ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Книга участников полярной экспедиции газеты «Комсомольская правда» рассказывает о неизвестных еще страницах истории открытия и освоения Арктики. Авторы в своей работе широко используют новые материалы, собранные в экспедициях на Таймыре и Северной Земле а также в архивах. Перед читателем предстанут яркие образы бескорыстных, отважных русских первопроходцев Арктики. Их жизнь и деяния до сих пор окружены тайной, которую так цепко умеет хранить Арктика. Сложные и увлекательные поисковые работы продолжаются. Читатель узнает о перспективах поисков и дальнейших планах экспедиции.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The book of the participants of the polar expedition of the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" tells about the still unknown pages of the history of the discovery and development of the Arctic. In their work, the authors make extensive use of new materials collected during expeditions to Taimyr and Severnaya Zemlya, as well as in archives. The reader will be presented with vivid images of selfless, courageous Russian pioneers of the Arctic. Their lives and deeds are still surrounded by secrets that the Arctic can keep so tenaciously. Complex and exciting search work continues. The reader will learn about the prospects of the search and further plans of the expedition.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Antarctic Geoscience is the proceedings volume of the Third Symposium on Antarctic Geology and Geophysics, held in Madison, Wisconsin. The 151 chapters in the book, which include both review papers and original contributions, range over all major fields of geoscience. At a time when interest in Antarctica, its geologic history, and its mineral resource potential is increasing, this book provides the most current and comprehensive overview of the subject. These papers, representing the recent work of many scientists from fifteen nations, offer a balanced assessment of current thought and knowledge concerning the geology and geoscience of Antarctica and the surrounding oceanic regions. Together, they constitute the most up-to-date reference work on Antarctic earth sciences. The book is divided into twelce sections: Gondwanaland (11 chapters), Scotia Arc Region (39, East Antarctica Shield (14), Upper Precambrian-Paleozoic Rocks (11), Paleontology (8), Igneous Rocks (14), Structural Geology and Tectonics (9), Mineral Deposits (4), Crustal Structure (13), Subglacial Morphology (4), Marine Geology (8), and Cenozoic History (16). The volume is generously illustrated with photographs and line drawings and includes a large color geologic map of the continent.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Basic Concepts of Ecology / S. W. F. van der Ploeg. - Ecology: Some Definitions. - The Science of Ecology. - Organization Levels of Ecological Systems. - Species and lndividuals. - The Abiotic Environment. - The Biotic Environment. - Limiting Factors. - Adaptation. - Habitat and Niche. - Populations. - lntroduction. - Natality, Mortality and Dispersal. - Dispersion. - Limiting Factors. - Competition. - Communities. - Introduction. - The Structure of Communities. - Species Diversity and Dominance. - Communities Along Environmental Gradients. - Ecosystems. - Introduction. - Trophic Structure. - Production. - Biogeochemical Cycles. - Succession and Steady State. - Succession. - The Climax Concept. - Steady State and Stability in Ecological Systems. - Major Ecosystems of the World. - lntroduction. - Terrestrial Ecosystems. - Freshwater Ecosystems. - Marine Ecosystems. - Ecology and Environmental Problems. - lntroduction. - Pollution. - Exploitation. - Environmental Disruption. - Human Population Growth. - References. - Natural Radionuclides in the Environment / R. Fukai, Y. Yokoyama. - Introduction. - Characteristics of Natural Radionuclides. - Classification of Natural Radionuclides. - Terrigenous Radionuclides. - Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - Abundance in the Environment. - Radiation Effects. - Application of Geochemical Tracers. - Transport Processes. - Mixing Processes. - Sedimentation Processes. - Exchange Processes. - Pathway