ALBERT

Note: Contents: Preface. - Introduction. - The task. - The team. - The ship. - Committees. - Voyage to Antarctica. - Site selection for the permanent station. - Unloading. - The construction of the base station - Dakshin Gangotri. - Helicopter operations. - Snow vehicles and plant. - Scientific and related work. - Schirmacher hill (Dakshin Gangotri) Camp. - Meteorology. - Communication. - Geology. - Magnetic surveys. - Biology of krill and other zooplankters. - Sea bird observations. - Biological and microbiological studies. - A. Schirmacher Oasis fresh water systems. - B. Coastal and shelf studies. - C. Oceanographic studies. - Hydrochemical studies. - A. Schirmacher Oasis fresh water lakes. - B. Oceanographic studies. - Study on ionized and unionized atmosphere. - Chemical studies. - Isolation of bacteria and fungi. - The runway site. - Photography. - Philately. - Medical. - Return voyage. - Concluding remarks. - Appendices. - 1. Major events of the Third Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica. - 2. Preliminary report on meteorological programme. - 3. Satellite communication - INMARSAT Terminal. - 4. Communication Report Third Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica. - 5. Amateur radio operation during the Third Indian Antarctic Expedition, 1983-84. - 6. Preliminary report of the geological investigations. - 7. A preliminary report of the geological work done in Antarctica. - 8. Magnetic surveys during the Third Indian Antarctic Expedtion. - 9. Studies on biology of krill and other zooplankters of the southern ocean, especially within the Antarctic Circle. - 10. Observations made during the Third Indian Antarctic Expedition on sea birds of the southwestern hemisphere. - 11. Preliminary report: biological and microbiological work: Third Indian Antarctic Expedition. - A. Studies on the Schirmacher Oasis Freshwater Systems. - B. Coastal and shelf studies. - C. Oceanographic Studies. - 12. Preliminary report on the hydrochemical work carried out during the Third Indian Antarctic Expedition. - 13. Study of ionized and unionized atmosphere - preliminary report. - 14. Preliminary scientific report on chemical studies. - 15. A preliminary report on the biological studies of fresh water lakes at Dakshin Gangotri. - 16. Meteorological programme during the winters. - 17. Preliminary report on wintering experiments: study of ionized and unionized atmosphere. - 18. The runway site.

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des zentralen Teiles des Sierra de Santa Victoria im argentinisch-bolivianischen Grenzgebiet. , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des Hornillos Komplexes : Sierra de Santa Victoria, Prov. de Salta / Argentinien. , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des Maiguasi-Gebietes. , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des Rejará-Stock : Sierra de Santa Victoria (Prov. Arce, Dpto. Tarija, Bolivien). , Zugleich: Clausthal, Technische Universität, Dissertation, 1992 , lnhaltverzeichnis: Einleitung. - 1.1 Überblick über die Alkaligesteinsvorkommen der Ostkordillere. - 1.2 Der kretazische Magmatismus in NW-Argentinien und S-Bolivien. - 1.3 Zielsetzung der Arbeit. - 1.4 Arbeitsmethodik. - 1.4.1 Kartierung und Probennahme. - 1.4.2 Mikroskopie. - 1.4.3 Röntgendiffraktometrie (RDA). - 1.4.4 Kathodolumineszenz (KL). - 1.4.5 Analytische Geochemie. - 1.4.5.1 Aufbereitung. - 1.4.5.2 Atomemissionsspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP). - 1.4.5.3 Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA). - 1.4.5.4 FeO-Bestimmung. - 1.4.5.5 H2O-Bestimmung. - 1.4.5.6 Gesamt-C-Bestimmung als CO2. - 1.4.5.7 lnstrumentelle Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse (INAA). - 1.4.5.8 C- und O-lsotopenmessungen. - 1.4.5.9 Standardabweichungen der Methoden. - 2 Geographische Aspekte des Arbeitsgebietes. - 2.1 Lage des Arbeitsgebietes. - 2.2 Morphotektonische Gliederung der Anden in NW-Argentinien und S-Bolivien. - 3 Zur Geologie der Sierra de Santa Victoria. - 3.1 Sedimentare Abfolge. - 3.1.1 Wendium - Unteres Kambrium. - 3.1.2 Oberes Kambrium. - 3.1.3 Ordovizium. - 3.1.4 Silur. - 3.1.5 Devon. - 3.1.6 Karbon. - 3.1.7 Kreide - Alttertiär. - 3.1.8 Alt-Ouartär. - 3.1.9 Jung-Quartär. - 3.2 Magmatische Abfolge: Geologie und Petrographie des Hornillos-Komplexes. - 3.2.1 Frühere Arbeiten. - 3.2.2 Allgemeine geologische Aspekte des Komplexes. - 3.3 lntrusivgesteine. - 3.3.1 Nordmarkite. - 3.3.2 Syenite. - 3.3.3 Grobkörige Syenite. - 3.3.4 Monzonite. - 3.3.5 Pulaskite. - 3.3.6 Syenitporphyre. - 3.3.7 Vulkanische Schlotbreccien. - 3.4 Vulkaniklastische Ablolge in mesozoischen Sandsteinen. - 3.5 Ganggefolgschaft des Hornillos-Komplexes. - 3.5.1 Leukokrate Gänge. - 3.5.2 Mesokrate Gänge. - 3.5.3 Melanokrate Gänge. - 3.6 Zusammenfassung der petrographischen Untersuchungs-Ergebnisse. - 3. 