ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Volatile components, by which we mean those magma constituents which typically prefer to occur in the gaseous or super-critical fluid state, may influence virtually every aspect of igneous petrology. The study of volatile-bearing systems, both in nature and in the laboratory, has far exceeded the relative abundances of these components in igneous rocks, yet in many ways the words of Bowen (1928) are still broadly applicable: " ... to many petrologists a volatile component is exactly like a Maxwell demon; it does just what one may wish it to do." (Bowen, 1928, p. 282) What we hope to show in this volume are some areas of progress in understanding the behavior of magmatic volatiles and their influence on a wide variety of geological phenomena; in doing this it also becomes apparent that there remain many questions outstanding. The range of topics we have tried to cover is broad, going from atomisticscale aspects of volatile solubility mechanisms and attendant effects on melt physical properties, to the chemistry of volcanic gases and the concentrations of volatiles in magmas, to the global geochemical cycles of volatiles. The reader should quickly see that much progress has been made since Bowen voiced his concerns about Maxwell demons, but like much scientific progress, answers to old questions have prompted even greater numbers of new questions. The Voltiles in Magmas course was organized and transpired at the Napa Valley Sheraton Hotel in California, December 2-4, 1994, just prior to the Fall Meetings of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume represents the proceedings of a course by the same title held at Harbor House Resort and Conference Center on Nantucket Island off the coast of Massachusetts, October 22-24, 1993. Numerous minerals are known to induce pulmonary diseases. The asbestos minerals (chrysotile and asbestiform amphiboles) are by far the most infamous. However, a number of silica polymorphs, clays, and zeolites have also been studied in great detail, as have several titania polymorphs, hematite, and magnetite (which are often used as negative controls in biological experiments). In fact, the relatively recent attention received by erionite (a fibrous zeolite) has arguably made it the most notorious of the minerals studied thus far. The processes that lead to the development of disease (or pathogenesis) by minerals very likely occur at or near the mineral-fluid interface (as do many geochemical processes!). Thus the field of "mineral-induced pathogenesis" is a prime candidate for interdisciplinary research, involving mineral scientists, health scientists, petrologists, pathologists, geochemists, biochemists, and surface scientists, to name a few. The success of such an interdisciplinary approach rests on the ability of scientists in very different fields to communicate, and this is hampered by vocabulary barriers and an unfamiliarity with concepts, approaches, and problems. It can be difficult enough for a geoscientist or bioscientist to maintain fluency in the many fields tangential to his or her own field, and this problem is only exacerbated when one investigates problems that are crossdisciplinary. Nevertheless, important advances can be facilitated if these barriers are overcome. This review volume and the short course upon which it was based are intended to provide some of the necessary tools for the researcher interested in this area of interdisciplinary research. The chapters present several of the important problems, concepts, and approaches from both the geological and biological ends of the spectrum. These two extremes are partially integrated throughout the book by cross-referencing between chapters. Chapter 1 also presents a general introduction into the ways in which these two areas overlap. However, many of the areas ripe for the interdisciplinarian will become obvious after reading the various chapters. The final chapter of this book discusses some of the regulatory aspects of minerals. Ultimately, the regulatory arena is where this type of interdisciplinary approach can make an impact, and hopefully better communication between all parties will accomplish this goal. A glossary is included at the end of this book, because the complexity of scientific terms in the two fields can thwart even the most enthusiastic of individuals.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume was published to be used as the textbook for the Short Course on Fe-Ti Oxides: Their Petrologic and Magnetic Significance, held May 24-27, 1991, organized by B.R. Frost, D.H. Lindsley, and SK Banerjee and jointly sponsored by the Mineralogical Society of America and the American Geophysical Union. It has been fourteen and a half years since the last MSA Short Course on Oxide Minerals and the appearance of Volume 3 of Reviews in Mineralogy. Much progress has been made in the interim. This is particularly evident in the coverage of the thermodynamic properties of oxide minerals: nothing in Volume 3, while in contrast, Volume 25 has three chapters (6, 7, and 8) presenting various aspects of the thermodynamics of oxide minerals; and other chapters (9, 11, 12) build extensively on thermodynamic models. The coverage of magnetic properties has also been considerably expanded (Chapters 4, 8, and 14). Finally, the interaction of oxides and silicates is emphasized in Chapters 9, 11, 12, 13, and 14. One of the prime benefits of Reviews in Mineralogy has been that any scientist can afford to have it at his or her fingertips. Because Volume 3 is out of print and will not be readily available to newcomers to our science, as much as possible we have tried to make Volume 25 a replacement for, rather than a supplement to, the earlier volume. Chapters on crystal chemistry, phase equilibria, and oxide minerals in both igneous and metamorphic rocks have been rewritten or extensively revised. The well received photographs of oxide textures in Volume 3 have been collected and expanded into a "Mini-Atlas" In Volume 25. Topics that receive less attention than in the earlier volume are oxides in lunar rocks and meteorites, and the manganese minerals. We hope that the new volume will tum out to be as useful as the previous one was.

