ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Sie möchten endlich wissen, was sich hinter Schlagworten wie „Data Science“ und „Machine Learning“ eigentlich verbirgt - und was man alles damit anstellen kann? Auf allzu viel Mathematik würden Sie dabei aber gern verzichten? Dann sind Sie hier genau richtig: Dieses Buch bietet einen kompakten Einblick in die wichtigsten Schlüsselkonzepte der Datenwissenschaft und ihrer Algorithmen - und zwar ohne Sie mit mathematischen Formeln und Details zu belasten! Der Fokus liegt - nach einer übergeordneten Einführung - auf Anwendungen des maschinellen Lernens zur Mustererkennung und Vorhersage von Ergebnissen: In jedem Kapitel wird ein Algorithmus erläutert und mit einem leicht verständlichen, realen Anwendungsbeispiel verknüpft. Die Kombination aus intuitiven Erklärungen und zahlreichen Abbildungen ermöglicht dabei ein grundlegendes Verständnis, das ohne mathematische Formelsprache auskommt. Abschließend werden auch die Grenzen und Nachteile der betrachteten Algorithmen explizit aufgezeigt. Das Buch beschreibt die Schlüsselalgorithmen der Datenwissenschaften bildlich und eingängig. Eine nützliche Einführung für Anfänger, ein guter Überblick für Geschäftsleute, die mit Analysten zusammenarbeiten, oder einfach ein anregendes Lesevergnügen für alle, die wissen wollen, was mit ihren Daten geschieht. Dr. David Stillwell, stellvertretender Direktor des Psychometrics Centre an der University of Cambridge Dank der exzellent veranschaulichten Konzepte konnten unsere Studenten aus den nicht-technischen Fächern die abstrakten Ideen des maschinellen Lernens ganz intuitiv verstehen. Ethan Chan, Big-Data-Dozent, Stanford University

Description / Table of Contents: The SolidWorks Simulation 2018 Black Book, is written to help professionals as well as learners in performing various tedious jobs of Finite Element Analysis. The book follows a step by step methodology. This book explains the background work running behind your simulation analysis screen. The book covers almost all the information required by a learner to master the SolidWorks Simulation. The book starts with basics of FEA, goes through all the simulation tools and ends up with practical examples of analysis. Chapters on manual FEA ensure the firm understanding of FEA concepts through SolidWorks Simulation. The book contains our special sections named "Why?." We have given reasons for selecting every option in analysis under the "Why?" sections. The book explains the Solver selection, iteration methods like Newton-Raphson method and integration techniques used by SolidWorks Simulation for functioning. A chapter on Topology Study is added in this edition to help you understand the procedures of preparing model for analysis. Some of the salient features of this book are: In-Depth explanation of concepts Every new topic of this book starts with the explanation of the basic concepts. In this way, the user becomes capable of relating the things with real world. Topics Covered Every chapter starts with a list of topics being covered in that chapter. In this way, the user can easy find the topic of his/her interest easily. Instruction through illustration The instructions to perform any action are provided by maximum number of illustrations so that the user can perform the actions discussed in the book easily and effectively. There are about 800 illustrations that make the learning process effective. Tutorial point of view The book explains the concepts through the tutorial to make the understanding of users firm and long lasting. Each chapter of the book has tutorials that are real world projects. "Why?" The book explains the reasons for selecting options or setting a parameters in tutorials explained in the book. Project Free projects and exercises are provided to students for practicing. For Faculty If you are a faculty member, then you can ask for video tutorials on any of the topic, exercise, tutorial, or concept.

Description / Table of Contents: Beginning with the finite element method -- Programming the finite element method in Matlab -- Numerical integration and local coordinates -- The finite element method in two dimensions -- The finite element method in three dimensions -- Generalization of finite element concepts -- Heat transfer -- Landscape evolution -- Fluid flow in porous media -- Lithospheric flexure -- Deformation of earth's crust -- Going further

Description / Table of Contents: The book summarizes the knowledge and experiences concerning the role of halogens during various geochemical processes, such as diagenesis, ore-formation, magma evolution, metasomatism, mineralization, and metamorphism in the crust and mantle of the Earth. It comprises the role of halogens in other terrestrial worlds like volatile-rich asteroids, Mars, and the ice moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Review chapters outline and expand upon the basis of our current understanding regarding how halogens contribute to the geochemical/geophysical evolution and stability of terrestrial worlds overall.