7 Metallogenetische Aspekte. - 3.7.1 Blei-Uran-Thorium-Vererzungen. - 3.7.2 Eisenoxid-Gänge. - 3.7.3 Sulfid-Schwerspat-Gänge. - 3.7.4 Seifengold. - 4 Geochemie des Hornillos-Komplexe. - 4.1 Hauptelemente. - 4.2 Spurenelementverteilung. - 4.2.1 Salische Gesteine. - 4.2.2 Mafische Gesteine. - 4.3 Verteilung der Seltenen Erden (SEE). - 4.4 Geotektonische Position aufgrund von Diskriminierungs-Diagrammen. - 5 Gang-Schwarm von Maiguasi. - 5.1 Allgemeines über Lamprophyre. - 5.2 Die Lamprophyre aus dem Gebiet von Maiguasi. - 5.2.1 Petrographie der Lamprophyre. - 5.2.2 Geochemie der Lamprophyre. - 5.3 Die Tinguaite aus dem Gebiet von Maiguasi (Tinguaftas de lruya). - 5.4 Geochemischer und petrogenetischer Zusammenhang zwischen Lamprophyren und Tinguaiten. - 6 Fenitisierungserscheinungen im Rejará-Granodiorit (S-Bolivien). - 6.1 Einleitung. - 6.2 Granodiorit. - 6.3 Episyenite. - 6.4 Geochemie des Granodiorites und Episyenites. - 6.5 Dolerit-Gänge. - 6.6 Fenitisierung. - 6.7 Ultramafische Lamprophyre (Aillikite). - 6.8 Diskussion. - 7 Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffisotopie. - 7.1 Datenermittlung. - 7.2 Sauerstoffisotopie. - 7.3 Kohlenstoffisotopie. - 7.4 Verhältnis zwischen Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoff-lsotopen. - 7.5 Diskussion und Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen. - 8 Schlußfolgerungen und Ausblick. - 8.1 Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerung. - 8.2 Diskussion. - 8.3 Modell zum Alkalimagmatismus in der Ostkordillere. - 8.4 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Anhangverzeichnis (Tabellen und Karten). -

Note: Contents: Acknowledgement. - Contributors List. - PART I. INTRODUCTION. - Introduction / D. Prandle. - PART II. BAROCLINIC DYNAMICS. - The influence of coastally trapped waves on the circulation in Jervis Bay, New South Wales / P. D. Craig and P. E. Holloway. - Tidal mixing near the sill of a Scottish sea loch / A. J. Elliott, P. A. Gillibrand and W. R. Turrell. - A topographically induced internal wave and mixing in the Tamar Estuary / D. R. Sturley and K. R. Dyer. - Turbulence and shear induced mixing processes in estuaries / E. J. Derbyshire & J. R. West. - Dynamically-active models in the prediction of estuarine stratification / J. H. Simpson and J. Sharples. - PART III. CIRCULATION. - Circulation Residual flow in Naples Bay and its effect on constituent concentration, constituent flux and residence time / J. Van de Kreeke. - The stratified hydrodynamics of the Palmiet - a prototypical bar-built estuary / J. L. Largier, J. H. Slinger and S. Talijaard. - Salinity structure of a shallow, tributary estuary / W. W. Schroeder, S. P. Dinnel and W. J. Wiseman Jr. - On meteorologically induced subtidal motion in Hangzhou Bay / J. L. Su and W. Chen. - Water level fluctuations in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana: tidal forcing versus river forcing / E. M. Swenson and C. E. Sasser. - Modelling of low-frequency salinity variations in the St. Lawrence Estuary / K. T. Tee. - On the estuatine circulation within the Kattegat / N. Winkel-Steinberg, J. O. Backhaus and T. Pohlmann. - PART IV. SEDIMENTATION. - Sedimentation Observations of fine-sediment concentrations and transport in the turbidity maximum region of an estuary / R. J. Uncles, J. A. Stephens and M. L. Barton. - Velocity asymmetries in frictionally-dominated tidal embayments: longitudinal and lateral variability / C. T. Friedrichs, D. R. Lynch and D. G. Aubrey. - Effects of sea-level rise on muddy coastal margins / R. Kirby. - Acoustic measurements of suspended sediment over sandwaves / P. D. Thome, R. L. Soulsby and P. J. Hardcastle. - Some observations on fluid mud response to water waves / F. Jiang and A. J. Mehta. - The reflection of waves off beaches / J. Darbyshire. - PART V. MODELLING (SEDIMENT). - Dispersion in tidally-averaged transport equation / R. T. Cheng and V. Casulli. - Effect of bends on dilution rates / R. Smith. - Modelling the vertical distribution of suspended sediment in combined wave-current flow / A. G. Davies. - Some considerations on mathematical modelling of morphological processes in tidal regions / Z. B. Wang. - A three-dimensional transport model for dissolved and suspended matter in estuaries and coastal seas / G. C. van Dam and R. A. Louwersheimer. - An estuatine and coastal sand transport model / B. A. O'Connor and J. Nicholson. - PART VI. APPLIED STUDIES. - Current and density structure in the Netherlands coastal zone / W. P. M. de Ruijter, A. van der Giessen and F. C. Groenendijk. - On the distribution of suspended matter and the density driven circulation in the Dutch coastal area / M. Visser. - Coastal dynamics along a rugged coastline / B. King and E. Wolanski. - Transport of hypoxic waters: an estuary-subestuary exchange / A. Y. Kuo and K. Park. - Interdisciplinary study on the tidal front in the Bungo Channel, Japan / T. Yanagi, O. Matsuda, S. Tanabe and S. Uye. - Hydrodynamic modelling for a tidal power project / T. L. Shaw.