Description / Table of Contents: The Mineralogical Society of America sponsored a short course on Contact Metamorphism, October 17-19, 1991, at the Pala Mesa Resort, Fallbrook, California, prior to its annual meeting with the Geological Society of America. As reviewed in Chapter 1, contact aureoles have unique attributes for elucidating the processes and controls of metamorphism. Within the last two decades there has been considerable evolution in our knowledge of metamorphism. This evolution spans a wide range of scales from submicroscopic analysis of grain boundaries through to regional scale analysis of contact metamorphism associated with batholith terrains. Geological sciences is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary in nature. Traditionally, contact aureoles were primarily studied by metamorphic petrologists. Their mapping of isograds and mineral zones in aureoles, coupled with microscopic analysis of the prograde metamorphic evolution of textures, structures and mineralogy, has provided an excellent framework for our understanding of contact metamorphism. However, complete understanding of the processes and controls of contact metamorphism requires a multidisciplinary analysis from a wide range of geological subdisciplines. This volume provides a multidisciplinary review of our current knowledge of contact metamorphism. As in any field of endeavor, we are provided with new questions, thereby dictating future directions of study. Hopefully, this volume will provide inspiration and direction for future research on contact metamorphism.

Description / Table of Contents: Volume 13 of Reviews in Mineralogy presented much of our present-day knowledge of micas. At the time of that volume (1984), I mentioned that there was too much material available to attempt to cover all of the hydrous phyllosilicates in one volume. The micas were treated first because of their abundance in nature and the fact that more detailed studies had been carried out on them than on the rest of the phyllosilicates. The serpentines, kaolins, smectites, chlorites, etc. would have to wait their turn. Now, four years later, that tum has come. Hence the peculiar nature of the title of this volume. We know less about the rest of the phyllosilicates than we do about the micas, primarily because many of them are of finer grain sizes and lower crystallinities than most of the micas. As a result, we have been unable to determine as much detail regarding their structures, crystal chemistries, and origins. Nevertheless, there is a considerable body of literature about them, and this volume will attempt to collate and evaluate that literature. One compensating factor that has helped greatly in the accumulation of knowledge about these minerals is that some of them occur in large deposits that are of great economic value and thus stimulate interest. For this reason considerable emphasis in this volume will be related to the occurrence, origin, and petrology of the minerals. S. W. Bailey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA September 1,1988 The authors of this volume presented a short course by the same title to about 120 participants in Denver, Colorado, October 29-30,1988, just prior to the 100th anniversary meeting of the Geological Society of America. S. W. ("Bull") Bailey convened the course and edited this volume, his second for Reviews in Mineralogy. Because he is retiring at the end of this academic year after 38 years' teaching at the University of Wisconsin (Madison), his colleagues, friends and I (a diligent student of "Bull" thirty years ago) agreed that it would be appropriate to dedicate this volume to him, odd though it seems to have him editing a book honoring himself. He had no advance knowledge of this dedication.

Description / Table of Contents: This is a book exclusively devoted to three minerals: the Al2SiO5 polymorphs - andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite. This may seem to be narrowly focused and esoteric. However, as discussed in Chapter 1, the aluminum silicate polymorphs are perhaps the most important mineral group to metamorphic petrologists. Because these minerals occur in anatectic migmatites and peraluminous granitoids, they are also important in igneous petrology. In spite of their geologic significance, there are a variety of experimental, theoretical, and field problems involving the aluminum silicates. Theoretical problems include the nature and energetics of lattice defects, order/disorder, crystalline (solid) solution, and interfacial energy. The aluminum silicates epitomize the importance of understanding the mechanisms and kinetics of heterogeneous metamorphic reactions. The difficulties in calibration of the pressure-temperature (P- T) phase equilibrium diagram illustrate the pitfalls of hydrothermal experimentation and the need to understand the methodology and uncertainties of calorimetric measurements of thermodynamic data of minerals. Thus, this book covers a wide variety of topics that must be considered in the analysis of metamorphic systems. In so doing, this volume illustrates the fact that modern metamorphic petrology demands an awareness of a wide spectrum of geologic variables and processes. In concert with the tenor of the Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy series, this volume is intended to provide a comprehensive review, summarizing the methods, theories and pitfalls of the various contributions on the aluminum silicates. Hopefully, this book will provide readers with a reasonably in-depth overview, and thus avoid the need for extensive, independent literature reviews. Although a concerted effort was made to give a balanced coverage of divergent theories regarding various problems involving the aluminum silicates, this critique nevertheless includes some of the author's biases. Several sections of this book present the chronological development of research on various topics, giving readers historical perspectives on the development of theories, models and biases on various problems regarding the aluminum silicates. As in all fields, several landmark studies have set the tone for the strategy of approach to problems. Although such studies have provided important steps forward in our understanding of natural phenomena, they have had the undesirable effect of entrenching biases and methodology. In this volume I have attempted to point out the deleterious effects of certain parochial approaches, an example being the aluminum immobility concept discussed in Chapter 10. In addition to their primary importance in metamorphic petrology, the aluminum silicates illustrate a wide variety of experimental, theoretical, and experimental problems. Because the Al2SiO5 polymorphs alone offer a pedagogic illustration of many important principles of modern metamorphic petrology.

