ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction St. Marys River Ice problems Remedial measures Field studies Highlights, trends, and major findings Modifications to boom Maximum forces Ship traffic Characteristics Effect of boom forces Effect on ice Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Ice boom forces

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experiments Test flume facility Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Plastic versus freshwater ice Shoreline forces Boom forces Average shear stress under ice cover Internal forces Discussion Data scatter Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Test objectives Experimental setup and procedures Facilities Test fixture Data acquisiton system Ice sheets Measurement of ice properties Daily test summary Experimental results and discussion Observations Ice force records Frequency of ice force variations Discussion Maximum crushing forces Mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice in crushing Failure energy of ice Ratio of maximum force to mean force Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Data for continuous crushing tests

Note: Contents: Preface. - Abstracts (in the alphabetic order). - The natural environment and cryosphere of the Tatra Mountains by Bogdan Gądek. - IASC Working Group on Arctic Glaciology. - General programme.

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 83-October 84. - II. Planned Activities, October 84-October 85. - References.

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 80-October 81. - II. Planned Activities, October 81-October 82. - References.

Note: Contents: Preface / Helle V. Goldman, Bruce Forbes & Gary Kofinas. - Research planning in the face of change: the human role in reindeer/caribou systems / Gary Kofinas, Gail Osherenko, David Klein & Bruce Forbes. - Reindeer husbandry/hunting in Russia in the past, present and future / Leonid M. Baskin. - Chukotkan reindeer husbandry in the post-socialist transition / Patty A. Gray. - Nenets reindeer herders on the lower Yenisei River: traditional economy under current conditions are responses to economic change / Konstantin B. Klokov. - Reindeer pastoralism in modern Siberia: research and survival during the time of crash / Igor Krupnik. - Managing reindeer and wildlife on Alaska's Seward Peninsula / Jim Dau. - Response of reindeer and caribou to human activities / Scott A. Wolfe, Brad Griffith & Carrie A. Gray Wolfe. - High voltage transmission lines and their effect on reindeer: a research programme in progress / Eigil Reimers, Kjetil Flydal & Rune Stenseth. - Responses of West Greenland caribou to the approach of humans on foot / Peter Aastrup. - Arctic grazing systems and industrial development: can we minimize conflicts? / David R. Klein. - Regional effects of climate change on reindeer: a case study of the Muotkatunturi region in Finnish Lapland / Susan E. Lee, Malcolm C. Press, John A. Lee, Tim Ingold & Terhi Kurttila. - Reindeer in tundra ecosystems: the challenges of understanding system complexity / Feodor V. Kryazhimskii & Alexey N. Danilov. - Status, directions and priorities of reindeer husbandry research in Sweden / Öje Danell. - Need and opportunity for a North American caribou knowledge cooperative / Don Russell, Gary Kofinas & Brad Griffith. - Native reindeer herders' priorities for research / Johan Mathis Turi. - Letter from Varandei / Andrei V. Golovnev.

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction - All Staff meeting 2002 / Per Undén. - Report of Hirlam Management Group visit to Met Éireann / Per Undén. - The operational HIRLAM at the Finnish Meteorological Institute / Kalle Eerola. - Recent changes in the operational suites at Météo-France / Dominique Giard. - HIRLAM operational activities in Met Éireann / Ray McGrath. - Operational HIRLAM at met.no / Ole Vignes. - SMHI operational HIRLAM systems / Lars Meuller. - Revision of the ECMWF humidity analysis 1: Construction of a gaussian control variable / Elías Valur Hólm. - A nudging procedure to assimilate analyses of cloud and precipitation in a version of HIRLAM / Bent Hansen Sass and Claus Petersen. - HIRLAM 4DVAR / Xiang-Yu Huang, Xiaohua Yang, Nils Gustafsson, Kristian Mogensen and Magnus Lindskog. - Progress in the investigation of problems in the operational 4d-var assimilation at Météo-France / Dominique Giard. - Recent and future developments in the turbulence modeling in HIRLAM / Geert Lenderink. - Parametrization of the effects of subgrid-scale orography / Laura Rontu and Kai Sattler. - ISBA tests in a Nordic area - an update / Simo Järvenoja. - Results of the SAT-MAP-CLIMATE project / Niels Woetmann Nielsen, Charlotte Hasager, Henrik Søgaard, Jens H Chrisensen, Niels Otto Jensen and Eva Bøgh. - Progress and problems in the Functional Boxes / Erik Bazile. - Status Kain Fritsch Rash Kristjansson and Hirlam 22 km experiences / Sander Tijm, Roy Wichink, Oscar van de Velde, Ben Wichers Schreur and Toon Moene. - The representation of shallow cumulus convection and associated cloud fields in the Rossby Centre Atmospheric modell / Colin Jones and Enrique Sanchez. - Parametrization of mountain-related effects in fine-scale HIRLAM - items for discussion / Laura Rontu. - Testing alternative lateral boundary strategies: A progress report / Aidan McDonald. - Current situation with the NH HIRLAM / Aarne Mannik and Rein Room. - Manipulations to determine the hybrid coordinate in HIRLAM / Per Undén and Nils Gustafsson. - Comparison of convection and condensation schemes under non-hydrostatic Hirlam model: A case study / Sami Niemela and Carl Fortelius. - Real time solution of forward and inverse air pollution problems with a numerical dispersion model based on short-term weather forecasts / Mikhail Sofiev. - Asyncronous I/O in HIRLAM / Ole Vignes. - HIRLAM coding styles / Gerard Cats. - NWP on a GRID compute environment / Gerard Cats. - HIRLAM verification scores, 1st quarter 2002 / Per Undén. - Validation test for HIRLAM 5.1.4: winter condition / Xiaohua Yang. - Recent tests of proposed revisions to the STRACO cloud scheme / Bent Hansen Sass and Xiaohua Yang.

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 81-October 82. - II. Planned Activities, October 82-October 83. - References.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Site selection and preparation Prespill assessment Seawater application Postspill assessment Enzyme assay and analysis of soil flora Results and discussion Soil-solution conductivities Vascular plant response Cryptogam response Site factors and plant response Soil flora and extracellular soil enzymes Limitations of this study Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Plant taxa included in this study

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Location Purpose of study Previous work Chapter 2. Methodology Geology Overland erosion Wave erosion Frost penetration and heave Thaw failure Bank recession Ground water Soil moisture Chapter 3. Results Geology Geotechnical properties Overland erosion Wave erosion Freeze-thaw phenomena Ground water fluctuations Other slope failures Chapter 4. Discussion Overland erosion Wave erosion Thaw failure Universal soil loss equation Chapter 5. Summary and conclusions Techniques Erosion processes at Orwell lake Bank recession Literature cited Appendix A1: Average cumulative change of surface at erosion stations #2-12, 1980-81 Appendix A2: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix A3: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1 -12, 198 1-82 Appendix A4: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix AS: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1981-82 Appendix A6: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1 -1 2A, 1982 Appendix B: Dimensions of erosion sections, Orwell Lake, Minnesota Appendix C: Piezometer installation data, Orwell Lake, Minneso

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Reading records Refractions Reflections Rayleigh waves Spatial resolution Anomalies Results and discussion Seismic velocity distribution Attenuation Low-level natural seismicity Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Error estimates Appendix B: Velocity profiles Appendix C: Seismic cross sections

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Setting Geology and soils Vegetation Climate Air temperature Precipitation Hydrology Annual and monthly runoff Individual storms Baseflow recessions Spatial flow variability Temporal flow variability Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Station histories

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves

Note: CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SUMMARY DATA 2.1 SUMMARY TABLE (NET BALANCE, ELA, ELA0, AAR, AAR0) 2.2 CUMULATIVE SPECIFIC NET BALANCE GRAPHS 3. EXTENSIVE INFORMATION 3.1 WHITE (CANADA) 3.1.1 Topography and observational network 3.1.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.1.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.1.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.2 PEYTO (CANADA) 3.2.1 Topography and observational network 3.2.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.2.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.2.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.3 ZONGO (BOLIVIA) 3.3.1 Topography and observational network 3.3.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.3.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.3.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.4 WALDEMARBREEN (NORWAY/SVALBARD) 3.4.1 Topography and observational network 3.4.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.4.3 Net balance altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.4.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.5 NIGARDSBREEN (NORWAY) 3.5.1 Topography and observational network 3.5.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.5.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.5.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.6 STORGLACIÄREN (SWEDEN) 3.6.1 Topography and observational network 3.6.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.6.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.6.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.7 VERNAGTFERNER (AUSTRIA) 3.7.1 Topography and observational network 3.7.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.7.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.7.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.8 DJANKUAT (RUSSIA) 57 3.8.1 Topography and observational network 3.8.2 Net balance map 2000/2001 3.8.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.8.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.9 TSENTRALNIY TUYUKSUYSKIY (KAZAKHSTAN) 3.9.1 Topography and observational network 3.9.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.9.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.9.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.10 MALIYAKTRU (RUSSIA) 3.10.1 Topography and observational network 3.10.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.10.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.10.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 3.11 URUMQIHE S. NO. 1 (CHINA) 3.11.1 Topography and observational network 3.11.2 Net balance maps 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 3.11.3 Net balance versus altitude (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) 3.11.4 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) versus specific net balance for the whole observation period 4. FINAL REMARKS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND NATIONAL CORRESPONDENTS 5.1 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS 5.2 NATIONAL CORRESPONDENTS OF WGMS

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Materials Sample preparation Nuclear magnetic resonance Specific surface area Electrical conductivity Results and discussion Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content vs temperature data for Lanzhou silt

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Manual 2.2 The relative measurement of aktivity Lectures 1.3 Statistics / H. Baumbach 2.2 Sealed sources / K. Vormum 2.4 Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis / H.-K. Bothe 3.1 The use of carriers / H. Koch 4.3 Autoradiography / K. Freyer 6.1 Radiometric methods in environmental control / H.-J. Große

