ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Content: 1 Mechanical Testing of Ceramics 2 Ductile Ceramics 3 Imperfections (Defects) in Ceramics 4 Deformation in Ceramics 5 The Strength and Strengthening of Ceramics 6 Time-Dependent Deformation Creep 7 Cyclic Stress Fatigue 8 Fracture 9 Mechanical Properties of Nano-Grain-Size Ceramics

Description / Table of Contents: This text book provides the theoretical background of rock fracture mechanics and displacement discontinuity methods used for the modelling of geomechanical problems. The computer program FRACOD is used to analyse the fracture problems, assessing fracture initiation and propagation in tension (Mode I), shear (Mode II) and mixed mode I and II of solid intact or jointed geomaterials. The book also presents the fundamentals of thermo-mechanical coupling and hydro-mechanical coupling. Formulations of multiple regional mechanical, thermal and hydraulic functions, which allow analyses of fracture mechanics problems for structures made of brittle, rock-like materials, are provided. In addition, instructive examples of code verification and applications are presented. Additional material: The 2-D version of the FRACOD program, a manual on the program and a wealth of verification examples of classical problems in physics, mechanics and hydromechanics are available at http://extras.springer.com. A large number of applications related to civil, mining, petroleum and environmental engineering are also included.- The first textbook available on modelling of rock fracture propagation - Introduces readers to the fundamentals of rock fracturing - Uses a modern style of teaching with theory, mathematical modelling and applications in one package - The basic version of the FRACOD software, manual, verification examples and applications are available as additional material - The FRACOD program and manual enable the readers to solve fracture propagation problems on their own.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Geophysical studies of the crustal structure along the Dead Sea fault. -Geophysical studies of the lithosphere along the Dead Sea transform. - The seismogenic thickness along the Dead Sea transform. - The Dead Sea transform and the volcanism in northwestern Arabia. - Lateral motion and deformation along the Dead Sea transform. - Pleistocene strain partitioning during transpression along the Dead Sea fault, Metulla Saddle, northern Israel. - Review of on-fault palaeoseismic studies along the Dead Sea fault. - Pre-instrumental earthquakes along the Dead Sea rift. - Instrumental data on the seismic activity along the Dead Sea transform. - Evolution of Neogene-Quaternary waterbodies in the Dead Sea rift and their global climate relation. - Saline water in the Dead Sea rift - the role of runoff and relative humidity.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface 1 Mechanical Testing of Materials 2 Introduction to Dislocations 3 Plastic Deformation 4 Strengthening Mechanisms 5 Time Dependent Deformation - Creep 6 Cyclic Stress - Fatigue 7 Fracture 8 Mechanical Behavior in the Micron and Submicron/Nano range Index

Description / Table of Contents: AA-LAVA.- Accelerometer.- Acid Rain.- Adaptation.- Airphoto and Satellite Imagery.- Albedo.- Antecedent Conditions.- Arsenic in Groundwater.- Asteroid.- Asteroid Impact.- Asteroid Impact Mitigation.- Asteroid Impact Predictions.- Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time (ALERT).- Avalanches.- Aviation (Hazards to).- Avulsion.- Base Surge.- Beach Nourishment (Replenishment).- Beaufort Wind Scale.- Biblical Events.- Body Wave.- Breakwaters.- Building Code.- Building Failure.- Buildings, Structures, and Public Safety.- Calderas.- Casualties Following Natural Hazards.- Challenges to Agriculture.- Civil Protection and Crisis Management.- Classification of Natural Disasters.- Climate Change.- Cloud Seeding.- Coal Fire (Underground).- Coastal Erosion.- Coastal Zone Risk Management.- Cognitive Dissonance.- Collapsing Soil Hazards.- Comet.- Communicating Emergency Information.- Community Management of Natural Hazards.- Complexity Theory.- Concrete Structures.- Convergence.- Coping Capacity.- Cost-Benefit Analysis of Natural Hazard Mitigation.- Costs (Economic) of Natural Hazards and Disasters.- Creep.- Critical Incident Stress Syndrome.- Critical Infrastructure.- Cryological Engineering.- Cultural Heritage and Natural Hazards.- Damage and the Built Environment.- Debris Avalanche.- Debris Flow.- Deep-seated Gravitational Slope Deformation.- Desertification.- Disaster Diplomacy.- Disaster Relief.- Disaster Research and Policy, History.- Disaster Risk Management.- Disaster Risk Reduction.- Disasters.- Dispersive Soil Hazards.- Doppler Weather Radar.- Dose Rate.- Drought.- Dust Bowl.- Dust Devil.- Dust Storm.- Dvorak Classification of Hurricanes.- Early Warning Systems.- Earthquake.- Earthquake Damage.- Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting.- Earthquake Resistant Design.- Economic Valuation of Life.- Economics of Disasters.- Education and Training for Emergency Preparedness.- Elastic Rebound Theory.- Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR).- El Niño/Southern Oscillation.- Emergency Management.- Emergency Mapping.- Emergency Planning.- Emergency Shelter.- Epicenter.