ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-50
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 50
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Samples of cryoconite from the Nuna ramp area in Northwest Greenland have been analyzed for the mineral and cryptogamic content. The non-mineral content of the blue-black gelatinous, drip-free cryoconite was found to be about 95% of the wet mass. After drying and ashing, the organic matter comprised 13.9 to 20% of the oven-dry sample. The mineral matter was predominately fine-grained, sharp-edged grains from 1 mm or larger to microscopic in size and appeared to have been wind-borne from the adjacent nunataks and moraines. The organic matter was found to be largely algae with inclusion of fungi and a rotifer. Since algae utilize radiation primarily in the blue region between 0.40 μ and 0.65 μ, where ice has the greatest transmissivity, it is possible that the cryoconite holes are at least partly the product of energy released by photosynthetic and metabolic processes rather than by direct absorption of red or heat-wave lengths of solar radiation by the dark cryoconite. The uniformity in the pattern and dimensions of the cryoconite holes supports the assumption that biological processes are dominant in their formation and growth.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12, A2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 50
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Observations on the Nuna ramp Sample collection Distribution of the cryoconite holes Observations in the Thule ramp Physical analyses of the cryoconite Biological assay of the cryoconite References Appendix: A study of the bacteria and fungus content of the cryoconite of the Thule area
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-43
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 43
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Charts of mean annual air temperature and precipitation over the ice cap are constructed on the basis of snow-profile studies at 8 locations, data collected for several years after 1953 at two U.S. Air Force weather stations, and records from expeditions since 1930. The warming trend in the Arctic appears to have occurred to a lesser degree on the ice cap, possibly because of the effect of the snow cover. The lowest mean annual temperature in South Greenland is estimated to occur within the area bounded by the 2500 m contour and the -18°C isotherm; mean annual temperature at 2700 is estimated as -20.9°C. In North Greenland, the mean annual temperature at 1700 m is estimated at -22°C. The presence of ice glands in the snow and daily max summer temperatures, estimated from records of coastal stations, indicate a potentially high incidence of melting at about 1300 m elevation and some melting at 1700 m in North Greenland, and melting up to 2700 m in the South. Annual accumulation is 2-3 times as great at 2500 m on the west side of the ice cap as at the crest. South of 66°N, precipitation may be about twice as great on the east side of the crest as in the west.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 43
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Derivation of mean annual air temperature data Annual accumulation References
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-350
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 350
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 350
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Sample preparation. - Apparatus and testing procedure. - Test results. - Uniaxial strength. - Initial tangent and 50% strength moduli. - Specific energy. - Discussion. - Testing method. - Compressive strength. - Tensile strength. - Ductile and brittle fracture.. - Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli. - Specific energy. - Conclusions and recommendations. - References. - Appendix A: Description of soil and calculations. - Appendix B: Description of the LVDT and averaging circuits. - Appendix C: Determination of strain in the neck section of a dumbbell specimen.
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-349
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 349
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Test locations. - Post Pond. - Mascoma Lake. - Winter freeze-up. - Ice cover properties. - Stratigraphy. - Microstructure. - Porosity. - Impurity content. - Flexural strength. - Test sites. - Beam test procedure. - Beam dimensions. - Beam temperatures. - Beam strengths. - Results. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 February 1974. - Post Pond, Site PC, 21 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 25 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 26 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 1 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 4 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 7 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 8 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PB and PC, 15 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 26 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 29 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 3 April 1974. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: In-place cantilever beam tests on Post Pond and Mascoma Lake ice yielded a maximum flexural strength of 7.1 kg/cm^2. The minimum strength, unrelated to failure along pre-existing cracks in the ice, was 2.9 kg/cm^2. The majority of tests were performed in the push-down mode after it was discovered that beams tested in the pull-up mode, which places the bottom surface in tension, frequently broke prematurely along cracks in the bottom of the ice. Premature failures of this kind usually occurred at stresses of 2-3 kg/cm^2. Data further demonstrate that the intrinsic strength of lake ice decreases significantly as the surface air temperature goes to 0°C. Ice that has just become isothermal, but has not yet begun to candle, has a strength of about 4 kg/cm^2; ice that has been subjected to prolonged periods of above-freezing air temperatures generally fails at about 3 kg/cm^2. Tests also show that cold unrecrystallized snow-ice is as strong as the underlying lake ice. Tests of the effect of crystalline structure indicate that ice composed of crystals with their c-axes horizontal is measurably stronger than ice in which the crystals are oriented with their c-axes vertical.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 349