lndicators. - References. - The Nitrogen Cycles / R . Söderlund, T. Rosswall. - lntroduction. - Basic Chemical Considerations. - Chemical Transformations of Nitrogen Compounds in the Environment. - lntroduction. - Nitrogen Fixation. - Mineralization and Immobilization. - Nitrification. - Denitrification and Nitrate Assimilation. - Abiotic Nitrogen Transformation. - Global lnventories of Nitrogen. - lntroduction. - Atmospheric lnventories. - The Aquatic System. - The Terrestrial System. - Global Fluxes. - The Ammonia Cycle. - The NOx Cycle. - The N2/N2O Cycle. - Organic Nitrogen Transfers. - The Global Nitrogen Cycle. - References. - The Carbon Cycle / A. J. Zehnder. - lntroduction. - The Global Carbon Cycle. - Carbon Balance in a Terrestrial Ecosystem. - Carbon Balance in the Ocean. - Photosynthesis. - Photosynthetic Energy Conversion. - Calcite Precipitation as a Result of Photosynthesis. - The Carbon Dioxide Problem. - Sources of Carbon Dioxide. - Sinks of Carbon Dioxide. - Global Warming. - Environmental Responses to a Variation in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. - Content. - Biological Cycle of Carbon Dioxide. - References. - Molecular Organic Geochemistry / P. A. Schenck, J. W. de Leeuw. - lntroduction. - Normal Alkanes. - Acyclic lsoprenoid Hydrocarbons. - Steroids. - Occurrence and Diagenesis. - Steroids as Biological Markers. - Triterpenoids. - Occurrence and Diagenesis. - Triterpenoids as Biological and Maluration Markers. - Diterpenoids. - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. - Epilogue. - References. - Radiation and Energy Transport in the Earth Atmosphere System / J. Bolle. - Introduction. - Nomenclature, Symbols and Units. - Structure of the Atmosphere and the Oceans. - Radiation Terminology. - Elementary Radiation Processes. - Relations Between Electromagnetic and Optical Properties of Matter. - Molecular Scattering. - Deduction of the Rayleigh Scattering Coefficient and Phase Function. - Aerosol Scattering. - Representation of Aerosol Size Distributions. - Absorption. - Emission Under Thermodynamic Equilibrium Conditions. - Non-Thermal Emissions in the Upper Atmosphere. - Atmospheric Radiation Field. - Solar Radiation. - Atmospheric Longwave Radiation. - Radiation Properties of Clouds. - Radiative Properties of Earth Surfaces. - Basis for the Theoretical Treatment of Radiative Transfer. - General Energy Budget Equations for an Earth-Atmosphere System. - Energy Fluxes at the Top of the Atmosphere. - Solar Irradiance. - Planetary Albedo. - Terrestrial Longwave Radiation. - Equilibrium Condition. - Energy Fluxes at the Earth Surface. - Radiation Budget. - Partitioning of Radiant Energy. - Heat Flux into the Ground. - Flux of Sensible Heat into the Atmosphere. - Flux of Latent Heat. - Energy Used for Photosynthesis. - Summary on the Partitioning of Energy at the Surface. - Energy Fluxes in the Atmosphere. - Heat and Mechanical Energy Fluxes. - Deposition of Energy in the Atmosphere. - Energy Transports and Exchanges in the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - General Remarks. - Circulation Pattern in the Atmosphere and in the Oceans. - Heat Transport by the Oceans. - Energy Budget of the Earth-Atmosphere System. - Effects of Changes in the Concentration of Atmospheric Constituents on energy Fluxes and Surface Temperatures. - Climate Research Aspects. - Climatic Impacts of Specific Atmospheric Constituents. - Monitoring of Climatc Parameters. - Monitoring Strategy. - Baseline Stations. - Uppcr Atmosphere Monitoring. - List of Symbols. - Frequently Used Numerical Values. - References. - Subject Index.