Description / Table of Contents: This book presents operational modal analysis (OMA), employing a coherent and comprehensive Bayesian framework for modal identification and covering stochastic modeling, theoretical formulations, computational algorithms, and practical applications. Mathematical similarities and philosophical differences between Bayesian and classical statistical approaches to system identification are discussed, allowing their mathematical tools to be shared and their results correctly interpreted.Many chapters can be used as lecture notes for the general topic they cover beyond the OMA context. After an introductory chapter (1), Chapters 2-7 present the general theory of stochastic modeling and analysis of ambient vibrations. Readers are first introduced to the spectral analysis of deterministic time series (2) and structural dynamics (3), which do not require the use of probability concepts. The concepts and techniques in these chapters are subsequently extended to a probabilistic context in Chapter 4 (on stochastic processes) and in Chapter 5 (on stochastic structural dynamics). In turn, Chapter 6 introduces the basics of ambient vibration instrumentation and data characteristics, while Chapter 7 discusses the analysis and simulation of OMA data, covering different types of data encountered in practice. Bayesian and classical statistical approaches to system identification are introduced in a general context in Chapters 8 and 9, respectively.Chapter 10 provides an overview of different Bayesian OMA formulations, followed by a general discussion of computational issues in Chapter 11. Efficient algorithms for different contexts are discussed in Chapters 12-14 (single mode, multi-mode, and multi-setup). Intended for readers with a minimal background in mathematics, Chapter 15 presents the 'uncertainty laws' in OMA, one of the latest advances that establish the achievable precision limit of OMA and provide a scientific basis for planning ambient vibration tests. Lastly Chapter 16 discusses the mathematical theory behind the results in Chapter 15, addressing the needs of researchers interested in learning the techniques for further development. Three appendix chapters round out the coverage.This book is primarily intended for graduate/senior undergraduate students and researchers, although practitioners will also find the book a useful reference guide. It covers materials from introductory to advanced level, which are classified accordingly to ensure easy access. Readers with an undergraduate-level background in probability and statistics will find the book an invaluable resource, regardless of whether they are Bayesian or non-Bayesian. Dr.Au is Professor of Uncertainty, Reliability Risk in the Center for Engineering Dynamics and Institute for Risk Uncertainty, University of Liverpool (UK); and Chutian Professor in the School of Water Resources Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University (China). He holds a PhD (2001, Caltech) in civil engineering and has been working in the area of the monograph for over twenty years. He performs fundamental and applied research in engineering risk methods and structural health monitoring. He has developed an advanced Monte Carlo method called Subset Simulation that has found applications in many disciplines, e.g., civil, mechanical, aerospace, electrical and nuclear engineering. He is experienced in full-scale dynamic testing of structures and has consulted on vibration projects on long-span pedestrian bridges, large-span floors, super-tall buildings and micro-tremors.Dr. Au is recipient of the IASSAR Junior Research Prize (2005), Nishino Prize (2011), JSPS Fellowship (2014) and Tan Chin Tuan Fellowship (2015).

Description / Table of Contents: This work summarizes the historical progression of the field of lithium (Li) isotope studies and provides a comprehensive yet succinct overview of the research applications toward which they have been directed. In synthesizing the historical and current research, the volume also suggests prospective future directions of study. Not even a full decade has passed since the publication of a broadly inclusive summary of Li isotope research around the globe (Tomascak, 2004). In this short time, the use of this isotope system in the investigation of geo- and cosmochemical questions has increased dramatically, due, in part, to the advent of new analytical technology at the end of the last millennium. Lithium, as a light element that forms low-charge, moderate-sized ions, manifests a number of chemical properties that make its stable isotope system useful in a wide array of geo- and cosmochemical research fields.  

Description / Table of Contents: Applied math and machine learning basics. Linear algebra -- Probability and information theory -- Numerical computation -- Machine learning basics -- Deep networks: modern practices. Deep feedforward networks -- Regularization for deep learning -- Optimization for training deep models -- Convolutional networks -- Sequence modeling: recurrent and recursive nets -- Practical methodology -- Applications -- Deep learning research. Linear factor models -- Autoencoders -- Representation learning -- Structured probabilistic models for deep learning -- Monte Carlo methods -- Confronting the partition function -- Approximate inference -- Deep generative models