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    Call number: ZSP-202-348
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography, Part III
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 348
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973 - 74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey the USA CRREL building at Hanover, New Hampshire. This report provides a description of excessive heat losses at several locations around the building. This report also discusses the need to carefully monitor meteorological conditions before starting a survey of a building exterior to determine if solar radiation decay from the building surface might interfere with thermographic analysis by masking the heat emanating from within the building.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 9 S. : Ill.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 348
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    Call number: ZSP-202-347
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 347
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental. - Results and discussion. - Applications. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of century-old ice from continuous 5 to 7 year intervals of three ice cores from south and central Greenland (Dye 3, Milcent and Crete) show maximum concentrations of Na, Mg,Ca, K, and Al during early spring and minimum concentrations during late summer and early fall. Peak spring values are as much as 10 times greater than fall values. Because of the large seasonal chemical variations, samples used for depth-age or annual deposition rate studies must represent accumulation from exactly one year or whole multiples of a year. The seasonal chemical variations seem promising as a new method of defining annual layers and thus dating old ice cores.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 347
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    Call number: ZSP-202-337
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. - Surface ice observations. - Imagery interpretation. - Side-looking airborne radar. - Infrared. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice conditions during mid-January 1974 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in the estuaty as far upstream as Rimouski are described utilitizing side-looking airborne radar, infrared and photographic imagery. The interpretations were verified by simultaneous surface observations on the ice by investigators operating from the CSS Dawson. The ice examined was undergoing rapid drift and deformation and showed a wide variety of thin ice (0-40 cm) features formed under the influence of strong winds and currents. These observations should serve as a guide in interpreting ice conditions in similar areas where ground truth data are not available.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 337
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    Call number: ZSP-202-338
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography / R.H. Munis, S.J. Marshall and M.A. Bush, Part II
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 338
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Discussion of heat loss survey of six housing units. - Survey of base facilities. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973-74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey housing units and base facilities at Pease Air Force Base, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. This report provides both qualitative and quantitative evidence regarding heat flow out of the eave vents of these housing units. Calculations indicate that a significant amount of heat is being lost in this manner due to inadequate attic (cap) insulation. Possible evidence of incomplete ventilation could explain the presence of condensation in the housing units. Analyses of thermograms are presented to show the possible existence of low and high pressure areas around a structure and how they relate to heat loss.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 338
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-334
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - List of symbols and associated dimensions. - Introduction and purpose. - Site characteristics. - Outline of study scheme. - Analysis. - Heat conduction to the drill hole. - Heat transfer between conduit wall and coolant. - Heat transfer between surface pipe and air. - Total heat extraction process. - Example calculations. - Estimate of basal water thickness and flow rates. - Summary of investigations of multiple-hole. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: A scheme for cooling the lower portion of the edge of the Greenland ice sheet, which abuts a potential mining operation, is examined. The magnitude of cooling which may be accomplished by drilling a series of holes about the periphery of the mine site is determined as a function of hole size, spacing and time. Refrigeration is accomplished by pumping a coolant downhole in a central pipe, then uphole in an annulus between the pipe and hole wall, and then through a thin-walled pipe exposed to the surface climate above the ice sheet. It was found possible to achieve a temperature change in the ice of the order of -1°C with hole spacings and pumping requirements which are considered reasonable. Other effects are briefly examined and include an estimate of the basal water thickness and flow rates.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 334
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-333
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - Analogy method. - Method based on the bending theory of elastic plates and the criterion [Sigma]max = [Sigma]f. - Methods based on viscoelastic theories. - Methods based on the yield line theory or limit analysis. - Comparison of analytical and test results. - General remarks. - Effect of bending and shearing forces on deflection of an ice cover. - Determination of Pf(O). - Determination of Pf(t). - Determination of [Sigma]f. - Summary and recommendations. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: This report contains a critical survey of the literature on the bearing capacity of floating ice plates. It consists of a discussion of general questions, a critical survey of analytical attempts to determine the bearing capacity of floating ice plates, and a survey of field and laboratory tests on floating ice plates and their relation to the analytical results. The paper concludes with a systematic summary of the results, a discussion of observed shortcomings, and suggestions for needed investigations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 333
