during hover tests and blade vortex interaction noise are determined and predicted through the use of a variety of computer codes. The use of test facilities and scale models for data acquisition are discussed.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 97-106
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: Noise reduction is mostly limited to light helicopters whose noise signature is dominated by their tail rotors. It is primarily hardware oriented. Well known noise reduction techniques such as reduction of rotor speeds with an accompanying increase in solidity to maintain performance, engine noise reduction with the use of exhaust mufflers, and acoustic blanketing of transmission and engine compartment are used. The concept of blade phasing as a means of reducing tail rotor noise is also used. Engine noise (exhaust noise), power train noise and airframe noise becomes important at low rotor tip speeds and means must be found to reduce these noise sources if further noise reductions are desired. The use of a special test rig aids in isolating the various noise sources and arriving at the penalties (performance or payload) involved in quieting them. Significant noise reduction are achieved for the light helicopter with minimum performance or weight penalties because of the dominance of a single noise source (the tail rotor).
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 63-84
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  • 60
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: The development of technology to aid in the design of advanced rotor blades to improve both aerodynamic and acoustic performance is discussed. The development of advanced computer codes to calculate the subsonic and transonic flow field about rotor blades and to model such high noise producing phenomena as shock waves and blade/vortex interaction is examined. The codes are verified by comparison with experimental data. Making the codes available to industry and to provide some training for the industrial users is emphasized.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 357-373
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  • 61
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: The purpose of this presentation is to give a general strategy for rotorcraft noise prediction. This strategy is expressed through a modular software system design rather than theoretical analysis of the aerocoustic phenomena. The crucial design choices in a software system design are the module interface definitions. An interface is the data that are passed from one module to another. A module takes data from one (input) interface and transforms it, through a prediction method, to another (output) interface. In system design, the method is less important than the interface. The two types of methods available may be braodly classified as empirical or analytical, although no method is purely one or the other. These two general approaches will be compared as they apply to rotorcraft noise prediction.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: Rotorcraft Noise; p 291-308
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  • 62
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: Various parameters of helicopter rotor noise were considered. Impulsive noise, flow regions of a helicopter rotor, noise prediction, aspect ratio, blade tip shape and speed, and blade-vortex interaction noise were among the topics addressed. Recommendations were also given.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 203-218
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  • 63
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: Boeing Vertol Model 234, CH-47D and 347 tandem rotor helicopters demonstrate noise levels that comply with the overall noise standard requirements. The helicopters achieve these noise levels because they are, by design, free of impulsive noise in level flight and climb. Avoiding an impulsive noise signature is achieved by developing and applying configuration design criteria that eliminate blade vortex intersections and recognize advancing blade tip noise limitations in high speed forward flight. Airfoil design, rotor separation and rotor tipspeed selection all contribute to the noise control. Compliance with the approach element of the standards is marginal at best. The approach problem is not appreciably alleviated by reduced tipspeed and airfoil design. Since it is a single rotor phenomenon, it is not alleviated by rotor separation in the tandem configuration. Tip shapes may provide the answer, but to date this approach has not led to a satisfactory solution.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 85-96
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  • 64
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: The tools currently available for acoustic design risk reduction and problem solving are limited in accuracy and do not encompass all design parameters. Assuming available technology, designing helicopters to confidently meet noise limits as were proposed by the FAA and were now adopted by ICAO will result in significant design compromises.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 5-32
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  • 65
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Images characteristics of geographic regions other than the northeastern part of the United States are presented for interpretation. Pre- and post-eruption imagery of Mt. St. Helens volcano serves to demonstrate the advantages of thermal infrared sensing, and the potential for developing a timely, decision oriented thematic map to be used in solving drought-related problems in Upper Volta is examined to show the applicability of satellite remote sensing in all geographic areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 455-475