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einer der letzten weißen Flecken auf dem Globus, die riesige Land- und Eismasse um den Südpol, der sechste Kontinent, bekommt allmählich Farbe. ln der Antarktis könnte unsere Zukunft liegen: Dort gibt es ungenutzte Rohstofflager, deren Bedeutung bisher nur geschätzt werden kann, ein biologisches Reservoir im Eismeer, das eine der Nahrungsmittelquellen der Zukunft sein könnte (man denke nur an den Krill), und schließlich die schier unerschöpflichen Süßwasservorräte, die in der polaren Eiskappe gespeichert sind und einmal helfen könnten, die uns immer mehr bedrohenden Dürrekatastrophen aufzuhalten. Von unschätzbarem Wert sind aber auch die Erkenntnisse auf den Gebieten der Biologie, der Geologie und Meteorologie, die sich durch die besonderen klimatischen Gegebenheiten der Antarktis ergeben und aus denen sich für die heutigen und künftigen Lebensbedingungen auf der Erde entscheidende Schlüsse ziehen lassen. Seit dem zweiten Weltkrieg wird die Antarktis systematisch von jenen Nationen erkundet, die sich im Antarktisvertrag gegenseitig die friedliche Erforschung dieses Kontinents zugesichert haben. Seit 1979 hat die Bundesrepublik Deutschland durch mehrere Expeditionen und die Errichtung der ganzjährig besetzten Georg-von- Neumayer-Forschungsstation die Voraussetzungen für die Aufnahme in den Antarktisclub geschaffen. Weitere Marksteine für die neuen deutschen Aktivitäten sind die Eröffnung des Alfred-Wegener-lnstituts für Polarforschung in Bremerhaven und die Taufe des ersten deutschen voll eismeertauglichen Forschungsschiffes "Polarstern". Dieses Buch zeigt in den Bildern von Klaus v. Mandelsloh, der an der German Antarctic North Victorialand Expedition (GANOVEX) im antarktischen Sommer 1979/80 teilgenommen hat, den landschaftlichen Formenreichtum und die Lebensbedingungen im ewigen Eis, an die sich Pflanzen und Tiere auf beinahe unfaßliche Art anzupassen wissen. Der Text von Jörn Freyenhagen beschäftigt sich mit der Geschichte und Gegenwart internationaler, vor allem aber deutscher Antarktisforschung. Er gibt Auskunft über die Planungen und Ergebnisse der aktuellen Expeditionen, er zeigt die Ziele und Risiken der Forschungen, die Chancen und Gefahren einer multinationalen Erschließung der natürlichen Reserven dieser bisher fast unberührten Landschaft.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Introduction. - Chapter 1 History of névé investigation. - Chapter 2 Melting of separate névés and of névé complexes under conditions of névé systems, and their geometrical parameters. - Chapter 3 Classification of névés and névé systems. - Chapter 4 Characteristics of névés and névé systems of low- and middle-mountain relief in the USSR. - Conclusion. - Abstract. - References

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Iwan Papnin. Beim Lesen dieses Namens wird sich sicher mancher an die dramatische Drift des sowjetischen Forschers und seiner drei Kameraden, Jewgeni Fjodorow, Ernst Krenkel und Pjotr Schirschow, auf einer Eisscholle im Nördlichen Eismeer in den Jahren 1937/38 erinnern. Dieser Abschnitt seines Lebens, als Leiter der Station "Nordpol-1", der ihn weltbekannt machte, nimmt in den fesselnden autobiographischen Aufzeichnungen selbstverständlich einen wichtigen Platz ein. Aber im Unterschied zu früheren Veröffentlichungen sind hier auch seine schwere Kindheit und Jugend unter dem Zarismus geschildert sowie seine aktive Teilnahme an der Großen Sozialistischen Oktoberrevolution, an den Kämpfen der Krimpartisanen, am Schutz und an der Festigung der jungen Sowjetmacht in den Reihen der Tscheka. Des Weiteren ist sein gesamter großer Beitrag zu den welthistorischen Leistungen der UdSSR auf den Gebieten der Arktis- und Antarktisforschung, der Erschließung der nördlichen Gebiete der Sowjetunion, der Ozeanologie und der Biologie der Binnengewässer enthalten: als Leiter von Polarstationen, der Hauptverwaltung Nördlicher Seeweg, nach 1945 der Abteilung Meeresexpeditionen der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR und der biologischen Station Borok. In den Jahren des Großen Vaterländischen Krieges war er als Beauftragter des Staatlichen Verteidigungskomitees für die reibungslose Arbeit der Häfen Archangelsk und Murmansk verantwortlich, die für den Nachschub strategische Bedeutung hatten. Somit erschließen die Memoiren des zweifachen Helden der Sowjetunion und mehrfachen Trägers des Leninordens Iwan Papanin den beispielhaften Lebensweg eines sowjetischen Kommunisten, der sich vom Arbeiter zu einem hervorragenden Wissenschaftler entwickelte. Zugleich stellen die Erinnerungen ein Hohelied dar auf den selbstlosen Einsatz der sowjetischen Menschen für die friedliche Forschung wie bei der Verteidigung ihrer sozialistischen Heimat.