- Epidemiology of Disease in Natural Disasters.- Erosion.- Erosivity.- Eruption Types (Volcanic Eruptions).- Evacuation.- Expansive Soils and Clays.- Expert (Knowledge-Based) Systems for Disaster Management.- Exposure to Natural Hazards.- Extensometers.- Extinction.- Extreme Value Theory.- Eyjafjallajökull Eruptions 2010.- Fault.- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).- Fetch.- Fire and Firestorms.- Flash Flood.- Flood Deposits.- Flood Hazard and Disaster.- Flood Protection.- Flood Stage.- Floodplain.- Floodway.- Fog Hazard Mitigation.- Fog Hazards.- Föhn.- Forest and Range Fires.- Frequency and Magnitude of Events.- Frost Hazard.- Fujita Tornado Scale.- Fumarole.- Galeras Volcano, Colombia.- Gas-Hydrates.- Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Natural Hazards.- Geographic Information Technology.- Geohazards.- Geological/Geophysical Disasters.- Glacier Hazards.- Global Change and its Implications for Natural Disasters.- Global Dust.- Global Network of Civil Society Organizations for Disaster Reduction.- Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Natural Hazards.- Global Seismograph Network (GSN).- Haiti Earthquake 2010: Psychosocial Impacts.- Harmonic Tremor.- Hazard.- Hazard and Risk Mapping.- Hazardousness of a Place.- Heat Waves.- High-Rise Buildings in Natural Disaster.- Historical Events.- Hospitals in Disaster.- Human Impacts of Hazards.- Humanity as an Agent of Natural Disasters.- Hurricane (Typhoon, Cyclone).- Hurricane Katrina.- Hydrocompaction Subsidence.- Hydrograph, Flood.- Hydrometeorological Hazards.- Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.- Hypocenter.- Ice and Icebergs.- Ice Storms.- Impact Airblast.- Impact Ejecta.- Impact Fireball.- Impact Firestorms.- Impact Tsunamis.- Impact Winter.- Inclinometers.- Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004.- Induced Seismicity.- Information and Communication Technology.- Insect Hazards.- Insurance.- Integrated Emergency Management System.- Intensity Scales.- International Strategies for Disaster Reduction (IDNDR and ISDR).- Internet, World Wide Web and Natural Hazards.- Isoseismal.- Jökulhlaups.- Karst Hazards.- Krakatoa (Krakatau).- Lahar.- Land Degradation.- Land Subsidence.- Land Use, Urbanization, and Natural Hazards.- Landsat Satellite.- Landslide.- Landslide Dam.- Landslide Impacts.- Landslide Inventory.- Landslide Triggered Tsunami, Displacement Wave.- Landslide Types.- Land-Use Planing.- Lateral Spreading.- Lava.- Levee.- Lightning.- Liquefaction.- Livelihoods and Disasters.- Loess.- Macroseismic Survey.- Magma.- Magnitude Measures.- Marginality.- Marine Hazards.- Mass Media and Natural Disasters.- Mass Movement.- Megacities and Natural Hazards.- Mega-Fires in Greece (2007).- Mercalli, Giuseppe (1850-1914).- Meteorite.- Methane Release from Hydrate.- Mining Subsidence Induced Fault Reactivation.- Misconceptions About Natural Disaster.- Mitigation.- Modified Mercalli (MM) Scale.- Monitoring Natural Hazards.- Monsoons.- Montserrat Eruptions.- Mortality and Injury in Natural Disasters.- Mt Pinatubo.- Mud Volcanoes.- Mudflow.- Myths and Misconceptions in Disasters.- Natural Hazard.- Natural Hazards in Developing Countries.- Natural Radioactivity.- Neotectonics.- Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia 1985.- North Anatolian Fault.- Nuée Ardente.- Overgrazing.- Ozone.- Ozone Loss.- Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (PTWS).- Pahoehoe Lava.- Paleoflood Hydrology.- Paleoseismology.- Paraglacial.- Perception of Natural Hazards and Disasters.- Permafrost.- Piezometer.- Piping Hazard.- Planning Measures and Political Aspects.- Plate Tectonics.- Pore-Water Pressure.- Post Disaster Mass Care Needs.- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).- Primary Wave (P-Wave).- Probable Maximum Flood (PMF).- Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP).- Psychological Impacts of Natural Disasters.- Pyroclastic Flow.- Queensland Floods (2010-2011) and Tweeting.- Quick Clay.- Quick Sand.- Radiation Hazards.- Radon Hazards.- Recovery and Reconstruction After Disaster.- Recurrence Interval.- Red Cross and Red Crescent.- Red Tides.- Reflections on Modeling Disaster.- Release Rates.- Religion and Hazards.- Remote Sensing of Natural Hazards and Disasters.- Reservoir, Dams, and Seismicity.- Resilience.- Richter, Charles Francis (1900-1985).- Rights and Obligations in International Humanitarian Assistance.- Rip Current.- Risk.- Risk Assessment.- Risk Governance.- Risk Perception and Communication.- Rock Avalanche (Sturzstrom).- Rockfall.- Rogue Wave.- Rotational Seismology.- Sackung.- Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale.- San Andreas Fault.- Santorini, Eruption.- Sea Level Change.- Secondary Wave (S-Wave).- Sedimentation of Reservoirs.- Seiche.- Seismic Gap.- Seismograph/Seismometer.- Seismology.- Shear.- Shield Volcano.- Sinkhole.- Slide and Slump.- Slope Stability.- Snowstorm and Blizzard.- Social-Ecological Systems.- Sociology of Disaster.- Solar Flares.- Solifluction.- Space Weather.- Storm Surges.- Storms.- Stratovolcanoes.- Structural Damage Caused by Earthquakes.- Structural Mitigation.- Subduction.- Subsidence Induced by Underground Extraction.- Sunspots.- Supernova.- Surge.- Susceptibility.- Tangshan, China (1976 Earthquake).- Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards.- Tectonic Tremor.- Thunderstorms.- Tidal Bores.- Tiltmeters.- Time and Space in Disaster.- Tohoku, Japan (2011 Earthquake and Tsunami).- Torino Scale.- Tornadoes.- Triggered Earthquakes.- Tsunami.- Tsunami Loads on Infrastructure.- Uncertainty.- United Nations Organizations and Natural Disasters.- Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).- Unreinforced Masonry Buildings.- Urban Environments and Natural Hazards.- Usoi Landslide and Lake Sarez.- Vaiont Landslide, Italy.- Vesuvius.- Volcanic Ash.- Volcanic Gas.- Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions.- Vulnerability.- Warning Systems.- Waterspout.- Wenchuan, China (2008 Earthquake).- Wildfire.- World Economy, Impact of Disasters.- Worldwide Trends in Natural Disasters.- Zoning

