ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Macroseismic information; 2. Evaluation of macroseismic data; 3. Catalogue of earthquakes; 4. Evaluation of instrumental data; 5. Long-term seismicity; 6. Future challenges

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction.- 2 Subsidence due to hydrocarbon production in the Netherlands.- 3 Persistent Scatterer InSAR.- 4 Quality control.- 5 Multi-track PSI.- 6 PSI subsidence monitoring in Groningen.- 7 Cross-validation and operational implementation.- 8 Discussion and future subsidence monitoring.- 9 Conclusions and recommendations.

Description / Table of Contents: Stable Isotope Geochemistry is an introduction to the use of stable isotopes in the geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: theoretical and experimental principles; fractionation processes of light and heavy elements; the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the application of stable isotopes to earth sciences has grown in the last few years, a new edition appears necessary. Recent progress in analysing the rare isotopes of certain elements for instance allow the distinction between mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionations. Special emphasis has been given to the growing field of heavy elements. Many new references have been added, which will enable quick access to recent literature. For students and scientists alike the book will be a primary source of information with regard to how and where stable isotopes can be used to solve geological problems.

Description / Table of Contents: Data Assimilation comprehensively covers data assimilation and inverse methods, including both traditional state estimation and parameter estimation. This text and reference focuses on various popular data assimilation methods, such as weak and strong constraint variational methods and ensemble filters and smoothers. It is demonstrated how the different methods can be derived from a common theoretical basis, as well as how they differ and/or are related to each other, and which properties characterize them, using several examples.It presents the mathematical framework and derivations in a way which is common for any discipline where dynamics is merged with measurements. The mathematics level is modest, although it requires knowledge of basic spatial statistics, Bayesian statistics, and calculus of variations. Readers will also appreciate the introduction to the mathematical methods used and detailed derivations, which should be easy to follow, are given throughout the book. The codes used in several of the data assimilation experiments are available on a web page.The focus on ensemble methods, such as the ensemble Kalman filter and smoother, also makes it a solid reference to the derivation, implementation and application of such techniques. Much new material, in particular related to the formulation and solution of combined parameter and state estimation problems and the general properties of the ensemble algorithms, is available here for the first time. Table of contens: ntroduction.- Statistical definitions.- Analysis scheme.- Sequential data assimilation.- Variational inverse problems.- Nonlinear variational inverse problems.- Probabilistic formulation.- Generalized Inverse.- Ensemble methods.- Statistical optimization.- Sampling strategies for the EnKF.- Model errors.- Square root analysis schemes.- Rank issues.- An ocean prediction system.- Estimation in an oil reservoir simulator.- Other EnKF issues.

Description / Table of Contents: Multi-Objective Optimization. - Classical Methods. - Evolutionary Algorithms. - Non-Elitist Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Elitist Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Constrained Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Salient Issues of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Applications of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction.- 2 Basic Settings and Spherical Nomenclature.- 3 Scalar Spherical Harmonics.- Green Functions and Integral Theorems.- 5 Vector Spherical Harmonics.- 6 Tensor Spherical Harmonics.- 7 Scalar Zonal Kernel Functions.- 8 Vector Zonal Kernel Functions.- 9 Tensorial Zonal Kernel Functions.- 10 Application: Earth's Gravity Field.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Defining Historical Seismology: 1. What is historical seismology?; 2. The importance of historical earthquake and tsunami data; Part II. Issues Concerning the Interpretation of Historical Earthquake and Ttsunami Data: 3. Written historical sources and their use; 4. Types of scientific sources; 5. Other types of sources; 6. Potential problems in historical records; 7. Determination of historical earthquakes: dates and times; Part III. Practical Guidelines for the Analysis of Historical Earthquake Data: 8. Planning the goals of the analysis of historical earthquakes; 9. Processing historical records; 10. From interpretation of historical records to historical seismic scenarios; 11. Traces of earthquakes in archaeological sites and in monuments; 12. Deriving earthquake source and shaking parameters from historical data; 13. Cooperation in historical seismology research

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Electromagnetic waves in free space; 3. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter; 4. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the Earth's atmosphere; 5. Photographic systems; 6. Electro-optical systems; 7. Passive microwave systems; 8. Ranging systems; 9. Scattering systems; 10. Platforms for remote sensing; 11. Data processing; Appendix 1. The Global Positioning System; Appendix 2. Data; Bibliography; Answers and hints to numerical problems

Description / Table of Contents: The 1755 earthquake and tsunami were influential not only in Portugal but in all European and North African countries where the devastating effects were felt. The entire world was deeply impressed and the discussion of its causes generated a large amount of scientific and metaphysical speculation. It inspired philosophers, poets and writers. The socio-economic consequences of the event were great and affected the future organization and development of Portugal. The possibility of a similar occurence urges society and the scientific community to reflect on its lessons.