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Velocity problem Heat and mass transfer problem - A single drop Heat and mass transfer - A system of drops Literature cited Appendix A: FORTRAN IV program to calculate final drop temperature, air temperatureand humidity

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Chapter 1. The road and its environment Introduction General physiography Regional climate Surficial and bedrock geology Permafrost and ground ice General biota Vegetation Floristic survey Vegetation mapping Soils and mapping Chapter 2. Roadbed performance and associated investigations Roadbed investigations Roadbed performance Performance of drainage features Performance of sideslopes Conclusions from road, drainage and sideslope performance studies Fuel gas line construction Chapter 3. Distribution and properties of road dust along the northern portion of the Haul Road Introduction Methods Results of wind direction and velocity measurements Dust load and distribution Particle size analyses of dust Chemical composition properties of dust and related samples Soil cation composition Dust impacts on vegetation Discussion and conclusions Chapter 4. Revegetation and restoration investigations Introduction Revegetation approaches Alyeska erosion control and revegetation program Weeds and weedy plants Performance of revegetation Alyeska willow cutting program CRREL restoration experiments Conclusions Revegetation recommendations General report recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: General environmental guidelines applicable to subarctic and arctic road construction Appendix B: University-based studies along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road Appendix C: CRREL maps of Haul Road showing locations of all study Sites Appendix D: Additional Haul Road cross-sectional profiles Appendix E: Clay mineralogy of road-related materials Appendix F: List of reports in the Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Ad­visory Team series

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction History of snow and ice roads Classification of snow and ice roads Snow pads used by Alyeska during the winter of 1975-1976 The Globe Creek snow pad The Toolik snow pad The gasline snow pad Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The experiment Results Maps of completely frozen North Slope lakes Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Historical review Model selection Traction Resistance Slush and thawing soils Ice, hard-packed snow, packed snow River and lake ice Model use Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abbreviations Conversion factors Summary Introduction Background Site characterization Climate Purpose Materials and methods General Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Sampling and measurement Abiotic controls on vegetation Meteorological data Soil moisture as a limiting factor Soil chemical analysis Vegetation growth and survival Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Biomass by species Roof penetration Seedling density of invading woody species Weeds Supplemental observations Sediment loss Sludge and runoff-water composition Cost analysis Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: 1977 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix B: 1978 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix C: 1979 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix D: Grass growth on 1978 dam treatments Appendix E: 1977, 1978, and 1979 survival of willow treatments Appendix F: Grass growth on Tanana levee treatments Appendix C: Chemical analysis of sludge and runoff water

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental method Substrate preparation Experimental configuration Radiometric measurements Snow characterization Reflectance standards Data analysis Reflectance measurements Snow replica analysis Discussion of results Comparative reflectance of various substrates under snow Ablation of a snow cover Reflectance from a very light, fresh snow cover Measurements at angles other than vertical Reflectance from substrates Concluding observations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Research setting Objectives Materials, mixture designs, and tests Materials Mixture design tests Brazil test Resilient modulus test Data analysis Marshall tests Asphalt grade Compactive effort Aggregate type Data analysis Brazil tests Indirect tensile strength Tensile strain Vertical deformation Summary of Brazil test results Data analysis-resilIient modulus. Comparison of mixture susceptibility to temperature cracking General asphalt concrete stiffness Thermal cracking. Influence of asphalt cement properties Summary Comparison of mixture susceptibility to traftic-load-associated distress Stress/strain analysis Fatigue damage analysis Rutting analysis Strength correlations Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength Indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus Summary Summary and conclusions Recapitulation of investigations Summary of results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Asphalt adggregate mixture properties by Marshall method Appendix B: Equations for calculating specimen properties from Brazil tests Appendix C: Calculated displacements, strains and stresses

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Objectives Conclusions Introduction Background Previous cooperative investigations Project rationale and coordination Approach Landsat imagery Interpretation techniques Part I. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping the drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields (Lawrence W. Gatto) Objective Methods Results Conclusions Part II. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping and evaluating geologiclineaments and possible faults (Carolyn J. Merry) Objective Geologic structure Methods Results Conclusions Part Ill. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping surficial materials Section A. Landsat mapping (Harlan L. McKim) Objective Methods Results Section B. Field evaluation (Daniel E. Lawson) Objectives Methods Results Discussion Section C. Conclusions (Daniel E. Lawson and Harlan L. McKim) Literature cited Glossary

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of test site Test results Method of analysis Results of analysis Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A Recovery time after onset of thawing, t20 Discussion of results Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A. Recovery time after thawing, t20 Conclusions Literature cited ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Pavement deflection and frost penetration vs time Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus F Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus W Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus I Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus N Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus D Data points and regression line for t20 versus A Permeability vs void ratio for the Toledo Penn 7 material TABLES Properties of test sections Test results from Scrivner et al Results of regression analysis

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Summary Introduction Description of shelter Test procedures and results Mobility Ease of erecting and striking Therinal efficiency and performance Heat output Electrical system Habitation Safety features Water system Shelter reliability Structure Performance of other shelters Conclusions Future studies Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The western Arctic of North America The continental shelf of Newfoundland and Labrador Burial depth for pipes and cables Degree of protection offered by burial Environmental impact Trenching the beach and the shallows in the western Arctic Trenching beyond the shallows Suction, or hydraulic, dredging Bottom-t raveling cutterhead dredges Plows Rippers Water jets Subsea disc saws and wheel ditchers Subsea ladder trenchers and chain saws Subsea routers and slot millers Bucket ladder trenchers Vibratory and percussive devices Hard rock excavation under water Control and monitoring of subsea machines Vessels and vehicles Trenching from the sea ice Costs of subsea trenching Reference Appendix: Description of waters off Alaska and Newfoundland

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods of analysis Marine seismic records Seismic sub-bottom profiles Results and discussion Distribution of hyperbolic reflections Hyperbolas on oil exploration records Hyperbolas on sub-bottom profiles Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Hyperbola projector

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Revegetation procedures 1975-1978 construction seasons Willow cutting program Visual impact engineering program Selected terrain disturbances Fuel gas line and snowpads Island Lake and oil line snowpads Oil spills and revegetation CRREL restoration sites Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: List of sites observed during 1975 Appendix B: Annotated photographs of permanent revegetation observation sites-1975-1978 Appendix C: Photographic record of fuel gas line observation sites

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Theory and instrumentation Radio frequency interferometry Case 1: Homogeneous ground model Case 2: Two-layer ground model RFI instrumentation Low frequency methods Point Barrow sites Results and discussion Site 1: Tundra Site 2: Beach ridge Site 3: Marsh Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Discussion of low-frequency geophysical methods

Note: Contents Introduction Taxonomic classification adopted and floristic list References Nomenclatural proposals Index of taxa

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Objectives and Scope of this Volume Taxonomic Considerations Varieties and Formae The "typifying variety" concept Taxonomic Citations Limitations Taxonomic Errors Some Observations on Antarctic Diatoms Antarctic Diatom Localities Antarctic Interior And Ice Shelves Transantarctic Mountains etc East Antarctic Coast Ross Sea Embayment Amundsen Sea Antarctic Peninsula Area Subantarctic Islands and Southern Continents Acknowledgments What This Compilation Includes Antarctic and Subantarctic Diatoms References Index of Species

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments Authors' Affiliations 1 Introduction to ADIAC and This Book / Hans du Buf and Micha M. Bayer 2 Diatoms: Organism and Image / David G. Mann 3 Diatom Applications / Richard J. Telford, Steve Juggins, Martyn G. Kelly, and Bertrand Ludes 4 ADIAC Imaging Techniques and Databases / Micha M. Bayer and Steve Juggins 5 Human Error and Quality Assurance in Diatom Analysis / Martyn G. Kelly, Micha M. Bayer, Joachim Hurlimann, and Richard J. Telford 6 Contour Extraction / Stefan Fischer, Hamid R. Shahbazkia, and Horst Bunke 7 Identification Using Classical and New Features in Combination with Decision Tree Ensembles / Stefan Fischer and Horst Bunke 8 Identification by Curvature of Convex and Concave Segments / Robert E. Lake and Hans du Buf 9 Identification by Contour Profiling and Legendre Polynomials / Adrian Ciobanu and Hans du Buf 10 Identification by Gabor Features / Luis M. Santos and Hans du Buf 11 Identification by Mathematical Morphology / Michael H. F. Wilkinson, Andrei C. Jalba, Erik R. Urbach, and Jos B. T. M. Roerdink 12 Mixed-Method Identifications / Michel A. Westenberg and Jos B. T. M. Roerdink 13 Automatic Slide Scanning / Jose L. Pech-Pacheco and Gabriel Cristobal 14 ADIAC Achievements and Future Work / Hans du Buf and Micha M. Bayer Appendix: The Mixed Genera Data Set

Note: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Введение 3 Глава 1. Природно-климатические условия 1.1. Геология и геоморфология 1.2. Многолетняя мерзлота 1.3. Почвообразующие породы 1.4. Климат 1.5. Поверхностные воды 1.6. Растительность Глава 2. Особенности почвообразования в аласах 2.1. Краткая история исследования почв аласов 2.2. Аласный термокарстовый рельеф 2.3. Влияние аласов на почвообразование 2.4. Аласный тип почвообразования Глава 3. Почвы 3.1. Зональные почвы 3.1.1. Мерзлотные палевые почвы 3.1.2. Мерзлотные палевые осолоделые почвы 3.1 .3. Мерзлотные таежные оподз аленные почвы 3.2. Почвы аласов 3.2.1. Аласные болотные и заболоченные почвы 3.2.2. Аласные луговые почвы 3.2.3. Аласные остепненные почвы Глава 4. Структура почвенного покрова аласов 4.1. Условия дифференциации почвенного покрова аласов 4.2. Структура почвенного покрова различных по рельефу аласов 4.3. Неоднородность почвенного покрова разновозрастных термокарстовых котловин Заключение Список литературы