Description / Table of Contents: The Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) sponsored a short course by this title December 1990 at the Cathedral Hill Hotel in San Francisco, California. It was organized by the editors, Jim Nicholls and Kelly Russell, and presented by the authors of this volume to about 80 participants in conjunction with the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union. Igneous petrology, in its broadest applications, treats the transfer of matter and energy from planetary interiors to their exteriors. Over the past several decades igneous petrology has gained sophistication in three areas that deal with such transfers: the properties of silicate melts and solids can be estimated as functions of pressure, temperature and composition; some results of experimental and theoretical studies of the physics of multiphase flow are available; and many of the algorithms for realistically modeling magmatic processes are in place. Each of these fields of study, to some extent, have to be pursued independently. In our opinion, now is an ideal time to collect some features of these studies as preparation for more integrated future work and to show some consequences of applying current ideas to the study of igneous processes. We have attempted to bring together the basic data and fundamental theoretical constraints on magmatic processes with applications to specific problems in igneous petrology.

Description / Table of Contents: This book and accompanying MSA short course was first considered in 1987 in response to what seemed to be a growing interest in the chemical reactions that take place at mineral-water interfaces. Now, in 1990, this area of work is firmly established as one of the major directions in mineralogical and geochemical research (see Chapter 1). We believe that there are two major reasons for this. The first is that there is a growing awareness within various earth science disciplines that interface chemistry is very important in many natural processes, i.e., these processes cannot be adequately described, much less understood, unless the role of interface chemistry is carefully considered. Perhaps the best illustration of this increase in awareness is the diverse backgrounds of the scientists who will be attending the short course. Participants have research interests in aqueous and environmental geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology, and crystallography. In the final list of participants, one-quarter are from outside the United States, and include scientists from Australia, Canada, England, France, Israel, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. The second reason that this field is one of the major new research directions in the earth sciences is because many methods, both experimental and theoretical, have relatively recently become available to study mineral surfaces and mineral-water interfaces. Many important spectroscopic techniques now used routinely to characterize surfaces and interfaces were not available twenty years ago, and some were not available just five years ago. To emphasize the importance of these methods, two Nobel prizes were awarded in the 1980's to the developers of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We have directed ourselves and the other authors of this book to follow the general guidelines of writing for "Reviews in Mineralogy". However, for the subject of mineral-water interface geochemistry, this is not easy because the field is far from mature. Several chapters are not reviews in the traditional sense in that they cover research that is relatively recent for which a considerable amount of work remains. In any case, we believe that this book describes most of the important concepts and contributions that have driven mineral-water interface geochemistry to its present state. We begin in Chapter 1 with examples of the global importance of mineral-water interface reactions and a brief review of the contents of the entire book. Thereafter, we have divided the book into four sections, including atomistic approaches (Chapters 2- 3), adsorption (Chapters 4-8), precipitation and dissolution (Chapters 9-11), and oxidation-reduction reactions (Chapters 11-14).

Description / Table of Contents: This volume of Reviews in Mineralogy attempts to synthesize our present understanding of certain aspects of the mineralogy and chemistry of the rock-forming carbonates. Hopefully, it reflects the presently more active areas of research. This review follows, by ten years, a major assessment of (sedimentary) carbonate minerals by Lippmann (1973). There is only minor overlap of subject material, and I hope that this difference reflects fairly how this field has developed. In some respects carbonates are unique, for they are one of the few mineral groups providing an abundant record of biological, physical, and chemical processes throughout much of geologic time. Because of their relative importance in sedimentary rocks, lowtemperature examples are given more emphasis here. Moreover, the obvious correlation with energy resources has been a significant factor contributing to the current resurgence of interest in this area. However, the broader interest in carbonates is also a reflection of their widespread occurrence in vastly different geologic environments, including metamorphic and igneous settings, as well as an appreciation of their role in both atmospheric and oceanic chemistry, both past and present. In this volume, some of the papers are general (i.e., those addressing crystal chemistry and phase relations), and they provide overviews of a fundamental nature and are of interest to many. Others are more specialized in coverage and generally reflect the different approaches used in carbonate geochemistry. The final chapter introduces transmission electron microscopy, a relatively new and powerful technique for mineralogical research that has great potential in carbonate research. Owing to the short time interval between the completion of manuscripts and publication, much of the newer material in this volume is still "fresh." The various reviewers, all gratefully acknowledged, were expeditious in their efforts. A hurried schedule, however, allows for unnoticed errors to persist; these should be brought to my attention. PREFACE TO THE SECOND PRINTING Interest in carbonate research has continued at an ever-hurried pace since this book was first printed. While the individual chapters could not be revised in this second printing to include the many new findings, a partial listing of noteworthy papers that have since appeared are given in an Appendix at the end of the volume (p. 395-399). These papers are arranged by chapters corresponding roughly to the subject area discussed. In addition, incomplete references from the first printing are listed in this appendix. The assistance of the authors and especially of Paul Ribbe is greatly appreciated.