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: Functional requirements of helicopter noise reduction are discussed from the work environment point by view, i.e., what conditions must exist before the designer can take aim, without too many restraints, at reducing noise, community demand for noise reduction, regulatory requirements, competition, and penalties are among the topics discussed.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 405-413
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  • 67
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: The engineering management strategy involved in designing helicopters to meet a noise requirement is discussed. A different perspective is given on how designs were accomplished in the past, how a new design would be carried out today, and how knowledge gained through acoustics R&D will have two important effects. It will lead to invention of quieter features to be incorporated, and it will improve the ability to predict accurately the noise levels of new designs before they are built. Each of these effects changes the basic design process.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 375-395
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  • 68
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: The aerodynamic prediction methodology which is needed for rotor noise calculations is presented. Airloads and wakes, dynamic stall, compressible flow, and random loads are reviewed. The aerodynamics/acoustics interface is defined when the noise or measurements are considered. The classical approach involving a distinct separation of aerodynamic sources and acoustic propagation is the basis of most rotor noise calculations. Aeroacoustics of rotors involve unique features which are not encountered in other aerodynamic problems of rotors: (1) acoustics problems ultimately require only an order of magnitude estimate of the sound pressure field, consequently remarkably good noise predictions are obtained from very simple aerodynamic analyses; (2) aeroacoustics introduce an interest in the higher frequency aerodynamics, the deterministic aerodynamic phenomena are still low frequency, however, the high frequency noise comes from the acoustic propagation; and (3) the aerodynamic phenomena on rotors that are only of interest due to the noise they produce, are the random aerodynamic pressures on the blades.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 331-356
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  • 69
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-17
    Description: It is important for industry and NASA to assess the status of acoustic design technology for predicting and controlling helicopter external noise in order for a meaningful research program to be formulated which will address this problem. The prediction methodologies available to the designer and the acoustic engineer are three-fold. First is what has been described as a first principle analysis. This analysis approach attempts to remove any empiricism from the analysis process and deals with a theoretical mechanism approach to predicting the noise. The second approach attempts to combine first principle methodology (when available) with empirical data to formulate source predictors which can be combined to predict vehicle levels. The third is an empirical analysis, which attempts to generalize measured trends into a vehicle noise prediction method. This paper will briefly address each.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Noise; p 219-244
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The geostationary and polar satellites comprising the current operational system are discussed. The data acquisition capabilities of both satellite types and their complementary functions are reviewed. The advanced very high resolution radiometer on the TIROS N satellites is particularly addressed along with the imaging and atmospheric sounding instrumentation aboard the GOES satellites. The dissemination of the satellite data to the prospective users is also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 34-40
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  • 71
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Some of the reusable heat shielding materials used to protect the Space Shuttles, their manufacturing processes, properties, and applications are discussed. Emphases is upon ceramic materials. Space Shuttle Orbiter tiles are discussed.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 261-274
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  • 72
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A long-range program in support of the aerospace industry aimed at reducing the use of strategic materials in gas turbine engines is discussed. The program, which is called COSAM (Conservation of Strategic Aerospace Materials), has three general objectives. The first objective is to contribute basic scientific understanding to the turbine engine technology bank so that our national security is not jeopardized if our strategic material supply lines are disrupted. The second objective is to help reduce the dependence of United States military and civilian gas turbine engines on worldwide supply and price fluctuations in regard to strategic materials. The third objective is, through research, to contribute to the United States position of preeminence in the world gas turbine engine markets by minimizing the acquisition costs and optimizing the performance of gas turbine engines. Three major research thrusts are planned: strategic element substitution; advanced processing concepts; and alternate material identification. Results from research and any required supporting technology will give industry the materials technology options it needs to make tradeoffs in material properties for critical components against the cost and availability impacts related to their strategic metal content.