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Криолитологические особенности отложений малых рек в Центральной Якутии / Е.Г. Катасонова, Х.Г. Зигерт Минералообразование в области вечной мерзлоты / Х.Г. Зигерт Криогенное строение склоновых отложений на севере Среднесибирского плоскогорья / В.В. Куницкий Перелетки и основные типы сезонвомерзлых пород / Е.А. Втюрина Особенности прибрежно-шельфовой криолитозоны / А.И. Фартышев Многолетние экстремумы отрицательной температуры грунтов сезоннопротаивающего слоя в Центральной Якутии / П.А. Соловъев, Л.П. Голубых Интенсивность сезонного промерзания почвогрунтов в Заилийском Алатау / Э.В. Северский, М. В. Попов Теплопроводность крупнообломочных грунтов в горах Северного Тянь-Шаня / А. А. Мандаров Тепловой баланс крупного озера и прилегающей территории в Центральной Якутии / А.В. Павлов, М.И. Тишин Геотермические параметры Уренгойского месторождения / А.И. Левченко Теплофизические свойства многолетнемерзлых пород Мастахского месторождения газа / Н.Р. Колушев, В.Т. Балобаев, Р.И. Гаврилъев О некоторых особенностях поведения температурного и электрического поля ПС вблиаи нижней границы мерзлоты в терригенных толщах / В.О. Володько Геотермия вмещающих пород карьера "Мир" (Западная Якутия) / В.Н. Девяткин, Р.И. Гаврилъев Геотермические условия бассейна рек Курунг-Юрях и Хатат (Западная Якутия) / В.Н. Девяткин Тепловой баланс орошаемых посевов кормовых культур в Центральной Якутии / П.Н. Скрябин, О.И. Алексеева Расчет промерзания намывно й насыпи и ее основания / Н.И. Вотякова , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Принципы и методика построения тектонических карт нефтегазоносных территорий СССР / Г. Х. Дикенштейн, Ю. Н. Швембергер, И. М. Алиев Требования к содержанию и принципы построения тектонических карт нефтегазоносных территорий / В. С. Старосельцев Количественные подходы к тектоническому районированию нефтегазоносных областей (на примере Енисей-Ленского регионального мегапрогиба) / Ю. Н. Карогодин, А. И. Прокопенко Тектоника палеозойского нефтегазоносного комплекса юга Западно-Сибирской плиты / Н. П. Запивалов, В. И. Московская, И. И. Плуман Тектоника и генезис Западно-Сибирской плиты в свете новых геолого-геофизических данных / М. Я. Рудкевич Связь трещиноватости пород с пликативными структурами первого порядка (на примере Западно-Сибирской плиты и Вилюйской гемисинеклизы) / К. И. Микуленко, Е. Д. Глухманчук, Л. А. Сечкина, Г. Г. Шемин Эпикаледонские наложенные впадины и их газоносность / Е. Д. Думнов Особенности строения фундамента Минусинского межгорного прогиба / Я. В. Шатов, П. С. Долгушин, 3. В. Разилова Структурные особенности платформенного чехла западной части Сибирской платформы в связи с оценкой перспектив поисков месторождений нефти и газа / В. Д. Накаряков, К. Н. Васильева, А. М Иванов, В. Е. Кучеров, В. Г. Сибгатуллиn, Ю. А. Шарыгин Анализ палеотектонических движений Сибирской платформы в связи с оценкой генерации и аккумуляции углеводородов и консервация их залежей в домезозойских отложениях / Т. К Баженова, Ю. И. Ипатов, К. К. Макаров, Ю. М. Шуменкова Тектоническое районирование Вилюйской гемисинеклизы в связи с ее нефтегазоносностью / В. Е. Бакин, В. А. Богдашев, А. А. Гудков, К. И. Микуленко, В. С. Ситников О блоковом строении и иефтегазоносности Тунгусского бассейна / Б. А.Соколов, В. А. Егоров, Ю. Р. Мазор, Ю. В. Пискарев История формирования и перспективы нефтегазоносности Момо-3ырянской впадины / Б. И. Ким Результаты и проблемы изучения тектоники западной части Сибирской платформы и Енисей-Хатангского прогиба по геолого-геофизическим данным / В. И. Яскевич, Ю. К. Яковлев, А. П. Четвергов, В. П. Ключко, В. И. Степанов Тектонический анализ платформенных структур методом построения графиков амплитуд / Е, М. Максимов Тектоника о. Сахалин и прилегающего шельфа / В. В Харахинов, В. Э. Kононов, Ю. С. Мавринский, А. А. Терещепков, Ю. А. Тронов Разломы о. Сахалин и прилегающего шельфа / В. В Харахинов, С. Д. Гальцев-Безюк, Ю. С. Мавринский, А. А. Терещенко, И. М. Альперович Основные структурные елементы Хоккайдо-Сахалинской складчатой области / В. И. Головинский, И. И. Тютрин Прогибы зоны сочленения Сихотэ-Алинской и Хоккайдо-Сахалинской складчатых систем / Н. В. Kуликов, А. А. Терещенков Эндогенный режим Сахалина / Д. Ф. Семенов, Л. С. Маргулис, А. А. Апдреев, В. Ф. Евсеев О тектонике Охотского моря / Ю. С. Мавринский, В. А. Бабошина, Н. В. Kуликов, В. В. Харахинов Строение, развитие и перспективы нефтегазоносности подводных окраин Западной Африки и Восточной Азии / А. Ю. Юнов Формационный анализ осадочных бассейнов северо-западной части Тихоокеанскоrо пояса / Ю. K. Вурлин, О. K. Важенова Методика неотектонического анализа переходной зоны от континента к океану / Г. Ф. Уфимцев , Translation of Contents Preface Principles and methods for constructing tectonic maps of oil and gas-bearing territories of the USSR / G. Kh. Dikenshtein, Yu. N. Shvemberger, I. M. Aliev Content requirements and principles for constructing tectonic maps of oil and gas-bearing territories / V. S. Staroseltsev Quantitative approaches to tectonic zoning of oil and gas-bearing regions (on the example of the Yenisei-Lena regional megatrough) / Yu. N. Karogodin, A. I. Prokopenko Tectonics of the Paleozoic oil and gas complex of the south of the West Siberian Plate / N. P. Zapivalov, V. I. Moskovskaya, I. I. Pluman Tectonics and genesis of the West Siberian plate in the light of new geological and geophysical data / M. Ya. Rudkevich Relationship between rock fracturing and first-order plicative structures (using the example of the West Siberian Plate and the Vilyui hemisyneclise) / K. I. Mikulenko, E. D. Glukhmanchuk, L. A. Sechkina, G. G. Shemin Epicaledonian superimposed depressions and their gas content / E. D. Dumnov Features of the structure of the foundation of the Minusinsk intermountain trough / Ya. V. Shatov, P. S. Dolgushin, Z. V. Razilova Structural features of the platform cover of the western part of the Siberian platform in connection with the assessment of prospects for prospecting for oil and gas fields / V. D. Nakaryakov, K. N. Vasilyeva, A. M. Ivanov, V. E. Kucherov, V. G. Sibgatullin, Yu. A. Sharygin Analysis of paleotectonic movements of the Siberian platform in connection with the assessment of the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons and the conservation of their deposits in pre-Mesozoic deposits / T. K. Bazhenova, Yu. I. Ipatov, K. K. Makarov, Yu. M. Shumenkova Tectonic zoning of the Vilyui hemisyneclise in connection with its oil and gas potential / V. E. Bakin, V. A. Bogdashev, A. A. Gudkov, K. I. Mikulenko, V. S. Sitnikov On the block structure and oil and gas content of the Tunguska basin / B. A. Sokolov, V. A. Egorov, Yu. R. Mazor, Yu. V. Piskarev History of formation and prospects for oil and gas potential of the Momo-3yryansk depression / B. I. Kim Results and problems of studying the tectonics of the western part of the Siberian platform and the Yenisei-Khatanga trough based on geological and geophysical data / V. I. Yaskevich, Yu. K. Yakovlev, A. P. Chetvergov, V. P. Klyuchko, V. I. Stepanov Tectonic analysis of platform structures by constructing amplitude graphs / E, M. Maksimov Tectonics o. Sakhalin and the adjacent shelf / V. V. Kharakhinov, V. E. Kononov, Yu. S. Mavrinsky, A. A. Tereshchepkov, Yu. A. Tronov Faults o. Sakhalin and the adjacent shelf / V. V. Kharakhinov, S. D. Galtsev-Bezyuk, Yu. S. Mavrinsky, A. A. Tereshchenko, I. M. Alperovich Main structural elements of the Hokkaido-Sakhalin folded region / V. I. Golovinsky, I. I. Tyutrin Deflections of the junction zone of the Sikhote-Alin and Hokkaido-Sakhalin fold systems / N. V. Kulikov, A. A. Tereshchenkov Endogenous regime of Sakhalin / D. F. Semenov, L. S. Margulis, A. A. Apdreev, V. F. Evseev On the tectonics of the Sea of Okhotsk / Yu. S. Mavrinsky, V. A. Baboshina, N. V. Kulikov, V. V. Kharakhinov Structure, development and prospects for oil and gas potential of the underwater margins of West Africa and East Asia / A. Yu. Yunov Formational analysis of sedimentary basins of the northwestern part of the Pacific belt / Yu. K. Vurlin, O. K. Vazhenova Methodology for neotectonic analysis of the transition zone from the continent to the ocean / G. F. Ufimtsev , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Imprint Published Reports Preface Summary Zusammenfassung Résumé Riassunto Resumaziun 1 Introduction 2 Weather and Climate 2.1 Weather and Climate in 2004/2005 2.2 Weather and Climate in 2005/2006 2.3 Climate Deviation from the Mean Value 1961–1990 2.4 Duration of the Snow Cover 3 Borehole Measurements 3.1 Active Layer Thickness 3.2 Permafrost Temperatures 3.2 ERT Monitoring Network 3.4 Conclusions Boreholes 4 Surface Temperatures 4.1 Surface Temperatures in Unconsolidated Sediments 4.2 Rock Surface Temperatures 4.3 Conclusions Surface Temperatures 5 Air Photos 5.1 Air Photos in 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 6 Conclusion 7 Selected Aspects of Permafrost Monitoring 7.1 Short-term Variations in Rock Glacier Kinematics 7.2 Destabilized Rock Glaciers 7.3 Conclusions Rock Glacier Dynamics Acknowledgements References Appendix

