ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Earth is a water planet. Oceans of liquid water dominate the surface processes of the planet. On the surface, water controls weathering as well as transport and deposition of sediments. Liquid water is necessary for life. In the interior, water fluxes melting and controls the solid-state viscosity of the convecting mantle and so controls volcanism and tectonics. Oceans cover more than 70% of the surface but make up only about 0.025% of the planet's mass. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the cosmos, but in the bulk Earth, it is one of the most poorly constrained chemical compositional variables. Almost all of the nominally anhydrous minerals that compose the Earth's crust and mantle can incorporate measurable amounts of hydrogen. Because these are minerals that contain oxygen as the principal anion, the major incorporation mechanism is as hydroxyl, OH-, and the chemical component is equivalent to water, H2O. Although the hydrogen proton can be considered a monovalent cation, it does not occupy same structural position as a typical cation in a mineral structure, but rather forms a hydrogen bond with the oxygens on the edge of the coordination polyhedron. The amount incorporated is thus quite sensitive to pressure and the amount of H that can be incorporated in these phases generally increases with pressure and sometimes with temperature. Hydrogen solubility in nominally anhydrous minerals is thus much more sensitive to temperature and pressure than that of other elements. Because the mass of rock in the mantle is so large relative to ocean mass, the amount that is incorporated the nominally anhydrous phases of the interior may constitute the largest reservoir of water in the planet. Understanding the behavior and chemistry of hydrogen in minerals at the atomic scale is thus central to understanding the geology of the planet. There have been significant recent advances in the detection, measurement, and location of H in the nominally anhydrous silicate and oxide minerals that compose the planet. There have also been advances in experimental methods for measurement of H diffusion and the effects of H on the phase boundaries and physical properties whereby the presence of H in the interior may be inferred from seismic or other geophysical studies. It is the objective of this volume to consolidate these advances with reviews of recent research in the geochemistry and mineral physics of hydrogen in the principal mineral phases of the Earth's crust and mantle. The Chapters We begin with a review of analytical methods for measuring and calibrating water contents in nominally anhydrous minerals by George Rossman. While infrared spectroscopy is still the most sensitive and most convenient method for detecting water in minerals, it is not intrinsically quantitative but requires calibration by some other, independent analytical method, such as nuclear reaction analysis, hydrogen manometry, or SIMS. A particular advantage of infrared spectroscopy, however, is the fact that it does not only probe the concentration, but also the structure of hydrous species in a mineral and in many cases the precise location of a proton in a mineral structure can be worked out based on infrared spectra alone. The methods and principles behind this are reviewed by Eugen Libowitzky and Anton Beran, with many illustrative examples. Compared to infrared spectroscopy, NMR is much less used in studying hydrogen in minerals, mostly due to its lower sensitivity, the requirement of samples free of paramagnetic ions such as Fe2+ and because of the more complicated instrumentation required for NMR measurements. However, NMR could be very useful under some circumstances. It could detect any hydrogen species in a sample, including such species as H2 that would be invisible with infrared. Potential applications of NMR to the study of hydrogen in minerals are reviewed by Simon Kohn. While structural models of "water" in minerals have already been deduced from infrared spectra several decades ago, in recent years atomistic modeling has become a powerful tool for predicting potential sites for hydrogen in minerals. The review by Kate Wright gives an overview over both quantum mechanical methods and classical methods based on interatomic potentials. Joseph Smyth then summarizes the crystal chemistry of hydrogen in high-pressure silicate and oxide minerals. As a general rule, the incorporation of hydrogen is not controlled by the size of potential sites in the crystal lattice; rather, the protons will preferentially attach to oxygen atoms that are electrostatically underbonded, such as the non-silicate oxygen atoms in some high-pressure phases. Moreover, heterovalent substitutions, e.g., the substitution of Al3+ for Si4+, can have a major effect on the incorporation of hydrogen. Data on water in natural minerals from crust and mantle are compiled and discussed in three reviews by Elisabeth Johnson, Henrik Skogby and by Anton Beran and Eugen Libowitzky. Among the major mantle minerals, clinopyroxenes usually retain the highest water contents, followed by orthopyroxenes and olivine, while the water contents in garnets are generally low. Most of these water contents need to be considered as minimum values, as many of the mantle xenoliths may have lost water during ascent. However, there are some cases where the correlation between the water contents and other geochemical parameters suggest that the measured water concentrations