Description / Table of Contents: Geofluids : Developments in Microthermometry, Spectroscopy, Thermodynamics, and Stable Isotopes is the definitive source on paleofluids and the migration of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins-ideal for researchers in oil and gas exploration. There's been a rapid development of new non-destructive analytical methods and interdisciplinary research that makes it difficult to find a single source of content on the subject of geofluids. Geoscience researchers commonly use multiple tools to interpret geologic problems, particularly if the problems involve fluid-rock interaction. This book perfectly combines the techniques of fluid inclusion microthermometry, stable isotope analyses, and various types of spectroscopy, including Raman analysis, to contribute to a thorough approach to research. Through a practical and intuitive step-by-step approach, the authors explain sample preparation, measurements, and the interpretation and analysis of data related to thermodynamics and mineral-fluid equilibria.* Features working examples in each chapter with step-by-step explanations and calculations* Broad range of case studies aid the analytical and experimental data* Includes appendices with equations of state, stable isotope fractionation equations, and Raman identification tables that aid in identification of fluid inclusion minerals* Authored by a team of expert scientists who have more than 60 years of related experience in the field and classroom combined

Description / Table of Contents: This book gives an introduction to computational plasticity and includes the kinematics of large deformations, together with relevant continuum mechanics.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction.- 2 Basic Settings and Spherical Nomenclature.- 3 Scalar Spherical Harmonics.- Green Functions and Integral Theorems.- 5 Vector Spherical Harmonics.- 6 Tensor Spherical Harmonics.- 7 Scalar Zonal Kernel Functions.- 8 Vector Zonal Kernel Functions.- 9 Tensorial Zonal Kernel Functions.- 10 Application: Earth's Gravity Field.

Description / Table of Contents: Data Assimilation comprehensively covers data assimilation and inverse methods, including both traditional state estimation and parameter estimation. This text and reference focuses on various popular data assimilation methods, such as weak and strong constraint variational methods and ensemble filters and smoothers. It is demonstrated how the different methods can be derived from a common theoretical basis, as well as how they differ and/or are related to each other, and which properties characterize them, using several examples.It presents the mathematical framework and derivations in a way which is common for any discipline where dynamics is merged with measurements. The mathematics level is modest, although it requires knowledge of basic spatial statistics, Bayesian statistics, and calculus of variations. Readers will also appreciate the introduction to the mathematical methods used and detailed derivations, which should be easy to follow, are given throughout the book. The codes used in several of the data assimilation experiments are available on a web page.The focus on ensemble methods, such as the ensemble Kalman filter and smoother, also makes it a solid reference to the derivation, implementation and application of such techniques. Much new material, in particular related to the formulation and solution of combined parameter and state estimation problems and the general properties of the ensemble algorithms, is available here for the first time. Table of contens: ntroduction.- Statistical definitions.- Analysis scheme.- Sequential data assimilation.- Variational inverse problems.- Nonlinear variational inverse problems.- Probabilistic formulation.- Generalized Inverse.- Ensemble methods.- Statistical optimization.- Sampling strategies for the EnKF.- Model errors.- Square root analysis schemes.- Rank issues.- An ocean prediction system.- Estimation in an oil reservoir simulator.- Other EnKF issues.

Description / Table of Contents: Stable Isotope Geochemistry is an introduction to the use of stable isotopes in the geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: theoretical and experimental principles; fractionation processes of light and heavy elements; the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the application of stable isotopes to earth sciences has grown in the last few years, a new edition appears necessary. Recent progress in analysing the rare isotopes of certain elements for instance allow the distinction between mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionations. Special emphasis has been given to the growing field of heavy elements. Many new references have been added, which will enable quick access to recent literature. For students and scientists alike the book will be a primary source of information with regard to how and where stable isotopes can be used to solve geological problems.

Description / Table of Contents: Multi-Objective Optimization. - Classical Methods. - Evolutionary Algorithms. - Non-Elitist Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Elitist Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Constrained Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Salient Issues of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Applications of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms.

Description / Table of Contents: Content: Time series data.- Correlation.- Forecasting strategies.- Basic stochastic models.- Regression.- Stationary models.- Non-stationary models.- Long memory processes.- Spectral analysis.- System identification.- Multivariate models.- State space models.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Isotopes and radioactivity; 2. The principles o radioactive dating; 3. Radiometric dating methods; 4. Dating by cosmogenic isotopes; 5. Uncertainties and results of radiometric dating; 6. Radiogenic isotope geochemistry; 7. Stable isotope geochemistry; 8. Isotope geology and dynamic reservoir analysis