Description / Table of Contents: Content: Time series data.- Correlation.- Forecasting strategies.- Basic stochastic models.- Regression.- Stationary models.- Non-stationary models.- Long memory processes.- Spectral analysis.- System identification.- Multivariate models.- State space models.

Description / Table of Contents: Paleoseismology has become an important component of seismic risk analysis, which is mandated for nuclear power plants, dams, waste repositories, and other critical structures. This book is the first in the English language to be devoted solely to paleoseismology. It summarizes the development of the field from the 1960s to the present, encompassing material that is currently widely dispersed in journal articles.

Description / Table of Contents: This book gives an introduction to computational plasticity and includes the kinematics of large deformations, together with relevant continuum mechanics.

Description / Table of Contents: The development of road telematics requires the management of ever-growing databases related to traffic fluidity, live consignment monitoring and vehicle fleet tracking, as to driver assistance. Such an effort relies on the tight synergy between navigation technology, telecommunication and geographic information, to enhance the maintenance and exploitation of the road network and, above all, to strengthen security.Consequently, an accurate knowledge of the road environment and topology is mandatory to implement applications of transport telematics. The early nineties experienced major advances in GPS/INS coupling and the market launch of affordable digital cameras. Thus, a considerable portion of road information is captured by vehicles equipped with such sensors, a technique known as "mobile mapping". The advantage of the kinematic collection of data such as the pavement geometry, its surfacing quality and the positioning of road objects lies in the much faster completion of the survey, hence an excellent cost effectiveness. However, the complexity of data georeferencing and the fusion of the results with video sequences require numerous hours of repetitive labor. Moreover, only the process completion reveals the correct recording of position measurements. Any further survey can only be decided a few days later.We propose to introduce the concept of "real time" in the field of mobile mapping. The determinist exploitation of the data captured during a kinematic survey aims at restricting human intervention in the sophisticated georeferencing process, while authorizing the dissemination of this technique outside well-informed communities. The other challenge of this thesis that lies in the automatic fusion of localization data with images, under tight time constraints. In these conditions, what are the tools and algorithms robust enough to ensure the quality control of the georeferencing of road objects? We intend to provide these concerns a pertinent answer, while demonstrating the validity of the concept via the automatic acquisition and interpretation of the road geometry.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Isotopes and radioactivity; 2. The principles o radioactive dating; 3. Radiometric dating methods; 4. Dating by cosmogenic isotopes; 5. Uncertainties and results of radiometric dating; 6. Radiogenic isotope geochemistry; 7. Stable isotope geochemistry; 8. Isotope geology and dynamic reservoir analysis