Description / Table of Contents: This book reviews results from the CAWSES program, including the evolution of solar radiation, solar influence on Earth's atmosphere, the importance of coupling mechanisms and middle and upper atmosphere climate signals, relative to natural variability.CAWSES (Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System) is the most important scientific program of SCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics). CAWSES has triggered a scientific priority program within the German Research Foundation for a period of 6 years. Approximately 30 scientific institutes and 120 scientists were involved in Germany with strong links to international partners. The priority program focuses on solar influence on climate, atmospheric coupling processes, and space climatology. This book summarizes the most important results from this program covering some important research topics from the Sun to climate. Solar related processes are studied including the evolution of solar radiation with relevance to climate. Results regarding the influence of the Sun on the terrestrial atmosphere from the troposphere to the thermosphere are presented including stratospheric ozone, mesospheric ice clouds, geomagnetic effects, and their relevance to climate.Several chapters highlight the importance of coupling mechanisms within the atmosphere, covering transport mechanisms of photochemically active species, dynamical processes such as gravity waves, tides, and planetary waves, and feedback mechanisms between the thermal and dynamical structure of the atmosphere. Special attention is paid to climate signals in the middle and upper atmosphere and their significance relative to natural variability.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Earth's Interacting Atmospheric and Plasma Envelopes: Conceptual Remarks.- Interactions Between the Lower, Middle and Upper Atmosphere.- The Near-Earth Plasma Environment.- Trends in the Neutral and Ionized Upper Atmosphere.- Thermospheric Density: An Overview of Temporal and Spatial Variations.- Global Response of the Ionosphere to Atmospheric Tides Forced From Below: Recent Progress Based on Satellite Measurements.- A Review of the Effects of Non-Migrating Atmospheric Tides on the Earth's Low-Latitude Ionosphere.- In-Situ CHAMP Observation of Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling.- Observations of Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling During Major Solar Eclipses from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Constellation.

Description / Table of Contents: This book reviews the basic materials science and physics needed to understand the plastic deformation of rocks and minerals, and changes in microstructure that signal past deformation, a matter of fundamental interest in structural geology and geodynamics.This book sets out the basic materials science needed for understanding the plastic deformation of rocks and minerals. Although at atmospheric pressure or at relatively low environmental pressures, these materials tend to be brittle, that is, to fracture with little prior plastic deformation when non-hydrostatically stressed, they can undergo substantial permanent strain when stressed under environmental conditions of high confining pressure and high temperature, such as occur geologically in the Earth's crust and upper mantle. Thus the plastic deformation of rocks and minerals is of fundamental interest in structural geology and geodynamics. In mountain-building processes and during convective stirring in the Earth's mantle, rocks can undergo very large amounts of plastic flow, accompanied by substantial changes in microstructure. These changes in microstructure remain in the rocks as evidence of the past deformation history. There are a number of types of physical processes whereby rock and minerals can undergo deformation under geological conditions. The physics of these processes is set out in this book.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Magnetic Fields in the Large-scale Structure of the Universe.- The First Magnetic Fields.- Current Status of Turbulent Dynamo Theory: From Large-scale to Small-scale Dynamos.- Magnetic Fields in Cosmic Particle Acceleration Sources.- Cosmic rays in galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields.- Magnetic fields in galactic haloes.- Magnetic Fields in Massive Stars, their Winds, and their Nebulae.- Magnetic Fields, Relativistic Particles, and Shock Waves in Cluster Outskirts.- Magnetic Fields in Galaxies.