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Soderžanie: Ot prostogo k složnomy ne iskažaja real'nosti / V. P. Mel'nikov, V. N. Koniščev, V. E. Romanovskij, D. S. Drozbov, V. N. Kubejarov. - Otklik global'nych klimatičeskich izmenenij prošlogo v prirodnych ob''ektach kriolitozony / I. D. Streleckaja. - Torfjanye krugi kriolitozony / O. A. Ogneva, K. V. Matyšak. - Ch meždunarodnaja konferencija po merzlotovedeniju / R. Ju. Fedorov. - Kak v severnoj tajge zapadnoj sibiri menjalsja klimat, i k čemu eto privelo / N. G. Moskalenko, O. E. Ponomareva, E. V. Ustinova, A. G. Gravis, N. M. Berdnikov. - Novaja arktičeskaja naučno-issledovatel'skaja stancija "Ostrov Samojlovskij" v del'te Leny: prirodnye uslovija, perspektivy meždunarodnych i mul'tidisciplinarnych rabot v regione / M. N. Grigor'ev. - O lednikach altaja, gde sneg nikogda ne taet; o gornom chrebte kodare, tekuščej s nego reke čare, i o tom, kak studenty praktiku vosprinimajut / V. S. Šejnktan. - Novoe primenenie diatomitov / V. P. Mel'nikov, K. S. Ivanov. - V poiskach tradicionnych i al'ternativnych istočnikov ±energii zapadnoj sibiri / A. R. Kurčikov. - Ispol'zovanie teplovizora pri geokriologičeskich issledovanijach / D. O. Sergeev, Ju. V. Stanilovskaja, K. V. Savel'ev. - Bez počvy žit' nel'zja na svete, net! / V. N. Kudejarov. - Buket ot Mamonta / S. V. Gubin, S. G. Jasina. - Pis'ma iz prošlogo (k 140-letiju M. I. Sumgina - osnovopoložnika otečestvennogo merzlotovedenija) / I. V. Klimovskij. - Vot tak vse i načinalos' (vospominanie kadrovika o zaroždenii Tjumenskogo naučnogo centra) / V. Ja. Kolesova.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Indigenous peoples and biodiversity in the Arctic. - 1 Synthesis: Implications for Conservation. - 2 Species Diversity in the Arctic. - 3 Mammals. - 4 Birds. - 5 Amphibians and Reptiles. - 6 Fishes. - 7 Terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrates. - 8 Marine Invertebrates. - 9 Plants. - 10 Fungi. - 11 Microorganisms. - 12 Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 13 Freshwater Ecosystems. - 14 Marine Ecosystems. - 15 Parasites. - 16 Invasive Species: Human-Induced. - 17 Genetics. - 18 Provisioning and Cultural Services. - 19 Disturbance, Feedbacks and Conservations. - 20 Linguistic Diversity.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The eyes of the world are turning northwards. In recent years, interest in the Arctic has increased dramatically within and outside of Arctic countries. This is reflected in the amount of attention given to Arctic biodiversity. While the landscapes and wildlife have been the subject of explorers, scientists, artists and photographers as well as the home of a variety of peoples for a long time, until recently Arctic biodiversity did not feature very prominently in national or international policy work. This, however, is changing, as the unique values of Arctic nature are increasingly discussed at high levels. At the same time, more and more attention has been paid to the interface between science and policy to ensure that policy is built on the best science available. Biodiversity is life. It is the very foundation of our existence on Earth. In the Arctic, links between biodiversity and traditional ways of life are often seen more clearly than in many other parts of the world. These are examples of ecosystem services, the benefits that we receive from nature. Many ecosystems and ecosystem functions in the Arctic remain largely unstudied and involve little-known organisms, especially microbes. The Arctic Biodiversity Assessment presents current knowledge also on these processes and organisms and thus provides a base for further work.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Council Staff . - Acknowledgments. - Boxes. - Tables. - Figures. - Acronyms and Abbreviations. - Summary. - Introduction. - 1 The Oceans in the Anthropocene. - 1.1 Use of the oceans. - 1.1.1 The legendary sea and its cultural meanings. - 1.1.2 Food from the sea. - 1.1.3 Ocean shipping and maritime trade. - 1.1.4 The sea as a dump for waste and waste water. - 1.1.5 Energy from the sea. - 1.1.6 Marine mining and resource extraction. - 1.1.7 The economic value of marine ecosystems. - 1.2 Threats to the oceans. - 1.2.1 Physical destruction of ecosystems. - 1.2.2 Overfishing. - 1.2.3 Impacts of marine pollution. - 