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen may be the most abundant element in the universe, but in science and in nature oxygen has an importance that is disproportionate to its abundance. Human beings tend to take it for granted because it is all around us and we breathe it, but consider the fact that oxygen is so reactive that in a planetary setting it is largely unstable in its elemental state. Were it not for the constant activity of photosynthetic plants and a minor amount of photo dissociation in the upper atmosphere, we would not have an oxygen-bearing atmosphere and we would not be here. Equally, the most important compound of oxygen is water, without which life (in the sense that we know it) could not exist. The role of water in virtually all geologic processes is profound, from formation of ore deposits to igneous petrogenesis to metamorphism to erosion and sedimentation. In planetary science, oxygen has a dual importance. First and foremost is its critical role in so many fundamental Solar System processes. The very nature of the terrestrial planets in our own Solar System would be much different had the oxygen to carbon ratio in the early solar nebula been somewhat lower than it was, because elements such as calcium and iron and titanium would have been locked up during condensation as carbides, sulfides and nitrides and even (in the case of silicon) partly as metals rather than silicates and oxides. Equally, the role of water ice in the evolution of our Solar System is important in the early accretion and growth of the giant planets and especially Jupiter, which exerted a major control over how most of the other planets formed. On a smaller scale, oxygen plays a critical role in the diverse kinds of physical evolution of large rocky planets, because the internal oxidation state strongly influences the formation and evolution of the core, mantle and crust of differentiated planets such as the Earth. Consider that basaltic volcanism may be a nearly universal phenomenon among the evolved terrestrial planets, yet there are basalts and basalts. The basalts of Earth (mostly), Earth's Moon, Vesta (as represented by the HED meteorites) and Mars are all broadly tholeiitic and yet very different from one another, and one of the primary differences is in their relative oxidation states (for that matter, consider the differences between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series on Earth). But there is another way that oxygen has proven to be hugely important in planetary science, and that is as a critical scientific clue to processes and conditions and even sources of materials. Understanding the formation and evolution of our Solar System involves reconstructing processes and events that occurred more than 4.5 Ga ago, and for which the only contemporary examples are occurring hundreds of light years away. It is a detective story in which most of the clues come from the laboratory analysis of the products of those ancient processes and events, especially those that have been preserved nearly unchanged since their formation at the Solar System's birth: meteorites; comets; and interplanetary dust particles. For example, the oxidation state of diverse early Solar System materials ranges from highly oxidized (ferric iron) to so reducing that some silicon exists in the metallic state and refractory lithophile elements such as calcium exist occur in sulfides rather than in silicates or carbonates. These variations reflect highly different environments that existed in different places and at different times. Even more crucial has been the use of oxygen 3-isotope variations, which began almost accidentally in 1973 with an attempt to do oxygen isotope thermometry on high-temperature solar nebula grains (Ca-, Al-rich inclusions) but ended with the remarkable discovery of non-mass-dependent oxygen isotope variations in high-temperature materials from the earliest Solar System. The presolar nebula was found to be very heterogeneous in its isotopic composition, and virtually every different planet and asteroid for which we have samples has a unique oxygen-isotopic fingerprint. The idea for this book originated with Jim Papike, who suggested the idea of a study initiative (and, ultimately, a published volume) focused on the element that is so critically important in so many ways to planetary science. He recognized that oxygen is such a constant theme through all aspects of planetary science that the proposed initiative would serve to bring together scientists from a wide range of disciplines for the kind of cross-cutting dialogue that occurs all too rarely these days. In this sense the Oxygen Initiative is modeled on the Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, which culminated in what remains to this day a hugely important reference volume (Basaltic Volcanism Study Project 1981). After obtaining community input and feedback, primarily through the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials (CAPTEM) and the Management Operations Working Group for NASA's Cosmochemistry Program, a team of scientists was assembled who would serve as chapter writing leads, and the initiative was formally proposed to and accepted by the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI; Dr. Stephen Mackwell, Director) for sponsorship. A formal proposal was then submitted to and approved by the Mineralogical Society of America to publish the resulting volume in the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG) series. Three open workshops were held as preludes to the book: Oxygen in the Terrestrial Planets, held in Santa Fe, NM July 20-23, 2004; Oxygen in Asteroids and Meteorites, held in Flagstaff, AZ June 2-3, 2005; and Oxygen in Earliest Solar System Materials and Processes (and including the outer planets and comets), held in Gatlinburg, TN September 19-22, 2005. The workshops were each organized around a small number of sessions (typically 4-6), each focusing on a particular topic and consisting of invited talks, shorter contributed talks, and ample time for discussion after each talk. In all of the meetings, the extended discussion periods were lively and animated, often bubbling over into the breaks and later social events. As a consequence of the cross-cutting approach, the final book spans a wide range of fields relating to oxygen, from the stellar nucleosynthesis of oxygen, to its occurrence in the interstellar medium, to the oxidation and isotopic record preserved in 4.56 Ga grains formed at the Solar System's birth, to its abundance and speciation in planets large and small, to its role in the petrologic and physical evolution of the terrestrial planets.

Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge of soil mechanics --Basic principles in soil mechanics --Problems concerning shaking of soft ground undergoing earthquake loading --Seismological knowledge --Wave propagation in elastic medium --Earthquake effects --Dynamic response analysis --Pseudostatic limit equilibrium analysis --Field investigation --Dynamic response of complex-modulus model --Laboratory tests on dynamic properties of soils --Stress-strain models --Application of seismic inertia force --Seismic forces exerted on structures --Seismic behavior of slopes and embankments --Landslides --Seismic faults --Features of liquefaction-induced damages --Mechanism of onset of liquefaction --Assessment of liquefaction potential --Behavior of soil undergoing cyclic undrained loading --In-situ tests on liquefaction potential of subsoils --Post-liquefaction behavior of sandy ground --Immediate detection of liquefaction damage and emergency action --Permanent displacement/deformation of liquefied subsoil --Prediction of permanent displacement due to liquefaction --Mitigation of liquefaction-induced damage --Seismic microzonation.

Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic aperture radar provides broad-area imaging at high resolutions, which is used in applications such as environmental monitoring, earth-resource mapping, and military systems. This book presents the tools required for the digital processing of synthetic aperture radar images. They are of three types: (a) the elements of physics, (b) mathematical models and (c) image processing methods adapted to particular applications.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. The physical basis of synthetic aperture radar imagery (Jean-Marie Nicolas and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 2. The principles of synthetic aperture radar (Jean-Marie Nicolas and Frederic Adragna). Chapter 3. Existing satellite SAR systems (Jean-Marie Nicolas and Frederic Adragna). Chapter 4. Synthetic aperture radar images (Frederic Adragna, Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle and Jean-Marie Nicolas). Chapter 5. Speckle models (Armand Lopes, Rene Garello and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 6. Estimation of reflectivity and filtering of SAR images (Armand Lopes, Florence Tupin and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 7. Classification of SAR images (Danielle Ducrot, Florence Tupin and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 8. Detection of points, contours and lines (Florence Tupin and Armand Lopes). Chapter 9. Geometry and relief (Frederic Adragna). Chapter 10. Radar-grammetry (Henri Maitre). Chapter 11. Radar-clinometry (Henri Maitre). Chapter 12. Interferometry (Frederic Adragna and Jean-Marie Nicolas). Chapter 13. Phase unwrapping (Emmanuel Trouve and Henri Maitre). Chapter 14. Radar oceanography (Jean-Marc Le Caillec and Rene Garello).

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Why we should care: the impact of anthropogenic carbon dioxide on the carbon cycle.2. The thermodynamic background.3. Carbon dioxide and CO2-H2O mixtures.4. The aqueous electrolytic solution.5. The product solid phases.6. The kinetics of mineral carbonation.7. Reaction path modeling of geological CO2 sequestration.

Description / Table of Contents: Subduction zones, one of the three types of plate boundaries, return Earth's surface to its deep interior. Because subduction zones are gently inclined at shallow depths and depress Earth's temperature gradient, they have the largest seismogenic area of any plate boundary. Consequently, subduction zones generate Earth's largest earthquakes and most destructive tsunamis. As tragically demonstrated by the Sumatra earthquake and tsunami of December 2004, these events often impact densely populated coastal areas and cause large numbers of fatalities. While scientists have a general understanding of the seismogenic zone, many critical details remain obscure. This volume attempts to answer such fundamental concerns as why some interplate subduction earthquakes are relatively modest in rupture length (100 km) while others, such as the great (M〉9) 1960 Chile, 1964 Alaska, and 2004 Sumatra events, rupture along 1000 km or more.Contributors also address why certain subduction zones are fully locked, accumulating elastic strain at essentially the full plate convergence rate, while others appear to be only partially coupled or even freely slipping; whether these locking patterns persist through the seismic cycle; and what is the role of sediments and fluids on the incoming plate. Nineteen papers written by experts in a variety of fields review the most current lab, field, and theoretical research on the origins and mechanics of subduction zone earthquakes and suggest further areas of exploration. They consider the composition of incoming plates, laboratory studies concerning sediment evolution during subduction and fault frictional properties, seismic and geodetic studies, and regional scale deformation. The forces behind subduction zone earthquakes are of increasing environmental and societal importance.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction.- 2 Probability.- 3 Parameter Estimation, Confidence Regions and Hypothesis Testing.- 4 Linear Model.- 5 Special Models and Applications.- 6 Numerical Methods.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Nature of Remote Sensing. - Optical Radiation Models. - Sensor Models. - Data Models. - Spectral Transforms. - Spatial Transforms. - Correction and Calibration. - Image Registration and Fusion. - Thematic Classification