Description / Table of Contents: This book describes the potential, co-benefits and drawbacks of carbon (C) sequestration for ecosystem services. It includes a comparison of ecosystem services and their interaction with carbon sequestration in the biosphere. Ecological functions and human wellbeing depend on ecosystem services. Among the ecosystem services are provisional (food, feed, fuel, fiber), regulating (carbon sequestration, waste recycling, water cleansing), cultural (aesthetic, recreational, spiritual), and supporting services (soil formation, photosynthesis, nutrient cycling). Many relationships of various degree exist among ecosystem services. Thus, land use and soil management to enhance biospheric carbon sinks for carbon sequestration requires a comprehensive understanding on the effects on ecosystem services. Payments for ecosystem services including carbon pricing must address the relationship between carbon sequestration and ecosystem services to minimize risks of overshoot, and promote sustainable use of land-based carbon sinks for human wellbeing.

Description / Table of Contents: Contens: Foreword K. Topfer 1 Societal Dependence on Soil's Ecosystem Services; R. Lal, K. Lorenz, R.F. Huttl, B.U. Schneider, and J. von Braun 2 Soils and Ecosystem Services; R. Lal 3 Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration; K. Lorenz 4 Food Security Through Better Soil Carbon Management; K. Goulding, D. Powslon, A. Whitmore, and A. Macdonald 5 Soil Carbon and Water Security; K.H. Feger and D. Hawtree 6 Forests, Carbon Pool and Timber Production; R. Jandl, S. Schuler, A. Schindlbacher, and C. Tomiczek 7 Ecosystem Carbon and Soil Biodiversity; G. De Deyn 8 Ecosystem Services and the Global Carbon Cycle; M.R. Raupach 9 Losses of Soil Carbon to the Atmosphere via Inland Surface Waters; J.J.C. Dawson 10 Why Pests and Disease Regulation Should Concern Mankind; W.A. Oluoch-Kosura A.W. Muriuki, F.M. Olubayo, and D. Kilalo 11 Natural Hazards Mitigation Services of Carbon-Rich Ecosystems; R. Cochard 12 Safeguarding Regulating and Cultural Ecosystem Services: Degradation and Conservation Status; B. Egoh 13 Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production, Stocks and Flows of Carbon, and Biodiversity; H. Haberl, K.-H. Erb, S. Gingrich, T. Kastner, and F. Krausmann 14 Soil Carbon and Biofuels; I. Lewandowski 15 Land Degradation and Ecosystem Services; Z. Bai, D. Dent, Y. Wu, and R. de Jong 16 The Human Dimensions of Environmental Degradation and Ecosystem Services: Understanding and Solving the Commons Dilemma; A. Singh, R. Wilson, J. Bruskotter, J. Brooks, A. Zwickle, and E. Toman 17 Soil Organic Carbon, Soil Formation and Soil Fertility; T. Gaiser, K. Stahr 18 Managing Soil Organic Carbon for Advancing Food Security and Strengthening Ecosystem Services in China; M. Fan, J. Cao, W. Wei, F. Zhang, and Y. Su 19 Research and Development Priorities for Global Soil-related Policies and Programs; R. Lal, K. Lorenz, R.F. Huttl, B.U. Schneider, and J. von Braun

Description / Table of Contents: Volume II of this work examines fracture mechanics and damage, contact mechanics, friction and wear, linking active mechanisms on the microscopic scale with the laws of macroscopic behaviour. Includes numerous explanatory diagrams and illustrations.Designing new structural materials, extending lifetimes and guarding against fracture in service are among the preoccupations of engineers, and to deal with these they need to have command of the mechanics of material behaviour. This ought to reflect in the training of students. In this respect, the first volume of this work deals with elastic, elastoplastic, elastoviscoplastic and viscoelastic behaviours; this second volume continues with fracture mechanics and damage, and with contact mechanics, friction and wear. As in Volume I, the treatment links the active mechanisms on the microscopic scale and the laws of macroscopic behaviour. Chapter I is an introduction to the various damage phenomena. Chapter II gives the essential of fracture mechanics. Chapter III is devoted to brittle fracture, chapter IV to ductile fracture and chapter V to the brittle-ductile transition. Chapter VI is a survey of fatigue damage. Chapter VII is devoted to hydrogen embrittlement and to environment assisted cracking, chapter VIII to creep damage. Chapter IX gives results of contact mechanics and a description of friction and wear mechanisms.Finally, chapter X treats damage in non metallic materials: ceramics, glass, concrete, polymers, wood and composites. The volume includes many explanatory diagrams and illustrations. A third volume will include exercises allowing deeper understanding of the subjects treated in the first two volumes.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Various Types of Damage. - 2. Fracture Mechanics. - 3. Brittle Fracture. - 4. Ductile Fracture. - 5. Ductile-Brittle Transition. - 6. Fatigue. - 7. Environment Assisted Cracking. - 8. Creep-Fatigue-Oxidation Interactions. - 9. Contact Mechanics; Friction and Wear . - 10. Damage and Fracture of Non-metallic. - Materials Appendix A: Diffusion Coefficients. - Author Index. - Subject Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword 1. Spatial Science and Its Traditions 2. Literature Reviews 3. Research Questions 4. Data and Methods in Spatial Science 5. Graduate Degree Proposals 6. Grants and Grant Writing 7. Disseminating Research 8. Reflections on Proposal Writing in Spatial Science 9. Model Proposals 10. Thesis I: Human Systems 11. Thesis II: Human Systems-Mixed Methods 12. Dissertation I: Human-Environment Interactions 13. Dissertation II: Geo-Techniques 14. Dissertation III: Physical Systems 15. Extramural Grant I: Collaborative Research and Outreach 16. Extramural Grant II: Instrumentation 17. Extramural III: Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant 18. Intramural Grants Index