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Preface. - A summary of key issues addressed in this document. - 1: Brief Overview of the Science on Water and Climate. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Climatic Information. - 1.2.1 Current expectations of future climate in light of uncertainties. - 1.2.2 Anticipated global climate change and water resources. - 1.2.3 Regional climate change. - 1.3 Water Resources. - 1.3.1 Why do water resources matter?. - 1.3.2 What do we know from past experiences of climate variability and change?. - 1.3.3 What do we expect for the future?. - 1.3.4 How reliable is our information?. - 1.3.5 How do we prepare for the future?. - 1.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Water-Related Extremes: Background. - 1.5 Floods. - 1.5.1 Why do floods matter?. - 1.5.2 What do we know from the past about floods?. - 1.5.3 What do we expect for the future?. - 1.5.4 What are our information needs on flow data?. - 1.5.5 How do we prepare for the future?. - 1.6 Droughts. - 1.6.1 Why do droughts matter?. - 1.6.2 What do we know from the past about droughts?. - 1.6.3 What do we expect for the future?. - 1.6.4 What are our information needs?. - 1.6.5 How do we prepare for the future?. - 1.7 Concluding Thoughts. - 2: Coping with Climate Variability and Climate Change in Water Resources. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Who are Water Managers and What do They Manage?. - 2.3 Integrated Water Resources Management as Prerequisite for Coping and Adaptation. - 2.3.1 What is IWRM?. - 2.3.2 Spatial and temporal scale issues in IWRM. - 2.3.3 IWRM in developing countries. - 2.4 Coping Strategies for Dealing with Uncertainties Associated with Climate Variability and Change. - 2.4.1 Water resources engineering. - 2.4.2 Agriculture. - 2.4.3 Climate forecasting. - 2.4.4 Indigenous coping strategies. - 2.4.5 Approaches to adapting to and coping with climate variability and change. - 2.5 Concluding Thoughts. - 3: A Conceptual Framework for Identifying ‘Hot Spots’ of Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Climate Change. - 3.1 ‘Hot Spots’: Regions of High Vulnerability. - 3.2 Identifying and Assessing Hot Spots of Water Resources Vulnerability with Respect to Climate Change. - 3.3 Related Research That Can Contribute to Hot Spot Assessment. - 3.4 Development Needed for Improved Vulnerability Assessment. - 3.5 First Steps Towards a New Framework for Vulnerability Assessment of Water Resources. - 3.5.1 The suggested framework. - 3.5.2 Hot spots at different spatial and temporal scales. - 3.6 Examples of Applying the Framework. - 3.6.1 The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin. - 3.6.2 Over-abstracted aquifers in the Mediterranean. - 3.7 Concluding Thoughts. - 4: Policy Analysis and Institutional Frameworks in Climate and Water. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Evolution of a Political Framework for Water Resource Management. - 4.3 Critical Review of Present Approaches and Policy Responses with Regard to IWRM. - 4.4 Institutional Decision-Making on Water and Climate in the North and South. - 4.4.1 Data and decisions. - 4.4.2 North-South collaboration and dialogue. - 4.4.3 National and regional power structures. - 4.5 Barriers to Success in Current Practices in Water Resources Management. - 4.6 Identification of Solutions. - 4.6.1 The need for new paradigms. - 4.6.2 Economic stability and access to markets. - 4.6.3 Institutional capacity for water management. - 4.6.4 Participation in water management. - 4.6.5 Information sharing and awareness. - 4.6.6 The facilitating role of government. - 4.6.7 Co-operative agreements. - 4.7 Challenges and Recommendations. - 4.7.1 The political debate on ‘the poor’. - 4.7.2 The political debate on climate change. - 4.7.3 Institutional capacity building. - 4.8 Concluding Thoughts. - Appendix A: Summary of Findings from IPCC (2001) Reports on the Theme of Water and Climate. - A.1 Preamble. - A.2 Introduction. - A.3. Current State of Climate Change and Water Research Since the IPCC’s Second Assessment Report of 1995. - A.4 Climate Scenarios. - A.5 Climate Modelling. - A.6 Effects on the Hydrological Cycle. - A.6.1 Precipitation. - A.6.2 Evapotranspiration. - A.6.3 Soil moisture. - A.6.4 Groundwater recharge. - A.6.5 River flows. - A.6.6 Other Hydrological Responses. - A.7 Effects of Climate Change on Water Withdrawals. - A.8 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources. - A.9 Adaptation Options and Management Implications. - Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms. - Appendix C: Glossary of Terms. - Appendix D: List of Authors and their Affiliations. - References.

Note: CONTENTS: From the author. - Foreword (V. M. Kotlyakov, the academician of Russian Academy of Science). - Introduction. - 1. A legal status of research in Antarctic. - 2. The Russian (Soviet) Antarctic expeditions. - 3. The first stage of the Russian Antarctic research (1956-1965). - 3.1. General characteristic of the first stage. - 3.2. Types of observations and research at the first stage of Soviet Antarctic expedition (SAE). - 3.3. Main scientific results of the first stage of SAE operation. - 4. The second stage of the Russian Antarctic Research (1966-1973). - 4.1. General characteristic of the second stage of SAE operation. - 4.2. Types of observations and research at the second stage of SAE operation. - 4.3. Main scientific results of the second stage of SAE operation. - 5. The third stage of the Russian Antarctic Research (1974-1990). - 5.1. General characteristic of the third stage of SAE operation. - 5.2. Types of observations and research at the third stage of SAE operation. - 5.3. Main basic scientific results ofthe third stage of SAE operation. - 6. The fourth stage of the Russian Antarctic Research (1991-2005). - 6.1. General characteristic of the fourth stage of Russian Antarctic expedition (RAE) operation. - 6.2. Types of observations and research at the fourth stage of RAE operation. - 6.3. Main scientific results of the fourth stage of RAE operation. - Conclusion. - References. - Appendices (1-8): Appendix 1. Chronology of RAE (SAE) operation. - Appendix 2. Number of native publications on various disciplines. - Appendix 3. Members of the Russian Antarctic expeditions. - Appendix 4. Number of RAE (SAE) wintering stations. - Appendix 5. Number of vessels operated in RAE (SAE). - Appendix 6. Volume of the cargo delivered by RAE (SAE) vessels. - Appendix 7. Wintering RAE (SAE) members. - Appendix 8. Photo portraits of the Russian Antarctic researchers. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTERNAL CYCLING AND THROUGHPUT : Pathways from River Mouth to Sea Floor Depth Profiles of Sea Salt Composition Constituent Classification The Chemical Composition of Marine Organic Matter Composition of Particulate Matter Caught in Sediment Traps A Simple Model for Biologically Utilized CDnstituents The Distributions of Biointermediate Constituents Estimation of Input Rates Horizontal Segregation of CDnstituents in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 2 THE SEDIMENTARY SINK Factors Influencing the Distribution of Sedimentary Constituents Introduction Sediment Types Distribution of Opal Production Opal Solution on the Sea Floor Distribution of Calcite in Marine Sediments Degree of Calcite Saturation Variation in the Carbonate Ion Content of Sea Water Spacial Variations in the CaC0 3 Saturation of Sea Water Factors Controlling the Rate of Calcite Solution Thickness and Shape of the Sublysocline Transition Zone Variation of Sediment Type with Time Manganese Nodules Summary CHAPTER 3 THE ATMOSPHERIC IMPRINT : The Cycles of Gases within the Sea Introduction Solubilities of Gases in Sea Water The Rate of Gas Exchange Stagnant Film Thickness Derived from Natural Radiocarbon Stagnant Film Thicknesses Determined by the Radon Method Oxygen Concentrations in Surface Ocean Water Oxygen Deficiencies in the Deep Sea The Marine N2O Cycle Excess Helium The Carbon Dioxide Content of Surface Ocean Water Origin of the Equatorial Pacific CO2 Anomaly Summary CHAPTER 4 REACTIVE METALS AND THE GREAT PARTICULATE SWEEP : The Cycle of Metals in the Sea Introduction Products of Uranium and Thorium Decay Thorium Isotopes in the Sea Protactinium-231 to Thorium-230 Activity Ratios The Distribution of Lead-210 The Distribution of Polonium-210 The Distribution of Radium-226 Anthropogenic Plutonium in the Sea Toward a Model of Metal Transport Distributions of Stable Metals in the Sea Stable Isotope Ratios in Reactive Metals Transport of Iron and Manganese in the Sea Lessons from Controlled Ecosystem Studies Distribution Coefficients Summary CHAPTER 5 HOW FAST DOES THE MILL GRIND? : Rates of Vertical Mixing and Sediment Accumulation Introduction Rate of Vertical Mixing Implication to the Distribution of Radium-226 Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Ocean Rate of Continental Runoff Sediment Accumulation Rates Radiocarbon Dating Uranium Series Dating Beryllium Dating Potassium-Argon Dating Agreement Among Dating Methods Comparison of Model and Observed Rates of CaC0 3 Solution Summary CHAPTER 6 WHAT KEEPS THE SYSTEM IN WHACK? : Control Mechanisms Operating in the Sea Introduction Phosphate Controls Silicate Controls Carbon Controls Interactions between the Phosphate and Carbon Controls Nitrate Controls Dissolved Oxygen Controls Major Anion Controls Major Cation Controls Possible Causes for Perturbations Recorders of Paleoocean Chemistry The Marine Geochemistry of Carbon-13 The Uranium Content of Coral Factors Influencing Nutrient Gradients in the Deep Sea Summary CBAPTER 7 FREIGHT TRAINS AND FICKIAN CONFUSION : The Movement of Water Through the Deep Sea Introduction Types of Motion One Dimensional Advection - Diffusion Model Tracers for Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Mixing Rates Based on Radon-222 and Radium-228 The Distribution of Helium-3 in the Deep Pacific Sources of Deep Water Northern Component Water Conservative Properties of NCW Initial Radiocarbon to Carbon Ratio in NCW Feed for NCW Production Southern Component Water Ventilation of the Deep Atlantic Ocean Ventilation of the Deep Pacific and Indian Oceans The Grand Cycle of Radiocarbon in the Deep Ocean Biological Short-Circuiting Temporal Variations in Radiocarbon Production Argon-39 Summary CHAPTER 8 THE ANTHROPOGENIC INVASION : The Movement of Water Through the Oceanic Thermocline Introduction Input Functions Hydrology of the Main Thermocline Tritium Distribution within the Thermocline Temporal Trends in Tritium Tritium as a Guide to Deep Water Formation Supplementary Information from Strontium-90 Bomb Carbon-14 Distribution within the Thermocline Explanations for Low Equatorial Bomb Carbon-14 Inventories Implications of Equatorial Upwelling to the Tritium Budget An Upwelling Rate Based on the Equatorial CO2 Anomaly Helium-3 Distribution in the Main Oceanic Thermocline Purposeful Tracers Summary CHAPTER 9 ICE SHEETS AND OCEAN PHOSPHATE : Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Chemistry Introduction Temperature and Salinity Changes Formation and Destruction of Organic Materials Changes in CaCO3 Storage Evidence for an Early Post-Glacial Lysocline Change Changes in Phosphate Concentration The Combined Evidence from Deep Sea Cores Cause of the Oceanic Phosphate Change An Alternate Scenario Wrap Up of the CO2 Record The Oxygen Record Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Mixing Rate Glacial to Interglacial Lysocline Changes Changes in the Distribution of Nutrients in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 10 CAN MAN OVERRIDE THE CONTROLS? : The Buildup of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Atmosphere and Oceans Introduction CO2 Production in the Past CO2 Production in the Future Capacity of the Sea for Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake Utilizable Capacity - Simplified Calculation Utilizable Capacity - Rigorous Calculation Kinetics of Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake by the Sea Numerical Model crosschecks on the Validity of the Numerical Model Prediction of Future CO2 Levels Solution of Sea Floor Calcite Summary REFERENCES, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND INDEX Introduction to the References Subject Outline for the References Annotated Reference List Frequently Used Constants Definitions of Isotope Notations Abbreviations Index Foldout Caption

