ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum geoscience comprises those geoscientific disciplines which are of greatest significance for the exploration and recovery of oil and gas. These include petroleum geology, of which sedimentary geology is the main foundation along with the contextual and modifying principles of regional, tectonic and structural geology. Additionally, biostratigraphy and micropalaeontology, organic geochemistry, and geophysical exploration and production techniques are all important tools for petroleum geoscientists

Description / Table of Contents: Several different databases and models have been developed over many years of petrological study carried out by several European and non-European groups on mantle xenoliths, peridotite massifs, ophiolites and mafic magmas spanning in age from Archaean to Recent times. This volume aims to bring together these different approaches and to integrate the geochemical perceptions of the European upper mantle. The papers include regional petrological studies of the European lithospheric mantle, from Spain to the Pannonian Basin, from Corsica and Serbia as far north as Svalbard. Six contributions are based on studies of mantle xenoliths, while the remaining three deal with ophiolitic and peridotitic complexes. A further article provides an update on the textural classification of mantle rocks using a computer-aided approach and there is an introductory overview.

Description / Table of Contents: Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks presents a large number of diagrams showing the stability relations among minerals and groups of minerals found in metamorphic rocks. The diagrams help to determine the pressure and temperature conditions under which a given set of metamorphic rocks may have formed. Other parameters that control metamorphic mineral assemblages are also discussed and pitfalls resulting from simplifications and generalizations are highlighted. The book discusses the most common metamorphic rock types, their nomenclature, structure and graphical representation of their mineral assemblages. Part I defines basic principles of metamorphism, introduces metamorphic processes, geologic thermometry and barometry and defines metamorphic grade. Part II presents in a systematic way mineralogical changes and assemblages found in the most common types of metamorphic rocks. The computation of diagrams is based on recent advances in quantitative petrology and geochemistry. An extensive bibliography, including the key contributions and classic papers in the field, make it an invaluable source book for graduate students and professional geologists.

Description / Table of Contents: Grains: Quartz and silica -- Monocrystalline -- Polycrystalline -- Feldspars -- Plagioclase -- Potassium feldspars -- Rock fragments -- Sedimentary rock fragments -- Metamorphic rock fragments -- Igneous rock fragments -- Accessory minerals -- Light minerals: Muscovite ; Biotite ; Chlorite -- Ultrastable heavy minerals: Zircon, tourmaline and rutile -- Intermediate-stability heavy minerals: Apatite ; Epidote ; Zoisite and clinozoisite ; Garnet ; Kyanite ; Monzonite, sillimanite and staurolite ; Titanite -- Unstable heavy minerals: Amphibole, pyroxene and olivine -- Opaque minerals -- Associated detrital grains and rocks: Carbonate grains ; Siliceous grains and rocks ; Phosphatic grains and rocks ; Organic grains and rocks ; Evaporite grains and rocks ; Green marine clays and rocks ; Green marine clays and ironstones ; Iron-rich grains and iron formations ; Tuffaceous deposits -- Texture and classification: Sand and sandstone textures -- Sandstone classification -- Mudrocks: Siltstones, mudstones, claystones and shales -- Diagenesis: Synsedimentary and surficial diagenetic features -- Compaction -- Cementation: Introduction. Quartz and silica ; Quartz overgrowths ; Polycrystalline quartz cements ; Amorphous silica cements -- Cementation: Feldspars -- Cementation: Clays ; Chamosite ; Glauconite ; Kaolinite/dickite ; Smectite and illite/smectite ; Illite/sericite ; Chlorite -- Cementation: Zeolites -- Cementation: Carbonates ; Calcite ; Siderite ; Dolomite ; Ankerite -- Cementation: Sulfates and halides ; Gypsum ; Anhydrite ; Barite ; Celestite and halite -- Cementation: Iron oxides and sulfides -- Cementation: Other cements -- Dissolution -- Replacement and recrystallization: Feldspars ; Carbonates ; Sulfates ; Other -- Deformation features -- Other topics: Porosity -- Paragenesis -- Emerging techniques