Description / Table of Contents: Human activities are significantly modifying the natural global carbon (C) cycles, and concomitantly influence climate, ecosystems, and state and function of the Earth system. Ever increasing amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) are added to the atmosphere by fossil fuel combustion but the biosphere is a potential C sink. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of C cycling in the biosphere is crucial for identifying and managing biospheric C sinks. Ecosystems with large C stocks which must be protected and sustainably managed are wetlands, peatlands, tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, grasslands, degraded/desertified lands, agricultural lands, and urban lands. However, land-based sinks require long-term management and a protection strategy because C stocks grow with a progressive improvement in ecosystem health.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction and Problems; Friction, Cohesion, and Slope Stability; Introduction to Fluid Mechanics; Non-Newtonian Fluids, Mudflows, and Debris Flows:A Rheological Approach; A Short Introduction to the Physics of Granular Media; Granular Flows and Rock Avalanches; Landslides in Peculiar Environments; Rockfalls, Talus Formation, and Hillslope Evolution; Subaqueous Landslides; Other Forms of Gravity Mass Flows with Potentially Hazardous Effects

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: High-resolution Paleoclimatology - R. Bradley What is high-resolution paleoclimatology? What are its major achievements? What opportunities and challenges does it now face? What should dendroclimatology's role be in this? Chapter 2: Dendroclimatology in high-resolution Paleoclimatology - M. K. Hughes, H. F. Diaz and Th. W. Swetnam An overview of the development of dendroclimatology and an introduction to the questions posed in this book. Scientific bases of dendroclimatology Chapter 3: How well understood are the processes that create tree-ring records? - G. Vaganov Starting at the most basic level of the environmental control of tree-ring formation, do we have the necessary biological and ecophysiological understanding of this to support inferences about climate variability from tree rings? What are the weak points of this understanding and how might they be strengthened? Chapter 4: The state of the art of quantitative methods in dendroclimatology - E. Cook How sound are the quantitative techniques commonly used in dendroclimatology, in chronology building, identification and reconstruction of climate variables and the checking of these reconstructions? Are they appropriate to the material being analyzed and to the climatological problems being addressed? How might they be improved? Chapter 5: Detecting low-frequency change using tree rings - K. Briffa What limits the ability of tree-ring records to faithfully record climate variability at low frequencies (multi-centennial to millennial)? How might those limitations be overcome, if at all? What are the advantages and limitations of older and more novel approaches? What are the implications of these limitations? Reconstruction of climate patterns and values relative to today's climate Chapter 6: Dendroclimatology at regional and continental scales - R. Villalba What have been the major contributions of dendroclimatology to climatology so far? In what regions and for which climate problems is exciting progress now being made? What next? Chapter 7: Dendroclimatology at hemispheric and global scales - M. K. Hughes and M. Mann What are the achievements of dendroclimatology as applied at hemispheric and global scales climate patterns, circulation indices and large-scale means? What are the limitations of this approach? How might they be overcome? How might dendroclimatology contribute to the study of central pressing problems such as "How big is climate sensitivity? How has the last century, and especially recent decades, compared with earlier centuries? How faithful a representation of variability in recent centuries does the 20th century instrumental record give? Particular attention will be given to: a) identifying the most robust findings; and b) the most serious limitations. Chapter 8: Dendroclimatology, dendrohydrology and water resources management - C. Woodhouse and D. Meko How may dendroclimatology contribute to the study of water resources? How may it be used to inform modern public and decision-maker expectations of climate variability? Chapter 9: Dendroclimatology and the ecosystem impacts of climate - Th. W. SwetnamHow has dendroclimatology contributed to disturbance ecology? What is the significance of the recent changes in tree-growth-climate relationships observed in some regions, not only for dendroclimatology, but also for the understanding of the impacts of climate variability and change on ecosystems? Chapter 10: Dendroclimatology and the understanding of the interactions between climate variability and ancient human societies - D. Stahle and J. DeanHow has dendroclimatology contributed to understanding of the relationships between climate variability and societies in ancient times? Chapter 11: Tree rings and climate- sharpening the focus - M. K. Hughes, H. F. Diaz and Th. W. Swetnam What has been learned, using tree rings, about natural climate variability and its environmental and social impacts? What are the most significant strengths and weaknesses of dendroclimatology and the needs of, and opportunities for, future work.