reflect the true original water content in the mantle. The basic thermodynamics as well as experimental data on water solubility and partitioning are reviewed by Hans Keppler and Nathalie Bolfan Casanova. Water solubility in minerals depends in a complicated way on pressure, temperature, water fugacity and bulk composition. For example, water solubility in the same mineral can increase or decrease with temperature, depending on the pressure of the experiments. Nevertheless, the pressure and temperature dependence of water solubility can be described by a rather simple thermodynamic formalism and for most minerals of the upper mantle, the relevant thermodynamic parameters are known. The highest water solubilities are reached in the minerals wadsleyite and ringwoodite stable in the transition zone, while the minerals of the lower mantle are probably mostly dry. The rather limited experimental data on water partitioning between silicate melts and minerals are reviewed by Simon Kohn and Kevin Grant. One important observation here is that comparing the compatibility of hydrogen with that of some rare earth element is misleading, as such correlations are always limited to a small range of pressure and temperature for a given mineral. The stabilities of hydrous phases in the peridotite mantle and in subducted slabs are reviewed by Daniel Frost and by Tatsuhiko Kawamoto. While most of the water in the mantle is certainly stored in the nominally anhydrous minerals, hydrous phases can be important storage sites of water in certain environments. Amphibole and phlogopite require a significant metasomatic enrichment of Na and K in order to be stabilized in the upper mantle, but serpentine may be an important carrier of water in cold subducted slabs. The diffusion of hydrogen in minerals is reviewed by Jannick Ingrin and Marc Blanchard. An important general observation here is that natural minerals usually do not loose hydrogen as water, but as H2 generated by redox reaction of OH with Fe2+. Moreover, diffusion coefficients of different mantle minerals can vary by orders of magnitude, often with significant anisotropy. While some minerals in a mantle xenolith may therefore have lost virtually all of their water during ascent, other minerals may still preserve the original water content and in general, the apparent partition coefficients of water between the minerals of the same xenolith can be totally out of equilibrium. Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to directly deduce the water content in the mantle from geophysical data. One strategy, based on seismic velocities and therefore ultimately on the effect of water on the equation of state of minerals, is outlined by Steve Jacobsen. The dissolution of water in minerals usually increases the number of cation vacancies, yielding reduced bulk and shear moduli and seismic velocities. Particularly, the effect on shear velocities is strong and probably larger than the effect expected from local temperature variations. Accordingly, the vs/vp ratio could be a sensitive indicator of mantle hydration. A more general approach towards remote sensing of hydrogen in the Earth's mantle, including effects of seismic anisotropy due to lattice preferred orientation and the use of electrical conductivity data is presented by Shun-ichiro Karato. Probably the most important effect of water on geodynamics is related to the fact that even traces of water dramatically reduce the mechanical strength of rocks during deformation. The physics behind this effect is discussed by David Kohlstedt. Interestingly, it appears that the main mechanism behind "hydrolytic weakening" is related to the effect of water on the concentration and mobility of Si vacancies, rather than to the protons themselves. Water may have major effects on the location of mantle discontinuities, as reviewed by Eiji Ohtani and Konstantin Litasov. Most of these effects can be rationalized as being due to the expansion of the stability fields of those phases (e.g., wadsleyite) that preferentially incorporate water. Together with other geophysical data, the changes in the depths of discontinuities are a promising tool for the remote sensing of water contents in the mantle. The global effects of water on the evolution of our planet are reviewed in the last two chapters by Bernard Marty, Reika Yokochi and Klaus Regenauer-Lieb. By combining hydrogen und nitrogen isotope data, Marty and Yokochi demonstrate convincingly that most of the Earth's water very likely originated from a chondritic source. Water may have had a profound effect on the early evolution of our planet, since a water-rich dense atmosphere could have favored melting by a thermal blanketing effect. However, Marty and Yokochi also show very clearly that it is pretty much impossible to derive reliable estimates of the Earth's present-day water content from cosmochemical arguments, since many factors affecting the loss of water during and after accretion are poorly constrained or not constrained at all. In the last chapter, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb investigates the effect of water on the style of global tectonics. He demonstrates that plate tectonics as we know it is only possible if the water content of the mantle is above a threshold value. The different tectonic style observed on Mars and Venus may therefore be directly related to differences in mantle water content. Earth is the water planet — not just because of it's oceans, but also because of its tectonic evolution.