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .

Note: Contenido PREFACIO A LA MEMORIA DE MIA JEAN TEGNER PRESENTACIÓN DE APERTURA Reducción de la vulnerabilidad a episodios de El Niño como parte de la planificación en áreas del desarrollo / STEPHEN BENDER SECCIÓN I - ECOSISTEMA MARINO Aspectos oceanográficos de El Niño 1997-98 y su relación con los recursos pelágicos / OCTAVIO MORÓN Y MIGUEL SARMIENTO El fitoplancton frente a la costa peruana durante El Niño 1997-98 / ELCIRA DELGADO, SONIA SÁNCHEZ, FLOR CHANG, PATRICIA VILLANUEVA Y CÉSAR FERNÁNDEZ Variabilidad del fitoplancton en la bahía de Ancón, Lima- Perú, durante El Niño 1997-98 / NOEMÍ OCHOA Y GABRIELA RUILLÓN Efecto de El Niño en el fitoplancton de la bahía de llo, Moque gua / OLGA GÓMEZ Efectos del evento El Niño 1997-98 sobre la distribución y abundancia de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) / MARIANO GUTIÉRREZ Fluctuaciones de la ictiofauna pelágica en la región norte-centro del litoral peruano de 1994 a 1998 / MARILÚ BOUCHON, SANDRA CAHUÍN Y MIGUEL ÑIQUEN Los peces como indicadores de El Niño en el ecosistema marino peruano desde 1972 a 1998 / ALBERTINA KAMEYA, MIGUEL LLEELLISH Y LUIS CACCHA El Niño 1997-98 y la reproducción de la merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus en el Perú / ANGEL PEREA, BETSY BUITRÓN Y ENRIQUE MECKLENBURG Tecnología espacial y pesca / ANIBAL DÍAZ Y GUILLERMO HASEMBANK A model for the negative effects of El Niño and La Niña oscillation on marine bivalves: Gari solida from Bahía Independencia, Perú / HANS-JÖRG URBAN Los índices de El Niño y del impacto sobre las comunidades bentónicas / JUAN TARAZONA, WOLF ARNTZ, SONIA VALLE Y TANIA PEÑA Estrategias de vigilancia biológica del evento El Niño / MARIO EDDING Y MARCELA BLANCO Biological impacts ofthe 1997-98 El Niño in the californias: kelp forests were devastated / MIA TEGNER Densidad de Stichaster striatus en la orilla rocosa de Ancón durante El Niño 1997-98 / LEONARDO ROMERO Evaluación poblacional del percebe Pollicipes elegans en las islas Lobos: 1996 y 1998 / MARTÍN QUEVEDO, MANUEL SAMAMÉ, JAVIER CASTRO, JAIME DE LA CRUZ Y JORGE FUPUY La pesca del langostino titíXiphopenaeus riveti en la caleta San José, Lambayeque, Perú / JAVIER CASTRO, MARTÍN QUEVEDO Y JAIME DE LA CRUZ Talla, densidad y distribución de Argopecten purpuratus durante 1998 en la bahía de San Lorenzo, Callao, Perú / JUAN ARGÜELLES Y GLADYS CASTILLO Bases para el estudio de las adaptaciones evolutivas de la biodiversidad frente a El Niño en la costa peruana / GONZALO CASTRO SECCIÓN II - ECOSISTEMA TERRESTRE El Niño y las inundaciones en el noreste argentino / ENRIQUE J. SCHNACK, UBALDO R. COLADO, FERNANDO O. DE FRANCESCO, LUIS C. GARCÍA LOZANO Y JUAN A. SCHNACK El Niño 1997-98 y los bosques secos de la costa norte del Perú, caso Sechura y Tambogrande en Piura / JUAN TORRES Productividad primaria neta durante El Niño 1997-98 en los bosques secos de Piura, Perú / CATERINA CÁRDENAS, JUAN TORRES Y JOEL RODAS Dinámica poolacional de los algarrobales (Prosopis pallida)y El Niño en la costa norte del Perú / SUSANA GUSHIKEN, TANIA ACUÑA Y JUAN TORRES La reforestación con algarrobo en zona desértica de Piura, Perú / JORGE VERA TUDELA, JOSEP TRÍAS, LUIS ALBÁN, GUILLERMO MORALES Y JOSÉ ROMERO Condiciones meteorológicas en los algarrobales del caserío Bella Esperanza (Piura, Perú) durante 1991-1998 / YONEL MENDOZA Y MARÍA VILA Impacto de El Niño sobre los cultivos vegetales y la productividad primaria en la sierra central de Piura / FIDEL TORRES, FLAVIO PEÑA, RAMIRO CRUZ Y EVARISTO GÓMEZ El Niño 1997-1998 y el cultivo de papa en la costa central del Perú / ROLANDO EGÚSQUIZA Y SATURNINO ATAUCUSI Flora vascular en las lomas de Ancón y Carabay llo Lima, Perú durante El Niño 1997-98 / ASUNCIÓN CANO, MÓNICA ARAKAKI, JOSÉ ROQUE, MARÍA l. LA TORRE, NANCY REFULIO Y CÉSAR ARANA Productividad primaria de las plantas anuales durante El Niño 1997-98 en las Lomas de Mejia (Islay, Arequipa-Perú) / CARMELO TALA VERA, PERCY JIMÉNEZ, ALDO ORTEGA, LUIS VILLEGAS Y FRANCISCO VILLASANTE Poblaciones de zancudos en la Provincia Constitucional del Callao durante y después del evento El Niño 1997-98 / ROCÍO MORENO, MARÍA REYES, JOSÉ CHAUCA Y JOSÉ IANNACONE SECCIÓN III - CONSECUENCIAS SOCIO-ECONÓMICA Las reacciones del sector pesquero chileno al evento El Niño 1997-98 / DANIEL SUMAN Impacto de El Niño 1997-98 en la actividad pesquera del departamento de Piura / WILLIAM LEÓN La construcción social de la deforestación en México: los incendios de 1998 en la selva tropical de los Chimalapas / DAVID BARKIN y MIGUEL ÁNGEL GARCÍA Comportamiento del período seco y lluvioso e impactos de El Niño en Panamá / CÉSAR CASTILLO Los múltiples avatares de El Niño / ANNE-MARIE HOCQUENGHEM, EVELYNE MESCLIER Y MARÍA TERESA ORÉ Carta de susceptibilidad al peligro de inundaciones: el caso de las lagunas de Sechura / CARLOS TAVARES, FERNÁN ALAYZA Y JAVIER RAMÍREZ Impacto de El Niño 1997-98 en Lambayeque, Perú / JORGE CHANAMÉ, VíCTOR ALVITRES, JORGE FUPUY Y MIGUEL CORTEZ Uso del SIG en la evaluación de daños en la Carretera Panamericana entre Tumbes y Chiclayo / MOISÉS CASTILLO Y ANTONIO RAMÍREZ Efecto de El Niño 1997-98 sobre la salud en la cuenca de Huaura, Sayán / NELSON PACHECO, DENNY RODRÍGUEZ Y LINO CÁCERES SECCIÓN IV - EL NIÑO EN EL PASADO Reconstrucción del registro histórico de eventos El Niño en el Perú: un estado de avance / LUC ORTLIEB Y ANNE-MARIE HOCQUENGHEM Eventos ENOS como pulso de los océanos datos de anillos de árboles de 7 000 AP y 6 000 AP / JAMES H.L. LAWLER TAMAs, ocurrencia episódica de moluscos tropicales en el norte de Chile y evento El Niño / NURY GUZMÁN AMANDA DÍAZ, LUC ORTLIEB Y MARCELA CLARKE ¿1544, un año de El Niño? / ENRIQUE ANGULO El diluvio de 1891 / HUMBERTO RODRÍGUEZ LISTA DE REVISORES ÍNDICE , In spanischer und englischer Sprache