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume presents an overview of the current state of dendroclimatology, its contributions over the last 30 years, and its future potential. The material included is useful not only to those who generate tree-ring records of past climate-dendroclimatologists, but also to users of their results - climatologists, hydrologists, ecologists and archeologists.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas linked to geomagnetic field observation, from instrumentation to methodology, on ground or near-Earth. Efforts are also focused on a 21st century e-Science approach to open access to all geomagnetic data, but also to the data preservation, data discovery, data rescue, capacity building. Finally, modeling magnetic fields with different internal origins, with their variation in space and time, is an attempt to draw together into one place the traditional work in producing models as IGRF or describing the magnetic anomalies.

Description / Table of Contents: Microbial systems in extreme environments and in the deep biosphere may be analogous to potential life on other planetary bodies and hence may be used to investigate the possibilities of extraterrestrial life. This book examines the mode and nature of links between geological processes and microbial activities and their significance for the origin and evolution of life on the Earth and possibly on other planets. This is a truly interdisciplinary science with societal relevance. Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface. Acknowledgements. Contributors. 1. Oceanic pillow lavas and hyaloclastites as habitats for microbial life through time - a review; H. Furnes et al. 2. Microbial colonization of various habitable niches during alteration of oceanic crust; M. Ivarsson, N.G. Holm. 3. Ambient inclusion trails: their recognition, age range and applicability to early life on earth; D. Wacey et al. 4. Spatial distribution of the subseafloor life: diversity of biogeography; F. Inagaki, S. Nakagawa. 5. Analysis of deep subsurface microbial communities by functional genes and genomics; A. Teske, J. Biddle. 6. Diversity of Behamian stromatolite substrates; R. Ginsburg, N. Planavsky. 7. Evaporite microbial films, mats, microbialites, and stromatolites; R. Brigmon et al. 8. Microbial life in extreme environments: linking geological and microbial processes; H. Dong. 9. Marine methane biochemistry of the Black Sea: a review; T. Pape et al. 10. From volcanic winter to snowball earth: an alternative explanation for neoproterozoic biosphere stress; R.J. Stern et al. Subject index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction. 1.1. Earthquakes. 1.2. Recording seismic events and picking phases. 1.3. Locating earthquakes. 1.4. Magnitude. 1.5. Fault plane solution. 1.6. Further data analysis. 1.7. Software. 2. Earth structure and seismic phases. 2.1. Earth structure. 2.2. Seismic rays. 2.3. Seismic phases.2. 4. Travel times.2.5. Seismic phases at different distances.2.6. Determination of structure.2.7. Exercises.3. Instruments and waveform data.3.1. Seismic sensors.3.2. Seismic recorders.3.3. Correction for instrument response.3.4. Formats.3.5. Seismic noise.3.6. Exercises.4. Signal processing.4.1. Filtering.4. 2. Spectral analysis and instrument correction. 4.3. Reading seismic phases. 4. 4. Correlation.4.5. Particle motion and component rotation.4.6. Resampling. 4.7. Software.4.8. Exercises.5. Location.5.1. Single station location. 5.2. Multiple station location.5.3. Computer implementation.5.4. Error quantification and statistics. 5.5 Relative lovation methods. 5.6. Practical considerations in earthquake locations. 5.7. Software. 5.8. Exercises. 6. Magnitude. 6.1. Amplitude and period measurements. 6.2. Local magnitude ML . 6.3. Coda magnitude Mc. 6.4. Body wave magnitude mb. 6.5. Broad band body wave magnitude mB. 6.6. Surface wave magnitude Ms. 6.7. Broad band surface wave magnitude MS. 6.8. Lg -- wave magnitude. 6.9. Moment magnitude MW. 6.10. Energy magnitude Me. 6.11. Comparison of magnitude scales. 6.12. Summary. 6.13. Average magnitude and station corrections. 6.14. Adjusting magnitude scales to local or regional conditions. 6.15. Exercises. 7. Focal mechanism and seismogram modeling. 7.1. Fault geometry. 7.2. Source radiation. 7.3. Fault plane solution in practice. 7.4. Obtaining polarity. 7.5. Fault plane solution using local data and polarity. 7.6. Composite fault plane solution. 7.7. Fault plane solution using global data. 7.8. Fault plane solution using amplitudes. 7.9 Moment tensor. 7.10. Moment tensor inversion. 7.11. Seismogram modeling. 7.12. Software. 7.13. Exercises. 8. Spectral analysis. 8.1. Attenuation. 8.2. Seismic source model. 