    Keywords: METALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 141-164
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Polymer synthesis programs involve the development of Novel thermoplastics, pseudothermoplastics, and thermosets. These systems are prepared to elucidate structure-property relationships involving thermal capabilities, toughness, processability and environmental stability. Easily processable polyimides, solvent-resistant polysulfones and polyphenylquinoxalines, and tougher high and intermediate temperature polymers were developed. Characterization efforts included high pressure liquid chromatography methodology, the development of toughness tests for fiber reinforced composites, a study of electrical properties of metal ion filled polyimides, and a study of the mutagenicity of aromatic diamines. Also the mechanism of cure/degradation of experimental polymers was studied by rheology, mechanical behavior, separation techniques and spectroscopy. The degradative crosslinking of alkyl-containing polyimides, the separation and identification of crosslinked phenylquinoxalines, the rheological behavior of hot-melt polyimides, and the elucidation of the cure of norbornene endcapped imides were also studied.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 29-48
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Stratospheric limb radiance profiles versus altitude of closest approach of the line of sight to the Earth's surface have been measured before and after the Mount St. Helens eruptions by means of photographs taken from a Sun-oriented balloon gondola floating above 35 km altitude over France. Preliminary data were reported for flights in October 1979 and in May and June 1980. The radiance integrated along the line of sight as in-situ radiance (R) can be derived taking into account absorption by ozone and air. The onion peeling inversion method was used to derive the vertical radiance (R) profiles respectively. The values of R were determined in the solar azimuth. The solar elevation angles are chosen larger for the backscattering observation than for the forward scattering observation to deal with as similar illumination conditions as possible despite the Earth's sphericity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 299-303
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Twenty filter sampling flights of the NASA Lewis F-106 aircraft were conducted in the Great Lakes region between June 4 and August 8, 1980, following the major eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington on May 18. The IPC-1478 filters were exposed over an altitude range spanning the local tropopause. Quarter sections were analyzed for sulfate and nitrate by ion chromatography and selected samples were analyzed for chloride by selective ion electrode. Trace elements were searched by X-ray fluorescence analysis. A filter sample taken above the tropopause on June 5 indicated a sulfate level of 50 times the baseline measurements. Subsequent measurements over a period of 2 months showed an initial dropoff and formation of a persistent layer of sulfate above the tropopause with a concentration of 10 to 18 times previously measured background-levels. Concentrations of nitrate above the tropopause exhibited considerable variability and some enhancement compared with previously measured concentration levels. It is suggested that the source of the nitrate may also be volcanic as evidenced by its temporal relationship to the sulfate concentration changes. Based on the null results of X-ray fluorescence measurements, there is no evidence of ash particle concentrations greater than 3.4 microns g/cubic m persisting in the layer above the tropopause after the second transit of the cloud.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 251-259
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Microscopical investigation of volcanic ash collected from ground stations during Mount St. Helens eruptions reveal a distinctive bimodel size distribution with high concentrations of particle ranges at (1) 200-100 microns and (2) 20-0.1 microns. Close examination of individual particles shows that most larger ones are solidified magma particles of porous pumice with numerous gas bubbles in the interior and the smaller ones are all glassy fragments without any detectable gas bubbles. Elemental analysis demonstrates that the fine fragments all have a composition similar to that of the larger pumice particles. Laboratory experiments suggest that the formation of the fine fragments is by bursting of glassy bubbles from a partially solidified surface of a crystallizing molten magma particle. The production of gas bubbles is due to the release of absorbed gases in molten magma particles when solubility decreases during phase transition. Diffusion cloud chamber experiments strongly indicate that sub-micron volcanic fragments are highly hygroscopic and extremely active as cloud condensation nuclei. Ice crystals also are evidently formed on those fragments in a supercooled (-20 C) cloud chamber. It has been reported that charge generation from ocean volcanic eruptions is due to contact of molten lava with sea water. This seems to be insufficient to explain the observed rapid and intense lightning activities over Mount St. Helens eruptions. Therefore, a hypothesis is presented here that highly electrically charged fine solid fragments are ejected by bursting of gas bubbles from the surface of a crystallizing molten magma particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 211-217