Note: Enthält 4 Zeitschriftenartikel , Dissertation, University of Bergen, 2003 , Contents: Introduction Paper I: Weichselian stratigraphy and glaciotectonic deformation along the lower Pechora River, Arctic Russia / Henriksen, M., Mangerud, J., Maslenikova, O., Matiouchkov, A. and Tveranger, J. Paper II: Lake stratigraphy implies an 80 000 yr delayed melting of buried dead ice in northern Russia / Henriksen, M., Mangerud, J., Matiouchkov, A., Paus, A. and Svendsen, J. I. Paper III: Late Pleistocene record from Lake Yamozero, Timian Ridge, northern Russia / Henriksen, M., Mangerud, J., Paus, A. and Svendsen, J. I. Paper IV: Ice-dammed lakes and the rerouting of the drainage of Northern Eurasia during the last glaciation / Mangerud, J., Jakobsson, M., Alexanderson, H. [und 11 weitere]

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric Introduction Glacial characteristics Water treatment Materials and methods Experimental design Pilot plant intake Hydrocyclone Chemical addition system Flocculation system Filtration system Pilot plant operations Coagulant chemical preparations Flow measurement Sampling Results and discussion Kenai River w ater quality Evaluation of pilot plant testing Performance of pilot plant elements Physical and chem ical variables Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited

Note: Contents of Part 2 Hecht, K. Gerber, R. Otto: Studies on the drying of paints by means of 14C-labelled compounds K. Wagner, F. Brutschin, I. Ritter, T. Gritsch, H. Zimmermann, H. Borchert: Investigations by the aid of radioisotope methods on the technology of the production of carbon and silicon carbide materials K. Gloe, P. Mühl: Determination of metal extraction process parameters using tracer technique W. Migdał, W. Łada, K. Malec-Czechowska: Studies on liquid-liquid extraction of noble metals using radiotracers L. Petryka, K. Przewłocki: Radiotracer investigations of benefication copper ore in the industrial flotation process Z. Bazaniak, J. Palige: Determination of Cu recovery degree from slags in shaft process by means of radiotracers R. Burek, J .K. Zurawicz: On the optimization of concentration measurements in heterogeneous materials based on β-backscatter measurements B. Heinrich: Analysis of carbon content in crude brown coal by inelastic scattering of neutrons and the method of time correlated associated particles P. Urbańaki, D. Wagner, M. Jankowska, E. Kowalska: Determination of calcium and iron and measurements of ash content in the brown coal H.-W. Thümmel: Some considerations relating to the prediction of the efficiency of radiometric methods for the continuous ash content determination of coal L. Wawrzonek: Monitor of ash content of coal with X-ray source I. Pavlicsek, V. Stenger, A. Veres: Apparatus for gamma activation analysis I. Végvári, I. Juhász: Determination of PbO content of lead-glass samples on the ground of gamma-absorption E. Schöntube, H.-J. Große: Aerosol ionization gas analysis as a monitoring for waste halothane in the atmosphere of operating theatre S. Mothes, P. Popp, G. Oppermann, W.-D. Herberg: Measurement of fluorocarbons with the ECD P. Popp, E. Schöntube, G. Oppermann: The usability of radiation ionization detectors for the determination of N2O concentrations in the air of operating theatres P. Popp, G. Arnold, G. Oppermann: A hydrocarbon-sensitized argon ionization detector for the detection of inorganic compounds R. Szepke, W. Lisieski, J. Harasimczuk: Automatic dust monitor AMIZ G. Vormum: Sealed sources - problems of design, measurement and quality control L. Gąsiorowski: New trends in developments of ratioisotope gauges in Poland G. Brunner: Direct chemical information from special radio tracers as well as from outer X-ray excitation J. Hirling: Experience and future trend in industrial application of nuclear methods in Hungary I. N. Ivanov, O. K. Nikolaenko, Yu. V. Phecktistov, V. L. Chulkin: Use of short-lived nuclides in activation analysis Kl.-P. Rudolph, J. Flachowsky, A. Lange: Trace element determination in semiconducter selenium by neutron activation analysis (NAA) W. Lisieski, J. Mirowicz: Some industrial applications of instruments with neutron sources R. Dybczyński, H. Maleszewaka, S. Sterliński, Z. Szopa, M. Wasek: Some problems in neutron activation determination of gold and silver in ores and concentrates of copper industry L. Jankowski: Cost-benefit aspects of radioisotope application in industry B. Manouchev, T. Boschkova, L. Tsankov, V. Gurev, I. Kojucharov, G. Grozev: On the possibilities of the direct gamma-spectremetry in natural waters P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, W. Riedel: A parallel grid proportional scintillation counter for the X-ray region from 3 to 20 keV with regard to high count rates N. A. Anders, V. S. Isaev, V. I. Filatov, B. E. Kolesnikov, D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, V. P. Varvaritsa: X-ray fluroescence analyzer of light elements with proportional scintillation counter D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, W. Warwariza, B. E. Kolesnikow, N. A. Anders, W. J. Filatov: General considerations concerning the use of the X-ray analyzer "RALE" in industry

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous investigations Approach Shoreline conditions Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Marys River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Clair River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation Detroit River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Lawrence River Bank changes Historical bank recession Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: St. Marys River Appendix B: St. Clair River Appendix C: Detroit River Appendix D: St. Lawrence River

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Roughness and friction measurements Level plate ice performance Brash ice performance Ramming icebreaking performance Analysis of the data Propulsion efficiency in ice Regression analysis Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction One-dimensional equations of simultaneous heat and moisture flux Moisture transport Heat transport Phase change Coupling effects Frost heave algorithm Development of computer model Finite difference vs finite element method Finite element formulation Time domain solution Evaluation of the mathematical model Heat flux Moisture flux Numerical dispersion Frost heave of homogeneous laboratory samples Conclusions Recommended studies to refine the model Literature cited Appendix A. Work plan, staffing and instrumentation requirements for correlating results oflaboratory frost susceptibility tests with field performance Appendix B. Proposed investigation of thaw weakening of subgrade soil and granular unboundbase course Appendix C. Derivation of finite element system matrices

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Density, thermal expansion and compressibility of ice Density Thermal expansion Compressibility Density changes in snow Compaction Destructive metamorphism Constructive metamorphism Melt metamorphism Regelation Thermal properties of snow and fresh-water ice Heat capacity of snow and ice Latent heat Thermal conductivity of ice Thermal conductivity of snow Effective thermal diffusivity Heat transfer by water vapor diffusion in snow Heat and vapor transfer with forced convection Thermal properties of sea ice Specific heat of sea ice Heat of fusion of sea ice when 0° 〉 θ 〉 -8.2°C Density and thermal conductivity of sea ice Composition and air bubble content of sea ice above -8.2°C Thermal conductivity model for sea ice Thermal diffusivity of sea ice Method of determining thermal diffusivity Summary Literature cited

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Lund, Lund University, 2002 , Contents Introduction Study areas Methods Results - summaries of papers Fieldwork and authorship contributions Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV Discussion Glaciations and landsystems Ice-sheet limits The nature of glacial cycles Conclusions Implications and ideas for the future Acknowledgements Svensk sammanfattning References Appendices I: Alexanderson, J.H. 2000: Landsat mapping of ice-marginal features on the Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia – image interpretation versus geological reality. Geological Quarterly 44(1) , 15-25. II: Alexanderson, H. , Hjort, C., Möller, P., Antonov, O. & Pavlov, M. 2001: The North Taymyr ice-marginal zone, Arctic Siberia – a preliminary overview and dating. Global and Planetary Change 31(1-4), 427-445. III: Alexanderson, H. , Adrielsson, L., Hjort, C., Möller, P., Antonov, O., Eriksson, S. & Pavlov, M. 2002: Depositional history of the North Taymyr ice-marginal zone, Siberia – a landsystem approach. Journal of Quaternary Science 17(4) , 361-382. IV: Adrielsson, L. & Alexanderson, H.: Two cycles of ice-sheet and coastal mountain glaciation in central East Greenland. Manuscript submitted to Boreas.