8.3. Geometrical spreading. 8.4. Self similarity and seismic source spectra. 8.5. Determination of Q. 8.6. Soil amplification. 8.7. Exercises. 9. Array processing. 9.1. Basic array parameters. 9.2. Beam forming. 9.3. Frequency -- wavenumber analysis (fk). 9.4. Array response. 9.5. Processing software. 9.6. Using array measurements for identifying phases. 9.7. Exercises. 10. Operation. 10.1. Data and data storage. 10.2. Routine processing. 10.3. Data exchange. 10.4. Earthquake statistics. 10.5. Software. 10.6. Exercises.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is an interdisciplinary review of recent developments in topics including origin of life, microbial-mineral interactions, and microbial processes functioning in marine and terrestrial environments. A major component of this book addresses molecular techniques to evaluate microbial evolution and assess relationships of microbes in complex, natural communities. The function of microbial community members and their possible geological impact are evaluated from a perspective of (meta)genomics, (meta)proteomics, and isotope labeling. As well as summarizing current knowledge in various areas, it also reveals unresolved questions that require future investigations. These chapters enhance our fundamental knowledge of geomicrobiology that contributes to the exploitation of microbial functions in mineral and environmental biotechnology applications. Authors have provided skillful reviews and outlined unique perspectives on environmental microorganisms and their related processes.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Chemoautotrophic origin of life: the Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis; Gunter Wachtershauser 2. Evolution of metabolic pathways and evolution of genomes; Giovanni Emiliani, Marco Fondi, Pietro Lio, and Renato Fani 3. Novel cultivation strategies for environmentally important microorganisms; Jorg Overmann 4. Environmental proteomics: Studying structure and function of microbial communities; Thomas Schneider and Kathrin Riedel 5. Analysis of microbial communities by functional gene arrays; Jizhong Zhou, Zhili He, and Joy D. Van Nostrand 6. Probing identity and physiology of uncultured microorganisms with isotope labeling techniques; Alexander Loy and Michael Pester 7. The geomicrobiology of arsenic; Rhesa N. Ledbetter and Timothy S. Magnuson 8. Bioinformatics and genomics of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing acidophiles; Violaine Bonnefoy 9. The geomicrobiology of catastrophe: a comparison of microbial colonization in post-volcanic and impact environments; Charles S. Cockell 10. Microbial diversity of cave ecosystems; Annette S. Engel 11. Statistical evaluation of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in relation to travertine mineral precipitation and water chemistry at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA; Hector Garcia Martin, John Veysey, George T. Bonheyo, Nigel Goldenfeld and Bruce W. Fouke 12. Compositional, physiological and metabolic variability in microbial communities associated with geochemically diverse, deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids; Ken Takai and Kentaro Nakamura 13. The molecular geomicrobiology of bacterial manganese(II) oxidation; Bradley M. Tebo, Kati Geszvain and Sung-Woo Lee 14. Role of microorganisms in banded iron formations; Inga Koehler, Kurt Konhauser and Andreas Kappler 15. Synergistic roles of microorganisms in mineral precipitates associated with deep sea methane seeps; Huifang Xu 16. Bacterial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls; Martina Mackova, Ondrej Uhlik, Petra Lovecka, Jitka Viktorova, Martina Novakova, Katerina Demnerova, Michel Sylvestre and Tomas Macek 17. Role of clay and organic matter in the biodegradation of organics in soil; Laura E. McAllister and Kirk T. Semple 18. Electrodes as electron acceptors, and the bacteria who love them; Daniel R. Bond 19. The biogeochemistry of biomining; Barrie D. Johnson

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part 1 The European Backgroun - 1.1 Climate Change in Poland in the Past Centuries and its Relationship to European Climate: Evidence From Reconstructions and Coupled Climate Models.- 1. 2 Historical Climate in Central Europe During the Last 500 Years.- 1.3 Climatic Variations in the East European Plain During the Last Millennium: state-of-the-art.- 1.4 The Climate of Europe in Recent Centuries in the Context of the Climate of Mid to High Latitude Northern Hemisphere from Borehole Temperature Logs.- Part 2 The Climate of Poland in Recent Centuries: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge .-2.1 Instrumental Observations -2.2 Documentary Evidence.- 2.3 Dendrochronological Data.- 2.4 Geophysical Data .- 2.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- Part 3 The Climate of Poland and Europe in Recent Centuries: New Findings Results.- 3.1 Long-term Changes of Bioclimatic Conditions in Cracow (Poland).- 3.2 Climate Warming in the Czech Republic: Evidence Stored in Shallow Subsurface .- 3.3 History of the Gdansk Pre-instrumental and Instrumental Record of Meteorological Observations and Analysis of Selected Air Pressure Observations..- 3.4 A Composite Reconstruction of the Russian Arctic Climate Back to A.D. 1435.- 3.5 Growth/Climate Relationships in Tree-ring Widths of Picea abies in Lithuania and Poland.