Description / Table of Contents: Following on from the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002, the “World of Water” atlas aims at raising people’s awareness of the importance of water and its management. Using up-to-date satellite data, the atlas highlights a number of the most crucial aspects of the resource, whether exemplifying global dimensions or revealing regional or local effects. The atlas does not attempt to be a scientific publication but strives to appeal to everyone and deliver background knowledge. It implies that sustainability is better attained by us joining forces with the environment rather than by us fighting against it. As information technology has become more widely distributed, water issues have also come under closer focus in IT research and development activities. Now, Earth observation through satellites can be considered an indispensable tool to capture and visualise water issues on a lar-ger scale. In doing so, space technology has revealed a lack of institutional structures in the water industry. These are more vital than ever today, as water management ought to pursue an integrated approach forming the basis of multiple benefits and sustainability. If water resources were conceived as one big system together with Earth’s other reserves, they could be used far more economically. Satellite data provide a practical gateway for this approach.

Description / Table of Contents: This manuscript sets out a process for estimating fatalities in collapsed buildings due to ground shaking in an earthquake. The aim of this research is to supplement current earthquake loss estimation with fatality rates (percentage of occupants killed) for use in models which are based on recent empirical information on deaths from earthquakes. This document specifically explores the lethality potential to occupants of collapsed structures. Whilst earthquake casualty modeling has admittedly suffered from a lack of post-earthquake collection of data and rigour in assessing these data, recent earthquakes such as 2008 Wenchuan (China) and 2011 Christchurch (New Zealand) have brought to light some important findings. Under the auspices of US Geological Survey’s PAGER, empirical fatality data related to collapses of buildings from significant earthquakes in the past 40 years have been thoroughly examined. Through detailed investigations of fatal building collapses and the volume reductions within these buildings, important clues related to the lethality potential of different failure mechanisms of global modern and older construction types were found. The gathered evidence forms the basis of the derivation of a set of fatality rates for use in loss models. The set of judgment-based rates are for 31 global building types. This significant advancement in casualty modeling, the resolutions and quality of available data, the important assumptions made, and the final derivation of fatality rates are discussed here. This document contributes to global efforts to develop a way of estimating probable earthquake fatalities very rapidly after an earthquake has taken place. The fatality rates proposed here can be incorporated directly into earthquake loss estimation models where fatalities are derived from collapses of different types of buildings

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Petrophysical Properties of Permeable and Low-permeable Rocks.- Seismic Methods.- Geoelectrical Methods.- Complex Conductivity Measurements.- Electromagnetic Methods.- The Transient Electromagnetic Method.- Ground Penetrating Radar.- Magnetic Resonance Sounding.- Magnetic, Geothermal, and Radioactivity Methods.- Microgravimetry.- Direct Push-Technology.- Aquifer Structures-Pore Aquifers.- Aquifer Structures: Fracture Zones and Caves.- Groundwater Quality-Saltwater Intrusions.- Geophysical Characterisation of Aquifers.- Groundwater Protection: Vulnerability of Aquifers.- Groundwater Protection: Mapping of Contaminations.

Description / Table of Contents: TThis book presents interdisciplinary evaluation criteria for MWEPs and applies the criteria to the Lower Jordan Valley (Middle East) and the Fergana Valley (Central Asia). Both cases are characterized by transboundary conflicts, challenges caused by demographic and climate change, and by political and societal pressures. Based on the findings, the book provides recommendations for science and political decisions makers as well as for international financing institutions. It also outlines research gaps from an interdisciplinary perspective. In the past, major water engineering projects (MWEPs) have been used as an instrument to cope with the demands of growing populations and for enhancing development progress. Experiences with MWEPs have shown that a purely technical approach has not always brought about the desired results. In many cases, MWEPs even had negative implications for society and environment. Therefore, improved management strategies and enhanced technologies for a sustainable water resource management system are needed in order to meet present and future challenges. Furthermore, the continuous evaluation and optimization of these measures is essential. This book presents the results of the Interdisciplinary Research Group "Society – Water – Technology" of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Description / Table of Contents: This book offers a broad perspective on important topics in earthquake geotechnical engineering and gives specialists and those that are involved with research and application a more comprehensive understanding about the various topics. Consisting of eighteen chapters written by authors from the most seismic active regions of the world, such as USA, Japan, Canada, Chile, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Taiwan, and Turkey, the book reflects different views concerning how to assess and minimize earthquake damage. The authors, a prominent group of specialists in the field of earthquake geotechnical engineering, are the invited lecturers of the International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering from Case History to Practice in the honour of Professor Kenji Ishihara held in Istanbul, Turkey during 17-19 June 2013

