ALBERT

Note: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:2011, (c)2011

Note: Contents Preface 1 Data Analysis in Earth Sciences 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Collecting Data 1.3 Types of Data 1.4 Methods of Data Analysis Recommended Reading 2 Introduction to MATLAB 2.1 MATLAB in Earth Sciences 2.2 Getting Started 2.3 The Syntax 2.4 Data Storage 2.5 Data Handling 2.6 Scripts and Functions 2.7 Basic Visualization Tools Recommended Reading 3 Univariate Statistics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Empirical Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion 3.3 Example of Empirical Distributions 3.4 Theoretical Distributions Uniform Distribution Binomial or Bernoulli Distribution Poisson Distribution Normal or Gaussian Distribution Logarithmic Normal or Log-Normal Distribution Student's t Distribution Fisher's F Distribution Χ2 or Chi-Squared Distribution 3.5 Example ofTheoretical Distributions 3.6 Thet-Test 3.7 TheF-Test 3.8 The Χ2-Test Recommended Reading 4 Bivariate Statistics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient 4.3 Classical Linear Regression Analysis and Prediction 4.4 Analyzing the Residuals 4.5 Bootstrap Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.6 Jackknife Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.7 Cross Validation 4.8 Reduced Major Axis Regression 4.9 Curvilinear Regression Recommended Reading 5 Time-Series Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generating Signals 5.3 Blackman-Tukey Autospectral Analysis 5.4 Blackman-Tukey Crossspectral Analysis 5.5 Interpolating and Analyzing Unevenly-Spaced Data 5.6 Evolutionary Blackman-Tukey Powerspectrum 5.7 Lomb-Scargle Powerspectrum 5.8 Wavelet Powerspectrum 5.9 Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis (by N. Marwarn) Phase Space Portrait Recurrence Plots Recommended Reading 6 Signal Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Generating Signals 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 6.4 Convolution and Filtering 6.5 Comparing Functions for Filtering Data Series 6.6 Recursive and Nonrecursive Filters 6.7 Impulse Response 6.8 Frequency Response 6.9 Filter Design 6.10 Adaptive Filtering Recommended Reading 7 Spatial Data 7.1 Types of Spatial Data 7.2 The GSHHS Shoreline Data Set 7.3 The 2-Minute Gridded Global Elevation Data ETOPO2 7.4 The 30-Arc Seconds Elevation Model GTOPO30 7.5 The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 7.6 Gridding and Contouring Background 7.7 Gridding Example 7.8 Comparison of Methods and Potential Artifacts 7.9 Statistics of Point Distributions Test for Uniform Distribution Test for Random Distribution Test for Clustering 7.10 Analysis of Digital Elevation Models (by R. Gebbers) 7.11 Geostatistics and Kriging (by R. Gebbers) Theorical Background Preceding Analysis Variography with the Classical Variogram Kriging Discussion of Kriging Recommended Reading 8 Image Processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Datastorage 8.3 Importing, Processing and Exporting Images 8.4 Importing, Processing and Exporting Satellite Images 8.5 Georeferencing Satellite Images 8.6 Digitizing from the Screen Recommended Reading 9 Multivariate Statistics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principal Component Analysis 9.3 Independent Component Analysis (by N. Marwan) 9.4 Cluster Analysis Recommended Reading 10 Statistics on Directional Data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Graphical Representation 10.3 Empirical Distributions 10.4 Theoretical Distributions 10.5 Test for Randomness of Directional Data 10.6 Test for the Significance of a Mean Direction 10.7 Test for the Difference of Two Sets of Directions Recommended Reading General Index

