ALBERT

Note: Contents I Review of Current Concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Sequence Stratigraphy: A New Paradigm? 1.2 From Sloss to Vail 1.3 Problems and Research Trends: The Current Status 1.4 Stratigraphic Terminology 2 Methods for Studying Sequence Stratigraphy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Erecting a Sequence Framework 2.2.1 The Importance of Unconformities 2.2.2 Facies Cycles 2.2.3 Stratigraphic Architecture: The Seismic Method 2.3 Methods for Assessing Regional and Global Changes in Sea Level, Other Than Seismic Stratigraphy 2.3.1 Areas and Volumes of Stratigraphic Units 2.3.2 Hypsometric Curves 2.3.3 Backstripping 2.3.4 Sea-Level Estimation from Paleoshorelines and Other Fixed Points 2.3.5 Documentation of Meter-Scale Cycles 2.4 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 3 The Four Basic Types of Stratigraphic Cycle 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 3.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 3.4 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 3.5 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 4 The Basic Sequence Model 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Terminology 4.3 Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts 4.4 Sequence Boundaries 4.5 Other Sequence Concepts 5 The Global Cycle Chart II The Stratigraphic Framework 6 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens to Hundreds of Millions of Years 6.1 Climate, Sedimentation, and Biogenesis 6.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 6.2.1 The Tectonic-Stratigraphic Model 6.2.2 The Phanerozoic Record 6.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 6.3.1 Intercontinental Correlations 6.3.2 Tectonostratigraphic Sequences 6.4 Main Conclusions 7 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 7.1 Extensional and Rifted Clastic Continental Margins 7.2 Foreland Basin of the North American Western Interior 7.3 Other Foreland Basins 7.4 Forearc Basins 7.5 Backarc Basins 7.6 Cyclothems and Mesothems 7;7 Carbonate Cycles of Platforms and Craton Margins 7.8 Evidence of Cyclicity in the Deep Oceans 7.9 Main Conclusions 8 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Neogene Clastic Cycles of Continental Margins 8.3 Pre-Neogene Marine Carbonate and Clastic Cycles 8.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 8.5 Lacustrine elastic and Chemical Rhythms 8.6 Clastic Cycles of Foreland Basins 8.7 Main Conclusions III Mechanisms 9 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 9.1 Mantle Processes and Dynamic Topography 9.2 Supercontinent Cycles 9.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 9.3.1 Eustasy 9.3.2 Dynamic Topography and Epeirogeny 9.4 Main Conclusions 10 Milankovitch Processes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Nature of Milankovitch Processes 10.2.1 Components of Orbital Forcing 10.2.2 Basic Climatology 10.2.3 Variations with Time in Orbital Periodicities 10.2.4 Isostasy and Geoid Changes 10.2.5 The Nature of the Cyclostratigraphic Data Base 10.2.6 The Sensitivity of the Earth to Glaciation 10.2.7 Glacioeustasy in the Mesozoic? 10.2.8 Nonglacial Milankovitch Cyclicity 10.3 The Cenozoic Record 10.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 10.5 The End-Ordovician Glaciation 10.6 Main Conclusions 11 Tectonic Mechanisms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Rifting and Thermal Evolution of Divergent Plate Margins 11.2.1 Basic Geophysical Models and Their Implications for Sea-Level Change 11.2.2 Some Results from the Analysis of Modern Data Sets 11.3 Tectonism on Convergent Plate Margins and in Collision Zones 11.3.1 Magmatic Arcs and Subduction 11.3.2 Tectonism Versus Eustasy in Foreland Basins 11.3.2.1 The North American Western Interior Basin 11.3.2.2 The Appalachian Foreland Basin 11.3.2.3 Pyrenean and Himalayan Basins 11.3.3 Rates of Uplift and Subsidence 11.3.4 Discussion 11.4 Intraplate Stress 11.4.1 The Pattern of Global Stress 11.4.2 In-Plane Stress as a Control of Sequence Architecture 11.4.3 In-Plane Stress and Regional Histories of Sea-Level Change 11.5 Basement Control 11.6 Other Speculative Tectonic Hypotheses 11.7 Sediment Supply and the Importance of Big Rivers 11.8 Environmental Change 11.9 Main Conclusions IV Chronostratigraphy and Correlation: Why the Global Cycle Chart Should Be Abandoned 12 Time in Sequence Stratigraphy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hierarchies of Time and the Completeness of the Stratigraphic Record 12.3 Main Conclusions 13 Correlation, and the Potential for Error 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The New Paradigm of Geological Time? 13.3 The Dating and Correlation of Stratigraphic Events: Potential Sources of Uncertainty 13.3.1 Identification of Sequence Boundaries 13.3.2 Chronostratigraphic Meaning of Unconformities 13.3.3 Determination of the Biostratigraphic Framework 13.3.3.1 The Problem of Incomplete Biostratigraphic Recovery 13.3.3.2 Diachroneity of the Biostratigraphic Record 13.3.4 The Value of Quantitative Biostratigraphic Methods 13.3.5 Assessment of Relative Biostratigraphic Precision 13.3.6 Correlation of Biozones with the Global Stage Framework 13.3.7 Assignment of Absolute Ages 13.3.8 Implications for the Exxon Global Cycle Chart 13.4 Correlating Regional Sequence Frameworks with the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.1 Circular Reasoning from Regional Data 13.4.2 A Rigorous Test of the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.3 A Correlation Experiment 13.4.4 Discussion 13.5 Main Conclusions 14 Sea-Level Curves Compared 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Exxon Curves: Revisions, Errors, and Uncertainties 14.3 Other Sea-Level Curves 14.3.1 Cretaceous Sea-Level Curves 14.3.2 Jurassic Sea-Level Curves 14.3.3 Why Does the Exxon Global Cycle Chart Contain So Many More Events Than Other Sea-Level Curves? 