Description / Table of Contents: This book is an introductory text to a range of numerical methods used today to simulate time-dependent processes in Earth science, physics, engineering, and many other fields. The physical problem of elastic wave propagation in 1D serves as a model system with which the various numerical methods are introduced and compared. The theoretical background is presented with substantial graphical material supporting the concepts. The results can be reproduced with the supplementary electronic material provided as python codes embedded in Jupyter notebooks. The book starts with a primer on the physics of elastic wave propagation, and a chapter on the fundamentals of parallel programming, computational grids, mesh generation, and hardware models. The core of the book is the presentation of numerical solutions of the wave equation with six different methods: 1) the finite-difference method; 2) the pseudospectral method (Fourier and Chebyshev); 3) the linear finite-element method; 4) the spectral-element method; 5) the finite-volume method; and 6) the discontinuous Galerkin method. Each chapter contains comprehension questions, theoretical, and programming exercises. The book closes with a discussion of domains of application and criteria for the choice of a specific numerical method, and the presentation of current challenges.

Description / Table of Contents: Mit diesem Buch liegt erstmalig eine umfangreiche, vollständige Beschreibung der regionalen Hydrogeologie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vor. Mehr als 50 Fachautoren aus den Staatlichen Geologischen Diensten und der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe haben hierzu beigetragen. Die Texte sind so formuliert, dass sie sowohl dem Fachmann einen schnellen Überblick liefern als auch dem interessierten Laien verständlich sind. Das Bundesgebiet wird in zehn hydrogeologische Großräume, 36 hydrogeologische Räume und 247 hydrogeologische Teilräume untergliedert. Diese Teilräume und ihre Hydrogeologie werden detailliert beschrieben. Gesteinsart, Hohlraumart, Verfestigung, hydraulische Durchlässigkeit und der geochemische Gesteinstyp der regional jeweils wichtigsten Grundwasserleiter werden dokumentiert. Es folgt eine Charakterisierung des Stockwerkbaus (Lithologie und Abfolge) der hydrogeologischen Einheiten sowie ihrer Mächtigkeiten. Ebenso dokumentiert sind die Grundwasserdynamik mit Flurabständen, Vorflutverhältnissen und Potenzialverhältnissen im Grundwasser sowie die Ergiebigkeiten. Abschließend erfolgt eine Beurteilung der Schutzfunktion der Grundwasserüberdeckung und der wasserwirtschaftlichen Bedeutung des jeweiligen Teilraumes.

Description / Table of Contents: This book first focuses on the explanation of the theory about focal mechanisms and moment tensor solutions and their role in the modern seismology. The second part of the book compiles several state-of-the-art case studies in different seismotectonic settings of the planet.The assessment of seismic hazard and the reduction of losses due to future earthquakes is probably the most important contribution of seismology to society. In this regard, the understanding of reliable determination seismic source and of its uncertainty can play a key role in contributing to geodynamic investigation, seismic hazard assessment and earthquake studies. In the last two decades, the use of waveforms recorded at local-to-regional distances has increased considerably. Waveform modeling has been used also to estimate faulting parameters of small-to-moderate sized earthquakes.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Basic tools; 2. Elasticity and Hooke's law; 3. Seismic wavepropagation; 4. Effective media; 5. Granular media; 6. Fluid effects onwave propagation; 7. Empirical relations; 8. Flow and diffusion; 9.Electrical properties; Appendices.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preliminaries: Solid Continuum Mechanics, Finite Element Method, Stochastic Modeling. - Strong Ground Motion: The Wave Equation for Solids, Analysis of Strong Ground Motion, Simulation of Strong Ground Motion. - Faulting: Elasto-Plasticity and Fracture Mechanics, Analysis of Faulting, Simulation of Faulting, BEM Simulation of Faulting. - Advanced Topics: Integrated Earthquake Simulation, Unified Visualization of Earthquake Simulation, Standardization of Earthquake Resistant Design.