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The direct solar radiation transmission record at Mauna Loa, dating from 1958 to the present, revealed with remarkable precision the presence of stratospheric aerosol from volcanic activity. This record can be used to quantify the intensity of the stratospheric volcanic aerosol perturbation following a significant eruption in reference to the Agung event in 1963. The Mount St. Helens' stratospheric cloud was first detected by lidar at 18 km over Mauna Loa on 17 July. The atmospheric transmission was seen to decrease slightly after that time, but only a few tenths of 1 percent. Although it is still fairly early to draw a definite conclusion on the ultimate magnitude of the Mount St. Helens stratospheric aerosol from the Mauna Loa results, it can be stated that the stratospheric aerosol optical depth presently observed is comparable with that observed from Fuego which erupted in 1974. At Boulder, Colorado, the atmospheric debris from Mount St. Helens was observed by lidar on a number of occasions. Also, observations of the diffuse, total and direct transmission of solar radiation were made on June 3 and 4. The latter set of observations is useful for deriving information on the scattering properties of the volcanic cloud. The lidar and solar radiation data are presented and some of their special features are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 117-123
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Samples of stratospheric aerosols collected with U-2 aircraft for several months following the first three major eruptions of Mount St. Helens were analyzed for ash and liquid acid content. Ash grain sizes and compositions vary depending on collection altitude, location within the drifting cloud, and days following their injection. s computers Size distributions of ash particles vary with altitude. Generally small particles are depleted more rapidly at low altitudes (12 km) than at higher altitudes (17-18 km). Although samples collected 1 day after the first eruption of May 18, 1980, were dry, flow marks on the aircraft indicated parts of the cloud contained heavy acid concentrations. Indeed, all other samples obtained within 1 to 4 days after later eruptions (May 25 and June 12, 1980) were covered with copious amounts of liquid acid. Proportions of liquid to ash varied considerably depending on sampling location and cloud age. Because the acid-coated ash globules were large, they rapidly fell from the stratosphere until, by late June 1980, only a residue of acid droplets remained. Size distributions and concentrations of these droplets varied considerably.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 55-64
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Increased applications of automation technology identified as necessary for NASA to carry out its missions within the constraints of future funding and available physical resources are described. A concept for a Remote Orbital Servicing System (ROSS) based on present teleoperator and robotics technology is presented. A single servicer design compatible with three specified spacecraft, capable of performing service to the same extent as manned extravehicular activity, controlled from a ground control station, and using currently available technology is conceptualized.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 104-119
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  • 80
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The simulation program associated with a key piece of support equipment to be used to service satellites directly from the Shuttle is assessed. The Open Cherry Picker (OCP) is a manned platform mounted at the end of the remote manipulator system (RMS) and is used to enhance extra vehicular activities (EVA). The results of simulations performed on the Grumman Large Amplitude Space Simulator (LASS) and at the JSC Water Immersion Facility are summarized.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 17 p
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The concept of manned and unmanned proximity modules (POM) to assist the Orbiter in retrieval, servicing, and emergency operations of orbiting payloads is discussed. An unmanned POM, capable of examining or capturing and returning to the Orbiter large satellites which are station-keeping at distances up to one kilometer from the Orbiter, is presented and its design features defined. Also presented is the concept of a manned POM which is capable of capturing and maneuvering smaller payloads in or about the Orbiter payload bay. The manned POM also serves as a free flying work station used to support satellite servicing and provide a back-up to Orbiter situations when the remote manipulator is inoperative.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 21 p
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Shortly after the 18 May eruption, a series of airborne lidar flights were made over the Eastern United States. During the same period, ground-based systems were activated throughout the world. The available worldwide lidar data is put together in a consistent set. These data show the dispersion of material at different altitudes during the early global circuits. The material in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere was very patchy in horizontal extent with backscattering ratio values over the east coast of the United States greater than 100 at the ruby wavelength of 0.6943. Two wavelength ratios and depolarization values for the material in the lower stratosphere (12 to 18 km) appear to have returned to the pre-18 May values within a month after the eruption and this indicated a rapid conversion to spherical shapes and normal indices of refraction. The material above 20 km moved slowly westward while most of the ejecta moved eastward at various speeds and directions which varied considerably with altitude. The westward material was detected first by the Japanese lidar system and then subsequently by the European and American ground-based systems. It circuited the globe in about 60 days. An airborne lidar flight in early September across the continental United States showed the layers to have homogenized considerably one broad layer between about 14 and 21 km peaking at 18 to 19 km and another more intermittent thin layer between 21 and 22 km. The ruby peak backscattering ratio of the broad layer was between 1.3 and 1.5.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 125-130