14.4 Main Conclusions V Approaches to a Modern Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework 15 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Definitions 15.2.1 The Hierarchy of Units and Bounding Surfaces 15.2.2 Systems Tracts and Sequence Boundaries 15.3 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Depositional Systems 15.3.1 Pluvial Deposits and Their Relationship to Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 The Concept of the Bayline 15.3.3 Deltas, Beach-Barrier Systems, and Estuaries 15.3.4 Shelf Systems: Sand Shoals and Condensed Sections 15.3.5 Slope and Rise Systems 15.4 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Depositional Systems 15.4.1 Platform Carbonates: Catch-Up Versus Keep-Up 15.4.2 Carbonate Slopes 15.4.3 Pelagic Carbonate Environments 15.5 Main Conclusions 16 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Sequences 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Model Design 16.3 Selected Examples of Model Results 16.4 Main Conclusions VI Discussion and Conclusions 17 Implications for Petroleum Geology 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 17.2.1 The Basis of the Methodology 17.2.2 The Development of an Allostratigraphic Framework 17.2.3 Choice of Sequence-Stratigraphic Models 17.2.4 The Search for Mechanisms 17.2.5 Reservoir Characterization 17.3 Controversies in Practical Sequence Analysis 17.3.1 The Case of the Tocito Sandstone, New Mexico 17.3.2 The Case of Gippsland Basin, Australia 17.3.3 Conclusions: A Modified Approach to Sequence Analysis for Practicing Petroleum Geologists and Geophysicists 17.4 Main Conclusions 18 Conclusions and Recommendations 18.1 Sequences in the Stratigraphic Record 18.1.1 Long-Term Stratigraphic Cycles 18.1.2 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 18.1.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 18.2 Mechanisms 18.2.1 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 18.2.2 Milankovitch Processes 18.2.3 Tectonic Mechanisms 18.3 Chronostratigraphy and Correlation 18.3.1 Concepts of Time 18.3.2 Correlation Problems, and the Basis of the Global Cycle Chart 18.3.3 Comparison of Sea-Level Curves 18.4 Modern Sequence Analysis 18.4.1 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 18.4.2 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Stratigraphic Sequences 18.5 Implications for Petroleum Geology 18.6 The Global-Eustasy Paradigm: Working Backwards from the Answer? 18.6.1 The Exxon Factor 18.6.2 Conclusions . 18.7 Recommendations References Author Index Subject Index

Note: Table of Contents: Climate and American People. - Earth's climate: A dynamic system. - Why does earth's climate change?. - Can we change the climate?. - The Greenhouse Effect. - Why are Greenhouse gas amounts increasing?. - Aerosols: Sunscreen for the planet?. - How has climate changed in the past century?. - Can we predict climate change?. - What do climate models tell us about our future?. - Where do we go from here?

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, 1997 , Contents Frozen soil hydrology Review and practical relevance The complex frozen soil environment Objectives Heat exchange above and within frozen soils Heat exchange at the snow surface Heat transfer through the snow pack Soil freezing characteristic curve Frost-induced solute redistribution Water infiltration and redistribution in frozen soil Experimental work Modelling Model versus measurements Conclusions Ongoing and future work Improved description of the processes at the pore scale Improved description of the snow pack Link to larger-scale models References Acknowledgments , Englisch

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1998. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1998 schedule. - Overview of 1998 schedule. - Camp setup. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1998 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NG RIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1998. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of NGRIP area. - Map of Greenland. - Map of the ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Surface measurements near NGRIP. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Abbreviations 1 The atmospheric boundary layer 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History 1.3 Observing the ABL 1.4 ABL modelling 1.5 Applications 1.6 Scope of the book 1.7 Nomenclature and some definitions Notes and bibliography 2 Basic equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.1 Turbulence and flow description 2.2 Governing equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.3 The simplified mean equations 2.4 The turbulence closure problem 2.5 The second-moment equations 2.6 Turbulent kinetic energy and stability parameters Notes and bibliography 3 Scaling laws for mean and turbulent quantities 3.1 The wind profile: simple considerations 3.2 Wind profile laws: the neutral case 3.3 Monin-Obukhov similarity theory: the non-neutral surface layer 3.4 Generalized ABL similarity theory 3.5 Similarity theory and turbulence statistics Notes and bibliography 4 Surface roughness and local advection 4.1 Aerodynamic characteristics of the land 4.2 Scalar roughness lengths 4.3 The vegetation canopy 4.4 Flow over the sea 4.5 Local advection and the internal boundary layer Notes and bibliography 5 Energy fluxes at the land surface 5.1 Surface energy balance and soil heat flux 5.2 Radiation fluxes 5.3 Evaporation 5.4 Condensation Notes and bibliography 6 The thermally stratified atmospheric boundary layer 6.1 The convective boundary layer 6.2 The stable (nocturnal) boundary layer 6.3 The marine