Description / Table of Contents: Provides a deeper understanding of earthquake processes, based on laboratory-derived physical laws and formulae, for researchers, professionals and graduate students

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Basic Components of Seismo-Ionospheric Coupling. - Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes as they are seen from the Ground and from Space. - Near Ground and Troposphere Plasmachemistry and the Electric Field. - Physics of Seismo-Ionospheric Coupling. - Main Phenomenological Features of Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes. - Are we Ready for Prediction? The Practical Applications? - Ultimate Results, Unexplained Phenomena, Future Tasks.

Description / Table of Contents: Paleoseismology has become an important component of seismic risk analysis, which is mandated for nuclear power plants, dams, waste repositories, and other critical structures. This book is the first in the English language to be devoted solely to paleoseismology. It summarizes the development of the field from the 1960s to the present, encompassing material that is currently widely dispersed in journal articles.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications of Seismic Monitoring in Combating Rock Burst Hazard -- 3. Seismic Parameters and their Physical Meaning -- 4. Ranges of Parameters -- 5. Interpretation Methods of Mine Induced Seismicity -- 6. Palabora Seismic History -- 7. Palabora Caving Process as Evidenced by Induced Seismicity -- 8. Caving Process and Seismic Hazard -- 9. Problems Related to Software Versions -- 10. Seismic Preconditioning below Lift 1 Mine and its Influence on the Cavability of Lift 2 Cave -- 11. Palabora Lift 2 Mine Seismic System -- 12. Seismic Hazard Monitoring for Lift 2 -- Appendices -- Index

Description / Table of Contents: This book offers an in-depth analysis and interpretation methods applicable to mine-induced seismicity. It is based on over 40 years of experience in mine and exploration geophysics. Another unique feature of this book is the complete history of the caving process as evidenced by the recorded seismicity at the South African copper mine Palabora Lift 1. Until now, the literature has only presented theory and case studies discussing the interpretation of results, and there has been no discussion of the input-data quality or why a certain interpretation technique was applied. This book fills that gap. This book is a fascinating read, written by one of the world’s leading mine seismologists. It summarises the history and progression of mine seismology. It outlines the practical use of back analysis of data and how it can be used on a daily basis. The book explains how mine seismology can be used as an effective monitoring tool for key events as the mine progresses as well as for future caving operations. Anthony Allman MAusIMM, CP(Min), RPEQ Antcia Consulting Pty Ltd, Director, Mining Engineer The content of the book is really solid and robust and I have no doubt it is going to be considered a great contribution for the mining community. Raul Fuentes, Former Director of Master Program in Geomechanics Applied to Mining, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile This book is long overdue and helps to present some difficult concepts in a way that they can be clearly understood by non-experts in this area. Stefan has personally managed to take mine seismology from being a black-art into a useful tool to help make mines a safer and more controlled environment. Neil Hepworth C. Eng, MIMMM, Geomin Consultorio - Brazil, Consultant Mining and Geotechnics Seismic monitoring is an important tool in cave management. The information from monitoring allows a number of key production factors to be determined including cave advance rates, the approximate location of the cave back, insight into the size of the air gap and allows the tracking of broad changes in stress. These all assist in the day to day management of a safe and successful cave. Dr. Glazer’s book provides guidance on the application of microseismicity to cave management through a review of appropriate theory and more importantly illustrates its use through case histories, particularly from the Palabora block cave. The text will be a good addition for all practitioners in cave engineering and operations. All ...