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is written with two goals in mind. The first is to derive the 32 crystallographic point groups, the 14 Bravais lattice types and the 230 crystallographic space group types. The second is to develop the mathematical tools necessary for these derivations in such a manner as to lay the mathematical foundation needed to solve numerous basic problems in crystallography and to avoid extraneous discourses. To demonstrate how these tools can be employed, a large number of examples are solved and problems are given. The book is, by and large, self-contained. In particular, topics usually omitted from the traditional courses in mathematics that are essential to the study of crystallography are discussed. For example, the techniques needed to work in vector spaces with noncartesian bases are developed. Unlike the traditional group-theoretical approach, isomorphism is not the essential ingredient in crystallographic classification schemes. Because alternative classification schemes must be used, the notions of equivalence relations and classes which are fundamental to such schemes are defined, discussed and illustrated. For example, we will find that the classification of the crystallographic space groups into the traditional 230 types is defined in terms of their matrix representations. Therefore, the derivation of these groups from the point groups will be conducted using the 37 distinct matrix groups rather than the 32 point groups they represent. We have been greatly influenced by two beautiful books. Hermann Heyl's book entitled Symmetry based on his lectures at Princeton University gives a wonderful development of the point groups as well as an elegant exposition of symmetry in art and nature. Fredrik W. H. Zachariasen's book entitled Theory of X-ray Diffraction in Crystals presents important insights on the derivation of the Bravais lattice types and the crystallographic space groups. These two books provided the basis for many of the ideas developed in this book. The theorems, examples, definitions and corollaries are labelled sequentially as a group whereas the problems are labelled separately as a group as are the equations. The manner in which these are labelled is self-explanatory. For example, T4.15 refers to Theorem (T) 15 in Chapter 4 while DAl.l refers to Definition (D) 1 in Appendix (A) 1. We have strived to write this book so that it is self-teaching. The reader is encouraged to attempt to solve the examples before appealing to the solution presented and to work all of the problems. Preface to the Revised Edition of Mathematical Crystallography In the Revised Edition we have corrected the errors, misprints and omissions that we have found and our students and other users have kindly pointed out to us. The Revised Edition also includes a more comprehensive index and a set of solutions for all of the problems presented in the book.

Description / Table of Contents: When Van't Hoff calculated the effect of solution composition on the gypsum-anhydrite transition a century ago, he solved a significant geochemical problem (Hardie, 1967). Other well known examples of the early use of chemical thermodynamics in geology are Bowen's calculations of the plagioclase melting loop and the diopside-anorthite eutectic (Bowen, 1913, 1928). Except for a few specialists, however, these techniques were largely ignored by earth scientists during the first half of the 20th century. The situation changed dramatically by the 1950's when more and better thermodynamic data on geologic materials became available, and when thermodynamic arguments of increasing sophistication began to permeate the petrologic and geochemical literature. This rejuvenation was spearheaded by D.S. Korzhinskii, H. Ramberg, J.B. Thompson, J. Verhoogen and others. Today a graduating petrologist or geochemist can be expected to have a thorough grounding in geological thermodynamics. Rapid intellectual growth in a field brings with it the difficulty of keeping abreast of parallel and diverging specialties. In order to alleviate this problem, we asked a group of active researchers to contribute up-to-date summaries relating to their specialties in the thermodynamic modeling of geological materials, in particular minerals, fluids and melts. Whereas each of these topics could fill a book, by covering the whole range we hope to emphasize similarities as much as differences in the treatment of various materials. For instance, there are useful parallels to be noted between Margules parameters and Pitzer coefficients. The emphasis here is on modeling, after the required data have been collected, and the approach ranges form theoretical to empirical. We deliberately imposed few restrictions on the authors. Some chose to interpret modeling in the rigorous thermodynamic sense, while others approached their topics from more general geochemical viewpoints. We hope that any lack of unity and balance is compensated for by a collection of lively and idiosyncratic essays in which students and professionals will find new ideas and helpful hints. If the selection appears tilted towards fluids, it is because other recent summaries have emphasized minerals and melts. The editors and authors of this volume presented a short course, entitled "Thermodynamic Modeling of Geological Materials: Minerals, Fluids amd Melts," October 22-25, 1987, at the Wickenburg Inn near Phoenix, Arizona.