atmospheric boundary layer 6.4 Mesoscale flow and IBL growth Notes and bibliography 7 The cloud-topped boundary layer 7.1 General properties of the CTBL 7.2 Observations 7.3 Radiation fluxes and cloud-top radiative cooling 7.4 Entrainment and entrainment instability 7.5 Numerical modelling of the CTBL Notes and bibliography 8 Atmospheric boundary-layer modelling and parameterization schemes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Surface temperature 8.3 Surface humidity (soil moisture) 8.4 Canopy parameterization 8.5 Surface fluxes 8.6 Rate equation for ABL depth 8.7 Turbulence closure schemes 8.8 ABL cloud parameterization Notes and bibliography 9 The atmospheric boundary layer, climate and climate modelling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Sensitivity of climate to the ABL and to land surface 9.3 Research priorities Notes and bibliography Appendices References Index

Note: Contents Editor's Foreword Contributors' Forewords Acknowledgments Chapter 1 lntroduction and historical background / Grethe R. Hasle and Carmelo R. Tomas Chapter 2 Marine Diatoms / Grethe R. Hasle and Erik E. Syvertsen Introduction General Characteristics Life Cycles Morphology and Terminology Classification Genera Represented in Marine Plankton Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Identification Content Description of Taxa Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Methodology Collection and Concentration Unialgal Cultures as a Means for Species Identification Preservation and Storage Preparation for Light Microscopy Preparation for Electron Microscopy Microscopy What to Look for-General Hints for Identification and Preparation Taxonomic Appendix New Genus New Names Validation of Names New Nomenclatural Combinations Common Diatom Synonyms Index of Diatom Taxa References Chapter 3 Dinoflagelates / Karen A. Steidinger in Collaboration with Karl Tangen Introduction General Characteristics Dinoflagellates: Eukaryotic Unicells Terminology and Morphology Morphological Types General Cell Terms Microanatomy Characters Used in Identifying Prorocentroid Desmokont Cells Characters Used in Identifying Dinokont Cells Identification of Species Techniques for Preparation of Dinoflagellates for Identification Common Dinoflagellate Synonyms Index of Dinoflagellate Taxa References Chapter 4 Introduction / Carmelo R. Tomas Chapter 5 The Planktonic Marine Flagellates / Jahn Throndsen Introduction General Considerations Algal Flagellate Characteristics Flagellate Terminology Phytoflagellate Taxanomy Phytoflagellate Systematics Chromophyta Cryptophyceae Raphidophyceae Chrysophyceae Dictyochophyceae Prymnesiophyceae-Haptophyceae (Exclusive of Coccolithophorids) Chlorophyta Euglenophyceae Prasinophyceae Chlorophyeae Zooflagellates (Phylum Zoomastigophora) Choanoflagellidea Kinetoplastidea Ebriidea Techniques Preparing Samples for Observation Cultivation for Identification Preparation of Samples for Further Studies Specific Problems to Avoid Common Flagellate Synonyms Glossary Index of Flagellate Taxa References Chapter 6 Modern Coccolithophorids / Berit R. Heimdal Introduction General Characteristics Terminology and Morphology Problems in Studying Recent Coccolithophorids Classification Outline for Classification and Arrangement of Genera Systematic Descriptions Holococcolithophorids Heterococcolithophorids Common Coccolithophorid Synonyms Index of Coccolithophorid Taxa References Glossary General Index

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1. - 1 Preliminary Description of Error Analysis. - 1.1 Errors as Uncertainties. - 1.2 Inevitability of Uncertainty. - 1.3 Importance of Knowing the Uncertainties. - 1.4 More Examples. - 1.5 Estimating Uncertainties When Reading Scales. - 1.6 Estimating Uncertainties in Repeatable Measurements. - 2. How to Report and Use Uncertainties. - 2.1 Best Estimate ± Uncertainty. - 2.2 Significant Figures. - 2.3 Discrepancy. - 2.4 Comparison of Measured and Accepted Values. - 2.5 Comparison of Two Measured Numbers. - 2.6 Checking Relationships with a Graph. - 2.7 Fractional Uncertainties. - 2.8 Significant Figures and Fractional Uncertainties. - 2.9 Multiplying Two Measured Numbers. - Problems for Chapter 2. - 3. Propagation of Uncertainties. - 3.1 Uncertainties in Direct Measurements. - 3.2 The Square-Root Rule for a Counting Experiment. - 3.3 Sums and Differences; Products and Quotients. - 3.4 Two Important Special Cases. - 3.5 Independent Uncertainties in a Sum. - 3.6 More About Independent Uncertainties. - 3.7 Arbitrary Functions of One Variable. - 3.8 Propagation Step by Step. - 3.9 Examples. - 3.10 A More Complicated Example. - 3.11 General Formula for Error Propagation. - Problems for Chapter 3. - 4. Statistical Analysis of Random Uncertainties. - 4.1 Random and Systematic Errors. - 4.2 The Mean and Standard Deviation. - 4.3 The Standard Deviation as the Uncertainty in a Single Measurement. - 4.4 The Standard Deviation of the Mean. - 4.5 Examples. - 4.6 Systematic Errors. - Problems for Chapter. - 5. The Normal Distribution. - 5.1 Histograms and Distributions. - 5.2 Limiting Distributions. - 5.3 The Normal Distribution. - 5.4 The Standard Deviation as 68% Confidence Limit. - 5.5 Justification of the Mean as Best Estimate. - 5.6 Justification of Addition in Quadrature. - 5.7 Standard Deviation of the Mean. - 5.8 Acceptability of a Measured Answer . - Problems for Chapter 5. - Part II. - 6. Rejection of Data. - 6.1 The Problem of Rejecting Data. - 6.2 Chauvenet's Criterion. - 6.3 Discussion. - Problems for Chapter 6. - 7. Weighted Averages. - 7.1 The Problem of Combining Separate Measurements. - 7.2 The Weighted Average. - 7.3 An Example. - Problems for Chapter 7. - 8. Least-Squares Fitting. - 8.1 Data That Should Fit a Straight Line. - 8.2 Calculation of the