Note: Contents On author Introduction Chapter 1. Special features of ice-segregation in freezing rocks Chapter 2. Cenozoic history and stratigraphic-genetic division of northern part of West Siberia Chapter 3. Genetic types of permafrost Chapter 4. Epigenetic permafrost 4.1. Cryogenic structure and iciness of sand deposits 4.2. General regularities of cryogenic of clayey deposits 4.3. Cryogenic structure and iciness of clayey deposits different in age and genesis 4.4. Wedge ice Chapter 5. Syngenetic permafrost 5.1. Composition and cryogenic structure of lagoon marine deposits 5.2. Composition and cryogenic structure of alluvial deposits 5.3. Composition and cryogenic structure of lacustrine, lacustrine-swamp and deluvial-solifluction deposits 5.4. Wedge-ice and ice-ground veins Chapter 6. Composition and cryogenic structure of the marine deposits of the Kara Sea shelf off the Yamal Peninsula Chapter 7. Tectonic control over rocks cryogenic structure and iciness of sediments Chapter 8. Nature of permafrost salinity and composition of pore solutions Chapter 9. Massive ice beds 9.1. Distribution, occurrence conditions and morphometry of ices 9.2. Composition and genesis of enclosing deposits 9.3. Results of integrated studies of massive ice beds and enclosing deposits 9.4. Influence of massive ice beds on relief-forming processes 9.5. Relationship between massive ice beds and geologytectonic composition 9.6. Massive ice beds genesis Chapter 10. General regularities of permafrost composition and structure in West Siberia Abstract References , Оглавление Об авторе Введение Глава 1. Особенности льдовыделения в промерзающих породах Глава 2. История геологического развития и стратиграфическое расчленение отложений севера Западной Сибири в кайнозое Глава 3. Генетические типы мерзлых толщ Глава 4. Эпигенетические мерзлые толщи 4.1. Криогенное строение и льдистость песчаных пород 4.2. Общие закономерности криогенного строения глинистых пород 4.3. Криогенное строение и льдистость глинистых пород различного возраста и генезиса 4.4. Повторно-жильные льды Глава 5. Сингенетические мерзлые толщи 5.1. Состав и криогенное строение лагунно-морских и морских отложений 5.2. Состав и криогенное строение аллювиальных отложений 5.3. Состав и криогенное строение озерных, озерно-болотных и делювиально-солифлюкционных отложений 5.4. Повторно-жильные льды и ледогрунтовые жильные образования Глава 6. Состав и криогенное строение морских отложений Приямальского шельфа Карского моря Глава 7. Влияние тектонических структур на криогенное строение и льдистость пород Глава 8. Природа засоленности мерзлых пород и состав поровых растворов9 Глава 9. Пластовые залежи подземного льда 9.1. Закономерности распространения, условия залегания и морфометрия льдов 9.2. Состав и генезис вмещающих отложений 9.3. Результаты комплексного изучения пластовых залежей льда и вмещающих пород в 9.4. Влияние пластовых льдов на процессы рельефо-образования 9.5. Связь пластовых льдов с геолого-тектоническим строением 9.6. Происхождение пластовых залежей льда Глава 10. Общие закономерности формирования состава и строения криогенной толщи Западной Сибири Abstract Список литературы , In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents 1.0 PROGRAM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2.0 BACKGROUND 2.1 THE CANADIAN FOREST FIRE DANGER RATING SYSTEM'S FIRE WEATHER lNDEX 2.2 C-BAND SAR BACKSCATTER FROM BURNED BOREAL FORESTS 2.3 C-BAND SAR BACKSCATTER FROM UNBURNED BOREAL FORESTS 2.4 PREVIOUS FIRE-DANGER ANALYSIS USING ERS-SAR DATA 3.0 PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTIONS AND SAMPLING STRATEGY 3.1 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTIONS 3.2 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 4.0 RESULTS OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS 4.1 PERMANENT SITES 4.2 SURFACE MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS 5.0 RESULTS OF SAR VERSUS FIRE DANGER CODES 5.1 ANALYSIS OF DONNELLY FLATS SAR BACKSCATTER VERSUS FIRE CODES 5.2 ANALYSIS OF SAR BACKSCATTER FROM 1HE HAJDUKOVICH CREEK 94 BURN VERSUS FIRE DANGER 5.3 COMBINATION OF TOK, HAJDUKOVICH CREEK, AND DONNELLY FLATS BACKSCATTER FOR FIRE DANGER ASSESSMENT 6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 6.0 OUTREACH ACTIVITIES REFERENCES Figures 1,3,4,5

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Sources of information Acknowledgments Physical setting of the Fairbanks area Topography and geology Climate Selected references Frozen ground Seasonally frozen ground Definition The problem Cause of frost heaving Frost action in the Fairbanks area Frost action on pile construction Highway bridges The Alaska Railroad Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Other frost-heave problems Loss of bearing strength Solutions to the frost-action problem Permafrost Definition The problem Origin and thermal regime Distribution and thickness Permafrost in the Fairbanks area Permafrost of the flood plain Permafrost of alluvial fans, colluvial slopes, and silt lowlands Boundaries between permafrost and non permafrost areas Character of ground ice Principles of land use in permafrost areas Ground subsidence caused by thawing of ice-rich permafrost Preliminary statement Thermokarst phenomena General features Therrnokarst mounds Therrnokarst pits Effects on agricultural development Effects on railroads Effects on roads and highways Effects on airfields Effects on heated buildings Effects on natural-gas and oil pipelines General statement Gas pipelines Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Effects on buried utility lines Indicators of permafrost Recognition of the problem Vegetation Small landforms and natural surface patterns Selected references Ground water Preliminary statement Ground water in the Fairbanks area Preliminary statement Tanana and Chena River flood plains Upland hills Lower hillslopes and creek-valley bottoms Geologic hazards associated with ground-water movement in permafrost regions Preliminary statement Artesian wells Icings Seepage icings Stream icings Summary of icings Pingos Selected references Earthquakes Introduction Causes and locations of earthquakes Classification and terminology of earthquakes Earthquake hazards in the Fairbanks area Summary of the earthquake hazard Selected references Landslides Landslides in the Fairbanks area Selected references Hillside erosion in loess Preliminary statement Examples of loess erosion Selected references Flooding Introduction History of flooding in the Fairbanks area Frequency of flooding in the Fairbanks area Solution to the problem of flooding Introduction Structural measures Nonstructural measures Flood proofing Flood warning and evacuation Flood insurance Selected references , Englisch