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens in southeast Washington resulted in a pronounced effect on the surface and ground water resources of the state. In response to the volcanic activity, the U.S. Geological Survey intensified statewide surface and ground water sampling programs to determine the nature and magnitude of the volcanic-induced variations. Streams to the east of Mount St. Helens received the major ash fallout. Chemical effects were best noted in smaller streams sampled 60 to 70 miles northeast of Mount St. Helens. The chemical variations observed were pronounced but short lived. Sulfate and chloride increases in anionic composition were prevalent immediately following the eruption; however, the original bicarbonate predominance was again attained within several days. Suspended iron and aluminum concentrations were similarly elevated during the period of greatest ash deposition (highest turbidity); however, the dissolved concentrations remained relatively constant. Depressions of pH were minor and short lived. Streams draining to the south, tributaries to the Columbia river, showed little observable changes in water chemistry. Streams draining to the west (Toutle river and its tributaries) were compositionally affected by the various volcanic activities. Chloride and sulfate anion percentage exceeded the bicarbonate percentage up to one month following the eruption period. Streams and lakes sampled in the immediate vicinity of Mount St. Helens, in addition to trace metals, contained organic compounds derived from decomposing wood buried in the debris deposits. This organic material may constitute a significant source of organic compounds to surface and ground water for some time to come.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 43-46
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  • 84
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The benefits-to-cost ratio of satellite remote sensing, both as a substitute for conventional methods of monitoring and assessing resources, and as a supplement to these methods is examined using a model which analyzes the cost of aerial photography versus satellite scanner for producing and interpreting an image of the Earth's surface sized to LANDSAT dimensions. Examples of cost savings are tabulated for ground surveys, aerial photos, and LANDSAT. Possible additional benefits from LANDSAT D are assessed. The way in which satellites fit into more comprehensive models for resources management is discussed. It is shown that remote sensing is but one essential component in a complex system that aggregates technical. Socioeconomics, political, cultural, and other factors in the human decision process.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 389-407
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  • 85
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Computer processing facilitates extraction of information from every pixel by executing a variety of functional operations, called processed algorithms, in general or specialized routines. The best results are obtained when data from more than one multispectral band are used together. Multivariate tatistical analysis, computer tape characteristics, processing modes, and a choice of systems (batch or interactive) are discussed. The major operations in computer processing elaborated include: preprocessing, enhancement, effects of rationing, and classification. Techniques for multisource data correlation are considered with emphasis on geobased systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 421-453
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  • 86
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives include: (1) developing an understanding of the implications of the term "near surface observations"; (2) associating the appearance of large ground features as seen in satellite imagery with their appearance as seen from the ground; (3) grasping criteria and procedures for selecting training sites on the ground for use in supervised classification; (4) running through an example of training site selection; (5) becoming familiar with several methods of accuracy assessment; (6) becoming aware of the approach and value of making supporting measurements of the spectral and physical properties of materials on the ground and from aircraft; (7) taking note of the different types of instruments used in making specific ground measurements; and (8) appreciating the rationale underlying laboratory and field studies on or near the Earth's surface for the purpose of developing new sensor systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 233-276
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  • 87
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives include: (1) developing a facility for applying conventional techniques of photointerpretation to small scale (satellite) imager; (2) promoting the ability to locate, identify, and interpret small natural and man made surface features in a LANDSAT image; (3) using supporting imagery, such as aerial and space photography, to conduct specific applications analyses; (4) learning to apply change detection techniques to recognize and explain transient and temporal events in individual or seasonal imagery; (5) producing photointerpretation maps that define major surface units, themes, or classes; (6) classifying or analyzing a scene for specific discipline applications in geology, agriculture, forestry, hyrology, coastal wetlands, and environmental pollution; and (7) evaluating both advantages and shortcomings in relying on the photointerpretive approach (rather than computer based analytical approach) for extracting information from LANDSAT data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 101-143
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  • 88