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen may be the most abundant element in the universe, but in science and in nature oxygen has an importance that is disproportionate to its abundance. Human beings tend to take it for granted because it is all around us and we breathe it, but consider the fact that oxygen is so reactive that in a planetary setting it is largely unstable in its elemental state. Were it not for the constant activity of photosynthetic plants and a minor amount of photo dissociation in the upper atmosphere, we would not have an oxygen-bearing atmosphere and we would not be here. Equally, the most important compound of oxygen is water, without which life (in the sense that we know it) could not exist. The role of water in virtually all geologic processes is profound, from formation of ore deposits to igneous petrogenesis to metamorphism to erosion and sedimentation. In planetary science, oxygen has a dual importance. First and foremost is its critical role in so many fundamental Solar System processes. The very nature of the terrestrial planets in our own Solar System would be much different had the oxygen to carbon ratio in the early solar nebula been somewhat lower than it was, because elements such as calcium and iron and titanium would have been locked up during condensation as carbides, sulfides and nitrides and even (in the case of silicon) partly as metals rather than silicates and oxides. Equally, the role of water ice in the evolution of our Solar System is important in the early accretion and growth of the giant planets and especially Jupiter, which exerted a major control over how most of the other planets formed. On a smaller scale, oxygen plays a critical role in the diverse kinds of physical evolution of large rocky planets, because the internal oxidation state strongly influences the formation and evolution of the core, mantle and crust of differentiated planets such as the Earth. Consider that basaltic volcanism may be a nearly universal phenomenon among the evolved terrestrial planets, yet there are basalts and basalts. The basalts of Earth (mostly), Earth's Moon, Vesta (as represented by the HED meteorites) and Mars are all broadly tholeiitic and yet very different from one another, and one of the primary differences is in their relative oxidation states (for that matter, consider the differences between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series on Earth). But there is another way that oxygen has proven to be hugely important in planetary science, and that is as a critical scientific clue to processes and conditions and even sources of materials. Understanding the formation and evolution of our Solar System involves reconstructing processes and events that occurred more than 4.5 Ga ago, and for which the only contemporary examples are occurring hundreds of light years away. It is a detective story in which most of the clues come from the laboratory analysis of the products of those ancient processes and events, especially those that have been preserved nearly unchanged since their formation at the Solar System's birth: meteorites; comets; and interplanetary dust particles. For example, the oxidation state of diverse early Solar System materials ranges from highly oxidized (ferric iron) to so reducing that some silicon exists in the metallic state and refractory lithophile elements such as calcium exist occur in sulfides rather than in silicates or carbonates. These variations reflect highly different environments that existed in different places and at different times. Even more crucial has been the use of oxygen 3-isotope variations, which began almost accidentally in 1973 with an attempt to do oxygen isotope thermometry on high-temperature solar nebula grains (Ca-, Al-rich inclusions) but ended with the remarkable discovery of non-mass-dependent oxygen isotope variations in high-temperature materials from the earliest Solar System. The presolar nebula was found to be very heterogeneous in its isotopic composition, and virtually every different planet and asteroid for which we have samples has a unique oxygen-isotopic fingerprint. The idea for this book originated with Jim Papike, who suggested the idea of a study initiative (and, ultimately, a published volume) focused on the element that is so critically important in so many ways to planetary science. He recognized that oxygen is such a constant theme through all aspects of planetary science that the proposed initiative would serve to bring together scientists from a wide range of disciplines for the kind of cross-cutting dialogue that occurs all too rarely these days. In this sense the Oxygen Initiative is modeled on the Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, which culminated in what remains to this day a hugely important reference volume (Basaltic Volcanism Study Project 1981). After obtaining community input and feedback, primarily through the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials (CAPTEM) and the Management Operations Working Group for NASA's Cosmochemistry Program, a team of scientists was assembled who would serve as chapter writing leads, and the initiative was formally proposed to and accepted by the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI; Dr. Stephen Mackwell, Director) for sponsorship. A formal proposal was then submitted to and approved by the Mineralogical Society of America to publish the resulting volume in the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG) series. Three open workshops were held as preludes to the book: Oxygen in the Terrestrial Planets, held in Santa Fe, NM July 20-23, 2004; Oxygen in Asteroids and Meteorites, held in Flagstaff, AZ June 2-3, 2005; and Oxygen in Earliest Solar System Materials and Processes (and including the outer planets and comets), held in Gatlinburg, TN September 19-22, 2005. The workshops were each organized around a small number of sessions (typically 4-6), each focusing on a particular topic and consisting of invited talks, shorter contributed talks, and ample time for discussion after each talk. In all of the meetings, the extended discussion periods were lively and animated, often bubbling over into the breaks and later social events. As a consequence of the cross-cutting approach, the final book spans a wide range of fields relating to oxygen, from the stellar nucleosynthesis of oxygen, to its occurrence in the interstellar medium, to the oxidation and isotopic record preserved in 4.56 Ga grains formed at the Solar System's birth, to its abundance and speciation in planets large and small, to its role in the petrologic and physical evolution of the terrestrial planets.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Statistical Concepts.- Statistical Methods.- Bayesian Methods.- Analysis of Time Series.- Rule Induction.- Neural Networks.- Fuzzy Logic.- Stochastic Search Methods.- Systems and Applications.

