ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 What is science?. - 3 Choices, choices, choices. - 4 The adviser and thesis committee. - 5 Questions drive research. - 6 Giving direction to our work. - 7 Turning challenges into opportunities. - 8 Ethics of research. - 9 Using the scientific literature. - 10 Communication. - 11 Publishing a paper. - 12 Time management. - 13 Writing proposals. - 14 The scientific career. - 15 Applying for a job. - 16 Concluding remarks. - Appendix A. Futher reading. - Appendix B. A sample curriculum. - Appendix C. The Refer and BibTeX format. - References. - About the authors. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 The meteorology of monsoons. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Meteorology of the tropics. - 1.3 The Indian Ocean monsoon system. - 1.4 Theory of monsoons. - 2 Controls on the Asian monsoon over tectonic timescales. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 The influence of Tibet. - 2.3 Oceanic controls on monsoon intensity. - 2.4 Summary. - 3 Monsoon evolution on tectonic timescales. - 3.1 Proxies for monsoon intensity. - 3.2 Monsoon reconstruction by oceanic upwelling. - 3.3 Continental climate records. - 3.4 Eolian dust records. - 3.5 Evolving flora of East Asia. - 3.6 History of Western Pacific Warm Pool and the Monsoon. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 Monsoon evolution on orbital timescales. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Orbital controls on monsoon strength. - 4.3 Eolian records in North-east Asia. - 4.4 Monsoon records from cave deposits. - 4.5 Monsoon variability recorded in ice caps. - 4.6 Monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments. - 4.7 Salinity records in marine sediments. - 4.8 Pollen records in marine sediments. - 4.9 Paleoproductivity as an indicator of monsoon strength. - 4.10 The Early Holocene monsoon. - 4.11 Mid–Late Holocene monsoon. - 4.12 Summary. - 5 Erosional impact of the Asian monsoon. - 5.1 Monsoon and oceanic strontium. - 5.2 Reconstructing erosion records. - 5.3 Reconstructing exhumation. - 5.4 Estimating marine sediment budgets. - 5.5 Erosion in Indochina. - 5.6 Erosion in other regions. - 5.7 Monsoon rains in Oman. - 5.8 Changes in monsoon-driven erosion on orbital timescales. - 5.9 Tectonic impact of monsoon strengthening. - 5.10 Climatic control over Himalaya exhumation. - 5.11 Summary. - 6 The Late Holocene monsoon and human society. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Holocene climate change and the Fertile Crescent. - 6.3 Holocene climate change and the Indus Valley. - 6.4 Holocene climate change and early Chinese cultures. - 6.5 Monsoon developments since 1000 AD. - 6.6 Monsoon and religion. - 6.7 Impacts of future monsoon evolution. - 6.8 Summary. - References. - Further reading. - Index.

Note: Contents Foreword by the Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, OM, PC, FRS Preface A note for the reader 1 Introduction Endnote 2 The science of the early explorations 2.1 The scientific and technological background 2.2 Edmond Halley 2.3 Terra Australis lncognita and the theoretical geographers 2.4 The voyages of James Cook 2.5 The voyage of Thaddeus Bellingshausen 2.6 Explorations by sealers 2. 7 William Scores by: pioneer polar scientist Endnotes 3 The national expeditions of 1828 to 1843 3.1 The scientific and social background 3.2 The United States exploring expedition 3.3 The French expedition 3.4 Geodesy and the visit of HMS Chanticleer to Deception Island 3.5 'The magnetic crusade' 3.6 The Antarctic voyage of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror 3.7 Comment on the mid-nineteenth century expeditions Endnotes 4 Averted interest and consolidation 4.1 The mid-nineteenth century view of Antarctica 4.2 Maury's campaign for an expedition south 4.3 The rise of oceanography and Challenger's incursion into Antarctic waters 4.4 Neumayer and the growth of German interest in the Antarctic 4.5 Weyprecht and the First International Polar Year 4.6 Reconnaissances by whalers 4.7 Growing interest among scientists 4.8 The voyages of the Belgica, Valdivia and Southern Cross 4.9 Naval