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Activities are provided for: (1) developing insight into the way in which the LANDSAT MSS produces multispectral data; (2) promoting understanding of what a "pixel" means in a LANDSAT image and the implications of the term "mixed pixel"; (3) explaining the concept of spectral signatures; (4) deriving a simple signature for a class or feature by analysis: of the four band images; (5) understanding the production of false color composites; (6) appreciating the use of color additive techniques; (7) preparing Diazo images; and (8) making quick visual identifications of major land cover types by their characteristic gray tones or colors in LANDSAT images.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 81-99
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  • 89
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives of the activities provided include: (1) reading the annotation of a LANDSAT image; (2) becoming acquainted with the characteristics of 1:1,000,000 scale transparencies and prints of MSS images; (3) noting the general information visible in LANDSAT photo products; (4) observing changes of appearance of any ground feature or class in the black and white images made from the four MSS bands and the characteristic color of each class in color composites; (5) determining the degree to which a LANDSAT image meets map accuracy standards and can be fitted to map projections; (6) assessing the effects of LANDSAT enlargements and scale changes and of the limitations of satellite resolution relative to aerial photos; (7) observing the influence of time of acquisition (season) on a scene; (8) getting a feel for image quality as dependent on processing and photoreproduction; (9) appreciating the characteristics of the RBV and thermal band imagery obtained from LANDSAT-3; and (10) becoming familiar with certain attributes of adjacent LANDSAT images which permit them to be joined in mosaics and to be viewed in stereo.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 39-80
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  • 90
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Programs for the development and operation of meteorological satellites from the TIROS 1 satellite and the establishment of NASA through the 1960's are described. The technical problems confronted in the development of the early satellite systems are discussed in addition to issues in international involvement and program support. The TIROS and Nimbus series satellites are primarily addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 5-33
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  • 91
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The adhesion, friction, and wear properties of materials are reviewed and some of the factors influencing these properties are discussed. The forms of lubrication and types of lubricants will also be discussed.
    Keywords: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 391-410
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  • 92
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Research at NASA Langley's Materials Characterization Instrumentation Section has followed the philosophy of improving the science base of nondestructive evaluation and advancing the state of the art of quantitative interpretability of physical measurements of materials. Details of several R&D programs choosen to highlight the last several years are given. Applications of these technologies are presented in the area of stress measurement, characterization of metal heat treatment, and evaluation of material internal structure. A second focus of the program is on quantitative transducers/measurements that have resulted in better data in irregular inhomogeneous materials such as composites. Examples are presented of new capabilities resulting from these advances that include fatigue and impact damage evaluation.
    Keywords: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND RELIABILITY
    Type: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 421-440
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Research on three classes of materials that show potential for allowing significant increases in operating temperatures in gas turbine engines is discussed. Monolithic ceramics, ceramic matrix composites, and carbon-carbon composites are discussed. Sintering, hot pressing, and densification are discussed.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 275-292
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Tephra and aerosols from the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington were sampled in the lower stratosphere with a WB-57F aircraft. The main body of the plume was intercepted over western Kansas on May 20, 48 hours after the eruption, at an altitude of 15.2 km. Concentrations on filter samples were 26 ng of SO4(-2) of air and 579 ng of ash/g of air. Angular glass pyroclasts ranged in size from 0.5 to 10 microns, with a mean grain of 2 microns. Samples collected at altitudes of 16.7 and 12.5 km had only traces of SO4(-2) and ash. A second flight was flown, 72 hours after the eruption, on May 21. From north Texas to central Wyoming, at an altitude of 15.2 km less than 0.5 to 38 ng of ash/g of air and 1.0 to 2.2 ng of SO4(-2)/g of air were sampled. At an altitude of 18.3 km, from central Wyoming to NW New Mexico, the plume density and character were variable.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 83-107