Constants A and В. - 8.3 Uncertainty in the Measurements of у. - 8.4 Uncertainty in the Constants A and В. - 8.5 An Example. - 8.6 Least-Squares Fits to Other Curves. - Problems for Chapter 8. - 9. Covariance and Correlation. - 9.1 Review of Error Propagation. - 9.2 Covariance in Error Propagation. - 9.3 Coefficient of Linear Correlation. - 9.4 Quantitative Significance of r. - 9.5 Examples. - Problems for Chapter 9. - 10. The Binomial Distribution. - 10.1 Distributions. - 10.2 Probabilities in Dice Throwing. - 10.3 Definition of the Binomial Distribution. - 10.4 Properties of the Binomial Distribution. - 10.5 The Gauss Distribution for Random Errors. - 10.6 Applications; Testing of Hypotheses. - Problems for Chapter 10. - 11. The Poisson Distribution. - 11.1 Definition of the Poisson Distribution. - 11.2 Properties of the Poisson Distribution. - 11.3 Applications. - 11.4 Subtracting a Background. - Problems for Chapter 11. - 12. The Chi-Squared Test for a Distribution. - 12.1 Introduction to Chi Squared. - 12.2 General Definition of Chi Squared. - 12.3 Degrees of Freedom and Reduced Chi Squared. - 12.4 Probabilities for Chi Squared. - 12.5 Examples. - Problems for Chapter 12. - Appendixes. - Appendix A. Normal Error Integral, I. - Appendix B. Normal Error Integral, II. - Appendix C. Probabilities for Correlation Coefficients. - Appendix D. Probabilities for Chi Squared. - Appendix E. Two Proofs Concerning Sample Standard Deviations. - Bibliography. - Answers to Quick Checks and Odd-Numbered Problems. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface to first edition. - Preface to second edition. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Some basic ideas. - 1.1 Planetary atmospheres. - 1.2 Equilibrium temperatures. - 1.3 Hydrostatic equation. - 1.4 Adiabatic lapse rate. - 1.5 Sandström's theorem. - Problems. - 2 A radiative equilibrium model. - 2.1 Black-body radiation. - 2.2 Absorption and emission. - 2.3 Radiative equilibrium in a grey atmosphere. - 2.4 Radiative time constants. - 2.5 The greenhouse effect. - Problems. - 3 Thermodynamics. - 3.1 Entropy of dry air. - 3.2 Vertical motion of saturated air. - 3.3 The tephigram. - 3.4 Total potential energy of an air column. - 3.5 Available potential energy. - 3.6 Zonal and eddy energy. - Problems. - 4 More complex radiation transfer. - 4.1 Solar radiation: its modification by scattering. - 4.2 Absorption of solar radiation by ozone. - 4.3 Absorption by single lines. - 4.4 Transmission of an atmospheric path. - 4.5 The integral equation of transfer. - 4.6 Integration over frequency. - 4.7 Heating rate due to radiative processes. - 4.8 Cooling by carbon dioxide emission from upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. - 4.9 Bandmodels. - 4.10 Continuum absorption. - 4.11 Global radiation budget. - Problems. - 5 The middle and upper atmospheres. - 5.1 Temperature structure. - 5.2 Diffusive separation. - 5.3 The escape of hydrogen. - 5.4 The energy balance of the thermosphere. - 5.5 Photochemical processes. - 5.6 Breakdown of thermodynamic equilibrium. - Problems. - 6 Clouds. - 6.1 Cloud formation. - 6.2 The growth of cloud particles. - 6.3 The radiative properties of clouds. - 6.4 Radiative transfer in clouds. - Problems. - 7 Dynamics. - 7.1 Total and partial derivatives. - 7.2 Equations of motion. - 7.3 The geostrophic approximation. - 7.4 Cyclostrophic motion. - 7.5 Surfaces of constant pressure. - 7.6 The thermal wind equation. - 7.7 The equation of continuity. - Problems. - 8 Atmospberic waves. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Sound waves. - 8.3 Gravity waves. - 8.4 Rossby waves. - 8.5 The vorticity equation. - 8.6 Three dimensional Rossby-type waves. - Problems. - 9 Turbulence. - 9.1 The Reynolds number. - 9.2 Reynolds stresses. - 9.3 Ekman's solution. - 9.4 The mixing-length hypothesis. - 9.5 Ekman pumping. - 9.6 The spectrum of atmospheric turbulence. - Problems. - 10 The general circulation. - 10.1 Labaratory experiments. - 10.2 A symmetric circulation. - 10.3 Inertial Instability. - 10.4 Barotropic instability. - 10.5 Baroclinic instability. - 10.6 Sloping convection. - 10.7 Energy transport. - 10.8 Transport of angular momentum. - 10.9 The general circulation of the middle atmosphere. - Problems. - 11 Numerical modelling. - 11.1 A barotropic model. - 11.2 Baroclinic models. - 11.3 Primitive equation models. - 11.4 Inclusion of orography. - 11.5 Convection. - 11.6 Moist processes. - 11.7 Radiation transfer. - 11.8 Inclusion of clouds. - 11.9 Sub grid scale processes. - 11.10 Transfer across the surface. - 11.11 Forecasting models. - 11.12 Other models. - Problems. - 12 Global observation. - 12.1 What Observations are required?. - 12.2 ConventionaJ observations. - 12.3 Remote sounding from satellites. - 12.4 Remote sounding of atmospheric temperature. - 12.5 Remote measurements of composition. - 12.6 Other remote sounding observations. - 12.7 Observations from remote platforms. - 12.8 Achieving global coverage. - Problems. - 13 Atmospheric predictability and climatic change. - 13.1 Short-term predictability. - 13.2 Variations of climate. - 13.3 Atmospheric feedback processes. - 13.4 Different kinds of predictability. - 13.5 Jupiter's Great Red Spot. - 13.6 The challenge of climate research. - Problems. - Appendices. - 1 Some useful physical constants and data on dry air. - 2 Properties of water vapour. - 3 Atmospheric composition. - 4 Relation of geopotential to geometric height. - 5 Model atmospheres (0-105 km). - 6 Mean reference atmosphere (110- 500 km). - 7 The Planck function. - 8 Solar radiation. - 9 Absorption of solar radiation by oxygen and ozone. - 10 Spectral band information. - Bibliography. - References to works cited in the text. - Answers to problems and hints to their solution. - Index.