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 11
    Call number: ZSP-202-331
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - An overview of the model structure and operation. - Operation of subroutines. - TSTART. - FOMO. - REAWEA. - SEARCH. - STEMP. - TUNPIC. - Development history of the simulator. - The simulation of snow fence effects. - Urbanization and meltout. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Mathematical notation. - Appendix B: Computerprogram. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: An annual snow-soil simulator for Arctic tundra was developed using coupled models of surface equilibrium temperature and substrate thermal diffusion. Snow ripening, melt and accumulation are modeled in the simulator which is forced with daily weather data. The simulator predicts that a snow fence array capable of producing drift deeper than 4.2 meters will initiate a permanent snowfield at Barrow, Alaska. Such a man-induced snowfield could serve as a reliable source of fresh water for Barrow and similar villages in the North Slope region of Alaska. Further analysis indicated that albedo reduction due to dust fall, snow removal, etc., is dominant over aerodynamic effects in producing the early spring meltout observed at Barrow Village.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 331
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 12
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory,
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-329
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: General Introduction. - Part I. Spatial and temporal variations in sea ice deformatfon. - Introduction. - Approach. - Site location and data collection procedures. - Data analysis. - Strain results. - Comparison of mesoscale deformation with macroscale deformation. - Nature of the ice pack rotation. - Conciusion. - Literature cited. - Part Il. Comparison of mesoscale strain measurements with linear drift theory predictions. - Introduction. - List of symbols. - Linear drift equations. - Ice drift solutions. - Comparison of theory with mesoscale measurements. - A more general linear constitutive law. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix Relative magnitudes of differential drift forces. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements of mesoscale sea ice deformation over a region approximately 20 km in diameter were made over a five-week period in the spring of 1972 at the main AIDJEX camp in the Beaufort Sea. They have been analyzed to determine nonlinearities in the ice velocity field (due to the discrete small-scale nature of the ice pack), as well as a continuum mode of deformation represented by a least squares strain rate tensor and vorticity. The deformation rate time series between Julian day 88 and 113 exhibited net areal changes as large as 3% and deformation rates up to 0.16% per hour. In the principal axis coordinate system, the strain rate typically exhibited a much larger compression (or extension) along one axis than along the other. Persistent cycles at ~12-hour wavelengths were observed in the divergence rate. A comparison of the average residual error with the average strain rate magnitude indicated that strains measured on a scale of 10 km or greater can serve as a valid measure of the continuum motion of the sea ice. This conclusion is also substantiated by a comparison between the mesoscale deformation, and macroscale deformation measured over a ~100-km-diameter region. Vorticity calculations indicate that at low temporal frequencies ( 〈 0.04 hr^-1 ) the whole mesoscale array rotates essentially as an entity and consequently the low frequency vorticity can accurately be estimated from the rotation of a single floe. (Part I) A comparison of mesoscale strain measurements with the atmospheric pressure field and the wind velocity field indicated that the ice divergence rate and vorticity followed the local pressure and wind divergence with significant correlation. For low atmospheric pressures and converging winds, the divergence rate was negative with the vorticity being counterclockwise. The inverse behavior was observed for high pressures and diverging winds. This behavior agreed with predictions based upon the infinite boundary solution of a linearized drift theory in the absence of gradient current effects and using the constitutive law proposed by Glen for pack ice. The best least squares values of the constitutive law parameters [Eta] and [Zeta] were found to be given by ~10^12 kg sec^-1. Using typical divergence rates, these values yielded compressive stresses of the magnitude of 10^5 N m^-1, which are similar to values suggested by the Parmerter and Coon ridge model. In general, the infinite boundary solution of the linear drift equation indicates that in a low pressure region that is reasonably localized in space, the ice would be expected to converge for high compactness (winter) and diverge for low compactness (summer). Calculations were also carried out using a more general linear viscoelastic constitutive law that includes memory effects and that includes a generalized Hooke's law as well as the Glen law as special cases. A best fit of this more general calculation with strain measurements indicates, overall, a better agreement with viscous behavior than with elastic behavior, with the frequency behavior of the estimated "viscosities" similar to the Glen law behavior at temporal frequencies less than ~0.01 hr^-1 (Part II)
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 37 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 329
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 13
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-340
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Nomenclature. - Introduction. - Theory. - Application. - Literature cited. - Appendix.