Note: Contents 1 Scope / G. Matthess 2 Polar Organic Substances and Their Role in the Water-Saturated and -Unsaturated Zones 2.0 Introduction / F.H. Frimmel 2.1 Isolation Procedures and Characterization Methods 2.1.1 Isolation and General Characterization of Organic Acids from Pore Water / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.2 Isolation and Characterization of Soil Humic Matter / W. Finger, B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.1.3 Isolation and Characterization of Organic Substancesin Ground Water and Sediments / F. Selenka and A. Hack 2.1.4 Chromatographie Characterization of the Acid-Soluble Part of Humic Substances / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.5 Spectroscopic Characterization of Humic Substances in the Ultraviolet and Visible Region and by Infrared Spectroscopy / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.6 Temperature-Programmed/Time-Resolved Pyrolysis Field lonization Mass Spectrometry - a New Method for the Characterization of Humic Substances / H.-R. Schulten 2.1.7 Interpretation of the Pyrolysis Products of Isolated Humic and Fulvic Acids / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.8 Characterization of Isolated Humic Material by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy /J. Buddrus and P. Burba 2.1.9 Characterization of Humic Substances Extracted by Organic Solvents / B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.2 Interaction of Inorganics with Humic Substances 2.2.1 Investigation of Metal Complexation by Polarography and Fluorescence Spectroscopy / F.H. Frimmel 2.2.2 Determination of Complexation Equilibria by the Ion-Exchange Method / W. Finger and H. Klamberg 2.2.3 Sorption of Metals on Humic Material / R. Becker and H. Klamberg 2.2.4 Interactions of Humic Substances with Iodine / K. G. Heumann and C. Reifenhäuser 2.2.5 Experiments on the Influence of Organic Ligands upon Kinetics of Feldspar Weathering / A. Petersen, G. Matthess and D. Schenk 2.3 Characterization of Some Organic Acids in the Subsurface of the Sandhausen Ecosystem / T. Cordt and H. Kussmaul 2.3.4 Organic Acids 2.3.5 Conclusions 3 Carbonate Systems 3.0 Introduction / E. Usdowski 3.1 Dissolution Kinetics in the Generation of Carbonate Ground Waters 3.1.1 Theoretical and Experimental Results of the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution and Precipitation / W. Dreybrodt 3.1.2 Field Measurements and Laboratory Experiments on Calcite Dissolution Kinetics of Natural Porous Media / J. Baumann and H.D. Schulz 3.2 Field Studies on Subsurface Water of Selected Sites / B. Merkel and J. Grossmann 3.2.1 Pore Water Sampling in Carbonate Terrains 3.2.2 Variation of Inorganic Carbon in the Unsaturated Zone of a Carbonate Gravel System / L. Eichinger and B. Merkel 3.2.3 Isotope Geochemistry of the Subsurface Carbonate System in Sandhausen and Bocholt / H. Dörr, W. Leuchs, P. Obermann, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 3.2.4 Application of Stable Carbon and Sulfur Isotope Models to the Development of Ground Water in a Limestone-Dolomite-Anhydrite-Gypsum Area / K.W. Schaefer and E. Usdowski 3.2.5 A dissolution Front at the Contact of Sandsto Marly Limestone Aquifers / H.R. Langguth and R. Schulz 3.2.6 Carbonate Rock Dissolution Under Intermediate System Conditions / J. Michaelis 3.3 Alteration in Karst Systems 3.3.1 Mineralogy and Hydrogeochemistry of the Gypsum Karst of Foum Tatahouine, South Tunisia / W. Smykatz-Kloss, H. Hötzl and H. Kössl 3.3.2 Dedolomitization and Salt Formationin a Semi-Arid Environment / W. Smykatz-Kloss, and J. Goebelbecker 3.3.3 Transformation Processes in Paleokarst Sediments and Chemistry of Modern Waters in the Aladag Region, Turkey / M. Cevrini and W. Echle 4 Silicate Systems 4.0 Introduction / G. Matthess 4.1 Redox Reactions in the Subsurface 4.1.1 Anoxic Reaction Zones in an Aquifer Influenced by Increasing Nitrate and Sulfate Contents / W. Leuchs and P. Obermann 4.1.2 Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes as Indicators for Nitrification and Denitrification / H.-L. Schmidt, S. Voerkelius and A. Amberger 4.1.3 Redox Conditions and Microbial Sulfur Reactions in the Fuhrberger Field Sandy Aquifer / J. Böttcher, O. Strebet and W. Kölle 4.1.4 Influence of Fine-Grained Cover Beds on the Chemistry of Shallow Ground Water / G. Ebhardt and P. Fritsch 4.1.5 Hydrogeochemical Processes During the Passage of Surface Water and Ground Water Through Genetically Different Organic Sediments / H. Brühl, A. Moschick and H. Verleger 4.1.6 Hydrochemical Phenomena in the Dorsten Leakage System / M. Hoffmann, H.R. Langguth and J. Larue 4.1.7 Hydrogeochemical Processes in the Hamburg Deep Aquifer System / E.P. Loehnert, W. Bauhus and C. Sonntag 4.2 Rock-Water Interaction 4.2.1 Aluminium Speciation in Acid Soil Water and Ground Water / G. Dietze and B. Ulrich 4.2.2 Mineral-Pore Water Interaction in Two Soil Types on Pleistocene Sediments at Hamburg / F. Sztuka and I. Valeton 4.2.3 Subsurface Hydrochemical Reactions in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / H. Jacob, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 4.3 Reaction Kinetics 4.3.1 Experimental Methods for Determining Dissolution Rates of Silicates - a Comparison / D. Schenk, G. Matthess, A. Dahmke and A. Petersen 4.3.2 Field Studies on the Kinetics of Silicate Minerals/Water Interaction / G. Matthess, A. Petersen, D. Schenk and A. Dahmke 5 Microbiology 5.0 Introduction / P. Hirsch 5.1 Characterization of the Natural Subsurface Environment 5.1.1 Morphological and Taxonomic Diversity of Ground Water Microorganisms / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.1.2 Methods of Studying Ground Water Microbiology: Critical Evaluations and Method suggestions / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke, A. Nehrkorn, R. Schweisfurth, F. Selenka and A. Hack 5.1.3 Organic Substances in Ground Water and Sediments and Their Relationships to Microorganisms in a Sandy Aquifer / E Selenka and A. Hack 5.2 Microbial Activities 5.2.1 Observations on the Physiology of Microorganisms from Pristine Ground Water Environments / P. Hirsch 5.2.2 Formation and Transformation of Manganese Oxidation States by Bacteria / J. Gottfreund and R. Schweisfurth 5.2.3 Interactions Between Humic Acids and Microorganisms / G.-J. Tuschewitzki, B. Langer and H. Otremba 5.3 Microbiology of Selected Locations 5.3.1 Subsurface Microbial Activities in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / R. Weyandt and R. Schweisfurth 5.3.2 Heterotrophic Bacterial Communities in the Bocholt Aquifer System / J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.3.3 The Natural Microflora of the Segeberger Forest Aquifer System / P. Hirsch and E. Rades-Rohkohl 5.3.4 Microbiological Observations of the Unsaturated Zone of a Quaternary Gravel Profile / I. Alexander, G. Freitag, J. Grossmann, Β. Merkel, P. Udluft and I. Ullsperger 6 Hydrogeochemical and Geochemical-Hydraulic Models and Model Concepts 6.0 Introduction / H.-D. Schulz 6.1 Hydrogeochemical Models and Concepts 6.1.1 Development of Secondary Permeability of a Fracture Aquifer in Carbonate Rocks: a Model / W. Dreybrodt 6.1.2 Some Aspects of Modelling the Carbon System in the Unsaturated Zone / B. Merkel, L. Eichinger and P. Udluft 6.1.3 Methodical Concepts in Silicate-Water Interaction - a Comparison of Results / A. Dahmke, G. Matthess, A. Petersen and D. Schenk 6.2 Combination of Transport and Geochemical Reactions 6.2.1 Water Movement and Geochemical Reactions in the Unsaturated Zone of Sands with Low Calcite Contents / H.-D. Schulz 6.2.2 Physical and Biochemical Processes Affecting Mass Transport in the Bocholt Aquifer System / C. Bugner and R. Mull 6.2.3 Tritium and 3He Measurements as Calibration Data for Ground Water Transport Models / H. Dörr, P. Schlosser, M. Stute and C. Sonntag 6.2.4 39Ar-, 85Kr-, 3He- and 3H Isotope Dating of Ground Water in the Bocholt and Segeberger Forst Aquifer Systems / M. Forster, H. Loosli and S. Weise 6.2.5 Modelling of Mass Balance and of Microbial Transformations in the Fuhrberger Feld Sandy Aquifer / O. Strebet, J. Böttcher and W.H.M. Duynisveld 6.3 Description of Geochemical Environments with Thermodynamic Equilibrium Models / M. Rolling and H.-D. Schulz 6

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - List of symbols and definitions. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Nature of the problem. - 3. Basic equations for the atmosphere and oceans. - 4. Various decompositions of the circulation. - 5. The data. - 6. Radiation balance. - 7. Observed mean state of the atmosphere. - 8. Observed mean state of the oceans. - 9. Observed mean state of the cryosphere. - 10. Exchange processes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. - 11. Angular momentum cycle. - 12. Water Cycle. - 13. Energetics. - 14. The ocean-atmosphere heat engine. - 15. Entropy in the climate system. - 16 Interannual and interdecadal variability in the climate system. - 17. Mathematical simulation of climate. - Appendix A: Analysis in terms of Fourier components. - Appendix B: Analysis in terms of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF's). - References. - Name index. - Subject index.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 2. Die Gasgesetze. - 2.1. Einheiten für Temperatur und Druck. - 2.2. Die allgemeine Gaszustandsgleichung. - 2.3. Die allgemeine Gaszustandsgleichung für Gasgemische. - 2.4. Die chemische Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre. - 2.5. Die meteorologischen Elemente. - 3. Die Strahlung. - 3.1. Definitionen und Einheiten. - 3.2. Die Temperaturstrahlung. - 3.3. Die Sonnenstrahlung. - 3:3.1. Das Spektrum der Sonnenstrahlung. - 3.3.2. Die Intensität der Sonnenstrahlung in der Atmosphäre - die direkte Sonnenstrahlung. - 3.3.3. Die Globalstrahlung. - 3.4. Die terrestrische Strahlung. - 3.4.1. Das Spektrum und die allgemeinen Eigenschaften der Strahlung. - 3.5. Der Strahlungshaushalt der Erdoberfläche und der Atmosphäre. - 3.6. Meteorologische Strahlungsmeßgeräte. - 4. Die Lufttemperatur. - 4.1. Die Bestimmung der Lufttemperatur. - 4.1.1. Flüssigkeitsthermometer. - 4.1.2. Deformationsthermometer. Der Thermograph. - 