Note: Zugl.: Braunschweig, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Core OL-92 from Owens Lake: Project rationale, geologic setting, drilling procedures, and summary / G. I. Smith and J. L. Bischoff. - 2. Stratigraphy, lithologies, and sedimentary structures of Owens Lake core OL-92 / G. I. Smith. - 3. Climatic signals in clay mineralogy and grain-size variations in Owens Lake core OL-92, southeast California / K. M. Menking. - 4. Responses of sediment geochemistry to climate change in Owens Lake sediment: An 800-k.y. record of saline/fresh cycles in core OL-92 / J. L. Bischoff, J. P. Fitts, and J. A. Fitzpatrick. - 5. Movement and diffusion of pore fluids in Owens Lake sediments from core OL-92 as shown by salinity and deuterium-hydrogen ratios / I. Friedman, J. L. Bischoff, C. A. Johnson, S. W. Tyler, and J. P. Fitts. - 6. Paleomagnetism and magnetic susceptibility of Pleistocene sediments from drill hole OL-92, Owens Lake, California / J. M. Glen and R. S. Coe. - 7. Age and correlation of tephra layers, position of the Matuyama-Brunhes chron boundary, and effects of Bishop ash eruption on Owens Lake, as determined from drill hole OL-92, southeast California / A. M. Sarna-Wojcicki, C. E. Meyer, and E. Wan. - 8. A time-depth scale for Owens Lake sediments of core OL-92: Radiocarbon dates and constant mass-accumulation rate / J. L. Bischoff, T. W. Stafford, Jr., and M. Rubin. - 9. A diatom-based paleohydrologic record of climate change for the past 800 k.y. from Owens Lake, California / J. P. Bradbury. - 10. Ostracodes in Owens Lake core OL-92: Alternation of saline and freshwater forms through time / C. Carter. - 11. Paleobiotic and isotopic analysis of mollusks, fish, and plants from core OL-92: Indicators for an open or closed lake system / J. R. Firby, S. E. Sharpe, J. F. Whelan, G. R. Smith, and W. G. Spaulding. - 12. An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses / R. J. Litwin, D. P. Adam, N. O. Frederiksen, and W. B. Woolfenden. - 13. Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92 / G. I. Smith, J. L. Bischoff, and J. P. Bradbury. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents: CHAPTER 1: THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES: Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. - Stable Isotopes: Standards and Measurement. - Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. - Radioisotopes. - Isotope Fractionation. - Isotope Fractionation (a), Enrichment (e), and Separation (D). - CHAPTER 2: TRACING THE HYDROLOGIGICAL CYCLE: Craig's Meteoric Relationship in Global Fresh Waters. - Partitioning of Isotopes Through the Hydrological Cycle. - Condensation, Precipitation, and the Meteoric Water Line. - A Closer Look at Rayleigh Distillation. - Effects of Extreme Evaporation. - CHAPTER 3: PRECIPITATION: The T - d18O Correlation in Precipitation. - Local Effects on T - d18O. - Ice Cores and Paleotemperature. - CHAPTER 4: GROUNDWATER: Recharge in Temperate Climates. - Recharge in Arid Regions. - Recharge from River-Connected Aquifers. - Hydrograph Separation in Catchment Studies. - Groundwater Mixing. - CHAPTER 5: TRACING THE CARBON CYCLE: Evolution of Carbon in Groundwaters. - Carbonate Geochemistry. - Carbon-13 in the Carbonate System. - Dissolved Organic Carbon. - Methane in Groundwaters. - Isotopic Composition of Carbonates. - CHAPTER 6: GROUNDWATER QUALITY: Sulphate, Sulphide and the Sulphur Cycle. - Nitrogen Cycles in Rural Watersheds. - The "Fuhrberger Feld" Study. - Source of Chloride Salinity. - Landfill Leachates. - Degredation of Chloro-organics and Hydrocarbon. - Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination. - Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrology. - CHAPTER 7: IDENTIYING AND DATING MODERN GROUNDWATERS: The "Age" of Groundwater. - Stable Isotopes. - Tritium in Precipitation. - Dating Groundwaters with Tritium. - Groundwater Dating with 3H -3He. - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). - Thermonuclear 36Cl. - Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr . - Submodern Groundwater. - CHAPTER 8: AGE DATING OLD GROUNDWATERS: Stable Isotopes and Paleogroundwaters. - Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon. - Correction for Carbonate Dissolution. - Some Additional Complications to 14C Dating. - 14C Dating with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). - Case Studies for 14C dating with DOC and DIC. - Chlorine-36 and Very Old Groundwater. - The Uranium Decay Series. - CHAPTER 9: WATER-ROCK INTERACTION: Mechanisms of Isotope Exchange. - High Temperature Systems. - Low Temperature Water-Rock Interaction. - Strontium Isotopes in Water and Rock. - Isotope Exchange in Gas-Water Reactions. - High pH Groundwaters-The Effect of Cement Reactions. - CHAPTER 10: FIELD METHODS FOR SAMPLING: Groundwater. - Water in the Unsaturated Zone. - Precipitation. - Gases. - Geochemistry. - References. - Subject Index. - Each chapter has Problems sections.