- 3.6 Multi-annual Variability of Cloudiness and Sunshine Duration in Cracow Between 1826 and 2005.- 3.7 Changes in Sea Surface Temperature of the South Baltic Sea (1854-2005).- 3.8 Ground Surface Temperature Histories Reconstructed from Boreholes in Poland: Implications for Spatial Variability.- 3.9 Precipitation Extremes and Disastrous Floods in Central Europe in July 1897.- 3.10 Summer Temperatures in the Tatra Mountains during the Maunder Minimum (1645-1715).- 3.11 Seasonal Differentiation of Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature in Cracow and Prague in the Period 1836-2007.- 3.12 Climate Changes in the Central and North-eastern Parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1656 to 1685.- 3.13 The Climate of Polish Lands as Viewed by Chroniclers, Writers and Scientists.- 3.14 Observations and Measurements of Precipitation in the Polish Province of Galicia in the Nineteenth Century.- 3.15 Variability of the European Climate on the Basis of Differentiation of Indicators of Continentalism.- 3.16 The First One Hundred Years (1791-1890) of the Wroclaw Air Temperature.

Description / Table of Contents: This book presents the basic principles of soil dynamics, and a variety of solutions of practical interest for geotechnical engineering, geophysics and earthquake engineering. Emphasis is on analytical solutions, often including the full derivation of the solution, and giving the main parts of computer programs that can be used to calculate numerical data. Reference is also made to a website from which complete computer programs can be downloaded. Soil behaviour is usually assumed to be linear elastic, but in many cases the effect of viscous damping or hysteretic damping, due to plastic deformations, is also considered. Special features are: the analysis of wave propagation in saturated compressible porous media, approximate analysis of the generation of Rayleigh waves, the analysis of the response of soil layers to earthquakes in the deep rock, with a theoretical foundation of such problems by the propagation of Love waves, and the solution of such basic problems as the response of an elastic half space to point loads, line loads, strip loads and moving loads.

Description / Table of Contents: The book covers state-of-the-art considerations on how climate change has and will deliver impacts on major globalised biophysical and societal themes that will affect the way the world functions. Human activity has resulted in changes to atmospheric chemistry and land cover, and caused serious decline in biodiversity. Modifying biogeochemical cycles leads to complex feedbacks. The future climate will have impact on food security and agriculture, water supply and quality, storm and cyclone frequency, shoreline stability, biodiversity and the future of biological resources. Earth scientists might be asked to forecast any potential abrupt or environmental surprises. A sound knowledge of the Earth System will improve the chances of achieving this, by developing climate models that will reduce the degree of uncertainty in regional climate prediction. . This volume sets out a framework of research issues that show how the Earth sciences contribute to a better understanding of climate change and suggests where future research will best contribute to the wellbeing of society.The key topics discussed are: - climate change patterns over the last four glacial cycles; - the variability in climate over the last 1000 years; - impact that past climate change has had on societies; - the role of human activities in climate forcing; - the role of models in predicting future climate and how we can assess their merit; - the future and likely future climate trajectories.The book examines how climate change has and will deliver impacts on major globalized biophysical and societal themes that will affect the way the world functions. It shows how the Earth sciences contribute to a better understanding of climate change.

Description / Table of Contents: This book reports on developments in Proximal Soil Sensing (PSS) and high resolution digital soil mapping. PSS has become a multidisciplinary area of study that aims to develop field-based techniques for collecting information on the soil from close by, or within, the soil. Amongst others, PSS involves the use of optical, geophysical, electrochemical, mathematical and statistical methods. This volume, suitable for undergraduate course material and postgraduate research, brings together ideas and examples from those developing and using proximal sensors and high resolution digital soil maps for applications such as precision agriculture, soil contamination, archaeology, peri-urban design and high land-value applications, where there is a particular need for high spatial resolution information. The book in particular covers soil sensor sampling, proximal soil sensor development and use, sensor calibrations, prediction methods for large data sets, applications of proximal soil sensing, and high-resolution digital soil mapping. - Table of contens: Part 1. Introduction.- Part 2. Soil Sensing and Sampling.- Part 3. Soil Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing.- Part 4. ElectroMagnetic Induction and Electrical Resistivity.- Part 5. Geophysical and Mechanical Data.- Part 6. Multisensor Systems and Other Sensors.- Part 7. Applications.