Description / Table of Contents: "People have weeks of warning prior to volcanic eruptions, days of warning before a blizzard, and hours of warning before tornadoes. But there is still no warning system at all for earthquakes, though they have killed millions, and millions more live in constant danger from them. In The Million Death Quake, British Geological Survey seismologist Roger Musson takes us on a riveting journey through earthquakes. After making plain the science behind quakes, he tackles how engineers are fighting to make our cities "earthquake-proof" and seismologists are searching for the sign hidden in nature that could be interpreted as a warning. Highlighting hotspots around the world from Bucharest to the Azores, and with the massive Haiti & Japan earthquakes still in recent memory, this is a fascinating exploration of the strangest and most violent of natural disasters"--

Description / Table of Contents: The first worldwide survey of active earthquake faults, providing an important basis for protecting threatened cities in the developing world.Providing the first worldwide survey of active earthquake faults, this book focuses on those described as 'seismic time bombs' - with the potential to destroy large cities in the developing world such as Port au Prince, Kabul, Tehran and Caracas. Leading international earthquake expert, Robert Yeats, explores both the regional and plate-tectonic context of active faults, providing the background for seismic hazard evaluation in planning large-scale projects such as nuclear power plants or hydroelectric dams. He also highlights work done in more advanced seismogenic countries like Japan, the United States, New Zealand and China, providing an important basis for upgrading building standards and other laws in developing nations. The book also explores the impact of major quakes on social development through history. It will form an accessible reference for analysts and consulting firms, and a convenient overview for academics and students of geoscience, geotechnical engineering and civil engineering, and land-use planning. Table of contens: Introduction; 1. Methods and background; 2. Introduction to North America: the Pacific-North America plate boundary; 3. San Andreas System and basin and range; 4. Caribbean Plate and Middle America subduction zone; 5. South America; 6. Africa, Arabia, and Western Europe; 7. Eastern Mediterranean, the Caucasus, and the Middle East; 8. India, the Himalaya, Mainland China, and Central Asia; 9. Japan and the Western Pacific; 10. Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Islands; References; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part One: Theories and Principles 1. 1. Occurrence, Types and Classification 2. Hydrology and Modeling 3. Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction4. Water Quality and Treatment 5. Utilization and Regulation 6. Delineation of Protection ZonesPart Two: Engineering Cases Studies 7. Americas 8. Europe 9. Middle East and Asia10. Africa

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction to Hydrologic Science: Definition and Scope of Hydrology / Development of Scientific Hydrology. - 2. Basic Hydrologic Concepts: Physical Quantities and Laws / Hydrologic Systems / The Conservation Equations / The Watershed (Drainage Basin) / The Regional Water Balance / Spatial Variability / Temporal Variability / Storage, Storage Effects, and Residence Time / Hydrologic Modeling. - 3. Climate, the Hydrologic Cycle, Soils, and Vegetation: A Global Overview: Basic Aspects of Global Climate / The Global Hydrologic Cycle / Climate, Soils, and Vegetation. - 4. Precipitation: Meteorology of Precipitation / Measurement at a Point / Areal Estimation / Precipitation and Rainfall Climatology / Precipitation Quality. - 5. Snow and Snowmelt: Material Characteristics of Snow / Measurement of Snow and Snowmelt / Hydrologic Importance and Distribution of Snow / Snowmelt Processes / Snowmelt Modeling / Water-Quality Aspects. - 6. Water in Soils: Infiltration and Redistribution: Material Properties of Soil / Soil-Water Storage / Soil-Water Flow / Water Conditions in Natural Soils / Infiltration: Measurement and Qualitative Description / Quantitative Modeling of Infiltration at a Point / Redistribution. - 7. Evapotranspiration: Physics of Evaporation and Turbulent Energy Exchange / Classification of Evapotranspiration Processes / Free-Water, Lake, and Wetland Evaporation / Bare-Soil Evaporation / Transpiration / Interception and Interception Loss / Potential Evapotranspiration / Actual Evapotranspiration. - 8. Ground Water in the Hydrologic Cycle: Basic Principles of Ground-Water Flow / Regional Ground-Water Flow / Ground-WaterSurface-Water Reltions / Ground Water in the Regional Water Balance / Evaluation of Ground-Water-Balance Components / Impacts of Ground-Water Development on Basin Hydrology. - 9. Stream Response to Water-Input Events: Basic Aspects of Stream Response / Mechanisms Producing Event Response / Open-Channel Flow and Streamflow Routing / The Stream Network / Rainfall-Runoff Modeling / Rainfall-Runoff Models. - 10. Hydrology and Water-Resource Management: Water-Resource Management / Hydrologic Analysis: Water Supply and Demand / Hydrologic Analysis: Water Quality / Hydrologic Analysis: Floods / Hydrologic Analysis: Low Streamflows and Droughts / Current and Projected Water Use