Description / Table of Contents: Both mineralogy and geology began as macroscopic observational sciences. Toward the end of the 19th century, theoretical crystallography began to examine the microscopic consequences of translational symmetry, and with the advent of crystal structure analysis at the beginning of this century, the atomic (crystal) structure of minerals became accessible to us. Almost immediately, the results were used to explain at the qualitative level many of the macroscopic physical properties of minerals. However, it was soon realized that the (static) arrangement of atoms in a mineral is only one aspect of its constitution. Also of significance are its vibrational characteristics, electronic structure and magnetic properties, factors that play an even more important role when we come to consider the behavior of the minerals in dynamic processes. It was as probes of these types of properties that spectroscopy began to playa significant role in mineralogy. During the 1960's, a major effort in mineralogy involved the characterization of cation ordering in minerals, and this work began to have an impact in petrology via the thermodynamic modeling of inter- and intra-crystalline exchange. This period saw great expansion in the use of vibrational, optical and Mossbauer spectroscopies for such work. This trend continued into the 1970s, with increasing realization that adequate characterization of the structural chemistry of a mineral often requires several complementary spectroscopic and diffraction techniques. The last decade has seen the greatest expansion in the use of spectroscopy in the Earth Sciences. There has been a spate of new techniques (Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure and other synchrotron related techniques) and application of other more established methods (inelastic neutron scattering, Auger spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy). Furthermore, scientific attention has been focused more on processes than on crystalline minerals, and the materials of interest have expanded to include glasses, silicate melts, gels, poorly-crystalline and amorphous phases, hydrothermal solutions and aqueous fluids. In addition, many of the important intereactions occur at surfaces or near surfaces, and consequently it is not just the properties and behavior of the bulk materials that are relevant. This is an exciting time to be doing Earth Sciences, particularly as the expansion in spectroscopic techniques and applications is enabling us to look at geochemical and geophysical processes in a much more fundamental way than was previously possible. However, the plethora of techniques is very forbidding to the neophyte, whether a graduate student or an experienced scientist from another field. There are an enormous number of texts in the field of spectroscopy. However, very few have a slant towards geological materials, and virtually none stress the integrated multi-technique approach that is necessary for use in geochemical and geophysical problems. I hope that this volume will fill this gap and provide a general introduction to the use of spectroscopic techniques in Earth Sciences. I thank all of the authors for trying to meet most of the deadlines associated with the production of this volume. It is my opinion that the primary function of this volume (and its associated Short Course) is instructive. With this in mind, I also thank each of the authors for the additional effort necessary to write a (relatively) brief but clear introduction to a very complex subject, and for good-humoredly accepting my requests to include more explanation and shorten their manuscripts. The authors of this volume presented a short course, entitled "Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology", May 13-15, 1988, in Hunt Valley, Maryland. The course was sandwiched between the first V.M. Goldschmidt-Conference, organized by the Geochemical Society and held at Hunt Valley, and the spring meeting of the American Geophysical Union, held in Baltimore.

Description / Table of Contents: Unlike sedimentation and volcanism, active metamorphism is not directly observable. Metamorphic petrologists therefore must infer what constitutes the process of metamorphism by examining the products of metamorphic events. The purpose of this volume is to review the use of a powerful probe into metamorphic process: mineral assemblages and the composition of minerals. Put very simply, this volume attempts to answer the question: "What can we learn about metamorphism through the study of minerals in metamorphic rocks?" It is not an encyclopedic summary of metamorphic mineral assemblages; instead it attempts to present basic research strategies and examples of their application. Moreover, in order to limit and unify the subject matter, it concentrates on the chemical aspects of metamorphism and regrettably ignores other important kinds of studies of metamorphic rocks and minerals conducted by structural geologists, structural petrologists, and geophysicists. An overview of the chemical aspects of modern metamorphic petrology is timely because it brings together three areas of research which have reached maturity only in the last 25 years: (1) chemical analysis of minerals by microanalytical techniques; (2) application of reversible and irreversible thermodynamics to petrology; and (3) laboratory phase equilibrium experiments involving metamorphic minerals. Chemical thermodynamics is the formal mathematical framework which links measurable variables (i.e., mineral composition) to metamorphic variables which cannot be directly measured (i.e., chemical potential, pressure, temperature, fluid composition). Results of phase equilibrium studies involving metamorphic minerals at metamorphic pressures and temperatures (together with calorimetric and heat capacity data) permit these links to be quantitative. It is the union of analysis, theory, and laboratory experiment which allows the modern metamorphic petrologist to make sophisticated inferences about conditions of metamorphism and the factors which control these conditions. This union is the principal subject of the volume. The volume is organized much in the same way that one might approach a research project involving metamorphic rocks. Initially those chemical components which characterize the composition of minerals in the assemblages under consideration must be identified. In addition, the reaction relationships among components must be systematically characterized. The reaction relationships rationalize the prograde changes in mineralogy which rocks experience during metamorphism and, furthermore, form the basis