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The SAGE satellite system was used to make measurements on the optical extinction produced by stratospheric aerosols from the Mount St. Helens eruption. Two periods of observation were analyzed. In the first period (May 21 to 31, 1980), SAGE moved southward from latitude 60 N, and crossed the United States approximately one week after the May 18th eruption. Enhancements in stratospheric extinction were confined to latitudes between about 55 N and 25 N and longitudes between 10 W and 140 W. Individual layers were observed up to altitudes of 23 km. The geographical location of these layers corresponded closely to that expected on the basis of high-altitude meteorological data. During June and much of July, SAGE was, by reason of its geographical position and other orbital characteristics, unable to make further measurements on the northern hemisphere. Between July 19th and August 12th a second southward pass over the northern hemisphere occurred and further observations were made. The volcanic aerosol in the stratosphere was now found to be widely distributed over the hemisphere, the maximum concentrations being north of 50 N. The aerosol showed considerable inhomogeneity and had reached as far south as 15 N but little, if any, had crossed the equator into the southern hemisphere. Individual layers at different heights were still distinguishable. The total stratospheric aerosol loading on this occasion appeared to be greater than in May and corresponded to an increase in global stratospheric mass of between 50 and 100 percent.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 109-115
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Servicing economics for LANDSAT are examined. The following objectives of the multimission modular spacecraft are outlined: retrieval; multimission capability; standard flight support system; standard hardware; repair and refurbishment on orbit; instrument replacement; standard ground support system; and standard software.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 168-199
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  • 97
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A conceptual definition of an appropriate berthing technique and a prototype design of an automatic umbilical system suitable for use with payloads carried by the Space Shuttle are presented. A four-element berthing system is described. This concept consists of a set of four remote manipulator system (RMS)-type end-effector capture/tie-down devices on the power system and corresponding RMS-type grapple fittings on the payload. In operation, the RMS maneuvers the payload to a position where the four grapple fittings can be snared within the end-effectors and then secured to the power system. The concept takes advantage of mechanisms and operating techniques developed for attaching the RMS to a payload. Although the umbilical installation is attached to the docking interface structure, its operation is independent and it must comply with a set of primary requirements specified by Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), which is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 39 p
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  • 98
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Orbiter-based service equipment needs/usage are identified by considering a broad spectrum of on-orbit operational scenarios associated with three primary mission events: initial launch, revisits, and Earth return. Nominal and alternate modes of operation, contingency situations (as remote manipulator system inoperative), and Orbiter close proximity operations are included. Satellite classes considered are direct delivery and servicing of the orbiter, low Earth orbiter/propulsion, sorties and DOD, geosatellites, and planetary and other satellites.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 1-28
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  • 99
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Payloads are secured in the orbiter payload bay by the payload retention system or are equipped with their own unique retention systems. The orbiter payload retention mechanisms provide structural attachments for each payload by using four or five attachment points to secure the payload within the orbiter payload bay during all phases of the orbiter mission. The payload retention system (PRS) is an electromechanical system that provides standarized payload carrier attachment fittings to accommodate up to five payloads for each orbiter flight. The mechanisms are able to function under either l-g or zero-g conditions. Payload berthing or deberthing on orbit is accomplished by utilizing the remote manipulator system (RMS). The retention mechanisms provide the capability for either vertical or horizontal payload installation or removal. The payload support points are selected to minimize point torsional, bending, and radial loads imparted to the payloads. In addition to the remotely controlled latching system, the passive system used for nondeployable payloads performs the same function as the RMS except it provides fixed attachments to the orbiter.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 216-227
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Numerous balloon soundings of the aerosol and condensation nuclei (CN) concentrations were made over Laramie, Wyoming following the eruption of Mount St. Helens in May of 1980. On several occasions the volatility of the particles was tested. In addition, special instrumentation was used to observe the evolution of particle size after the eruption. The particles in the initial cloud were relatively large and nonvolatile. In a relatively short time, however, the aerosol began showing a dominant volatile component. Although there were probably no CN in the original cloud due to the expected very short coagulation life time, high concentrations of unusually small CN particles were observed about a month after the eruption. By the end of September the CN profiles and associated particle size were practically back to normal. At present the aerosol particles show about a three times larger concentration than before the eruption, most of the new material being in a layer centered around 19 km. The net effect of the more recent series of eruptions during the last half of October 1980 seems to be negligible.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 65-82
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