Description / Table of Contents: The characterisation of fluid transport properties of rocks is one of the most important, yet difficult, challenges of reservoir geophysics, but is essential for optimal development of hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs. This book provides a quantitative introduction to the underlying physics, application, interpretation, and hazard aspects of fluid-induced seismicity with a particular focus on its spatio-temporal dynamics. It presents many real data examples of microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fracturing at hydrocarbon fields and of stimulations of enhanced geothermal systems. The author also covers introductory aspects of linear elasticity and poroelasticity theory, as well as elements of seismic rock physics and mechanics of earthquakes, enabling readers to develop a comprehensive understanding of the field. Fluid-Induced Seismicity is a valuable reference for researchers and graduate students working in the fields of geophysics, geology, geomechanics and petrophysics, and a practical guide for petroleum geoscientists and engineers working in the energy industry.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume brings together a sampling of research addressing issues of continental intraplate earthquakes, including a core of papers from special sessions held at the spring 2004 Joint Assembly of the American and Canadian Geophysical Unions in Montreal. Papers address the broad related topics of the science, hazard, and policy issues of large continental intraplate earthquakes in a worldwide context. One group of papers addresses aspects of the primary scientific issue-where are these earthquakes and what causes them? Answering this question is crucial to determining whether they will continue there or migrate elsewhere. A second group of papers addresses the challenge of assessing the hazard posed by intraplate earthquakes. Although it may be a very long time before the scientific issues are resolved, the progress being made is helping attempts to estimate the probability, size, and shaking of future earthquakes, and the uncertainty of the results. A third group of papers explores the question of how society should mitigate the possible effects of future large continental intraplate earthquakes. Communities around the world face the challenge of deciding how to address this rare, but real, hazard, given the wide range of other societal needs. Continental intraplate earthquakes will remain a challenge to seismologists, earthquake engineers, policy makers, and the public for years to come, but significant progress toward understanding and addressing this challenge is now being made.

Description / Table of Contents: Features 11 lectures for a non-technical audience on current issues in hydrology and water resources. Topics include mathematical models, water storage, synthetic flows, scale problems, groundwater contamination, the vadose zone, and the distribution of contaminants.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Defining Historical Seismology: 1. What is historical seismology?; 2. The importance of historical earthquake and tsunami data; Part II. Issues Concerning the Interpretation of Historical Earthquake and Ttsunami Data: 3. Written historical sources and their use; 4. Types of scientific sources; 5. Other types of sources; 6. Potential problems in historical records; 7. Determination of historical earthquakes: dates and times; Part III. Practical Guidelines for the Analysis of Historical Earthquake Data: 8. Planning the goals of the analysis of historical earthquakes; 9. Processing historical records; 10. From interpretation of historical records to historical seismic scenarios; 11. Traces of earthquakes in archaeological sites and in monuments; 12. Deriving earthquake source and shaking parameters from historical data; 13. Cooperation in historical seismology research

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Background: 1. Introduction; 2. Types of rivers; 3. Non-regime channels; Part II. Upstream Controls: 4. History; 5. Tectonics and relief; 6. Lithology; 7. Climate: hydrology; 8. Humans; Part III. Fixed Local Controls: 9. Bedrock: alluvium; 10. Tributaries; 11. Active tectonics; 12. Valley morphology; Part IV. Variable Local Controls: 13. Floods; 14. Vegetation; 15. Accidents; Part V. Downstream Controls: 16. Base-level; 17. Length; Part VI. Rivers and Humans: 18. Applications; 19. Some unintended consequences; 20. River impact on ancient civilisations: a hypothesis

Description / Table of Contents: The broad spectrum of hydrologic responses to earthquakes offers a better understanding of the earth's hydrologic system at a scale which is otherwise unachievable; it has also allowed field testing of several long-standing hypotheses which may impact on our understanding of some earthquake-induced hazards. The book is based on a graduate course on Earthquake Hydrology at Berkeley jointly offered by the authors in the past few years. It begins with an introduction of the basic materials to form a basis for understanding the chapters which follow. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the field to interested readers and beginning researchers, and a convenient reference to numerous publications currently scattered in various journals.