for extracting information about intensive variables during metamorphism. Chapters 1-3 summarize strategies for identifying components in metamorphic minerals and for formulating chemical reactions among them. Chapter 4 develops, from classical thermodynamics, those equations which can be used to explicitly relate mineral composition to other variables of interest such as metamorphic pressure, temperature, and chemical potentials of volatile species in any metamorphic fluid phase. Chapter 5 is specifically devoted to geologic thermometry and barometry, and Chapter 6 reviews strategies for the determination of metamorphic fluid composition. Petrologists should not be content with simply calculating and cataloguing values of metamorphic pressure, temperature, and fluid composition. In order to characterize the process of metamorphism, we must try to understand what controls these measured values and the manner in which they evolve during metamorphism both as rocks are heated and buried and as rocks are cooled and uplifted. Chapter 7 explores how two concepts buffering and infiltration -- can act as general controls on fluid composition, mineral composition, and temperature during metamorphic events. In addition, this chapter develops procedures which can be used to evaluate the relative importance of buffering versus infiltration in the evolution of specific rocks. Chapter 8 demonstrates how integrated petrologic and stable isotope studies may be used, in principle, to reconstruct the prograde pressure-temperature-infiltration history of metamorphic rocks. Chapter 9 discusses the use of mineral inclusions and compositional zoning in minerals in evaluating both prograde and post-peak P-T paths of certain mineral assemblages. In addition, compositional zoning is considered as an indicator of cooling rates during post-peak uplift. Thus between Chapter I and Chapter 9 we go from the first step of describing a metamorphic mineral assemblage through a reconstruction of the physical state in which it crystallized to an analysis of what factors controlled that state and how it evolved with time. The contents of the volume reflect two themes which underlie modern research in metamorphic petrology. The first of these is an ever-increasing emphasis on the quantitative characterization of metamorphism. Current research less involves description and classification than calculation of intensive and extensive variables attained during metatamorphism. This volume hopefully serves as a text in the quantitative study of the chemical aspects of metamorphism. As a corollary to the emphasis placed on quantitative methods, we can see increasing attention paid to analytical as opposed to graphical treatments of mineral equilibria. Graphical representations, while undeniably valuable, can consider two (or at most three) independent variables. Analytical treatment of mineral equilibria is attractive because it rigorously keeps track of all variables pertinent to an equilibrium assemblage. The second theme is an increasing interest in the dynamics of metamorphism. Metamorphism obviously is not a static process -- it involves changes in pressure, temperature, mineral and fluid composition, etc. The classical static approach to quantitative metamorphic petrology, though, searches for the physical conditions of a unique pressure-temperature state which a rock or mineral assemblage records. Mineral equilibria are used to estimate single values of pressure, temperature, and fluid composition -- a sort of snapshot of what conditions were like. If mineral assemblages indeed represent a fossilized metamorphic state, then calculated P, T, Xi' however, simply represent a single point along the P-T-Xi-time path which a rock followed during metamorphism. Chapters 2, 7, 8, and 9 reflect an increasing interest among petrologists in the entire P-T-Xi-time path (or at least in more than one point along it). We can expect to see less satisfaction in the future with the snapshot model of metamorphism and more effort devoted to characterizing metamorphism as a dynamic process. Thus the volume not only summarizes time-honored current practices in quantitative metamorphic petrology, but hopefully also identifies some paths which may be followed in the future.

Description / Table of Contents: The development of modern isotope geochemistry is without doubt attributed to the efforts, begun in the 1930's and 1940's, of Harold Urey (Columbia University and the University of Chicago) and Alfred O.C. Nier (University of Minnesota). Urey provided the ideas, theoretical foundation, the drive, and the enthusiasm, but none of this would have made a major impact on Earth Sciences without the marvelous instrument developed by Nier and later modified and improved upon by Urey, Epstein, McKinney, and McCrea at the University of Chicago. Harold Urey's interest in isotope chemistry goes back to the late 1920's when he and I.I. Rabi returned from Europe and established themselves at Columbia to introduce the then brand-new concepts of quantum mechanics to students in the United States. Urey, of course, rapidly made an impact with his discovery of deuterium in 1932, the 'magical' year in which the neutron and positron were also discovered. Urey followed up his initial important discovery with many other experimental and theoretical contributions to isotope chemistry. During this period, Al Nier developed the most sophisticated mass spectrometer then available anywhere in the world, and made a series of surveys of the isotopic ratios of as many elements as he could. Through these studies, which were carried out mainly to obtain accurate atomic weights of the various elements, Nier and his co-workers clearly demonstrated that there were some fairly large variations in the isotopic ratios of the lighter elements. However, the first inkling of a true application to the Earth Sciences didn't come until 1946 when Urey presented his Royal Society of London lecture on 'The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances' (now a classic paper referenced in most of the published papers on stable isotope geochemistry). With the information discovered by Nier and his co-workers that limestones were about 3 percent richer in 18O than ocean water, and with his calculations of the temperature coefficient for the isotope exchange reaction between CaCO3 and H2O, Urey realized that it might be possible to apply these concepts to determining the paleotemperatures of the oceans. Urey was never one to overlook important scientific problems, regardless of the field of scientific inquiry involved. In fact, he always admonished his students to 'work only