tradition versus science: the Discovery expedition 4.10 The Gauss expedition 4.11 The Antarctica expedition 4.12 Scientific expeditions in the first quarter of the twentieth century 4.13 The coming-of-age of Antarctic science Endnotes 5 The modern period - logistics and materiel 5.1 The inter-related growth of science and technology 5.2 Development of organization: the polar institutes 5.3 The Byrd expeditions and the general introduction of technology 5.3.1 Ships 5.3.2 Electrical communication 5.3.3 Mechanized surface transport 5.3.4 Aircraft 5.3.5 Aerial photography 5.3.6 Laboratories 5.3.7 Techniques for living 5.4 Post-Second World War developments 5.5 Developments following the International Geophysical Year 5.6 Ships in the modern period 5.7 Building technology 5.8 The advent of satellites 5.9 The impact of equality of the sexes Endnotes 6 The modern period - the involvement with politics 6.1 The dependence of Antarctic science on public money 6.2 Regulating of whaling and Antarctic research 6.3 Nationalistic and imperialistic influences up to the Second World War 6.4 The Antarctic in the Second World War 6.5 The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey 6.6 The assertion of American interest 6.7 The growing problems arising from territorial claims 6.8 The International Geophysical Year 6.9 The Antarctic Treaty 6.10 The Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research 6.11 National Antarctic research organizations and operations 6.12 Private expeditions 6.13 The politics of conservation 6.14 The problems of emergencies Endnotes 7 The sciences of the Antarctic seas 7.1 The scope of the chapter 7.2 Physical oceanography at the beginning of the twentieth century 7.3 Marine biology and biological oceanography in the early twentieth century 7.4 The inter-war period and the Discovery Investigations 7.5 The impact of the Second World War on oceanography 7.6 Marine biology in the immediate post-Second World War years 7.7 Physical oceanography in the modern period: the advent of remote sensing 7.8 Studies on sea-ice and icebergs 7.9 Biological oceanography: productivity and the pelagic ecosystem 7.10 BIOMASS 7.11 Inshore marine biology Endnotes 8 The earth sciences 8.1 The geological outlook at the beginning of the twentieth century 8.2 Geological reconnaissance 8.3 Geology during and after the IGY: the dry valleys 8.4 The continental drift theory and the tectonic structure of Antarctica 8.5 The ice-cap and the land underneath it 8.6 Glaciology 8.7 Climatic history and the records in ice-cores 8.8 Meteorites on the ice-sheet 8.9 Denudation processes 8.10 Soil 8.11 Physical limnology 8.12 The wider role of geologists in Antarctica Endnotes 9 The sciences of atmosphere and geospace 9.1 The atmospheric sciences at the end of the nineteenth century 9.2 Heroic age meteorology 2 9.3 Meteorology from 1920 until the IGY 9.4 Meteorology during IGY 9.5 Post-IGY meteorology 9.6 Atmospheric chemistry: ozone 9.7 Energy balance and modelling 9.8 The beginnings of study of the upper atmosphere 9.9 The concept of geospace 9.10 Ionospherics up to the IGY 9.11 Ionospherics during the IGY 9.12 Geospace research since the IGY 9.13 Cosmic ray studies and astronomy in the Antarctic Endnotes 10 Land-based biology 10.1 The natural history of the Antarctic 10.2 The development of Antarctic biology 10.3 The physiological ecology of plants 10.4 Invertebrate ecology and physiology 10.5 Microbiology 10.6 Limnology 10.7 Ornithology 10.8 Seal studies 10.9 Conclusions Endnotes 11 Man and the Antarctic environment 11.1 Heroic age medicine 11.2 Medical research before and during the IGY 11.3 Medical and psychological research after the IGY 11.4 The International Biomedical Expedition 11.5 Sledge dog physiology 11.6 Introduced organisms 11.7 Conservation Endnotes 12 Some concluding comments 12.1 The persistent features of Antarctic science 12.2 The contribution to science in general 12.3 Arctic and Antarctic 12.4 Internationalism 12.5 Antarctic science and politics 12.6 The effects ofbureaucracy on Antarctic science 12.7 Science and the humanist view of Antarctica Endnotes 13 Postscript Endnotes References Index