1.2.3.1 Results of chemical pollution. - 1.2.3.2 Results of plastic pollution. - 1.2.3.3 Radioactive contamination. - 1.2.4 Warming. - 1.2.5 CO2 input and acidification. - 1.2.6 Low-oxygen zones. - 1.2.7 Sea-level rise. - 1.2.8 Aggregated effects. - 1.3 Possible new uses. - 1.3.1 Renewable energy. - 1.3.2 Raw materials. - 1.3.3 Marine genetic resources. - 1.3.4 New developments in marine aquaculture. - 1.4 Shaping the future of the marine ecosystem. - 1.4.1 Primary principles and values. - 1.4.2 Guiding principle for human interaction with the oceans. - 1.4.2.1 Think systemically: Regard and maintain the sea as an ecosystem and aspart of the Earth system. - 1.4.2.2 Act in a precautionary way: Take uncertainty and ignorance into account. - 1.4.2.3 Cooperate: overcoming the tragedy of the commons. - 1.4.3 Exemplary specification of the guiding principle for the sustainable stewardship of the marine ecosystem. - 2 Global Society and Social Contract. - 2.1 Global society and world's oceans. - 2.1.1 The global society in the Anthropocene. - 2.1.2 The emerging global society and global society theory. - 2.1.3 The cosmopolitan challenge. - 2.1.4 Global appreciation of the oceans. - 2.2 A social contract for the seas. - 2.2.1 A social contract as a basis for the Great Transformation. - 2.2.2 Reform of ocean governance. - 3 Governance of Human Ocean Use. - 3.1 Specifics of the seas. - 3.1.1 Oceans as part of the Earth system. - 3.1.2 Demands on marine policy caused by knowledge gaps. - 3.1.3 Oceans as a global public and common good. - 3.1.4 Touchstones for assessing the existing governanceof the oceans. - 3.1.5 Common heritage of mankind. - 3.2 Ocean governance in international law: UNCLOS. - 3.2.1 Zoning of the oceans by UNCLOS. - 3.2.1.1 Territorial sea. - 3.2.1.2 Contiguous zone. - 3.2.1.3 Exclusive economic zone. - 3.2.1.4 Continental shelf. - 3.2.1.5 High seas. - 3.2.1.6 The Area. - 3.2.2 Regulations of UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans. - 3.2.3 Institutions of UNCLOS. - 3.2.3.1 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. - 3.2.3.2 International Seabed Authority and the seabed regime. - 3.2.4 Assessment of UNCLOS. - 3.2.4.1 Systemic perspective. - 3.2.4.2 Precautionary principle. - 3.2.4.3 Adaptive management. - 3.2.4.4 Incentives for innovation. - 3.2.4.5 Assignment of rights of use. - 3.2.4.6 Cooperation. - 3.2.4.7 Subsidiary decision-making structures. - 3.2.4.8 Transparent information. - 3.2.4.9 Participative decision-making structures. - 3.2.4.10 Fair distribution mechanisms. - 3.2.4.11 Conflict-resolution mechanisms. - 3.2.4.12 Enforcement mechanisms. - 3.2.5 Core problems and challenges of future ocean governance. - 3.3 Global ocean governance: UN institutions and activities. - 3.3.1 Actors: UN bodies and specialized organizations. - 3.3.1.1 UN General Assembly and UNSecretary-General. - 23.3.1.2 Rio Process. - 3.3.1.3 International Maritime Organization. - 3.3.1.4 UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission. - 3.3.1.5 UN Environmental Programme (UNEP). - 3.3.1.6 UN-Oceans. - 3.3.1.7 Global Environment Facility (GEF). - 3.3.1.8 World Bank Group. - 3.3.2 UN conventions relating to the oceans. - 3.3.2.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). - 3.3.2.2 Negotiations on a new implementing agreement on marine biodiversityon the high seas. - 3.3.2.3 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). - 3.3.2.4 UNESCO World Heritage Convention and World Heritage Marine Programme. - 3.3.2.5 MARPOL and SOLAS. - 3.3.2.6 London Convention and London Protocol. - 3.4 Regional ocean governance. - 3.4.1 UNEP Regional Seas Programme. - 3.4.2 Regional seas agreements. - 3.4.2.1 Task areas. - 3.4.2.2 Institutionalization: governance mechanisms and capacity. - 3.4.2.3 Cooperation, coordination, coherence and complementarity. - 3.4.3 EU marine policy. - 3.5 Private ocean governance. - 3.5.1 Options and limitations. - 3.5.2 Example: eco-labels and sustainability labels. - 3.6 Selected instruments. - 3.6.1 Environmental monitoring. - 3.6.2 Marine protected areas and marine spatial planning. - 3.6.2.1 Marine protected areas. - 3.6.2.2 Marine spatial planning. - 3.6.3 Integrated coastal-zone management.. - 3.6.4 