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Remote Sensing as a Tool for Urban Planning and Sustainability . - Automatic Land-Cover Classification Derived from High-Resolution IKONOS Satellite Imagery in the Urban Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by Means of an Object-Oriented Approach. -Advances in Urban Remote Sensing: Examples From Berlin (Germany).- Spatial Analysis of Urban Vegetation Scale and Abundance.- Urban Environmental Monitoring in Buenos Aires ; Determining Green Areas.- Challenges in Characterizing and Mitigating Urban Heat Islands ; A Role for Integrated Approaches Including Remote Sensing.- Phoenix, Arizona, USA: Applications of Remote Sensing in a Rapidly Urbanizing Desert Region.- Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technique for Urban Environmental Management and Sustainable Development of Delhi, India.- Berlin (Germany) Urban and Environmental Information System: Application of Remote Sensing for Planning and Governance - Potentials and Problems.- Views of Chiang Mai: The Contributions of Remote-Sensing to Urban Governance and Sustainability.- 20 Years After Reforms: Challenges to Planning and Development in China's City-Regions and Opportunities for Remote Sensing.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume brings together a sampling of research addressing issues of continental intraplate earthquakes, including a core of papers from special sessions held at the spring 2004 Joint Assembly of the American and Canadian Geophysical Unions in Montreal. Papers address the broad related topics of the science, hazard, and policy issues of large continental intraplate earthquakes in a worldwide context. One group of papers addresses aspects of the primary scientific issue-where are these earthquakes and what causes them? Answering this question is crucial to determining whether they will continue there or migrate elsewhere. A second group of papers addresses the challenge of assessing the hazard posed by intraplate earthquakes. Although it may be a very long time before the scientific issues are resolved, the progress being made is helping attempts to estimate the probability, size, and shaking of future earthquakes, and the uncertainty of the results. A third group of papers explores the question of how society should mitigate the possible effects of future large continental intraplate earthquakes. Communities around the world face the challenge of deciding how to address this rare, but real, hazard, given the wide range of other societal needs. Continental intraplate earthquakes will remain a challenge to seismologists, earthquake engineers, policy makers, and the public for years to come, but significant progress toward understanding and addressing this challenge is now being made.

Description / Table of Contents: Over 25 years ago, Volume 9 of Reviews in Mineralogy: Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles seemed to contain all that was possible to know about this group of fascinating minerals. The subsequent twenty-five years have shown that this assessment was wrong: Nature was keeping a lot in reserve, and has since revealed considerable new complexity in the constitution and behavior of amphiboles. Some of the advances in knowledge have been due to the use of new experimental techniques, some have been due to the investigation of hitherto neglected rock-types, and some have been due to the development of new ideas. The identification and systematic investigation of variable LLE (Light Lithophile Elements), particularly Li and H, led to the identification of several new amphibole species and the recognition that variable Li and H play an important role in chemical variations in amphiboles from both igneous and metamorphic parageneses. In turn, this work drove the development of microbeam SIMS to analyze LLE in amphiboles. Detailed mineralogical work on metasyenites showed hitherto unexpected solid-solution between Na and Li at the M(4) site in monoclinic amphiboles, a discovery that has upset the current scheme of amphibole classification and nomenclature and initiated new efforts in this direction. Systematic and well-planned synthesis of amphiboles, combined with careful spectroscopy, has greatly furthered our understanding of cation and anion order in amphiboles. The use of bond-valence theory to predict patterns of SRO (Short-Range Order) in amphiboles, and use of these predictions to understand the infrared spectra of well-characterized synthetic-amphibole solid-solutions, has shown that SRO is a major feature of the amphibole structure, and has resulted in major advances in our understanding of SRO in minerals. There has been significant progress relating changes in amphibole composition and cation ordering to petrogenetic conditions and trace-element behavior. Work on the nature of fibrous amphiboles and their toxicity and persistence in living organisms has emphasized the importance of accurate mineralogical characterization in environmental and health-related problems. The current volume has taken a different approach from previous volumes concerned with major groups of rock-forming minerals. Some of the contents have previously been organized by the investigative technique or groups of similar techniques: crystal-structure refinement, spectroscopy, TEM etc. Here, we have taken an approach that focuses on aspects of amphiboles rather than experimental techniques: crystal chemistry, new compositions, long-range order, short-range order etc., and all experimental results germane to these topics are discussed in each chapter. The intent of this approach is to focus on amphiboles, and to emphasize that many techniques are necessary to fully understand each aspect of the amphiboles and their behavior in both natural and industrial processes.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Plates and Plumes. - Mantle Convection and Seismology. - Heat and Temperature. - Oceanic Melting Anomalies. - Continental Melting Anomalies. - Planetary Evolution. - Platonics and Plumacy.