Note: Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2006

Note: Auch u.d.T.:Parallel als CD-ROM-Ausg. erschienen

Note: Erscheint voraussichtlich: August 2005

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Preface. - Summary for Policymakers. - Technical Summary. - 1 The Climate System: an Overview. - 2 Observed Climate Variability and Change. - 3 The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. - 4 Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases. - 5 Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects. - 6 Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. - 7 Physical Climate Processes and Feedbacks. - 8 Model Evaluation. - 9 Projections of Future Climate Change. - 10 Regional Climate Information - Evaluation and Projections. - 11 Changes in Sea Level. - 12 Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes. - 13 Climate Scenario Development. - 14 Advancing Our Understanding. - Appendix I Glossary. - Appendix II SRES Tables. - Appendix Ill Contributors to the IPCC WGI Third Assessment Report. - Appendix IV Reviewers of the IPCC WGI Third Assessment Report. - Appendix V Acronyms and Abbreviations. - Appendix VI Units. - Appendix VII Some Chemical Symbols used in this Report. - Appendix VIII Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - PART 1 FRAMEWORK OF CLIMATE SCIENCE. - 1 Overview of Climate Science. - Climate and Climate Change. - 1-1 Geologic Time. - 1-2 How This Book Is Organized. - Development of Climate Science. - 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change. - Overview of the Climate System. - 1-4 Components of the Climate System. - 1-5 Climate Forcing. - 1-6 Climate System Responses. - 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing versus Response. - 1-8 Response Rates and Interactions Within the Climate System. - 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System. - Tools Of Climate Science: Temperature Scales. - 2 Earth's Climate System Today. - Heating Earth. - 2-1 Incoming Solar Radiation. - 2-2 Receipt and Storage of Solar Heat. - 2-3 Heat Transformation. - Heat Transfer in Earth's Atmosphere. - 2-4 Overcoming Stable Layering in the Atmosphere. - 2-5 Tropical-Subtropical Atmospheric Circulation. - 2-6 Atmospheric Circulation at Middle and High Latitudes. - Heat Transfer in Earth's Oceans. - 2-7 The Surface Ocean. - 2-8 Deep-Ocean Circulation. - Ice on Earth. - 2-9 Sea Ice. - 2-10 Glacial Ice. - Earth's Biosphere. - 2-11 Response of the Biosphere to the Physical Climate System. - 2-12 Effects of the Biosphere on the Climate System. - Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Structure of Earth's Atmosphere. - Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Albedo/Temperature. - Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water in the Climate System. - Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water Vapor. - Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Conolis Effect. - Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks. - 3 Climate Archives, Oata, and Models. - Climate Archives. - 3-1 Types of Archives. - 3-2 Dating Climate Records. - 3-3 Climate Resolution. - Climate Data. - 3-4 Biotic Data. - 3-5 Geological and Geochemical Data. - Climate Models. - 3-6 Physical Climate Models. - 3-7 Geochemical (Mass Balance) Models. - PART II TECTONIC-SCALE CLIMATE CHANGE. - 4 CO2 and Long-term Climate. - Greenhouse Worlds. - The Faint Young Sun Paradox. - Carbon Exchanges between Rocks and the Atmosphere. - 4-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere. - 4-2 Chemical Weathering Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere. - Climate Factors That Control Chemical Weathering. - Chemical Weathering: Earth's Thermostat?. - Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth's Thermostat?. - 4-3 The Gaia Hypothesis. - Climate Debate: A Snowball Earth?. - Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Organic Carbon Subcycle. - 5 Plate Tectonics and Climate. - Plate Tectonics. - 5-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates. - 5-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions. - The Polar Position Hypothesis. - 5-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions since 500 Myr Ago. - Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea. - 5-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Pangaean Climate. - 5-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Pangaean Climate. - Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: The BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis. - 5-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading. - 5-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis. - Tectonic Control of CO2 Removal: The Uplift Weathering Hypothesis. - 5-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering. - 5-3 Uplift and Chemical Weathering. - What Controls Chemical Weathering?. - 5-10 Weathering: Climate Forcing and Feedback. - Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glatiation 430 Myr Ago. - 6 Greenhouse Earth. - What Explains Greenhouse Warmth 100 Myr Ago?. - 6-1 Model Simulations of a Greenhouse World. - 6-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch?. - Sea Level Changes and Climate. - 6-3 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level. - 6-4 Effect of Sea Level Changes on Climate. - Asteroid Impacts. - Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: The Effect of CO2 on Climate. - Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level. - 7 Back into the Icehouse: The Last 55 Million years. - Global Climate Change Since 55 Myr Ago. - 7-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation. - 7-2 Oxygen Isotope Data. - Why Did Global Climate Cool over the Last 55 Myr?. - 7-3 Evaluating the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis. - 7-4 Evaluating the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis. - 7-5 Evaluating the Ocean Heat Transport Hypothesis. - 7-6 Causes of Brief Tectonic-Scale Climate Change. - Understanding and Predicting Tectonic Climate Change. - Tools Of Climate Science: Oxtygen Isotope Ratios (δ18O). - Climate Debate: The Timing of Uplift in Western North America. - Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Is 87Sr/86Sr an Index of Chemical Weathering?. - PART III ORBITAL-SCALE CLIMATE CHANGE. - 8 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation. - Earth's Orbit Today. - 8-1 Earth's Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons. - 8-2 Earth's Eccentric Orbit: Changes in the Distance Between Earth and Sun. - Long-Term Changes in Earth's Orbit. - 8-3 Changes in Earth's Axial Tilt Through Time. - 8-4 Changes in Earth's Eccentric Orbit Through Time. - 8-5 Precession of Solstices and Equinoxes around Earth's Orbit. - Changes in Insolation Received on Earth. - 8-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season. - 8-7 Insolation Changes According to Caloric Season. - Looking for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climate Records. - 8-8 Time Series Analysis. - 8-9 Aliasing of Climate Records. - 8-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth's Orbit. - Tools Of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation. - Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth's Precession as a Sine Wave. - 9 Insolation Control of Monsoons. - Monsoon Circulations. - 9-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons. - Evidence of Orbital-Scale Changes in Summer Monsoons. - 3-2 "Stinky Muds" in the Mediterranean. - 9-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic. - 9-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic. - Refinements of the Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis. - 9-5 Lag of Monsoons Behind Summer Insolation. - 9-6 Clipped Monsoon Responses and Monsoon Harmonics. - Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth's History. - 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago. - 9-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons. - 10 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets. - What Controls the Size of Ice Sheets?. - 10-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Ice Sheets. - The Milankovitch Theory. - Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets. - 10-2 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size. - 10-3 Ice Sheet Lags behind Summer Insolation Forcing. - 10-4 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets. - 10-5 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay. - 10-6 Ice Slipping and Calving. - Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History. - 10-7 Conceptual Model: Evolution of Ice Sheet Cycles. - 10-8 Evidence from δ18O: How Ice Sheets Actually Evolved. - 10-9 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level. - 10-10 Using Astronomical and δ18O Signals as a Chronometer. - Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation. - Climate Debate: Antarctic Deglaciation 3 Myr Ago?. - Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands. - 11 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane. - Ice Cores. - 11-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores. - 11-2 Trapping Gases in the Ice. - Orbital-Scale Changes in Methane. - Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2. - 11-3 Physical Oceanographic Explanations of CO2 Changes. - 11-4 Orbital-Scale Carbon Reservoirs. - 11-5 Tracking Carbon through the Climate System. - 11-6 Can δ13C Evidence Detect Glacial Changes in Carbon Reservoirs?. - 11-7 Pumping of Carbon into the Deep Ocean during Glaciations. - 11-8 Changes in the Circulation of Deep Water during Glaciations. - Tools Of Climate Science: Carbon Isotope Ratios (δ13C). - Climate Debate: Do Winds Fertilize the Glacial Ocean?. - 12 Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System. - Orbital-Scale Forcing and Response Revisited. - Ice-Driven Climate Responses. - 12-1 Ice-Driven Responses in High Northern Latitudes. - 12-2 Orbital Cycles in Regions Remote fro