Environmental standards. - 3.6.5 Environmental liability. - 3.6.6 Sanctions. - 3.6.7 Class actions. - 3.6.8 International financial transfers. - 3.7 Conclusions. - 4 Food from the Sea. - 4.1 Marine fishery. - 4.1.1 Status and trends of fisheries. - 4.1.2 Importance and effects of fisheries. - 4.1.2.1 Food and food security. - 4.1.2.2 Socioeconomic significance and effects. - 4.1.2.3 Ecological significance and effects. - 4.1.2.4 Small-scale marine fisheries in the global context. - 4.1.3 Sustainable fisheries management: methods and instruments. - 4.1.3.1 Ecosystem approach and precautionary principle as the basis for sustainable fishing. - 4.1.3.2 Knowledge-based fisheries management. - 4.1.3.3 Instruments for the sustainable management of fish-stocks. - 4.1.3.4 Minimizing the ecological risks and side effects of fisheries. - 4.1.3.5 Monitoring and enforcement. - 4.1.3.6 Costs and financing the transition towards sustainable fisheries. - 4.1.4 International fisheries governance: institutions and focal points. - 4.1.4.1 Political objectives. - 4.1.4.2 The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. - 4.1.4.3 The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. - 4.1.4.4 Fisheries governance on the high seas: the UN Fish Stocks Agreement and regional fisheries management organizations. - 4.1.4.5 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. - 4.1.4.6 The external dimension of the EU Common Fisheries Policy. - 4.1.4.7 Subsidies in the fishing industry. - 4.1.4.8 International trade and trade policy. - 4.2 Aquaculture. - 4.2.1 Definitions and principles. - 4.2.2 State of aquaculture and trends. - 4.2.2.1 Growth and regional overview. - 4.2.2.2 Contribution to food security and poverty reduction. - 4.2.2.3 Environmental risks from aquaculture and conflicts over use at the coasts. - 4.2.2.4 Promoting ecologically sustainable aquaculture. - 4.2.3 Governance of aquaculture. - 4.2.3.1 Fundamental prerequisites for a sustainable form of aquaculture. - 4.2.3.2 Selected instruments for promoting sustainable aquaculture. - 4.2.3.3 Research and development for sustainable aquaculture. - 4.2.4 International and regional governance in aquaculture. - 4.2.4.1 International level. - 4.2.4.2 European Union. - 4.2.4.3 Regional seas agreements. - 4.3 Interactions between fisheries and aquaculture. - 4.3.1 Forage fisheries and breeding from wild-caught fish. - 4.3.2 Competition between uses. - 4.3.3 Reducing the proportion of fishmeal and fish oil used in aquaculture feeds. - 4.4 Systemic effects: land/sea interactions and feedbackloops with the Earth system. - 4.4.1 Climate change. - 4.4.2 Acidification. - 4.4.3 Low-oxygen zones and eutrophication. - 4.4.4 Anthropogenic pollution. - 4.4.5 Synergistic effects. - 4.5 Conclusions. - 5 Energy from the sea. - 5.1 Fossil energy carriers from the sea. - 5.1.1 Resource availability of fossil energy carriers. - 5.1.2 Technologies of offshore extraction. - 5.1.3 Environmental impact of fossil energy use. - 5.1.4 Infrastructure. - 5.1.4.1 Mineral oil. - 5.1.4.2 Natural gas. - 5.1.4.3 Carbon dioxide. - 5.1.5 Costs. - 5.1.6 Prospects of fossil-fuel extraction in the oceans. - 5.1.7 Conclusions. - 5.2 Renewable energy. - 5.2.1 Technological possibilities of offshore wind energy and marine energies. - 5.2.1.1 Development status of offshore wind energy. - 5.2.1.2 Development status of marine-energy technologies. - 5.2.2 Global potential of sea-based renewable power generation. - 5.2.2.1 Offshore wind energy. - 5.2.2.2 Marine energies. - 5.2.3 Environmental impact of marine renewable-energy generation. - 5.2.4 Infrastructure. - 5.2.4.1 Offshore logistics for renewable energy. - 5.2.4.2 Offshore storage technologies. - 5.2.5 Costs. - 5.2.5.1 Offshore wind energy. - 5.2.5.2 Marine energies. - 5.3 Vision of a future marine energy system. - 5.3.1 The status quo of marine energy generation. - 5.3.2 A future renewable marine energy system. - 5.3.3 Transformation of the marine energy system - from the status quo to the futureenergy system. - 5.4 Governance. - 5.4.1 Energy policy. - 5.4.2 Marine policy. - 5.4.2.1 Marine spatial planning. - 5.4.2.2 Construction of installations in the sea. - 5.4.2.3 Regulation of oil and gas production. - 5.4.2.4 