Description / Table of Contents: Focuses on data, sensors, and systems considerations as well as algorithms for urban feature extraction. - Analyzes urban landscapes in terms of composition and structure, especially using sub-pixel analysis techniques. - Presents methods for monitoring, analyzing, and modeling urban growth. - Illustrates various approaches to urban planning and socio-economic applications of urban remote sensing. - Assesses the progress made to date, identifies the existing problems and challenges, and demonstrates new developments and trends in urban remote sensing.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Statistical Concepts.- Statistical Methods.- Bayesian Methods.- Analysis of Time Series.- Rule Induction.- Neural Networks.- Fuzzy Logic.- Stochastic Search Methods.- Systems and Applications.

Description / Table of Contents: The idea for this book was conceived in early June, 2005 at a paleoaltimetry workshop held at Lehigh University, Lehigh, Pennsyalvania and organized by Dork Sahagian. The workshop was funded by the tectonics program at NSF, and was designed to bring together researchers in paleoaltimetry to discuss different techniques and focus the community on ways of improving paleoelevation estimates and consequent interpretations of geodynamics and tectonics. At this meeting, some commented that a comprehensive volume describing the different methods could help advance the field. I offered to contact the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society about publishing a RiMG volume on paleoaltimetry. Because many of the techniques used to infer paleoelevations are geochemically-based or deal with thermodynamic principles, the GS and MSA agreed to the project. Two years and roughly 1000 e-mails later, our book has arrived. The book is organized into 4 sections: Geodynamic and geomorphologic rationale (Clark). This chapter provides the broad rationale behind paleoaltimetry, i.e., why we study it. Stable isotope proxies. These 4 chapters cover theory of stable isotopes in precipitation and their response to altitudinal gradients (Rowley), and stable isotopes sytematics in paleosols (Quade, Garzione and Eiler), silicates (Mulch and Chamberlain) and fossils (Kohn and Dettman). Proxies of atmospheric properties. These 4 chapters cover temperature lapse rates (Meyer), entropy (Forest), and atmospheric pressure proxies, including total atmospheric pressure from gas bubbles in basalt (Sahagian and Proussevitch), and the partial pressure of CO2 (Kouwenberg, Kürshner, and McElwain). Note that clumped isotope thermometry (Quade, Garzione and Eiler) also provides direct estimates of temperature. Radiogenic and cosmogenic nuclides. These 2 chapters cover low-temperature thermochronologic approaches (Reiners) and cosmogenic isotopes (Riihimaki and Libarkin). Some chapters overlap in general content (e.g., basic principles of stable isotopes in precipitation are covered to different degrees in all stable isotope chapters), but no attempt was made to limit authors' discussion of principles, or somehow attempt to arrive at a "consensus view" on any specific topic. Because science advances by critical discussion of concepts, such restrictions were viewed as counterproductive. This does mean that different chapters may present different views on reliability of paleoelevation estimates, and readers are advised to read other chapters in the book on related topics – they may be more closely linked than they might at first appear! I hope readers of this book will discover and appreciate the synergy among paleoaltimetry, climate change, and tectonic geomorphology. These interrelationships create a complex, yet rich field of scientific enquiry that in turn offers insights into climate and geodynamics.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: State of the art. - Quality, resolutions and uncertainty in tomography. - Field examples of seismic crosshole tomography. - Tomography from the surface without using boreholes, VSP and reflection tomography. - Seam wave tomography. - Recent developments with new ideas