Note: Contents: Editor's Preface. - Preface. - Chapter 1. Introduction. - 1.1 Spatial and temporal averaging in meteorological problems. - 1.2 Some information on the statistical characteristics of meteorological fields. - Chapter 2. Statistical Description of Averaged Fields. - 2.1 Statistical structure of averaged data. - 2.2 Representativeness of point measurements with respect to averaged values. - 2.3 Influence of area shape on the representativeness of a point value. - Chapter 3. The Accuracy of Averaging Discrete Data. - 3.1 The accuracy of representing average quantities by discrete data. - 3.2 Approximate evaluation of the averaging accuracy. - 3.3 Optimal averaging of discrete data. - 3.4 Accuracy of averaging the characteristics of statistical structure. - Chapter 4. Problems of Averaging Some Meteorological Fields. - 4.1 The representativeness of precipitation data. - 4.2 Accuracy of zonal averaging of air temperature. - Chapter 5. Practical Aspects of the Spatial Averaging of Meteorological Fields. - 5.1 Methods of averaging meteorological fields and numerical applications. - 5.2 A brief description of the averaging algorithms. - 5.3 Comparative accuracy of some averaging algorithms. - Conclusions. - List of Symbols. - References. - Subject Index. , Aus dem Russ. übers.

Note: Preface Acknowledgements Part S Basic topics Chapter I Introduction: Why nonlinear methods? Chapter 2 Linear tools and general considerations 2.1 Stationarity and sampling 2.2 Testing for stationarity 2.3 Linear correlations and the power spectrum 2.3.1 Stationarity and the low-frequency component in the power spectrum 2.4 Linear filters 2.5 Linear predictions Chapter 3 Phase space methods 3.1 Determinism: Uniqueness in phase space 3.2 Delay reconstruction 3.3 Finding a good embedding 3.4 Visual inspection of data 3.5 Poincare surface of section Chapter 4 Determinism and predictability 4.1 Sources of predictability 4.2 Simple nonlinear prediction algorithm 4.3 Verification of successful prediction 4.4 Probing stationarity with nonlinear predictions 4.5 Simple nonlinear noise reduction Chapter 5 Instability: Lyapunov exponents 5.1 Sensitive dependence on initial conditions 5.2 Exponential divergence 5.3 Measuring the maximal exponent from data Chapter 6 Self-similarity: Dimensions 6.1 Attractor geometry and fractals 6.2 Correlation dimension 6.3 Correlation sum from a time series 6.4 Interpretation and pitfalls 6.5 Temporal correlations, nonstationarity, and space time separation plots 6.6 Practical considerations 6.7 A useful application: Determination of the noise level Chapter 7 Using nonlinear methods when determinism is weak 7.1 Testing for nonlinearity with surrogate data 7.1.1 The null hypothesis 7.1.2 How to make surrogate data sets 7.1.3 Which statistics to use 7.1.4 What can go wrong 7.1.5 What we have learned 7.2 Nonlinear statistics for system discrimination 7.3 Extracting qualitative information from a time series Chapters Selected nonlinear phenomena 8.1 Coexistence of attractors 8.2 Transients 8.3 Intermittency 8.4 Structural stability 8.5 Bifurcations 8.6 Quasi-periodicity Part 2 Advanced topics Chapter 9 Advanced embedding methods 9.1 Embedding theorems 9.1.1 Whitney's embedding theorem 9.1.2 Takens's delay embedding theorem 9.2 The time lag 9.3 Filtered delay embeddings 9.3.1 Derivative coordinates 9.3.2 Principal component analysis 9.4 Fluctuating time intervals 9.5 Multichannel measurements 9.5.1 Equivalent variables at different positions 9.5.2 Variables with different physical meanings 9.5.3 Distributed systems 9.6 Embedding of interspike intervals Chapter 10 Chaotic data and noise 10.1 Measurement noise and dynamical noise 10.2 Effects of noise 10.3 Nonlinear noise reduction 10.3.1 Noise reduction by gradient descent 10.3.2 Local projective noise reduction 10.3.3 Implementation of locally projective noise reduction 10.3.4 How much noise is taken out? 10.3.5 Consistency tests 10.4 An application: Foetal ECG extraction Chapter ! 1 More about invariant quantities 11.1 Ergodicity and strange attractors 11.2 Lyapunov exponents II 11.2.1 The spectrum of Lyapunov exponents and invariant manifolds 11.2.2 Flows versus maps 11.2.3 Tangent space method 11.2.4 Spurious exponents 11.2.5 Almost two-dimensional flows 11.3 Dimensions II 11.3.1 Generalised dimensions, multifractals 11.3.2 Information dimension from a time series 11.4 Entropies 11.4.1 Chaos and the flow of information 11.4.2 Entropies of a static distribution 11.4.3 The Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy 11.4.4 Entropies from time series data 11.5 How things are related 11.5.1 Pesin's identity 11.5.2 Kaplan-Yorke conjecture Chapter 12 Modelling and forecasting 12.1 Stochastic models 12.1.1 Linear filter 12.1.2 Nonlinear filters 12.1.3 Markov models 12.2 Deterministic dynamics 12.3 Local methods in phase space 12.3.1 Almost model free methods 12.3.2 Local linear fits 12.4 Global nonlinear models 12.4.1 Polynomials 12.4.2 Radial basis functions 12.4.3 Afeura/ networks 12.4.4 Wfcat to do in practice 12.5 Improved cost functions 12.5.1 Overfitting and model costs 12.5.2 The errors-in-variables problem 12.6 Model verification Chapter 13 Chaos control 13.1 Unstable periodic orbits and their invariant manifolds 13.1.1 Locating periodic orbits 13.1.2 Stable/unstable manifolds from data 13.2 OGY-control and derivates 13.3 Variants of OGY-control 13.4 Delayed feedback 13.5 Chaos suppression without feedback 13.6 Tracking 13.7 Related aspects Chapter 14 Other selected topics 14.1 High dimensional chaos 14.1.1 Analysis of higher dimensional signals 14.1.2 Spatially extended systems 14.2 Analysis of spatiotemporal patterns 14.3 Multiscale or self-similar signals, wavelets 14.3.1 Dynamical origin of multiscale signals 14.3.2 Scaling laws 14.3.3 Wavelet analysis Appendix A Efficient neighbour searching Appendix B Program listings Appendix C Description of the experimental data sets References Index

