ALBERT

Note: Table of Contents: Copyright; Additional copies. - Foreword and acknowledgements. - Chapter 1. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Condensation and Evaporation Processes / by William V. Boynton. - Introduction. - Meteorites. - Astrophysical context for interpretation of cosmochemical data. - Solar nebula. - Solar abundances. - Cosmochemical properties of the REE. - REE condensation reactions. - Activity coefficients. - Partial pressures. - Solid / gas distribution coefficients. - Why are the REE volatilities so different?. - Calculated REE patterns. - Early condensates. - Removing REE in the gas. - Comparison with meteoritic data. - Ultra-refractory component. - Group II inclusions. - FUN inclusions. - REE condensation as a function of oxygen fugacity. - Rims on CAI. - What have we learned from the REE?. - High temperatures were achieved in the solar nebula. - A very efficient mechanism for gas/dust separation existed in the solar nebula. - The high nebular temperatures existed for a long time. - A very intense, very brief, heat source also existed. - The solar nebula was a chaotic environment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 2. Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by P. Jonathan Patchett. - Introduction. - Long-lived radioactive isotopes of Rare Earth Elements. - 138La-138Ce decay. - 147Sm-143Nd decay. - 176Lu-176Hf decay. - Cemical variations of La/Ce, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios. - Geochronological studies. - La-Ce and Lu-Hf chronology. - Sm-Nd chronology. - Defining bulk planetary isotopic evolution. - Isotopic study of planetary interiors. - The Moon. - The Earth. - Nd isotopes in studies of terrestrial crustal evolution. - Model Nd ages of continental crust. - Growth curves for the continental crust. - Origin of granitoids. - Nd isotopes and the sedimentary system. - Characterization of whole crustal terranes. - Crustal Lu-Hf isotopic studies. - Major unsolved problems. - Continental crustal growth curve. - Abundance of Archean continental crust. - Origin of mantle isotopic variations. - References. - Chapter 3. Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements between Major Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts / by Gordon A. McKay. - Introduction. - Usefulness of the REE for petrogenetic modelling. - Scope of this chapter. - Caveat. - How partition coefficients are measured. - Phenocryst/matrix studies of natural samples. - Experimental measurement of partition coefficients. - Basic experimental approach. - Equilibrium. - Percent level doping technique. - Beta-track mapping technique. - Other experimental approaches. - Henry's law: The applicability of percent-level doping results. - Factors governing mineral/melt partitioning. - Ionic size and charge of trace element. - Crystal field effects. - Cristallographic versus defect sites: The Henry's law question. - Phase compositions. - Oxidation state. - Thermodynamic relationships: Dependence of partitioning on temperature and composition. - Other predictive approaches. - Special applications. - Eu as an oxygen fugacity indicator. - Origin of the Eu anomaly in lunar mare basalts. - REE partition coefficient patterns for the major minerals. - Plagioclase. - Olivine. - Pyroxene. - Low-Ca pyroxene. - High-Ca pyroxene. - Garnet. - Future directions. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 4. An Approach to Trace Element Modeling Using a Simple Igneous System as an Example / by Gilbert N. Hanson. - Introduction. - Review of trace element equations. - Melting. - Fractional crystallization. - Melting versus fractional crystallization. - Essential structural constituents. - Example of petrogenetic approach. - Discussion and summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 5. Rare Earth Elements in Upper Mantle Rocks / by W. F. McDonough and Fredrick A. Frey. - Introduction. - Massive peridotites. - Massive peridotites: dominantly lherzolite Western Alps - Lanzo. - Western Alps -Baldissero, Balmuccia. - Eastern Liguria, Italy. - Western Liguria, Italy. - Eastern Pyrenees - France. - Ronda, Spain Effects of late stage alteration on REE. - What can be inferred about the melting process and the segregated melts?. - Massive peridotites: pyroxenite layers and veins and their wall rocks. - Amphibole-bearing pyroxenite veins. - Anhydrous pyroxenite layers. - How were the pyroxenite layers created? Evidence for multistage processes. - Implications for mantle enrichment processes (metasomatism). - Massive peridotites: dominantly harzburgite. - Oceanic peridotites. - Ultramafic xenoliths. - Group I spinel peridotites. - Garnet peridotites. - Pyroxenite and related xenoliths. - Models for REE abundance trends in peridotite xenoliths. - Megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and damong inclusions. - Megacrysts. - Minerals in peridotites and pyroxenites. - Inclusions in diamonds. - Summary: comparison of peridotites from massifs and xenoliths and implications of REE data for Upper Mantle composition. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 6. Rare Earth Elements in Metamorphic Rocks / by Richard I. Grauch. - Introduction. - REE residence in metamorphic rocks. - REE mobility during metamorphism. - REE content of metamorphic rocks. - Suggestions for future work. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 7. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes / by Scott M. McLennan. - Introduction. - Rare earth element properties and sedimentary rocks. - Cosmochemical considerations. - Geochemical considerations. - Aqueous geochemistry. - Normalizing and notation. - Sedimentary processes. - Weathering. - Diagenesis. - Sedimentary sorting. - REE and provenance studies. - Sedimentary rocks and crustal abundances. - Sedimentation and plate tectonics. - Archean sedimentary rocks and the Archean crust. - Archean greenstone belts. - REE in sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 8. Aqueous Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by Douglas G. Brookins. - Introduction. - The trivalent lanthanides (Ln III). - Types of complexes in solution. - Hydrolysis products. - Phosphate complexes. - Carbonate complexes. - Halide complexes. - Complexes with total dissolved sulfur. - Gadolinium-Terbium fractionation?. - Scandium and Yttrium. - Europium (II). - Cerium (IV). - Eh-pH diagrams. - Cerium. - Europium. - Other lanthanides. - Lanthanides in ocean waters. - Lanthanides and actinides. - Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 9. Rare Earth Elements in Lunar Materials / by Larry A. Haskin. - Introduction. - The nature of planet moon. - The magma ocean hypothesis and its presumed products. - Lunar REE patterns. - Highland plutonic rocks. - Anorthosites. - Durâtes, troctolites, norites, and gabbros. - Lunar felsite (granite). - Highland volcanic rocks: KREEP. - Mare basalts. - Mare basalt sources as magma ocean products. - Assimilation of crusted material during basalt petrogenesis. - Glassy spherules. - Soils and breccias. - Caveat. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 10. Compositional and Phase Relations among Rare Earth Element Minerals / by Donald M. Burt. - Introduction. - Geochemical background. - Minerals. - Coupled substitutions. - Vector treatment. - Application to selected mineral groups. - Fluorides. - Carbonates. - Fluorocarbonates. - Monazite, xenotime, zircon, and related phases. - Apatites. - Florencite and related phases. - A-B oxides (niobates, tantalates, titanates, ferrites). - Fergusonitelbetafergusonite, ABO4. - Perovskite, ABO3. - Aeschyniteleuxenite, AB2O6. - Pyrochlore, A1-2B2O6(O,F,OH). - Allanite. - Titanite. - Garnet. - Gadolinite. - Chevkinite/perrierite. - Element distributions: acid-base relations. - Summary. - Acknowledgemen

Note: Table of Contents: The Dahlem Konferenzen / S. Bernhard. - Introduction / H. Oeschger and C. C. Langway, Jr. - Aerosol transport from sources to ice sheets / G. E. Shaw. - Mechanisms of wet and dry deposition of atmospheric contaminants to snow surfaces / C. I. Davidson. - The transformation of snow to ice and the occlusion of gases / J. Schwander. - Environmental records in alpine glaciers / D. Wagenbach. - GROUP REPORT. - How do glaciers record environmental processes and preserve information? / J. W. C. White, P. Brimblecombe, C. Brühl, C. I. Davidson, R. J. Delmas, G. Gravenhorst, K. O. Münnich, S. A. Penkett, U. Schotterer, J. Schwander, G. E. Shaw, D. Wagenbach. - Dating by physical and chemical seasonal variations and reference horizons / C. U. Hammer. - Dating of ice by radioactive isotopes / B. R. Stauffer. - Dating by ice flow modeling: a useful tool or an exercise in applied mathematics? / N. Reeh. - Physical property reference horizons / H. Shoji and C. C. Langway, Jr. - GROUP REPORT. - How can an ice core chronology be established? / W. F. Budd, J. T. Andrews, R. C. Finkel, E. L. Fireman, W. Graf, C. U. Hammer, J. Jouzel, D. P. Raynaud, N. Reeh, H. Shoji, B. R. Stauffer, J. Weertman. - Temporal variations of trace gases in ice cores / M. A. K. Khalil and R. A. Rasmussen. - Trace metals and organic compounds in ice cores / D. A. Peel. - The ionic deposits in polar ice cores / H. B. Clausen and C. C. Langway, Jr. - The impact of observed changes in atmospheric composition on global atmospheric chemistry and climate / P. J. Crutzen and C. Brühl. - GROUP REPORT. - What anthropogenic impacts are recorded in glaciers? / G. I. Pearman, R. J. Charlson, T. Class, H. B. Clausen, P. J. Crutzen, T. Hughes, D. A. Peel, K. A. Rahn, J. Rudolph, U. Siegenthaler, D. S. Zardini. - Past environmental long-term records from the Arctic / W. Dansgaard and H. Oeschger. - Long-term changes in the concentrations of major chemical compounds (soluble and insoluble) along deep ice cores / R. J. Delmas and M. Legrand. - Long-term environmental records from Antarctic ice cores / C. Lorius, G. Raisbeck, J. Jouzel, and D. Raynoud. - Studies of polar ice: insights for atmospheric chemistry / M. B. McElroy. - GROUP REPORT. - Long-term ice core records and global environmental changes / A. D. Hecht, W. Dansgaard, J. A. Eddy, S. J. Johnsen, M. A. Lange, C. C. Langway, Jr., C. Lorius, M. B. McElroy, H. Oeschger, G. Raisbeck, P. Schlosser. - List of participants with fields of research. - Subject index. - Author index.