    Description / Table of Contents: The equations describing water movement in a dry snow cover are derived and examples of flow through ripe, refrozen and fresh snows are given. The grain size of snow has a large effect on the timing of water discharge. Water is retained by dry snow to raise its temperature and satisfy the irreducible water saturation. These requirements delay and reduce runoff following rain on dry snow.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 340
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 14
    Call number: ZSP-202-346
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 346
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - USA CRREL project and personnel involvement. - Part I. Introduction. - Background. - Literature review. - Part II. CRREL investigations from 1970 - 1974. - Initial literature survey (1970). - Oil detection kit development. - Survey of Cape Simpson, Alaska, natural crude oil seepages (1970). - Haines-Fairbanks military pipeline investigations (1971-1973). - Barrow investigations (1970-1974). - Fairbanks and Fox investigations. - Germination studies. - Physiological studies. - Dispersant studies. - Microbiological investigations. - Field investigations of accidental petroleum losses. - Part III. Recent related literature. - Part IV. Conclusions and recommendations. - USA CRREL reports, publications and presentations on Alaska oil spill research. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge concerning the biological effects of oil pollution on arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems is limited. USA CRREL research personnel conducted investigations from 1970 through 1974 to expand information in this field. Objectives were to: 1) define the ecosystems most sensitive to the presence of crude oil or its refined products, 2) quantify and understand the injury response, and 3) establish time frames for manifestation of damage and natural restorative processes in arctic and subarctic regions. This was accomplished through: 1) surveys of natural oil seepages and past accidential spills in the Arctic and Subarctic, 2) initiation of controlled oil spills and 3) detailed laboratory investigations. Results demonstrated that terrestrial oil spills will to some degree be detrimental to both arctic and subarctic plant communities. Degree and longevity of damage will be influenced primarily by the magnitude of the spill, season of occurrence and existing soil moisture content. Rapid recovery of plant communities subjected to spills will occur only if root systems remain relatively unaffected. Damage will be more extensive and long-term when root systems are saturated with oil. Effects of damage will be manifested gradually over several seasons being influenced by winter stresses. Variation does exist in plant species susceptibility. Carex aquatilis, a predominant sedge of the arctic, is markedly resistant to crude oil damage. In the taiga Picea mariana is very susceptible. Plant recovery can be enhanced through the application of fertilizer. Fertilization, in addition to its direct effect on plant nutrition, will stimulate microbial decomposition of crude oil.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 66 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 346
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 15
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-341
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Samples. - Collection. - Preparation. - Analytical methods. - Cations. - Lead, silicon and aluminum. - Sulfate. - Comparative analyses. - Results and discussion. - Sea salt and terrestrial dust. - Sulfate. - Lead. - Summary and conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. Concentrations of chemical constituents in Dye 3 snow and ice strata.
    Description / Table of Contents: Concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, silicon, aluminum, lead and sulfate were measured in surface snow and in individual annual accumulation layers from a 373-m-deep ice core from Dye 3, Greenland, covering the time period from 1232 to 1971 A.D. Average background (pre-1840) concentrations in micrograms/liter are: Na, 12.9 ± 9.3; K, 2.2 ± 2.1; Mg, 1.5 ± 1.0; Ca, 4.8 ± 2.4; Si, 12 ± 6; Al, 3.3 ± 1.4; Pb, 0.07 ± 0.06; and SO4, 56 ± 22. Deviations are due mainly to the variability of the concentrations in the samples deposited over the stated time interval rather than analytical precision. Observed concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, silicon and aluminum can be adequately explained by relative abundances of these elements in seawater andterrestrial dust. Late 19th century annual ice layers contain twice as much sulfate as pre-1840 deposits, reflecting the increased use of fossil fuels in the Northern Hemisphere. Lead concentrations in post-1955 snow deposits are more than an order of magnitude greater than pre-1840 baseline concentrations and are attributed to smelting and the increased use of lead alkyls in gasoline.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 341
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 16
    Call number: ZSP-202-344
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Approach and methods. - Results. - Lake morphology. - Elongation. - Orientation. - Percentage cover (density). - Lake classification. - L1 unit. - L2 unit. - L3 unit. - L4 unit. - L5 and Lu units. - Other units. - Lake basin depths. - Ice volume and basin genesis. - Geological implications. - Conclusions. - Selected bibliography.