Description / Table of Contents: The idea for this book was conceived in early June, 2005 at a paleoaltimetry workshop held at Lehigh University, Lehigh, Pennsyalvania and organized by Dork Sahagian. The workshop was funded by the tectonics program at NSF, and was designed to bring together researchers in paleoaltimetry to discuss different techniques and focus the community on ways of improving paleoelevation estimates and consequent interpretations of geodynamics and tectonics. At this meeting, some commented that a comprehensive volume describing the different methods could help advance the field. I offered to contact the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society about publishing a RiMG volume on paleoaltimetry. Because many of the techniques used to infer paleoelevations are geochemically-based or deal with thermodynamic principles, the GS and MSA agreed to the project. Two years and roughly 1000 e-mails later, our book has arrived. The book is organized into 4 sections: Geodynamic and geomorphologic rationale (Clark). This chapter provides the broad rationale behind paleoaltimetry, i.e., why we study it. Stable isotope proxies. These 4 chapters cover theory of stable isotopes in precipitation and their response to altitudinal gradients (Rowley), and stable isotopes sytematics in paleosols (Quade, Garzione and Eiler), silicates (Mulch and Chamberlain) and fossils (Kohn and Dettman). Proxies of atmospheric properties. These 4 chapters cover temperature lapse rates (Meyer), entropy (Forest), and atmospheric pressure proxies, including total atmospheric pressure from gas bubbles in basalt (Sahagian and Proussevitch), and the partial pressure of CO2 (Kouwenberg, Kürshner, and McElwain). Note that clumped isotope thermometry (Quade, Garzione and Eiler) also provides direct estimates of temperature. Radiogenic and cosmogenic nuclides. These 2 chapters cover low-temperature thermochronologic approaches (Reiners) and cosmogenic isotopes (Riihimaki and Libarkin). Some chapters overlap in general content (e.g., basic principles of stable isotopes in precipitation are covered to different degrees in all stable isotope chapters), but no attempt was made to limit authors' discussion of principles, or somehow attempt to arrive at a "consensus view" on any specific topic. Because science advances by critical discussion of concepts, such restrictions were viewed as counterproductive. This does mean that different chapters may present different views on reliability of paleoelevation estimates, and readers are advised to read other chapters in the book on related topics – they may be more closely linked than they might at first appear! I hope readers of this book will discover and appreciate the synergy among paleoaltimetry, climate change, and tectonic geomorphology. These interrelationships create a complex, yet rich field of scientific enquiry that in turn offers insights into climate and geodynamics.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction.- 2 Probability.- 3 Parameter Estimation, Confidence Regions and Hypothesis Testing.- 4 Linear Model.- 5 Special Models and Applications.- 6 Numerical Methods.