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Physical characteristics of the Antarctic. - 1.2 A brief history of Antarctic meteorology. - 1.3 The role of the Antarctic atmosphere in the global climate system. - 2 Observations and instrumentation. - 2.1 Observing in the Antarctic. - 2.2 Instruments for meteorological measurements. - 2.3 Automatic weather stations. - 2.4 Drifting buoys. - 2.5 Surface-based remote sensing. - 2.6 Satellites, space-based observing systems and ground stations. - 2.7 The station network and communications. - 2.8 Data sets and data centres. - 3 Physical climatology. - 3.1 Radiation. - 3.2 Temperature and humidity. - 3.3 Pressure, geopotential and wind. - 3.4 Clouds and precipitation. - 3.5 Sea ice and the Southern Ocean environment. - 4 The large-scale circulation of the Antarctic atmosphere. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The heat budget. - 4.3 Atmospheric circulation and the vorticity budget. - 4.4 The water vapour budget. - 4.5 Representation of the Antarctic atmosphere in general circulation models. - 5 Synoptic-scale weather systems and fronts. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The role of depressions. - 5.3 Depressions in the Antarctic and over the Southern Ocean. - 5.4 Climatology. - 5.5 Preparation of operational analyses and forecasts. - 5.6 Future research needs. - 6 Mesoscale systems and processes. - 6.1 Local wind systems. - 6.2 Internal gravity waves. - 6.3 The atmospheric boundary layer. - 6.4 Blowing snow. - 6.5 Mesocyclones. - 7 Climate variability and change. - 7.1 Variations in the historical climate record. - 7.2 Interactions with the tropical and mid-latitude circulation. - 7.3 Future climate predictions - Antarctica in a 'greenhouse' climate. - Appendix A: A chronological list of stations that have made multi-year meteorological observations in the Antarctic and on the sub-Antarctic islands. - Appendix B: A chronological list of automatic weather stations that have been deployed in the Antarctic and on the sub-Antarctic Islands. - References. - Index.

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: York, Univ., Diss., 1997

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. - History. - The Discovery of X-Rays. - The Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction. - History of Clay Mineralogy. - The Importance of Clay Mineralogy. - Box 1.1 Clay Minerals as Catalysts. - The Literature of Clay Mineralogy. - Summary. - References. - 2. NATURE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS. - Box 2.1 Other Methods. - Safety and Protection. - Box 2.2 Defining a Dose of Radiation. - The Nature or X-Rays. - Continuous or White Radiation. - Characteristic Radiation. - General Absorption of X-Rays. - Characteristic Absorption. - Equipment for Producing and Recording X-Rays. - Stabilizing the Voltage. - Generating X-Rays. - The Diffractometer. - Step-Scanning with Automated Diffractometers. - The Single-Crystal Monochromator. - The Detector. - Signal Processing Circuitry. - The Strip-Chart Recorder. - An Example of a Checklist for Operating XRD Equipment. - Summary. - References. - 3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. - Scattering. - Interference. - Scattering from a Row of Atoms. - Scattering from a Three-Dimensional Array of Atoms. - Bragg's Law. - Box 3.1 Diffraction and Reflection. - The Arithmetic of Scattering. - The Summation of Scattering Amplitudes. - The Structure Factor F. - Information from Intensity. - The Reciprocal Lattice. - Real versus Idealized Peaks on XRD Tracings. - The Interference Function F: Diffraction from a Crystal. - Whose Unit Cell Has a Unitary Scattering Factor. - The Lorentz-Polarization Factors. - Putting It All Together—Building an 001 Diffraction Pattern. - Exercise: Calculation of the Intensity from d(001) for Illite. - Points to Remember. - References. - 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES: GENERAL TREATMENT. - General Structural Features. - Tetrahedral Sheets. - Octahedral Sheets. - Dioctahedral and Trioctahedral. - Joining the Sheets. - Stacking the Layers. - Properties. - Total Charge, Layer or Permanent Charge, and Variable Charge. - Electric Double Layer. - Exchangeable Ions or Cation-Exchange Capacity. - Interaction of Water with Clay Mineral Surfaces. - Interaction with Organic Compounds. - Classification. - Box 4.1 Nomenclature. - References. - 5. STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE, AND OCCURRENCES OF CLAY MINERALS. - The Individual Clay Minerals. - The 1:1 Layer Type. - Serpentine minerals. - Berthierine. - Odinite. - Kaolin minerals. - Box 5.1 Uses of Kaolinite. - Allophane and imogolite. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x = 0. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x ~ 1. - The trioctahedral subgroup. - The dioctahedral subgroup. - The 2:1 Layer Types with x 〈 1. - Illite. - Glauconite. - Smectite. - Box 5.2 Alteration of Ash-Fall Layers. - Vermiculite. - Chlorite. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Mixed-layering, interlayering, and interstratification. - Illite/smectite (I/S). - Box 5.3 Reichweite or Ordering. - Models for smectite-to-illite transition. - MacEwan crystallite model. - Fundamental particle model. - Two-solid-solution model. - Chlorite/smectite (C/S). - Serpentine/chlorite. - Kaolinite/expandables (K/E). - Sepiolite and Palygorskite. - The Origin of Clay Minerals. - Summary. - Exercise: Calculating Structural Formulas. - Exercise: Making Structural Models of Layer Silicates. - References. - 6. SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLAY MINERALS. - Evaluating the Sample. - Disaggregating the Rock. - Separating Clay Minerals from Clastic Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Carbonate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Sulfate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Unconsolidated Materials. - Box 6.1 Glacial Deposits, North American Interior. - Chemical Pretreatments. - Removal of Iron Oxides. - Removal of Organic Materials. - Saturating the Clay Minerals with Different Cations. - Particle-Size Separation. - Preparing the Oriented Clay Mineral Aggregates. - The Glass Slide Method. - The Smear Mount Method. - The Millipore® Filter Transfer Method. - The Centrifuged Porous Plate Method. - Dealing with Curlers or Peelers. - Making the Random Powder Mount. - Everyday random powder packs. - Freeze-dried random powder packs. - Ethylene Glycol Solvation. - Final Note. - References. - IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS. - Clay Mineral Identification—General Principles. - Illite and Glauconite. - Chlorite and Kaolinite. - Vermiculite. - Smectite. - Sepiolite, Palygorskite, and Halloysite. - 060 Reflections. - The Use of hkl Reflections for the Determination of Polytypes. - Chlorite Polytypes. - The Kaolin Polytypes. - The Micas, Illite, and Glauconite. - Nonclay Minerals. - Silica Minerals. - Feldspar. - Zeolites. - Carbonates. - Apatite, Pyrite, and Jarosite. - Gypsum, Anhydrite, Celestite, and Barite. - Lepidocrocite, Goethite, Gibbsite, and Anatase. - Summary. - References. - 8. IDENTIFICATION OF MIXED-LAYERED CLAY MINERALS. - Méring's Principles and Mixed-Layered Nomenclature. - The Q Rule, a Broadening Descriptor. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Illite/Smectite. - Chlorite/Smectite and Chlorite/Vermiculite. - Kaolinite/Smectite. - Serpentine/Chlorite. - Mica/Vermiculite. - Summary. - References. - 9. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. - Required Sample Characteristics. - Sample Length. - Sample Thickness. - Sample Position. - Homogeneity of the Sample. - Equations for Quantitative Analysis. - Basic Quantitative Diffraction Equation. - Derivation of a Working Form of the Equation for Analysis. - The Method of the Orienting Internal Standard. - Mineral Reference Intensities. - General Comments. - Calculated Mineral Reference Intensities. - Practical Examples of the Application of Reference. - Intensities. - Measurement of Peak Intensity. - Comments and Summary. - References. - 10. DISORDER IN SMECTITE, ILLITE/SMECTITE, AND ILLITE. - Small Crystals in Reciprocal Space. - Turbostratic Disorder. - Theory. - Smectite. - Illite/Smectite. - Rotational Disorder in Illite and Illite/Smectite. - Cis-Vacant Elite and Interstratified Cis- and Trans-Vacant. - Illite/Smectite. - Conclusions. - References. - APPENDIX: MODELING ONE-DIMENSIONAL X-RAY PATTERNS. - The Input Variables. - Simulating the Instrument. - Describing the Clay Mineral. - Theory. - Structures of the Component Layers. - Advanced Techniques. - Pure Minerals. - Compositional Superstructures. - Layer Types Not Specifically Included. - Atom Types Not Incorporated in the Model. - Defect Broadening. - References. - INDEX.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Recognition of paleosols Traces of life Soil horizons Soil structure What else could it be? Chapter 2. Alteration of paleosols after burial Burial decomposition of organic matter Burial gleization of organic matter Burial reddening of iron oxides and hydroxides Cementation of primary porosity Compaction Illitization of smectite Coalification of peat Kerogen maturation and cracking Recrystallization of carbonate Metamorphism Common patterns of alteration Chapter 3. Interpretation of paleosols Wetland paleosols of coal measures Aridland paleosols of calcareous red beds Paleosols at major geological unconformities Many influences on soils Chapter 4. Colour photographs Root traces Other biogenic traces Soil horizons Soil structures Soil microfabric Formation of paleosols Classification of paleosols Burial alteration of paleosols Chapter 5. Methods in palaeopedology Field documentation and sampling Petrographic thin sections Mineral determination by X-ray diffraction Bulk density determination Bulk chemical analysis Palaeopedology itself References Glossary Index

Note: Contents: Introduction / L. M. Parfenov. - Standards of geologic time scale / A. K. Val'kov, P. N. Kolosov, O. V. Grinenko. - Pleistocene ice-bearing complex in the Arctic - a vanishing ground ice land / M. N. Grigoryev. - Geological structures of frontal zones of orogenic belts / L. M. Parfenov, A. V. Prokopiev. - Geological structures of inner zones of orogenic belts / A. V. Prokopiev, V. S. Oxman, F. F. Tret'yakov. - Late Cenozoic (Younger than 7 MA) and recent deformation structures / O. V. Grinenko, V. S. Imaev, V. B. Spektor. - Ancient rocks of the continental crust / A. P. Smelov, A. B. Kotov. - Kimberlites and diamonds / V. K. Marshintsev. - Early-collisional gold deposits of eastern Yakutia / V. Yu. Fridovsky, I. I. Kolodeznikov. - Fuel mineral deposits / V. A. Kashirtsev, D. V. Mitronov. - Khonguruu zeolite deposit / K. Ye. Kolodeznikov. - Sirenevyy Kamen' charoite deposit / K. A. Lazebnik. - Kempendyay salt deformations / K. Ye. Kolodeznikov. - Geological structure and geological history of Yakutia / L. M. Parfenov. - Conclusions / V. B. Spector. , Teilw. in kyrill. Schr., , Text russ. und engl.