    Description / Table of Contents: The lakes of the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska were classified, based on size, shape, orientation and distribution, into six lake units and three nonlake units. Regional slope and relief were demonstrated to control lake size, the largest lakes occurring on the flattest, northernmost segment of the Coastal Plain. Using ERTS-1 sequential imagery and existing photography and data, lakes were grouped according to three depth ranges, 〈 1 m, 1-2 m and 〉 2 m. Deepest lakes have the longest period of summer ice cover. Ice on shallow lakes melts the earliest. Maximum depths of lakes were computed based on ice volume content of the perennially frozen ground (permafrost) and these agreed with observed values and ranges. The lake classification and regional ERTS-1 coverage also appear to provide additional information on the limits of late-Pleistocene transgressions on the Coastal Plain.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 344
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 17
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-345
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 345
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - List of symbols. - Introduction. - Previous work. - Experimental design. - The radioisotope 22Na. - Description of apparatus. - Experimental procedure. - Correction of profiles. - Assumptions. - Decay correction. - Boundary correction. - Error analysis. - Results. - Salinity data. - Temperature data. - Growth velocity. - Discussion. - Brine and ice properties. - Brine salinity. - Brine density. - Brine volume. - Brine latent heat of freezing. - Brine viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. - Ice properties. - Theoretical brine expulsion model. - Continuity equations. - Thermal energy equation. - Simplified brine expulsion equations. - Brine expulsion in NaCl ice. - Results. - Discussion. - Gravity drainage in NaCl ice. - Application of results to natural sea ice. - Effective distribution coefficient. - Previous work. - Experimental procedure and results. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Profile correction data. - Appendix B: Program "correct" and sample output. - Appendix C: Tabulation of salinity data. - Appendix D: Tabulation of profile data. - Appendix E: Time-ice thickness equations (Runs 2 and 3). - Appendix F: Tabulation of distribution coefficient data.
    Description / Table of Contents: To obtain a better understanding of the desalination of natural sea ice, an experimental technique was developed to measure sequential salinity profiles of a growing sodium chloride ice sheet. Using radioactive 22Na as a tracer, it was possible to determine both the concentration and movement of the brine within the ice without destroying the sample. A detailed temperature and growth history of the ice was also maintained so that the variation of the salinity profiles could be properly interpreted. Since the experimental salinity profile represented a smoothed, rather than a true salinity distribution, a deconvolution method was devised to restore the true salinity profile. This was achieved without any significant loss of end points. In all respects, the salinity profiles are similar to those of natural sea ice. They have a characteristic C-shape, and clearly exhibit the effects of brine drainage. Not knowing the rates of brine expulsion or gravity drainage, the variation of the salinity profiles during the period of ice growth could be explained by either process. To determine the relative importance of the desalination mechanisms, a theoretical brine expulsion model was derived and compared to the experimental data. As input for the model, equations describing the variation of some properties of NaCl brine with temperature were derived. These included the brine salinity, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and latent heat of freezing. The theoretical brine expulsion model was derived by performing mass and energy balances over a control volume of NaCl ice. A simplified form of the model, when compared to the experimental results, indicated that brine expulsion was only important during the first several hours of ice growth, and later became a minor desalination process relative to gravity drainage which continued to be the dominant mechanism for the remainder of the study period (up to 6 weeks). The rate of gravity drainage was found to be dependent on the brine volume and the temperature gradient of the ice. As either the brine volume or temperature gradient was increased, the rate of change of salinity due to gravity drainage increased. The equation commonly used to calculate the effective distribution coefficient (Weeks and Lofgren 1967) was modified and improved by taking brine drainage into account. An expression was also derived to give the distribution coefficient at very low growth velocities.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 345
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 18
    Call number: ZSP-202-343
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental procedure. - Experimental and theoretical equations. - Results and discussion. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Simultaneous laser extinction measurements were made in warm fog at wavelengths of 0.6238, 1.15 and 10.6 [Mu]. The warm fog was generated in a 4-m^3 environmental chamber. Particle sampling was carried out simultaneously with the laser measurements using an impactor. Using the same size distribution in each case the theoretical extinction coefficients were calculated and compared with the experimental coefficients. Results obtained during this experiment and aprevious one indicate that propagation at 1.15 [Mu] is adversely affected by the presence of atmospheric water vapor. Experimental data obtained simultaneously at 0.6328 and 10.6 [Mu] indicate that virtually no difference exists between the extinction coefficients at these two wavelengths for moderate particle concentrations while at much larger concentrations [Alpha]0.6328 increases indefinitely while [Alpha]10.6 levels off at 0.2.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 343