Description / Table of Contents: Tomographic imaging of seismic velocities is probably the most novel application of the seismic method to high resolution exploration and monitoring of the subsurface. It is a pleasure to make available a comprehensive state-of-the-art book giving an excellent overview of seismic tomography explaining the current status of the method, describing it and evaluating the possibilities and the potential for future developments.The book covers a wide range of applications of seismic tomography in geotechnological and geoscientific investigations, in particular for engineering and exploration. The intent to be practical is well met with many field examples and problems, without neglecting the basic principles needed to understand the examples more deeply and to judge the quality of the imaging. A very comprehensive list of references to specific and general publications on the subject allows access to more detailed information.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Finite difference approximations -- Steady states and boundary value problems -- Elliptic equations -- Iterative methods for sparse linear systems -- The initial value problem for ordinary differential equations -- Zero-stability and convergence for initial value problems -- Absolute stability for ordinary differential equations -- Stiff ordinary differential equations -- Diffusion equations and parabolic problems -- Addiction equations and hyperbolic systems -- Mixed equations -- Appendixes: A. Measuring errors -- B. Polynomial interpolation and orthogonal polynomials -- C. Eigenvalues and inner-product norms -- D. Matrix powers and exponentials -- E. Partial differential equations

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Characteristics of Time Series. - Time Series Regression and ARIMA Models. -Dynamic Linear Models and Kalman Filtering . - Spectral Analysis and Its Applications. - Additional Time Domain Topics. - State-Space Models. - Statistical Methods in the Frequency Domain.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Remote Sensing and the Science, Monitoring, and Management of Aquatic Coastal Ecosystems / Richardson, LeDrew.- Section I. Science Applications.- 2. Extreme Events and Perturbations of Coastal Ecosystems / Skirving, Strong, Liu, Arzayus, Liu Sapper.- 3. Optical Remote Sensing Techniques to Estimate Phytoplankton Chlorophyll A Concentrations in Coastal Waters with Varying Suspended Matter and Cdom Concentrations / Schalles.- 4. A Tool for Inverse Modeling of Spectral Measurements in Deep and Shallow Waters / Gege, Albert.- 5. Integration of Coral Reef Ecosystem Process Studies and Remote Sensing / Brock, Yates, Halley.- Section II. Monitoring Applications.- 6. Infrastructure and Capabilities of a Near Real-Time Meteorological and Oceanographic in Situ Instrumented Array, and its Role in Marine Environmental Decision Support / Hendee, Stabenau, Florit, Manzello, Jeffris.- 7. Airborne Laser Altimetry for Predictive Modeling of Coastal Storm-Surge Flooding / Webster, Forbes.- 8. Integration of New Data Types with Historical Archives to Provide Insight into Coastal Change and Variability / Gebelein.- Section III. Management Applications.- 9. Observing Coastal Waters with Spaceborne Sensors / Whitehouse, Hutt.- 10. The Role of Integrated Information Acquisition and Management in the Analysis of Coastal Ecosystem Change / Phinn, Joyce, Scarth, Roelfsema.- 11. Mapping of Coral Reefs for Management of Marine Protected Areas in Developing Nations Using Remote Sensing / Newman, LeDrew, Lim.- 12. Data Synthesis for Coastal and Coral Reef Ecosystem Management at Regional and Global Scales / Robinson, Andréfouët, Burke.- 13. Recommendations for Scientists and Managers for Application of Remote Sensing to Coastal Waters / LeDrew, Richardson.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Permanent Scatterer Technique.- The Integer Least-Squares Estimator.- The STUN Algorithm.- Synthetic Data Experiments.- Real Data Processing.- Conclusions and Recommendations.

Description / Table of Contents: Acoustic remote sensing of the ocean environment has seen a remarkable progress in the last ten-fifteen year as a result of an increasing understanding of the experimental techniques and procedures and of the subtleties of the interaction of sound with complex physical and biological processes. This is particularly true in the shallow water environment, where acoustic methods have the potential to allow for a fast and accurate characterization and assessment of the environment. To review the state of the art and the research progress in the field, a workshop was held in the island of Ischia, Italy, in June 2004. Special emphasis has been placed on the experimental applications, to realistically assess their potential and capabilities of the methods proposed.