4.1.3. Elektrische Thermometer. - 4.1.3.1. Thermoelemente. - 4.1.3.2. Widerstandsthermometer. - 4.1.4. Strahlungsschutz. - 4.1.5. Das Nachhinken der Thermometer. - 4.2. Die Faktoren, die die Lufttemperatur bestimmen. - 4.3. Die Temperaturverteilung auf der Erde. - 5. Die Luftfeuchtigkeit. - 5.1. Methoden zur Beschreibung der Luftfeuchtigkeit. - 5.2. Die Dichte der feuchten Luft. Die virtuelle Temperatur 5.3. Die Bestimmung der Luftfeuchtigkeit. - 5.3.1. Das Psychrometer. - 5.3.2. Das Haarhygrometer. Der Hygrograph. - 5.3.3. Das Frostpunkthygrometer. - 5.4. Die Luftfeuchtigkeitsverteilung über der Erdoberfläche. - 5.5. Die Behaglichkeitsempfindung und die Schwüle. - 6. Der Luftdruck. - 6.1. Definitionen. - 6.2. Die Abnahme des Luftdruckes mit der Höhe. - 6.3. Die Messung des Luftdruckes. - 6.3.1. Das Quecksilberbarometer. - 6.3.2. Die Reduktion der Barometerablesung auf 0 °C und Normalschwere. - 6.3.3. Die Reduktion des Luftdruckes auf das Meeresniveau. - 6.3.4. Das Aneroidbarometer. - 6.3.5. Das Siedebarometer oder Hypsometer. - 6.4. Die Luftdruckverteilung im Meeresniveau. - 6.5. Isobare Flächen. - 6.6. Die zeitliche Änderung des Luftdruckes. - 7. Der Wind, die Bewegung der Luft. - 7.1. Windbeobachtungen nahe der Erdoberfläche. - 7.2. Die Messung des Windes in der freien Atmosphäre - der Höhenwind. - 7.3. Einige Winddaten. - 7.4. Stromlinien und Trajektorien. - 7.5. Laminare und turbulente Strömung. - 7.6. Die Turbulenz in der Atmosphäre. - 8. Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit und Luftdruck in der freien Atmosphäre. - 8.1. Historischer Rückblick. - 8.2. Radiosonden. - 8.2.1. Die amerikanische Wetterbürosonde. - 8.2.2. Die deutsche Sonde (Graw·Sonde). - 8.2.3. Die schweizerische Sonde. - 8.2.4. Die finnische Sonde (Väisälä-Sonde). - 8.3. Die Berechnung der Höhen in einem Radiosondenaufstieg. - 8.4. Niveauflächen und Geopotential. - 8.5. Fehlerquellen bei den Radiosondenmessungen. - 8.6. Beispiele einiger typischer Radiosondenaufstiege. - 8.7. Die Standard-Atmosphäre. - 8.8. Die Feuchtigkeit in der Atmosphäre. - 9. Die Schichtung der Atmosphäre (Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre). - 9.1. Wärmemenge und Arbeit. - 9.2. Die Zustandsänderung. - 9.3. Der erste Hauptsatz der Wärmelehre. Die spezifische Wärmekapazität. - 9.4. Die adiabatische Zustandsänderung. - 9.5. Die trockenadiabatische Temperaturabnahme. - 9.6. Trockenstabile und trockenlabile Schichtung. - 9.7. Die feuchtadiabatische Temperaturabnahme. - 9.8. Feuchtstabile und feuchtlabile Schichtung. - 9.9. Hebungs- und Absinkkurven. - 9.10. Thermodynamische Diagramme. - 9.11. Die Labilitätsenergie und die Entstehung von Vertikalbewegungen. - 9.12. Einige Anwendungen des Begriffes Labilitätsenergie. - 9.13. Turbulenz und Schichtung. - 9.14. Faktoren, die die Schichtung der Atmosphäre beeinflussen. - 9.14.1. Das Einwirken der dynamischen Turbulenz auf die Schichtung. - 9.14.2. Die Wirkung von Konvektion und Strahlung. - 9.14.3. Die Änderung der Stabilität bei geordneten Vertikalbewegungen. - 10. Die Kondensationsprozesse in der Atmosphäre. - 10.1. Die Bedeutung des Begriffes Dampfdruck. - 10.2. Der Sättigungsdruck über einem Tropfen. - 10.3. Die Kondensationskerne der Atmosphäre. - 10.4. Wolkentröpfchen: Größe und Fallgeschwindigkeit. - 10.5. Der Sättigungsdampfdruck des Wasserdampfes über Eis und über unterkühltem Wasser. - 10.6. Die atmosphärischen Eiskristalle. - 10.7. Die Auslösung des Niederschlags. - 10.8. Künstliche Niederschlagsbildung. - 10.9. Die äußeren Bedingungen bei Kondensationsprozessen in der Atmosphäre. - 10.9.1. Kondensation bei Hebung der Luft. - 10.9.2. Kondensation bei der Abkühlung der Luft nahe der Erdoberfläche. - 10.9.3. Kondensation bei Mischung von Luftmassen verschiedener Temperatur. - 10.10. Die Fallgeschwindigkeit der Hydrometeore. - 11. Dunst und Nebel. - 11.1. Dunst. - 11.2. Allgemeine Eigenschaften des Nebels. - 11.3. Nebelbildende und nebelauflösende Faktoren. - 11.3.1. Nebelbildende Faktoren. - 11.3.2. Nebelauflösende Faktoren. - 11.4. Die verschiedenen Nebelarten und ihre Eigenschaften. - 11.4.1. Der Strahlungsnebel. - 11.4.2. Advektionsnebel. - 11.4.3. Orographischer Nebel, Hang- und Talnebel. - 11.4.4. Frontnebel. - 11.4.5. Seerauch. - 11.4.6. Turbulenznebel. - 11.5. Nebel und Verkehr. - 12. Die Wolken. - 12.1. Die Klassifizierung der Wolken. - 12.2. Beschreibung der verschiedenen Wolkenformen. - 12.2.1. Hohe Wolken. - 12.2.2. Mittelhohe Wolken. - 12.2.3. Tiefe Wolken und Wolken mit großer vertikaler Erstreckung. - 12.3. Die Wolkenklassifikation nach der Entstehungsart. - 12.3.1. Durch ungeordnete Hebung in einer relativ dünnen Luftschicht gebildete Wolken. - 12.3.2. Durch Aufgleiten der Luft gebildete Wolken. - 12.3.3. Durch mehr oder weniger begrenzte starke Hebung entstandene konvektive Wolken. - 12.4. Die Verschlüsselung der Wolkenbeobachtungen. - 12.5. Die Bestimmung der Bewölkung und der Sonnenscheindauer. - 12.6. Die Messung der Wolkenhöhe. - 12.7. Die Messung der Wolkenbewegung. - 12.8. Wolkenbeobachtung von meteorologischen Satelliten. - 12.8.1. Meteorologische Satelliten. - 12.8.2. Bilder im