on truly important problems!' Urey, then a Professor at the University of Chicago, decided to take a hard look into the experimental problems of developing an oxygen isotope paleotemperature scale. Although the necessary accuracy had not yet been attained, the design of the Nier instrument seemed to offer a good possibility, with suitable modifications, of making the kinds of precise measurements necessary for a sufficiently accurate determination of the 18O/16O ratios of both CaCO3 (limestone) and ocean water. Enormous efforts would be required to do this, because even if all the mass spectrometric problems could be solved, every analytical and experimental procedure would have to be invented from scratch, including the experimental calibration of the temperature coefficient of the equilibrium fractionation factor between calcite and water at low temperatures. To carry out this formidable study, Urey gathered around himself a remarkable group of students, postdoctoral fellows, and technicians, as well as his paleontologist colleague Heinz Lowenstam. With Sam Epstein at the center of the effort and acting as the principal driving force, the rest, as they say, 'is history.' The marvelous nature of the Nier-Urey mass spectrometer is attested to by the fact that the basic design is still being used, and that there are now hundreds of laboratories throughout the world where this kind of work is being done. For example, the original instrument built by Sam Epstein and Chuck McKinney at Caltech in 1953 is still in use and has to date produced more than 90,000 analyses. University, government, and industrial laboratories have found these instruments to be an indispensable tool. Enormous and widely varying application of the original concepts have been made throughout the whole panoply of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. In the present volume we concentrate on an important sub-field of this effort. That particular sub-field was inaugurated in Urey's laboratories at Chicago by Peter Baertschi and Sol Silverman, who developed the fluorination technique for extracting oxygen from silicate rocks and minerals. This technique was later refined and improved in the late 1950's by Sam Epstein, Hugh Taylor, Bob Clayton, and Toshiko Mayeda, and has become the prime analytical method for studying the oxygen isotope composition of rocks and minerals. The original concepts and potentialities of high-temperature oxygen isotope geochemistry were developed by Samuel Epstein and his first student, Bob Clayton. Also, Bob Clayton, A.E.J. Engel, and Sam Epstein carried out the first application of these techniques to the study of ore deposits. The first useful experimental calibrations of the high-temperature oxygen isotope geothermometers quartz-calcite-magnetite-H2O were carried out initially by Bob Clayton, and later with his first student Jim O'Neil. In the meantime, Sam Epstein and his second student, Hugh Taylor, had begun a systematic study of 18O/16O variations in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and were the first to point out the regular order of 18O/16O fractionations among coexisting minerals, as well as their potential use as geochemical tracers of petrologic processes. During this period, a parallel development of sulfur isotope geochemistry was being carried out by Harry Thode and his group at McMaster University in Canada. They developed all the mass spectrometric and extraction techniques for this element, and also provided the theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding the equilibrium and kinetic isotope chemistry of sulfur. Starting from these beginnings, most of which took place either at the University of Chicago, Caltech, or McMaster University (but also with important input from Irving Friedman's laboratory at the U.S. Geological Survey, from Athol Rafter's laboratory in New Zealand, and from Columbia, Penn State, and the Vernadsky Institute in Moscow), there followed during the decades of the late 60's, 70's, and early 80's the development and maturing of the sub-field of high-temperature stable isotope geochemistry. This discipline is now recognized as an indispensable adjunct to all studies of igneous and metamorphic rocks and meteorites, particularly in cases where fluid-rock interactions are a major focus of the study. The twin sciences of ore deposits and the study of hydrothermal systems, both largely concerned with such fluid-rock interactions, have been profoundly and completely transformed. Virtually no issue of Economic Geology now appears without 3 or 4 papers dealing with stable isotope variations. No one writes papers on the development of the hydrosphere, hydrothermal alteration, ore deposits, melt-fluid-solid interactions, etc. without taking into account the ideas and concepts of stable isotope geochemistry. Although the present volume represents only a first effort to fill the need for a general survey of this sub-field for students and for workers in other disciplines, and although it is still obviously not completely comprehensive, it should give the interested student an idea of the present 'state-of-the-art' in the field. It should also provide an entry into the pertinent literature, as well as some understanding of the basic concepts and potential applications. Some thought went into the arrangement and choice of chapters for this volume. The first three chapters focus on the theory and experimental data base for equilibrium, disequilibrium, and kinetics of stable isotope exchange reactions among geologically important minerals and fluids. The fourth chapter discusses the primordial oxygen isotope variations in the solar system prior to formation of the Earth, along with a discussion of isotopic anomalies in meteorites. The fifth chapter discusses isotopic variations in the Earth's mantle and the sixth chapter reviews the variations in the isotopic compositions of natural waters on our planet. In Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10, these isotopic constraints and concepts are applied to various facets of the origin and evolution of igneous rocks, bringing in much material on radiogenic isotopes as well, because these problems require a multi-dimensional attack for their solution. In Chapters 11 and 12, the problems of hydrothermal alteration by meteoric waters and ocean water are considered, together with discussions of the physics and chemistry of hydrothermal systems and the 18O/16O history of ocean water. Finally, in Chapters 13 and 14, these concepts are applied to problems of metamorphic petrology and ore deposits, particularly with respect to the origins of the fluids involved in