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Теоретические вопросы геотектоники Некоторые методологические вопросы геологии / Ю. А. Косыгин Краткий методологический анализ современных глобальных тектонических гипотез / В. Ю. Забродин Главные этапы эволюции процесса рифтогенеза в истории Земли / Е. E. Милановский Закономерности формирования континентальной земной коры / М. С. Марков, Ю. М. Пущаровский Структурно-формационные парагенезы как индикаторы стадийности формирования континентальной коры / Б. М. Чиков Сдвиги и трансформные разломы литосферы / С. И. Шерман Структурная эволюция геосинклинальных складчатых систем / В. С. Буртмаи Механизм образования складчатости и ее морфология / А. В. Вихерт О формировании и локализации концентрических комплексов в связи с развитием разломов / Ю. А. Косыгин, В. В. Юшманов, Л. А. Маслов О тектонике и минерагении Восточной Сибири и Дальнего Востока / Л. И. Красный Становление земной коры в докембрии О процессах, образующих и преобразующих земную кору континентального типа / Ч. Б. Борукаев Закономерности формирования земной коры континентов в нижнем докембрии / М. А. Гилярова Особенности тектонического развития подвижных зон Гондваны и Евразии в позднем докембрии / Н. А. Божко Главные этапы становления континентальиой земной коры / В. И. Шульдинер Тентоника и этапы становления земной коры территории Янутии / Г. С. Гусев, Г. А. Гринберг, В. В. Ковальский, Б. В. Олейников, А. Ф. Петров, Г. С. Фрадкии, Н. В. Черский Модели строения и глубинной эволюции коры юго-востока Сибирской платформы / Л. П. Карсаков, Ю. Ф. Малышев Эволюция слоев земной коры в геологической истории архея Алданского щита / И. М. Фрумкин К проблеме пангеосинклинали / Р. Ф. Черкасов Этапы формирования земной коры Алданского щита в докембрии / Л. М. Реутов, А. Ф. Петров Этапы формирования земной коры и докембрийский рифтогенез на северо-востоке Сибирской платформы / Б. Р. Шпунт, Д. В. Аброскин, Ю. Х. Протопопов Этапы и факторы становления континентальной коры на территории Восточной Сибири / А. А. Бухаров К проблеме происхождения среднепротерозойских грабенов юго-востока Сибирской платформы и ее складчатого обрамления / А. А. Константиновский Тектоника платформенных областей Геоблоки Сибири и этапы их формирования / Е. П. Миронюк, И. А. Загрузииа Соотношение структурных этажей - критерий тектонического районироnания платформенных областей / К. И. Микуленко, В. С. Старосельцев, Г. С. Фрадкин Общая корреляция эндогенных процессов на Сибирской платформе / С. М. Замараев О мантийных абиссолитах и природе сводовых поднятий на древних платформах / П. Ф. Иванкин, А. А. Фельдман Становление земной коры молодых плит и ранние этапы их развития (на примере Западно-Сибирского сеrмента) / В. С. Бочкарев Тектоника подвижных областей Офиолитовые зоны палеозоид Казахстана и геодинамические реконструкции / Е. И. Паталаха Современная тектоника Байкальской рифтовой системы и концепция тектоники плит / В. П. Солоненко Современные представления о глубинном строении северо-восточноrо фланга Байкальской рифтовой зоны / М. М. Мандельбаум, И. П. Шпак Пространственно-временные связи и геодинамические соотношения мезозойских структур на Алданском щите и в Джугджуро-Становой области / В. Г. Ветлужских Офиолиты и олистостромы Верхояно-Колымской складчатой системы / Ю. В. Архипов, И. Г. Волкодав Литосферные плиты в Верхояно-Чукотской складчатой области / В. Б Спектор Структура и геодинамика Курило-Камчатскоrо желоба / Г. С. Гнибиденко, Т. Г. Быкова, О. В. Веселов, В. М. Воробьев, А. С. Сваричевский Литература , Translation of Contents Preface Theoretical issues of geotectonics Some methodological issues of geology / Yu. A. Kosygin Brief methodological analysis of modern global tectonic hypotheses / V. Yu. Zabrodin The main stages of the evolution of the rifting process in the history of the Earth / E. E. Milanovsky Patterns of formation of the continental crust / M. S. Markov, Yu. M. Pushcharovsky Structural-formational parageneses as indicators of the stages of formation of the continental crust / B. M. Chikov Shifts and transform faults of the lithosphere / S. I. Sherman Structural evolution of geosynclinal folded systems / V. S. Burtmai The mechanism of formation of folding and its morphology / A. V. Wikhert On the formation and localization of concentric complexes in connection with the development of faults / Yu. A. Kosygin, V. V. Yushmanov, L. A. Maslov On tectonics and minerageny of Eastern Siberia and the Far East / L. I. Krasny Formation of the earth's crust in the Precambrian On the processes that form and transform the earth's crust of continental type / Ch. B. Borukaev Patterns of formation of the continental crust in the Lower Precambrian / M. A. Gilyarova Features of the tectonic development of mobile zones of Gondwana and Eurasia in the Late Precambrian / N. A. Bozhko The main stages of the formation of the continental crust / V. I. Shuldiner Tentonics and stages of formation of the earth's crust in the territory of Janutia / G. S. Gusev, G. A. Grinberg, V. V. Kovalsky, B. V. Oleinikov, A. F. Petrov, G. S. Fradkii, N. V. Chersky Models of the structure and deep evolution of the crust of the southeast of the Siberian Platform / L. P. Karsakov, Yu. F. Malyshev Evolution of layers of the earth’s crust in the geological history of the Archean of the Aldan Shield / I. M. Frumkin On the problem of pangeosyncline / R. F. Cherkasov Stages of formation of the earth's crust of the Aldan shield in the Precambrian / L. M. Reutov, A. F. Petrov Stages of crust formation and Precambrian rifting in the northeast of the Siberian Platform / B. R. Shpunt, D. V. Abroskin, Yu. Kh. Protopopov Stages and factors of formation of the continental crust in Eastern Siberia / A. A. Bukharov On the problem of the origin of Middle Proterozoic grabens in the southeast of the Siberian Platform and its folded framing / A. A. Konstantinovsky Tectonics of platform areas Geoblocks of Siberia and stages of their formation / E. P. Mironyuk, I. A. Zagruzia The ratio of structural floors is a criterion for tectonic zoning of platform areas / K. I. Mikulenko, V. S. Staroseltsev, G. S. Fradkin General correlation of endogenous processes on the Siberian platform / S. M. Zamaraev On mantle abysolites and the nature of arched uplifts on ancient platforms / P. F. Ivankin, A. A. Feldman Formation of the earth's crust of young plates and early stages of their development (using the example of West Siberian cement) / V. S. Bochkarev Tectonics of mobile regions Ophiolite zones of the paleozoids of Kazakhstan and geodynamic reconstructions / E. I. Patalakha Modern tectonics of the Baikal rift system and the concept of plate tectonics / V. P. Solonenko Modern ideas about the deep structure of the northeast flank of the Baikal rift zone / M. M. Mandelbaum, I. P. Shpak Spatio-temporal connections and geodynamic relationships of Mesozoic structures on the Aldan shield and in the Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy region / V. G. Vetluzhskikh Ophiolites and olistostromes of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma fold system / Yu. V. Arkhipov, I. G. Volkodav Lithospheric plates in the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka folded region / V. B Spektor Structure and geodynamics of the Kuril-Kamchatka trench / G. S. Gnibidenko, T. G. Bykova, O. V. Veselov, V. M. Vorobyov, A. S. Svarichevsky Literature , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Принципы тектонического районирования / Т. Н. Спижарский Периодизация тектонической истории Земли / Ч. В. Ворукаев Тектоника и "тектоники" / В. Ю Забродин, В. А. Кулындышев, В. А. Соловьев Иерархия тектонических объектов, их геоценозы и тектонические карты / В. И. Драгунов Глубинное строение и тектоника фундамента Сибирской платформы / Э. Э. Фотиади, М. П. Гришин, В. И. Лотышев, В. С. Сурков Место тектоники среди других наук о Земле / Ю. Н. Карогодин К теории дизъюнктивов / В. Ю. Забродин Методологические аспекты и критерии выделения основных структурных элементов земной коры / В. С. Бочкарев Карта разломов территории СССР и сопредельных стран масштаба 1:2 500 000 / Н. А. Беляевский, А. И. Суворов, В.А. Унксов, С. Н. Тихомиров, С. К. Барыкин, Б. В. Ермков, А. Е. Михайлов, Ю. Е. Погребицкий, Г. З. Попова, Ю. М. Саркисов, В. Н. Семов, К. А. Шуркин О размещении промышленно-перспективных районов в поле плотности дизъюнктивов Сибири / В. В. Вогацкий, В. И. Витязь, В. Я. Ероменко, М. А. Чурилин Энергетика и эволюция мантийной циркуляции / К. И. Хейсканен Тектоническая позиция глубинных гранулитов и особенности строения нижних горизонтов земной коры / Л. П. Карсаков Спиральные системы геологических структур и некоторые приемы их выяв-ления / М. А. Чурилин Новая ротационная гипотеза структурообразования и тектоника плит / К. Ф. Тяпкин Значение будинажа при картировании немых толщ докембрия / С. Н. Кудрин Определение простракственной связи трещин отрыва со сместителем при комбинированных тектонических перемещениях / О. А. Сокольников Унаследованные и новообразованные Структуры многоэтапных деформаций / М. М. Константинов Применение дистанционных методов при тектонических исследованиях в западной части Сибирской платформы / Л. М. Герасимов, В. Ю. Лускина Разрывные нарушения Сибирской платформы по данным дешифрирования телевизионных космических снимков / В. Я. Ероменко Структурное районирование и металлогеническая специфика вых областей юга азиатской части СССР / В. А. Амантов, Е. В. Выковская, Г. Л. Добрецов, А. Л. Додин, Е. М. Заблоцкий, П. С. Матросов, У. И. Моисееnко, В. R. Путинцев, Ж. Н. Рудакова, Г. Н. Шапошников, А. Д. Щеглов Основные этапы развития древних платформ / К. Б. Мокшанцев, А. Ф. Петров, Г. С. Фрадкин Континенты и океаны раннего докембрия Сибири / А. М. Лейтес, В. С. Федоровский Тектоническая позиция анортозитовой формации Сибирской платформы и ее место в истории становления земной коры / В. Н. Мошкин , CONTENT Preface Principles of tectonic zoning / T. N. Spizharsky Periodization of the tectonic history of the Earth / Ch. V. Vorukaev Tectonics and “tectonics” / V. Yu Zabrodin, V. A. Kulyndyshev, V. A. Solovyov Hierarchy of tectonic objects, their geocenoses and tectonic maps / V. I. Dragunov Deep structure and tectonics of the foundation of the Siberian Platform / E. E. Fotiadi, M. P. Grishin, V. I. Lotyshev, V. S. Surkov The place of tectonics among other earth sciences / Yu. N. Karogodin On the theory of disjunctive / V. Yu. Zabrodin Methodological aspects and criteria for identifying the main structural elements of the earth's crust / V. S. Bochkarev Map of faults in the territory of the USSR and neighboring countries on a scale of 1:2,500,000 / N.A. Belyaevsky, A.I. Suvorov, V.A. Unksov, S. N. Tikhomirov, S. K. Barykin, B. V. Ermkov, A. E. Mikhailov, Yu. E. Pogrebitsky, G. Z. Popova, Yu. M. Sarkisov, V. N. Semov, K. A. Shurkin On the placement of industrially promising areas in the field of density of disjuncts of Siberia / V. V. Vogatsky, V. I. Vityaz, V. Ya. Eromenko, M. A. Churilin Energy and evolution of mantle circulation / K. I. Heiskanen Tectonic position of deep granulites and structural features of the lower horizons of the earth’s crust / L. P. Karsakov Spiral systems of geological structures and some techniques for their identification / M. A. Churilin New rotational hypothesis of structure formation and plate tectonics / K. F. Tyapkin The importance of boudinage when mapping silent Precambrian strata / S. N. Kudrin Determination of the spatial connection of detachment cracks with a displacement fault during combined tectonic movements / O. A. Sokolnikov Inherited and newly formed Structures of multi-stage deformations / M. M. Konstantinov Application of remote sensing methods in tectonic studies in the western part of the Siberian platform / L. M. Gerasimov, V. Yu. Luskina Discontinuity violations of the Siberian platform according to the interpretation of television space images / V. Ya. Eromenko Structural zoning and metallogenic specificity of the southern Asian parts of the USSR / V. A. Amantov, E. V. Vykovskaya, G. L. Dobretsov, A. L. Dodin, E. M. Zablotsky, P. S. Matrosov, U. I. Moiseenko, V. R. Putintsev, Zh. N. Rudakova, G. N. Shaposhnikov, A. D. Shcheglov The main stages of the development of ancient platforms / K. B. Mokshantsev, A. F. Petrov, G. S. Fradkin Continents and oceans of the Early Precambrian of Siberia / A. M. Leites, V. S. Fedorovsky Tectonic position of the anorthosite formation of the Siberian platform and its place in the history of the formation of the earth’s crust / V. N. Moshkin , In kyrillischer Schrift