sichtbaren und im infraroten Strahlungsbereich. - 12.8.3. Wolkenformen im Satellitenbild. - 12.8.4. Wolkengruppen. - 13. Der Niederschlag. - 13.1. Verdunstung und Wasserkreislauf. - 13.2. Die Klassifizierung der Niederschläge. - 13.3. Der Nieselregen. - 13.4. Regen und Regenschauer. - 13.5. Schnee und Schneeschauer. - 13.6. Hagel. - 13.7. Schneetreiben und Sandsturm. - 13.8. Die Niederschlagsmessung. - 13.9. Die Anwendung des Radars in der Meteorologie. - 13.10. Die Bedeutung der Orographie für die Niederschlagsverteilung. - 13.11. Grundsätzliche Züge der Verteilung der Niederschläge auf der Erde. - 13.12. Wolkenbrüche und besonders starke Niederschlagsmengen. - 13.13. GIetscherbildung. - 13.14. Niederschlag in Form eines Beschlages. - 13.15. Flugverkehr und Eisbildung. - 14. Die atmosphärische Elektrizität. - 14.1. Die Ionisation der Luft. - 14.2. Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Luft. - 14.3. Stoßionisation. - 14.4. Die luftelektrischen Elemente. - 14.5. Meßmethoden. - 14.6. Überblick über die elektrischen Vorgänge in der Atmosphäre. - 14.7. Das Gewitter. - 14.7.1. Die Klassifizierung der Gewitter. - 14.7.2. Die elektrischen Eigenschaften der Gewitterwolken. - 14.7.3. Zur Theorie des Gewitters. - 14.8. Das Gewitter als elektrischer Generator in der Atmosphäre. - 14.9. Die Schadenwirkungen des Gewitters. - 15. Atmosphärische Optik. - 15.1. Die Lichtbrechung in der Atmosphäre (atmosphärische Refraktion). - 15.2. Die Streuung und diffuse Reflexion des Lichtes in der Atmosphäre. - 15.3. Kränze. - 15.4. Der Regenbogen. - 15.5. Haloerscheinungen. - 15.5.1. Allgemeine Grundsätze für die Haloentstehung. - 15.5.2. Beschreibung einiger Halokomponenten. - 15.5.2.1. Der 22°-Ring. - 15.5.2.2. Der 46°-Ring. - 15.5.2.3. Nebensonne oder Parhelia (mit dem Mond als Lichtquelle: Nebenmond oder P , Aus dem Schwed. übers.

Note: Table of Contents: Prologue. - List of authors and participants. - I. RADIOCARBON AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGIES. - Tree-ring 14C calibration at 10.000 BP / B. Kromer and B. Becker. - On flow model dating of stable isotope records from Greenland ice cores 7 S. J. Johnsen and W. Dansgaard. - The clay-varve based Swedish time scale and its relation to the Late Weichselian radiocarbon chronology / S. björck, I. Cato, L. Brunnberg, B. Strömberg. - A step towards an absolute time-scale for the Late-Glacial: annually laminated sediments from Soppensee (Switzerland) / A. F. Lotter. - B. Ammann, J. Beer, I. Hajdas, M. Sturm. - The late glacial-holocene transition in central Europe derived from isotope studies of laminated sediments from Lake Gościaź (Poland) / K. Rozanski, T. Goslar, M. Dulinski, T. Kuc, M. F. Pazdur, A. Walanus. - Younger Dryas oscillation - varve dated microstratigraphic, palynological and palaeomagnetic records from Lake Holzmaar, Germany / B. Zolitschka, B. Haverkamp, J. F. W. Negendank. - 230Th/234U and 14C ages obtained by mass spectrometry on corals from Barbados (West Indies), Isabela (Galapagos) and Mururoa (French Polynesia) / E. Bard, R. G. Fairbanks, M. Arnold, B. Hamelin. - II. COSMONUCLIDE PRODUCTION CHANGES DURING THE PAST. - Expected secular variations in the global terrestrial production rate of radiocarbon / D. Lal. - 10Be deposition at Vostok, Antarctica, during the last 50,000 years and its relationship to possible cosmogenic production variations during this period / G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, J. Jouzel, J. R. Petit, N. I. Barkov, E. Bard. - 10Be peaks as time markers in polar ice cores / J. Beer, S. J. Johnsen, G. Bonani, R. C. Finkel, C. C. Langway, H. Oeschger, B. Stauffer, M. Suter, W. Woelfli. - Variation of geomagnetic field intensity from 8-60 Ky BP, Massif Central France / J. Salis and N. Bonhommet. - A geomagnetic calibration of the radiocarbon time-scale / A. Mazaud, C. Laj, E. Bard, M. Arnold, E. Tric. - III. CLIMATIC CHANGES DURING THE LAST DEGLACIATION. - The strength of the nordic heat pump / W. S. Broecker. - δ18O time-slice reconstruction of meltwater anomalies at Termination 1 in the North Atlantic between 50 and 80°N / M. Sarnthein, E. Jansen, M. Arnold, J. C. Duplessy, H. Erlenkeuser, A. Flatoy, T. Veum, E. Vogelsang, M. S. Weinelt. - A new method to reconstruct sea surface salinity: application to the North Atlantic ocean during the Younger Dryas / J.-C. Duplessy, L. Labeyrie, A. Juillet-Leclerc, J. Duprat. - The determination of past ocean-atmosphere radiocarbon differences / J. R. Southon, D. E. Nelson, J. S. Vogel. - The last deglaciation in Antarctica: further evidence of a "Younger Dryas" type climatic event / J. Jouzel, J. R. Petit, N. I. Barkov, J. M. Barnola, J. Chappellaz, P. Ciais, V. M. Kotkyakov, C. Lorius, V. N. Petrov, D. Raynaud, C. Ritz. - Possible ice-core evidence for a fresh melt water cap over the Atlantic ocean in the early Holocene / D. A. Fisher. - Climatic changes in Northwest Africa during the last deglaciation (16-7 ka BP) / F. Gasse, J. Ch. Fontes. - The palynological expression and timing of the Younger Dryas event - Europe versus Eastern North America / D. M. Peteet.