Note: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:2000

Note: Contents: Preface. - Notation. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Background. - 1.2 What is an inverse problem?. - 1.3 What's here. - 2 Physics of the ocean circulation. - 2.1 Basic physical elements. - 2.2 Observations. - 2.3 The classical problem. - 2.4 Hidaka's problem and the algebraic formulation. - 2.5 The absolute velocity problem in retrospect. - 3 Basic machinery. - 3.1 Matrix and vector algebra. - 3.2 Simple statistics; regression. - 3.3 Least squares. - 3.4 The singular vector expansion. - 3.5 Using a steady model-combined least squares and adjoints. - 3.6 Gauss-Markov estimation, mapmaking, and more simultaneous equations. - 3.7 Improving solutions recursively. - 3.8 Estimation from linear constraints - a summary. - 4 The steady ocean circulation inverse problem. - 4.1 Choosing a model. - 4.2 The initial reference level. - 4.3 Simple examples. - 4.4 Property fluxes. - 4.5 Application to real data sets. - 4.6 Climatologies and box models. - 4.7 The β-spiral and variant methods. - 5 Additional useful methods. - 5.1 Inequality constraints; nonnegative least squares. - 5.2 Linear programming and eclectic models. - 5.3 Quantifying water mass; empirical orthogonal functions. - 5.4 Kriging and other variants of Gauss-Markov estimation. - 5.5 Nonlinear problems. - 6 The time-dependent inverse problem. - 6.1 Some basic ideas and notation. - 6.2 Estimation. - 6.3 Control problems: Pontryagin principle and adjoint methods. - 6.4 Duality and simplification: steady-state filter and adjoint. - 6.5 Controllability and observability. - 6.6 Nonlinear models. - 6.7 Assimilation. - 6.8 Other minimization methods and the search for practicality. - 6.9 Forward models. - 6.10 A last word. - References. - Author Index. - Subject Index.