those processes. It seems clear to us (the editors) that this sub-field of stable isotope geochemistry can only grow and become even more pertinent and dominant in the future. One of the most fruitful areas to pursue is the development of microanalytical techniques so that isotopic analyses can be accurately determined on ever smaller and smaller samples. Such techniques would open up vast new territories for exploitation in every aspect of stable isotope geochemistry. Exciting new methods have recently been developed whereby a few micromoles of CO2 and SO2 can be liberated for isotopic analyses from polished sections of carbonates and sulfides by laser impact. There are also new developments in mass spectrometry like RIMS (resonance ionization mass spectrometry), Fourier transform mass spectrometry and the ion microprobe that offer considerable promise for these purposes. Stable isotope analyses of large-sized samples (even those that must be obtained by reactions of silicates with fluorinating reagents) have now become so routine and so rapid that they represent an 'easy' way to gather a lot of data in a hurry. In fact 'mass production' techniques for rapidly processing samples are starting to become prevalent, so much so that one of the biggest worries in the future may be that a flood of data will overwhelm us and outstrip our abilities to carefully define and carry out sampling strategies, as well as to think carefully and in depth about the data. An organized system of handling the D/H, 13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/16O, and 34S/32S data, and/or a computerized data base that could be manipulated and added to would be a useful path to follow in the future, particularly if it were integrated into a larger data base containing radiogenic isotope data, major- and trace-element analyses, electron microprobe data, x-ray crystallographic data, and petrographic data (particularly modal data on mineral abundances in the rocks).

Description / Table of Contents: The purpose of this short course is to examine the relations among the microscopic structure of minerals and their macroscopic thermodynamic properties. Understanding the micro-to-macro relations provides a rigorous theoretical foundation for formulation of energy relations. With such a foundation, measured parameters can be understood, and extrapolation and prediction of thermodynamic properties beyond the range of measurement can be done with more confidence than if only empirical relations are used. Mineral systems are sufficiently complex in structure and properties that a balance must be sought between rigorous complexity and useless simplicity. Eventually, even the most rigorous thermodynamic analysis requires simplifying assumptions in order to be tractable for complex minerals, and a firm foundation in the microscopic fundamentals should underlie those assumptions. The most fundamental questions of mineral physics and chemistry are "What minerals exist under given constraints of pressure, temperature, and composition, and why?" The macroscopic thermodynamic parameter defining mineral stability at a given pressure and temperature is the Gibbs free energy. The purpose of this course is to consider the microscopic factors that influence the free energy of minerals: atomic environments, bonding, and crystal structure. These factors influence the structural energy and the detailed nature of the lattice vibrations which are an important source of entropy and enthalpy at temperatures greater than 0 K. The same factors determine the relative energy of different phases, and thereby; the relative stability of different minerals. Configurational entropy terms arising from disorder also contribute to the energy and entropy. In transition metal compounds there are additional energy and entropy terms arising from the electronic configurations, leading to additional stabilizations, magnetic ordering, and, incidentally, color. Organized by Sue Kieffer and Alex Navrotsky, the course was presented by the ten authors of this book on the campus of Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland. This was the second of MSA's short courses to be given in conjunction with meetings of the American Geophysical Union.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume of was prepared in conjunction with the Mineralogical Society of America Short Course on Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles, Fall, 1981. Had it not been split into two volumes, 9A and 9B, it would have resembled in some respects the Manhattan telephone directory (it is hoped, however, that the content is more readable and relevant to the geological sciences). The length of this collection of papers appears to result from a combination of phenomena. The amphiboles themselves must accept most of the blame: their structural complexity and resulting chemical variability and diversity of petrologic behavior preclude brief description. In addition, while some of these papers are relatively brief summaries of the published literature that easily and quickly can be consumed by students, others are exhaustive (and lengthy) discourses that may not be digestible in one sitting by even the most dedicated amphibole researcher. Finally, it appears that some geologists, probably with justification, love amphiboles so much that they would never have stopped writing had there been no publication deadline. The extremely short time between the preparation of papers and publication of Reviews in Mineralogy and the authors' intimate knowledge of their fields ensure that the papers reflect the very latest in research results. The rapid production of the "Reviews," however, inevitably results in a few errors that might be caught in a more leisurely publication process; the editors apologize for any such errors that are included in this volume. In addition, the sequence of presentation of papers reflects not only the editors' notions of order in the amphibole universe, but also somewhat the order in which papers were received. Although a collection of reviews of this sort cannot claim to give exhaustive coverage to all aspects of a topic, it is hoped that the papers presented here do review most of the important areas of active amphibole research. The papers have been split in a somewhat arbitrary fashion into Volume 9A, Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles - Mineralogy, and Volume 9B, Amphiboles: Petrology and Experimental Phase Relations. Everyone is encouraged to purchase both volumes, however, because there is a hefty dose of petrology in 9A (witness the paper by Thompson, for example) and not a little mineralogy in 9B.