Description / Table of Contents: Over 25 years ago, Volume 9 of Reviews in Mineralogy: Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles seemed to contain all that was possible to know about this group of fascinating minerals. The subsequent twenty-five years have shown that this assessment was wrong: Nature was keeping a lot in reserve, and has since revealed considerable new complexity in the constitution and behavior of amphiboles. Some of the advances in knowledge have been due to the use of new experimental techniques, some have been due to the investigation of hitherto neglected rock-types, and some have been due to the development of new ideas. The identification and systematic investigation of variable LLE (Light Lithophile Elements), particularly Li and H, led to the identification of several new amphibole species and the recognition that variable Li and H play an important role in chemical variations in amphiboles from both igneous and metamorphic parageneses. In turn, this work drove the development of microbeam SIMS to analyze LLE in amphiboles. Detailed mineralogical work on metasyenites showed hitherto unexpected solid-solution between Na and Li at the M(4) site in monoclinic amphiboles, a discovery that has upset the current scheme of amphibole classification and nomenclature and initiated new efforts in this direction. Systematic and well-planned synthesis of amphiboles, combined with careful spectroscopy, has greatly furthered our understanding of cation and anion order in amphiboles. The use of bond-valence theory to predict patterns of SRO (Short-Range Order) in amphiboles, and use of these predictions to understand the infrared spectra of well-characterized synthetic-amphibole solid-solutions, has shown that SRO is a major feature of the amphibole structure, and has resulted in major advances in our understanding of SRO in minerals. There has been significant progress relating changes in amphibole composition and cation ordering to petrogenetic conditions and trace-element behavior. Work on the nature of fibrous amphiboles and their toxicity and persistence in living organisms has emphasized the importance of accurate mineralogical characterization in environmental and health-related problems. The current volume has taken a different approach from previous volumes concerned with major groups of rock-forming minerals. Some of the contents have previously been organized by the investigative technique or groups of similar techniques: crystal-structure refinement, spectroscopy, TEM etc. Here, we have taken an approach that focuses on aspects of amphiboles rather than experimental techniques: crystal chemistry, new compositions, long-range order, short-range order etc., and all experimental results germane to these topics are discussed in each chapter. The intent of this approach is to focus on amphiboles, and to emphasize that many techniques are necessary to fully understand each aspect of the amphiboles and their behavior in both natural and industrial processes.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Finite difference approximations -- Steady states and boundary value problems -- Elliptic equations -- Iterative methods for sparse linear systems -- The initial value problem for ordinary differential equations -- Zero-stability and convergence for initial value problems -- Absolute stability for ordinary differential equations -- Stiff ordinary differential equations -- Diffusion equations and parabolic problems -- Addiction equations and hyperbolic systems -- Mixed equations -- Appendixes: A. Measuring errors -- B. Polynomial interpolation and orthogonal polynomials -- C. Eigenvalues and inner-product norms -- D. Matrix powers and exponentials -- E. Partial differential equations

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Why we should care: the impact of anthropogenic carbon dioxide on the carbon cycle.2. The thermodynamic background.3. Carbon dioxide and CO2-H2O mixtures.4. The aqueous electrolytic solution.5. The product solid phases.6. The kinetics of mineral carbonation.7. Reaction path modeling of geological CO2 sequestration.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Characteristics of Time Series. - Time Series Regression and ARIMA Models. -Dynamic Linear Models and Kalman Filtering . - Spectral Analysis and Its Applications. - Additional Time Domain Topics. - State-Space Models. - Statistical Methods in the Frequency Domain.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. - Probability distributions. - Linear models for regression. - Linear models for classification.- Neural networks.- Kernel methods.- Sparse kernel machines.-Graphical models.- Mixture models and EM.- Approximate inference.- Sampling methods.- Continuous latent variables.- Sequential data.- Combining models.

Description / Table of Contents: In situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides can provide chronologies of environmental change over the past few thousand to several millions of years and may be used to quantify a wide range of weathering and sediment transport processes. These nuclides are thus now used across a broad spectrum of earth science disciplines, including paleoclimatology, geomorphology, and active tectonics. This book is organized around sections that focus on specific aspects of the utilization of cosmogenic nuclides in earth sciences: (1) development of new methods for application of in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides (burial dating methods, extending their utilization to carbonate-rich and mafic environments); (2) glacial geology (Laurentide Ice Sheet, northern Alps); (3) active tectonics, focusing on applications to constrain slip rates of active faults in Asia (Tibet and Mongolian Gobi-Altay); and (4) landscape development (quantifying sediment production or erosion rates and processes and application of exposure dating to landslides in Hong Kong).