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 19
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-342
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental procedure. - Results. - Work-hardening effect. - Strain rate sensitivity of flow stress. - Discussion. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Single crystals of high purity ice deformed by uniaxial compression on an Instron machine showed remarkable work-hardening after about 8% strain. By changing the strain rate during compression tests in the plastic region of the stress-strain curve, an apparent activation volume V* and a dislocation mobility exponent m were calculated from the strain rate sensitivity of flow stress. The large work-hardening and the rapid increase in the value of m beyond about 10% strain indicate that the plastic flow in this region is controlled by dislocation intersections and nonconservative motion of jogs.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 342
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 20
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-339
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Analytical procedures. - Thick section analysis. - Measurements of inclusion pressure. - Gas volume measurements. - Density and porosity measurements. - Results and discussion. - Sizes, shapes and distributions of bubbles. - Sizes, shapes and distributions of cavities. - Inclusion abundances. - Gas pressures in bubbles and cavities. - Total gas content. - Case for lattice diffusion. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Cores obtained to the bottom of the Antarctic Ice Sheet at Byrd Station were used to analyze the physical properties of air bubbles trapped in the ice. These bubbles originate as pockets of air in the upper layers of snow and approximately 10 ml of air/100 cm^3 of ice; i.e., 10% by volume is retained permanently when the snow transforms into ice. Parameters measured were the sizes, shapes, abundances, spatial distributions, gas volumes and pressures of bubbles, and their variations with depth in the ice sheet. Bubbles occur abundantly in the top 800 m of ice but then gradually disappear until they can no longer be detected optically below 1100 m. This disappearance is not accompanied by any significant loss of air from the ice and all available evidence indicates that the air actually diffuses into the ice in response to increasing overburden pressure. The possibility exists that the dissolved gases are retained in the form of a gas hydrate or clathrate which, because of release of confining pressures, begins to decompose soon after ice cores are pulled to the surface. This decomposition is accompanied by the growth of gas-filled bubble-like cavities, and as much as 40% of the dissolved air has exsolved already from some cores in the space of less than three years. Bubble pressure measurements show that 1) bubbles with pressures exceeding about 16 bars begin to relax back to this value soon after in situ pressures are relieved by drilling, 2) further slow decompression occurs with time, and 3) the rate of decompression is controlled to some extent by the intrinsic structural properties of the ice and its thermal and deformational history. Only small variations were observed in the entrapped air content of the ice cores; they probably reflect variations in the temperature and/or pressure of the air at the time of its entrapment, but the data are not sufficient to draw any firm conclusions regarding past variations in ice sheet thickness. Only ice from the bottom 4.83 m was found to lack any detectable trace of air. Since this absence of air coincided precisely with the first appearance of stratified moraine in the cores, it is concluded that this ice originated from the refreezing of air-depleted water produced under pressure melting conditions at the bottom of the ice sheet.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illlustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 339
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 21
    Call number: ZSP-553-159,4
    In: Meddelelser om Grønland
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 17 S. : Ill.
    Series Statement: Meddelelser om Grønland 159,4
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 22
    Call number: ZSP-553-159,2
    In: Meddelelser om Grønland
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 14 S. : Ill.
    Series Statement: Meddelelser om Grønland 159,2
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 23
    Call number: ZSP-553-198,3
    In: Meddelelser om Grønland
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 32 S. : Ill., Kt.
    ISBN: 8742101123
    Series Statement: Meddelelser om Grønland 198,3
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 24
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Moskva : Izdatel'stvo "Planeta"
    Call number: AWI P7-83-0402
    Description / Table of Contents: Arktis und Antarktis - diese beiden Begriffe bringen wir sogleich mit den Namen berühmter Entdecker in Zusammenhang. Die Arktis wird heute häufig als ,,warme Arktis" bezeichnet, denn sie ist zum Teil bewohnt, hier wird Erz und Erdgas gefördert, wird Holz geschlagen, werden Fische gefangen. Auch ,,nahe Arktis" wird sie genannt, denn Schiffskonvois ziehen auf dem Nördlichen Seeweg dahin, und mit dem Flugzeug ist jeder Punkt der Arktis das ganze Jahr hindurch erreichbar. Doch wie sehr der Mensch in den Polargebiefen auch heimisch werden und wie man diese Gebiete auch immer nennen mag, das Leben und die Arbeit fern von der ,,häuslichen Heimat" ist stets schwierig und riskant, erfordert stets großen Mut. Dieses Buch schildert nur einzelne Episoden aus der Entdeckungsgeschichte und dem Leben der beiden Pole unserer Erde, berichtet nur kurz von den kühnen Menschen, die in die Polargebiete vorgedrungen sind und dort arbeiten. Nach der Arktis und der Antarktis führt uns der Fotojournalist Gennadi Kopossow.