Description / Table of Contents: "Physical Properties of Rocks - a Workbook" is a symbiosis of a brief description of physical fundamentals of rock properties (based on typical experimental results and relevant theories and models) with a guide for practical use of different theoretical concepts. For this purpose a companion web site contains a selection of model based equations in excel worksheets for practical application and training by the user to work with his own data or to "play" in order to demonstrate the effects of various input information and to demonstrate the effects of various input information in petrophysical work. In two special chapters the problem of relationships between petrophysical parameters based on various model concepts is presented as a foundation for combined interpretation. This part also contains the author's 'structured model'. The workbook is a result of the more than 40 years experience of the author in teaching at universities and industrial courses. It presents all practical relevant properties of rock in one volume. It offers experimental and theoretical fundamentals in a systematic framework. It gives special focus on relationships between properties. - Contents: 1. Rocks - their classification and composition Overview, Introduction Igneous (magmatic) rocks Metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks 2. Pore space properties Overview, Introduction Porosity Specific internal surface Fluids in the pore space - the term "saturation" Permeability Wettability Fluid distribution - capillary pressure in a reservoir 3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) petrophysical properties Physical origin, the principle of a NMR-measurement Description of the relaxation process (longitudinal and transverse relaxation) NMR Relaxation mechanisms of fluids in pores and fluid-surface effects Bulk relaxation and surface relaxation Diffusion-induced relaxation Description of relaxation as a multi-exponential decay - data inversion Applications Porosity and pore volume partitioning Pore size, capillary pressure and permeability estimate Fluid (hydrocarbon) typing 4 Density Definition and units Density of rock constituents Density of rocks 5 .Nuclear/Radioactive Properties Fundamentals Natural radioactivity Origin of natural gamma radiation Potassium, Uranium, and Thorium in minerals Potassium, uranium, and thorium content of rocks Spectral and integral measurements - the API unit Applications Radioactive heat generation Gamma Interactions Fundamentals Gamma-Gamma-PE measurement for mineral identification Gamma-Gamma-Density measurement and porosity estimate Neutron interactions Fundamentals Porosity from neutron measurements 6. Elastic Properties Fundamentals Results of experimental investigations, empirical equations Rock constituents Velocity of igneous and metamorphic rocks Velocity of sedimentary rocks Relationships between Vp and Vs - the Castagna equation AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) - basic principles and link to physical properties Anisotropy Theories Overview Bounds for elastic moduli: Voigt, Reuss and Hashin-Shtrikman bounds Sphere pack models nclusion models A simpified model for fractured rocks Gassman and Biot model - modelling of fluid effects The problem of multiphase pore fluids Inelastic properties - attenuation of elastic waves Overview, definition and units Absorption of elastic waves in rocks - overview Absorption of seismic waves in igneous rocks Absorption of seismic waves in sedimentary rocks Absorption mechanisms . 7 . Electrical properties Fundamentals Electrical properties of rock components Minerals - solid components Pore fluids Specific electrical resistivity of Rocks Overview The specific electrical resistivity of porous clean rocks - Archies equations Partial water saturation Archie - rocks: Theories and models Sheet models Inclusion models Capillary models Shaly sands Introduction - The Shaly Sand Problem Laminated Shaly Sands - the Poupon Equation Dispersed Shaly Sand - the Waxman-Smits Equation Dual Water Model Simandoux Equation (1963) Indonesia Equation Comparison of some shaly sand equations Dielectric properties of rocks Conduction and Polarization - the complex nature of the two processes Experimental results - the real component of permittivity Theories and models Spectral Induced Polarization Basic mechanisms Traditional parameters of IP measurements IP in ore containing rocks IP in porous rocks 8. Thermal Properties Thermal properties of minerals and pore contents Thermal properties of rocks - experimental data Overview Thermal properties of magmatic and metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks Some notes about thermal expansion Theories and models Sheet models - series and parallel model Sheet models - modifications and comparable mixing rules Inclusion models 9. Magnetic properties Basics and units Magnetic properties of rock constituents Magnetic properties of rocks Overview - Rock Magnetization Susceptibility range for rock types - induced magnetization Correlations between susceptibility and content of magnetic substances Natural remanent magnetization (NRM) 10. Geomechanical properties Overview, Introduction Classification parameters Fundamental geomechanical properties and processes Correlation between static and dynamic moduli Correlation between geophysical properties and strength properties 11. Relationships between petrophysical properties - fundamentals of combined interpretation Introduction and motivation Empirical equations Relationships based on sheet models Fundamentals of combined interpretation volume based models Determination of volumetric rock composition (mineral fractions, porosity) of porous rocks - 12. Model with internal structure and bonding properties The concept of a "structured model" Porosity Electrical properties - resistivity Elastic wave velocities General equation Discussion of the "porosity-factor" Discussion of the "contact elasticity-factor" Change of structure and bonding Strength properties - a relationship between velocity and strength