Description / Table of Contents: This book brings together the essential theory required to understand the behaviour of trace elements in magmas, and magma-derived rocks.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Carbon, the Earth and life. Chemical composition of biogenic matter. Production, preservation and degradation of organic matter. Long-term fate of organic matter in the geosphere. Chemical stratigraphy. The carbon cycle and climate. Anthropogenic carbon and the environment.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Simple calculations with MATLAB.- Writing scripts and functions.- Loopsand conditional statements.- Root finding.- Interpolation and extrapolation.- Matrices.- Numerical integration.- Solving differential equations.- Simulations and random numbers.- Appendices.- A mathematical introduction to matrices.- Glossary of useful terms.-Solutions to tasks.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Processing of Contact. Interaction in the Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method. Contact Detection. Deformability of Discrete Elements. Temporal Discretisation. Sensitivity to Initial Conditions in Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulation. Transition from Continua to Discontinua. Fluid Coupling in the Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method.Computational Aspects of Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. Implementation of Some of the Core CombinedFinite-Discrete Element Algorithms.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. The Discovery of Silicate Melts. An Industrial and Geological Perspective. 2. Glass Versus Melt. 3. Glasses and Melts vs. Crystals. 4. Melt and Glass Structure - Basic Concepts. 5. Silica - A Deceitful Simplicity. 6. Binary Metal Oxide-Silica Systems I. Physical Properties.7. Binary Metal Oxide-Silica Systems II. Structure. 8. Aluminosilicate Systems I. Physical Properties. 9. Aluminosilicate Systems II. Structure. 10. Iron-bearing Melts I. Physical Properties. 11. Iron-bearing Melts II. Structure. 12. The Titanium Anomalies. 13. Phosphorus. 14. Water - An Elusive Component. 15. Volatiles I. The System C-O-H-S. 16. Volatiles II. Noble Gases and Halogens. 17. Natural Melts.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. A brief tutorial; 2. Basics; 3. Distinctive features ofMATLAB; 4 Arithmetic; 5. Matrices; 6. Operators and flow control; 7.M-files; 8. Graphics; 9. Linear algebra; 10. More on functions; 11.Numerical methods Part I; 12. Numerical methods Part II; 13. Input and output; 14. Troubleshooting; 15. Sparse matrices; 16. Further M-files;17. Handle graphics; 18. Other data types and multidimensional arrays;19. The symbolic math toolbox; 20. Optimizing M-files; 21. Tricks and tips; 22. Case studies

Description / Table of Contents: Uncertainty is a fundamental and unavoidable feature of daily life; in order to deal with uncertaintly intelligently, we need to be able to represent it and reason about it. This text examines formal ways of representing uncertainty and considers various logics for reasoning about it.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Dimensions, dimensional analysis and similarity; 2. The application of dimensional analysis to the construction of intermediate asymptotic solutions to problems of mathematical physics. Self-similar solutions; 3. Self-similarities of the second kind: first examples; 4. Self-similarities of the second kind: further examples; 5. Classification of similarity rules and self-similarity solutions. Recipe for application of similarity analysis; 6. Scaling and transformation groups. Renormalization groups. 7. Self-similar solutions and travelling waves; 8. Invariant solutions: special problems of the theory; 9. Scaling in deformation and fracture in solids; 10. Scaling in turbulence; 11. Scaling in geophysical fluid dynamics; 12. Scaling: miscellaneous special problems.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Linear Regression. Discretizing Continuous Inverse Problems. Rank Deficiency and Ill-Conditioning. Tikhonov Regularization. Iterative Methods. Other Regularization Techniques. Fourier Techniques. Nonlinear Regression. Nonlinear Inverse Problems. Bayesian Methods

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Earth's Aggregate Physical and Chemical State. Introduction to Thermodynamics. Mixture and Simple Phase Relations. Mineral Chemistry. Aqueous Solutions. Chemistry of Natural Waters. Chemistry of Igneous Rocks. Chemical Controls on Soil Formation, Diagenesis, Metamorphism, and Hydrothermal Ore Deposition . Radioactive Isotope Geochemistry. Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Surface Sorption Geochemistry. Chemical Kinetics. Oxidation and Reduction. Organic Geochemistry. Atmospheric Chemistry

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction to MATLAB. Systems of linear algebraic equations. Interpolation and curve fitting. Roots of equations. Numerical differentiation. Numerical Integration. Initial value problems. two-point boundary value problems. Symmetric matrix eigenvalue problems. Introduction to optimization.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: General Definitions, Conservation Laws.-Lagrangian Coordinates.- Constitutive Laws.- The Principle of Material Frame-Indifference.- Replacing Entropy with Temperature.- Isotropy.- Equations in Lagrangian Coordinates.- Linearized Models.- Quasi-static Thermoelasticity.- Fluids.- Linearized Models for Fluids, Acoustics.- Perfect Gases.- Incompressible Fluids.- Turbulent Flow of Incompressible Newtonian Fluids.- Mixtures of Coleman-Noll Fluids.- Chemical Reactions in a Stirred Tank.- Chemical Equilibrium of a Reacting Mixture of Perfect Gasesin a Stirred Tank.- Flow of a Mixture of Reacting Perfect Gases.- The Method of Mixture Fractions.- Turbulent Flow of Reacting Mixtures of Perfect Gases,The PDF Method.- Vector and Tensor Algebra.- Vector and Tensor Analysis.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Focused Ion Beam Instrument. Ion,Solid Interactions. Focused Ion Beam Gases for Deposition and Enhanced Etch. Three-Dimensional Nanofabrication Using Focused Ion Beams. Device Edits and Modifications. The Uses of Dual Beam FIB in Microelectronic Failure Analysis. High Resolution Live Imaging of FIB Milling Processes for Optimum Accuracy. FIB for Materials Science Applications. Practical Aspects of FIB TEM Specimen Preparation. FIB LiftOut Specimen Preparation Techniques. A FIB MicroSampling Technique and a Site Specific TEM Specimen Preparation Method. DualBeam (FIBSEM) Systems. Focused Ion Beam Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (FIBSIMS). Quantitative Three Dimensional Analysis Using Focused Ion Beam Microscopy. Applications of FIB in Combination with Auger Electron Spectroscopy.