Note: Inhalt: I. Untersuchungen zur Avifauna von King George / R. Bannasch und U. Lundberg. - II. Robbenbeobachtungen im Gebiet von King George / R. Bannasch. - III. Beobachtungen der marinen Fauna im Litoral und Benthal von King George (Südshetlandinseln, Antarktis) / M. Rauschert. - IV. Untersuchungen zum Helminthenbefall und zur Nahrung verschiedener Tiergruppen / K. Feiler. - , Zusammenfassung in englischer, deutsche und russischer Sprache , Teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Legal Matters. - Computer Programs by Chapter and Section. - 1 Preliminaries. - 1.0 Introduction. - 1.1 Program Organization and Control Structures. - 1.2 Error, Accuracy, and Stability. - 2 Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations. - 2.0 Introduction. - 2.1 Gauss-Jordan Elimination. - 2.2 Gaussian Elimination with Backsubstitution. - 2.3 LU Decomposition and Its Applications. - 2.4 Tridiagonal and Band Diagonal Systems of Equations. - 2.5 Iterative Improvement of a Solution to Linear Equations. - 2.6 Singular Value Decomposition. - 2.7 Sparse Linear Systems. - 2.8 Vandermonde Matrices and Toeplitz Matrices. - 2.9 Cholesky Decomposition. - 2.10 QR Decomposition. - 2.11 Is Matrix Inversion an N3 Process?. - 3 Interpolation and Extrapolation. - 3.0 Introduction. - 3.1 Polynomial Interpolation and Extrapolation. - 3.2 Rational Function Interpolation and Extrapolation. - 3.3 Cubic Spline Interpolation. - 3.4 How to Search an Ordered Table. - 3.5 Coefficients of the Interpolating Polynomial. - 3.6 Interpolation in Two or More Dimensions. - 4 Integration of Functions. - 4.0 Introduction. - 4.1 Classical Formulas for Equally Spaced Abscissas. - 4.2 Elementary Algorithms. - 4.3 Romberg Integration. - 4.4 Improper Integrals. - 4.5 Gaussian Quadratures and Orthogonal Polynomials. - 4.6 Multidimensional Integrals. - 5 Evaluation of Functions. - 5.0 Introduction. - 5.1 Series and Their Convergence. - 5.2 Evaluation of Continued Fractions. - 5.3 Polynomials and Rational Functions. - 5.4 Complex Arithmetic. - 5.5 Recurrence Relations and Clenshaw's Recurrence Formula. - 5.6 Quadratic and Cubic Equations. - 5.7 Numerical Derivatives. - 5.8 Chebyshev Approximation. - 5.9 Derivatives or Integrals of a Chebyshev-approximated Function. - 5.10 Polynomial Approximation from Chebyshev Coefficients. - 5.11 Economization of Power Series. - 5.12 Pade Approximants. - 5.13 Rational Chebyshev Approximation. - 5.14 Evaluation of Functions by Path Integration. - 6 Special Functions. - 6.0 Introduction. - 6.1 Gamma Function, Beta Function, Factorials, Binomial Coefficients. - 6.2 Incomplete Gamma Function, Error Function, Chi-Square Probability Function, Cumulative Poisson Function. - 6.3 Exponential Integrals. - 6.4 Incomplete Beta Function, Student's Distribution, F-Distribution, Cumulative Binomial Distribution. - 6.5 Bessel Functions of Integer Order. - 6.6 Modified Bessel Functions of Integer Order. - 6.7 Bessel Functions of Fractional Order, Airy Functions, Spherical Bessel Functions. - 6.8 Spherical Harmonics. - 6.9 Fresnel Integrals, Cosine and Sine Integrals. - 6.10 Dawson's Integral. - 6.11 Elliptic Integrals and Jacobian Elliptic Functions. - 6.12 Hypergeometric Functions. - 7 Random Numbers. - 7.0 Introduction. - 7.1 Uniform Deviates. - 7.2 Transformation Method: Exponential and Normal Deviates. - 7.3 Rejection Method: Gamma, Poisson, Binomial Deviates. - 7.4 Generation of Random Bits. - 7.5 Random Sequences Based on Data Encryption. - 7.6 Simple Monte Carlo Integration. - 7.7 Quasi- (that is, Sub-) Random Sequences. - 7.8 Adaptive and Recursive Monte Carlo Methods. - 8 Sorting. - 8.0 Introduction. - 8.1 Straight Insertion and Shell's Method. - 8.2 Quicksort. - 8.3 Heapsort. - 8.4 Indexing and Ranking. - 8.5 Selecting the Mth Largest. - 8.6 Determination of Equivalence Classes. - 9 Root Finding and Nonlinear Sets of Equations. - 9.0 Introduction. - 9.1 Bracketing and Bisection. - 9.2 Secant Method, False Position Method, and Ridders' Method. - 9.3 Van Wijngaarden-Dekker-Brent Method. - 9.4 Newton-Raphson Method Using Derivative. - 9.5 Roots of Polynomials. - 9.6 Newton-Raphson Method for Nonlinear