    Description / Table of Contents: Arctica and Antarctica, two words which have become associated with the exploration of new lands. Now people refer to parts of Arctica as the Warm Arctica, having in mind its inhabited regions where ores, gas, timber and fish are obtained. There is also the Near Arctlca, where caravans of ships safely sail the Northern Sea Route, and, with the help of aircraft, any part of which is accessible the year round. However, much as the people settled these polar regions, whatever they call them, living and working far from mainland is accompanied by risk, courage and hardships. This book gives only a few pages from the history of the two poles of the planet, a few brief sketches of the courageous men who live and work in these regions, merely separate episodes seen and recorded by the press photographer Gennady Koposov in the Arctic and Antarctic.
    Description / Table of Contents: Арктика и Антарктида. Эти слова стали символом мужества и отваги первооткрывателей, осваивающих суровые полюсы Земли. Сейчас говорят про Арктику — "Теплая Арктика", имея в виду ее обжитые районы, где люди добывают руду и газ, лес и рыбу. Говорят, "Близкая Арктика", видя, как караваны судов уверенно идут по Северному морскому пути и как в любое время года на любой ее участок прилетают самолеты полярной авиации. Антарктида. Природа наделила ее чертами мужественными и властными. Это "жестокий" край, и все же метеорологи, аэрологи, геофизики, биологи, медики, научные сотрудники десятков других специальностей стремятся в эту суровую страну. Однако как бы не обжили люди полярные районы планеты, какими эпитетами не называли их, жизнь и работа "вдали от Большой земли" сопровождается там трудностями и риском. Эта книга — лишь отдельные страницы из истории открытий и жизни двух полюсов планеты, короткие рассказы об отважных людях, обживающих полярные земли, и отдельные фотоочерки, запечатленные одним из ведущих фотокорреспондентов журнала "Огонек" Геннадием Колосовым в Арктике и Антарктиде. Творчество Колосова неразрывно связано с Арктикой и Антарктидой, с завидным постоянством возвращается он в полюбившиеся ему полярные районы, привозит из командировки все новые и новые фотоработы. Результатом этих поездок и явилась настоящая книга.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: [200 Seiten] , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian , English , German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents = Soderžanie Die Flagge der Heimat = The flag of the motherland = Flag rodiny Arktis = Arctic = Arktika Die Drift geht weiter = Drift-ice research continues = Drejf prodolžaetsja Eisbezwinger = Ice fighters = Ledovye bojcy Auf fernen Inseln = On distant islands = Na dalekich ostrovach Antarktis = Antarctic = Antarktida Der sechste Erdteil = The sixth continent = Šestoj kontinent Polarflieger = Polar region pilots = Poljarnye letčiki Der Kältepol = The pole of cold = Poljus choloda Spuren im Schnee = Tracks on the snow = Sledy na snegu , Text in russischer, englischer und deutscher Sprache
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 25
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-336
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Nomenclature. - Introduction. - Description of study. - Sample preparation. - Test equipment and procedure. - Discussion of results. - Stress-density relationship. - Effect of rate of deformation. - Effect of temperature. - Effect of initial snow density. - Stress-deformation relationship. - Summary and conclusions. - Microstructural analysis. - Introduction. - Analytical methods. - Results and discussion. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Anpendix: Test data.
    Description / Table of Contents: The effects of snow temperature, rate of deformation, and initial density on the stress vs density and stress vs deformation relationships were investigated in the pressure range of 0.1 to 75 bars. The rate of deformation in the range of 0.027 to 27 cm sec^-1 does not have a significant effect. A decrease in temperature in the range of 0° to -40°C increases the resistance to stress and deformation, the temperature effect increasing with applied pressure and initial density. The effect of initial density is significant. For any stress, an increase in the initial density results in an increase in the resulting density, particularly at low stress levels and at temperatures near 0°C. The texture of artificially compacted snow is significantly different from that of naturally compacted snow of the same density because of the very short recrystallization time period.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 57 Seiten , Illustrations
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 336
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...