Description / Table of Contents: As geomicrobiologists, we seek to understand how some of nature's most complex systems work, yet the very complexity we seek to understand has placed many of the insights out of reach. Recent advances in cultivation methodologies, the development of ultrahigh throughput DNA sequencing capabilities, and new methods to assay gene expression and protein function open the way for rapid progress. In the eight years since the first Geomicrobiology volume (Geomicrobiology: Interactions between microbes and minerals; volume 35 in this series) we have transformed into scientists working hand in hand with biochemists, molecular biologists, genome scientists, analytical chemists, and even physicists to reveal the most fundamental molecular-scale underpinnings of biogeochemical systems. Through synthesis achieved by integration of diverse perspectives, skills, and interests, we have begun to learn how organisms mediate chemical transformations, the ways in which the environment determines the architecture of microbial communities, and the interplay between evolution and selection that shapes the biodiversity of the planet. This volume presents chapters written by leaders in the rapidly maturing field we refer to as molecular geomicrobiology. Most of them are relatively young researchers who share their approaches and insights and provide pointers to exciting areas ripe for new advances. This volume ties together themes common to environmental microbiology, earth science, and astrobiology. The resesarch presented here, the associated short course, and the volume production were supported by funding from many sources, notably the Mineralogical Society of America, the Geochemical Society, the US Department of Energy Chemical Sciences Program and the NASA Astrobiology Institute.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Terrestrial craters: Structure, geophysics and cratering motions. - Terrestrial craters: Ejecta studies. - Shock metamorphism. - The planetary perspective.

Description / Table of Contents: The IUGS/IAGC Global Geochemical Baselines Programme aims to establish a global geochemical reference baseline for 〉60 determinants in a range of media for environmental and other applications. The European contribution to the programme has been carried out by government institutions from 26 countries under the auspices of the Forum of European Geological Surveys (FOREGS) The main objectives of this European survey were: 1) to apply standardised methods of sampling, chemical analysis and data management to prepare a geochemical baseline across Europe; and 2) to use this reference network to level national baseline datasets. Samples of stream water, stream sediment and three types of soil (organic top layer, minerogenic top and sub soil) have been collected at 900 stations, each representing a catchment area of 100 km2, corresponding to a sampling density of about one sample per 4700 km2. In addition, the uppermost 25 cm of floodplain sediment was sampled from 790 sites each representing a catchment area of 1000 km2. All soil and sediment samples were prepared at the same laboratory, and all samples of particular sample types were analysed by the same method at the same laboratory. More than 50 elements, both total and aqua regia extractable concentrations, and other parameters (such as pH and grain size) were determined on the 〈2 mm grain size fraction of minerogenic samples, and total concentrations of organic soil samples were measured after using a strong acid digestion. Nine laboratories of European geological surveys carried out the analytical work. Altogether, 360 geochemical maps showing the distribution of elements across Europe have been prepared. All the results and field observations are organised in a common database and the maps are published as a Geochemical Atlas of Europe. All the sampling sites were photographed and this photo archive is also available. Samples have been archived in the Slovak Republic for possible future use. Initial results show that the distribution patterns of both water and solid samples are related to such factors as large-scale tectonic provinces, geochemical variation of large lithological units, extension of the Weichselian glaciation, and contamination reflecting industrialized areas and regions of intensive agriculture. Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): geochemical surveys, baseline studies, soils, sediments, stream water, sampling, sample preparation, chemical analysis, geochemical maps, atlas, areal geology, Europe