Systems of Equations. - 9.7 Globally Convergent Methods for Nonlinear Systems of Equations. - 10 Minimization or Maximization of Functions. - 10.0 Introduction. - 10.1 Golden Section Search in One Dimension. - 10.2 Parabolic Interpolation and Brent's Method in One Dimension. - 10.3 One-Dimensional Search with First Derivatives. - 10.4 Downhill Simplex Method in Multidimensions. - 10.5 Direction Set (Powell's) Methods in Multidimensions. - 10.6 Conjugate Gradient Methods in Multidimensions. - 10.7 Variable Metric Methods in Multidimensions. - 10.8 Linear Programming and the Simplex Method. - 10.9 Simulated Annealing Methods. - 11 Eigensystems. - 11.0 Introduction. - 11.1 Jacobi Transformations of a Symmetric Matrix. - 11.2 Reduction of a Symmetric Matrix to Tridiagonal Form: Givens and Householder Reductions. - 11.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Tridiagonal Matrix. - 11.4 Hermitian Matrices. - 11.5 Reduction of a General Matrix to Hessenberg Form. - 11.6 The QR Algorithm for Real Hessenberg Matrices. - 11.7 Improving Eigenvalues and/or Finding Eigenvectors by Inverse Iteration. - 12 Fast Fourier Transform. - 12.0 Introduction. - 12.1 Fourier Transform of Discretely Sampled Data. - 12.2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). - 12.3 FFT of Real Functions, Sine and Cosine Transforms. - 12.4 FFT in Two or More Dimensions. - 12.5 Fourier Transforms of Real Data in Two and Three Dimensions. - 12.6 External Storage or Memory-Local FFTs. - 13 Fourier and Spectral Applications. - 13.0 Introduction. - 13.1 Convolution and Deconvolution Using the FFT. - 13.2 Correlation and Autocorrelation Using the FFT. - 13.3 Optimal (Wiener) Filtering with the FFT. - 13.4 Power Spectrum Estimation Using the FFT. - 13.5 Digital Filtering in the Time Domain. - 13.6 Linear Prediction and Linear Predictive Coding. - 13.7 Power Spectrum Estimation by the Maximum Entropy (All Poles) Method. - 13.8 Spectral Analysis of Unevenly Sampled Data. - 13.9 Computing Fourier Integrals Using the FFT. - 13.10 Wavelet Transforms. - 13.11 Numerical Use of the Sampling Theorem. - 14 Statistical Description of Data. - 14.0 Introduction. - 14.1 Moments of a Distribution: Mean, Variance, Skewness, and So Forth. - 14.2 Do Two Distributions Have the Same Means or Variances?. - 14.3 Are Two Distributions Different?. - 14.4 Contingency Table Analysis of Two Distributions. - 14.5 Linear Correlation. - 14.6 Nonparametric or Rank Correlation. - 14.7 Do Two-Dimensional Distributions Differ?. - 14.8 Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters. - 15 Modeling of Data. - 15.0 Introduction. - 15.1 Least Squares as a Maximum Likelihood Estimator. - 15.2 Fitting Data to a Straight Line. - 15.3 Straight-Line Data with Errors in Both Coordinates. - 15.4 General Linear Least Squares. - 15.5 Nonlinear Models. - 15.6 Confidence Limits on Estimated Model Parameters. - 15.7 Robust Estimation. - 16 Integration of Ordinary Differential Equations. - 16.0 Introduction. - 16.1 Runge-Kutta Method. - 16.2 Adaptive Stepsize Control for Runge-Kutta. - 16.3 Modified Midpoint Method. - 16.4 Richardson Extrapolation and the Bulirsch-Stoer Method. - 16.5 Second-Order Conservative Equations. - 16.6 Stiff Sets of Equations. - 16.7 Multistep, Multivalue, and Predictor-Corrector Methods. - 17 Two Point Boundary Value Problems. - 17.0 Introduction. - 17.1 The Shooting Method. - 17.2 Shooting to a Fitting Point. - 17.3 Relaxation Methods. - 17.4 A Worked Example: Spheroidal Harmonics. - 17.5 Automated Allocation of Mesh Points. - 17.6 Handling Internal Boundary Conditions or Singular Points. - 18 Integral Equations and Inverse Theory. - 18.0 Introduction. - 18.1 Fredholm Equations of the Second Kind. - 18.2 Volterra Equations. - 18.3 Integral Equations with Singular Kernels. - 18.4 Inverse Problems and the Use of A Priori Information. - 18.5 Linear Regularization Methods. - 18.6 Backus-Gilbert Method. - 18.7 Maximum Entropy Image Restoration. - 19 Partial Differential Equations. - 19.0 Introduction. - 19.1 Flux-Conservative Initial Value Problems. - 19.2 Diffusive Initial Value Problems. - 19.3 Initial Value Problems in Multidi