Regulations on the storage of CO2 in the sea or the seabed. - 5.4.3 Promotion of innovation. - 5.4.3.1 Promotion of systemic innovation. - 5.4.3.2 Technology development. - 5.4.3.3 Innovation potential. - 5.4.3.4 Measures. - 5.5 Conclusions. - 6 Synthesis: The Blue Revolution. - 6.1 The oceans as the common heritage of mankind. - 6.2 Expansion into the oceans. - 6.3 A new initiative for the conservation and sustainable use of the seas. - 6.4 Elements of a new marine policy. - 7 Recommendations for Action. - 7.1 Guiding principles for future ocean governance. - 7.1.1 The oceans as the 'common heritage of mankind'. - 7.1.2 The systemic approach. - 7.1.3 The precautionary principle. - 7.1.4 Ten criteria for a future system of ocean governance. - 7.1.5 Implementation and enforcement. - 7.1.6 A social contract for the seas. - 7.2 The WBGU's vision of a comprehensive reform of the international law of the sea. - 7.2.1 The common heritage of mankind, the systemic approach and the precautionaryprinciple: three guiding principles for ocean management. - 7.2.2 Institutional changes. - 7.2.2.1 A global steward of the seas: the World Oceans Organization. - 7.2.2.2 Regional stewards of the seas: Regional Marine Management Organizations. - 7.2.2.3 Extend the jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. - 7.2.3 Rights and duties of states parties on the high seas and in EEZs. - 7.2.3.1 Conservation and sustainable use of the high seas. - 7.2.3.2 Conservation and sustainable use of the Exclusive Economic Zones. - 7.2.4 Instruments. - 7.3 Recommendations for action: the road to a comprehensivereform of the law of the sea. - 7.3.1 Strengthen the knowledge and action base of ocean governance. - 7.3.1.1 Improve marine environmental monitoring. - 7.3.1.2 Process scientific knowledge for policy-makers and support the Regular Process. - 7.3.1.3 Set up a multi-stakeholder forum. - 7.3.2 Create the necessary conditions for sustainable management. - 7.3.3 Develop strategies for future ocean governance. - 7.3.3.1 Develop the Oceans Compact into an Integrated World Oceans Strategy. - 7.3.3.2 Ratify regional, national and local marine strategies. - 7.3.3.3 Take on a pioneering role - forge subglobal alliances. - 7.3.4 Support and flesh out the international law of the sea. - 7.3.4.1 Promote the signing, ratification and implementation of UNCLOS. - 7.3.4.2 Reach a new implementing agreement on biological diversity on the high seas. - 7.3.4.3 Advance the UN Fish Stocks Agreement and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). - 7.3.5 Strengthen regional ocean governance. - 7.3.5.1 Strengthen and expand the UNEP Regional Seas Programme. - 7.3.5.2 Strengthen regional seas agreements. - 7.3.5.3 Improve dovetailing in regional ocean governance. - 7.3.6 Develop concepts for the joint funding of ocean governance. - 7.3.6.1 Strengthen international financing mechanisms. - 7.3.6.2 Use the mechanisms of the Framework Convention on Climate Change for funding. - 7.3.6.3 Utilize user charges as a source of funding. - 7.3.7 Employ incentive instruments and funding structures. - 7.3.7.1 Create economic incentives for sustainable uses. - 7.3.7.2 Develop funding structures for long-term-oriented investments. - 7.3.8 Strengthen and expand private governance. - 7.3.8.1 Introduce a standardized Europe-wide system of certification for wild-caught fish and seafood. - 7.3.8.2 Improve legal certainty on the WTO-conformity of sustainability standards. - 7.3.9 Considerably expand marine protected areas and spatial planning. - 7.3.9.1 Expand marine protected areas. - 7.3.9.2 Expand cross-border marine spatial planning. - 7.3.10 Promote the harmonization of existing liability regimes. - 7.4 Food from the sea. - 7.4.1 Recommendations for action on marine fisheries. - 7.4.1.1 Overall recommendations for a change of course in fisheries. - 7.4.1.2 Improve the preconditions for knowledge-based fishery. - 7.4.1.3 Reduce subsidies. - 7.4.1.4 Stop wastefulness. - 7.4.1.5 Combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. - 7.4.1.6 Take into account climate change, ocean acidification and other systemic effects. - 7.4.1.7 Reform the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy. - 7.4.1.8 Marine small-scale fisheries in the global context. - 7.4.2 Recommendations for action on aquaculture. - 7.4.2.1 Improve knowledge and data resources. - 7.4.2.2 Promote the development of sustainable aquaculture systems. - 7.4.2.3 Implement international and EU-wide recommendations. - 7.4.2.4 Strengthen economic policy supporting sustainable aquaculture. - 7.4.2.5 Promote cooperation, prevent conflicts. - 7.4.3 Fishing and aquaculture as elements of integrated strategies for food security. - 7.5 Use of energy from the sea for the energy-system transformation. - 7.5.1 Integrated energy, marine and innovation policiesfor the energy-system transformation. - 7.5.1.1 Energy policy. - 7.5.1.2 Marine policy. - 7.5.1.3 Innovation policy. - 7.5.2 Build an offshore supergrid. - 7.5.3 Refrain from marine methane hydrate mining. - 7.5.4 Develop regulations for sub-seabed CCS. - 8 Recommendations for Research and Education. - 8.1 Research in the context of the transformation towards sustainability. - 8.1.1 Key types of research. - 8.1.2 Innovative approaches in German marine research. - 8.2 Transformation research for the oceans. - 8.2.1 Conceptual background. - 8.2.2 Research recommendations. - 8.3 Transformative research for the seas. - 8.3.1 Research on global change. - 8.3.2 Ocean governance. - 8.3.2.1 Ocean governance for the transformation towards sustainability. - 8.3.2.2 Policy instruments for new challenges. - 8.3.3 Food from the sea. - 8.3.3.1 Fisheries. - 8.3.3.2 Aquaculture. - 8.3.3.3 Overarching issues. - 8.3.4 Energy from the sea. - 8.3.4.1 Technology research. - 8.3.4.2 Research on environmental hazards and risks. - 8.4 Recommendations on research policy. - 8.4.1 Stronger integration of interdisciplinary marine research into research programmes. - 8.4.2 Stronger institutionalization of interdisciplinary marine research. - 8.4.3 Strengthening of the interface between science and society in marine research. - 9 References. - 10 Glossary.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Proliferation of ice algae in the Syowa Station Area, Antarctica / Takao Hoshiai. - Phytoplankton and zooplankton standing stocks and downward flux of particulate material around fast ice edge of Lützow-Holm Bay, Antarctica / Mitsuo Fukuchi and Hiroshi Sasaki. - A preliminary note on the occurrence of Copepeds under sea ice near Syowa Station, Antarctica / Mitsuo Fukuchi and Atsushi Tanimura. - Copepeds in the stomach of a Nototheniid Fish, Trematomus borchgrevinki Fry at Syowa Station, Antarctica / Takao Hoshiai and Atsushi Tanimura. - Floristic study of ice algae in the sea ice of a lagoon, Lake Saroma, Hokkaido, Japan / Eiji Takahashi.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Inhalt: 1 Das Klima und seine Schwankungen. - 2 Vom großen Klimawandel vor 20.000 Jahren. - 3 Wetter- und Klimaextreme nach historischen Zeugnissen. - 4 Von der Kleinen Eiszeit zur modernen Warmzeit. - 5 Das stadteigene Klima. - 6 Welches Klima steht den Berlinern bevor?. - 7 Berlin im Klimawandel. - Schlussbemerkung. - Klimastatistik für Berlin-Dahlem 1981 - 2010. - Ergänzende Literatur. - Bild- und Datenquellen / Abkürzungen. - Autoren. - Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In diesem Buch zeichnen namhafte Wissenschaftler die Entwicklung des Klimas im Berliner Raum seit der letzten Eiszeit in allgemeinverständlicher Weise nach. Die bis in das 18. Jahrhundert zurück reichenden regulären Klimabeobachtungen werden eingehend analysiert. Dabei sind seit den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts Erwärmungstendenzen deutlich erkennbar, ungeachtet der hohen natürlichen Veränderlichkeit von Jahr zu Jahr, von Jahreszeit zu Jahreszeit. Dem Leser wird gezeigt, wie sich das Klima unter dem Einfluss des Menschen, insbesondere durch die Emission von Treibhausgasen, weiterentwickeln kann. Eindringlich weisen die Autoren auf Probleme und bestehende Unsicherheiten hin. Sie diskutieren mögliche Folgen für Natur und Gesellschaft im Berliner Raum und heben die Bedeutung des Berliner Stadtentwicklungsplanes Klima hervor.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Introduction. - 1. Tropospheric aerosol. - 2. Stratospheric aerosol. - 3. Models of atmospheric aerosol. - Abstract. - References