Note: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 1988 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung. - 2. Geographie - Geologie - Tektonik. - 3. Geologisch-petrographischer Überblick - Geländebeobachtungen. - 4. Probennahme und Aufbereitung. - 5. Analytik. - 5.1. Methoden. - 5.2. Analysengenauigkeit. - 6. Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 6.1. Gabbroide Gesteine. - 6.1.1 Petrographie. - 6.1.2. Chemismus. - 6.1.2.1. Nomenklatur. - 6.1.2.2. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.1.2.3. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.1.2.4. Mineralehemimus. - 6.2. Monzodioritische Gesteine. - 6.2.1. Petrographie. - 6.2.2. Chemismus. - 6.2.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.2.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.2.2.3. Mineralchemismus. - 6.3. Syenitische Gesteine. - 6.3.1. Petrographie. - 6.3.2. Chemismus. - 6.3.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.3.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.3.2.3. Mineralchemismus. - 6.4. Basalte. - 6.4.1. Petrographie. - 6.4.2. Chemismus. - 6.4.2.1. Nomenklatur. - 6.4.2.2. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.4.2.3. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.5. Ganggesteine. - 6.5.1. Petrographie und Verbreitung. - 6.5.2. Chemismus. - 6.5.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.5.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 7. Genetische Überlegungen. - 8. Zusammenfassung. - 9. Literaturverzeichnis. - Anhang. - Anmerkungen zu den Probenkarten 1 bis 3 und den Tabellen A bis E. - Probenkarten 1 bis 3. - Tab. A: Probenverzeichnis. - Tab. B: Haupt- und Spurenelementanalysen, normativer Mineralbestand und berechnete Parameter. - Tab. C: SEE-Analysen. - Tab. D: Mineralanalysen der Clinopyroxene. - Tab. E: Mineralanalysen der Olivine. -

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1. lntroduction. - Chapter 2. Basic Equations. - 2.1. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations. - 2.2. Equations of the Mean Flow. - 2.3. Equations of the Eddies. - 2.4. Energy Balance. - 2.5. Vorticity and Divergence. - 2.6. Linearization. - 2.7. Eliassen-Palm Flux. - 2.8. Ertel Potential Vorticity. - 2.9. Diffusive Separation of Atmospheric Constituents. - 2.10. Spherical Harmonics. - 2.11. Hermite Functions. - Chapter 3. External Energy Sources. - 3.1. Solar Irradiance. - 3.2. Solar Heat Input into Upper Atmosphere. - 3.3. Solar Heat Input into Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 3.4. Lunar Gravitational Tidal Energy. - 3.5. Solar Wind Energy. - Chapter 4. Internal Energy Sources and Sinks. - 4.1. Eddy Viscosity. - 4.2. Eddy Heat Conduction. - 4.3. Latent Heat. - 4.4. Newtonian Cooling. - 4.5. Rayleigh Friction. - 4.6. Ion Drag. - 4.7. Feedback between Large-Scale Eddies and Mean Flow. - Chapter 5. Horizontal Modal Structure. - 5.1. Separation of Variables. - 5.2. Eigenvalues of Laplace's Equations. - 5.3. Gravity Waves. - 5.4. Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 5.5. Kelvin Waves and Yanai Waves. - 5.6. Low Frequency Waves with Positive Eigenvalues. - 5.7. Class Il Waves of Wavenumber m = 0. - 5.8. Diurnal Tides. - 5.9. Dynamo Action of Tidal Winds. - 5.10. Rossby Waves Migrating within Mean Zonal Flow. - 5.11. Influence of Zonal Mean Flow on Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 5.12. Salutions of Inhomogeneous Laplace Equations. - Chapter 6. Vertical Modal Structure. - 6.1. Characteristic Waves. - 6.2. Vertical Wavenumber. - 6.3. Particular Salutions. - 6.4. Boundary Conditions. - 6.5. Normal Modes. - 6.6. Height Structure of External Waves. - 6.7. Directly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.8. Indirectly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.9. Height Structure of Internal Waves. - 6.10. Impulsive Heat Input. - 6.11. Ray Tracing of Rossby Waves. - 6.12. Mode Conversion. - 6.13. Baroclinic Instability. - Chapter 7. Nonlinear Wave Propagation. - 7.1. Nonlinear Coupling between Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 7.2. Analytic Salutions for Weak Coupling of Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 7.3. Rossby- Haurwitz Wave Coupling in Realistic Mean Flow. - 7.4. Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence. - 7.5. Space-Time Analysis. - 7.6. Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization. - 7.7. Lorenz Attractor. - 7.8. Logistic Difference Equation. - 7.9. Multiple Equilibria. - Chapter 8. Tidal Waves. - 8.1. Seasonal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere (m = 0). - 8.2. Quasi-Stationary Seasonal Waves (m 〉 0). - 8.3. Climatic Mean Flow. - 8.4. Seasonal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.5. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 8.6. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.7. Nonmigrating Solar Diurnal Tides. - 8.8. Lunar Tides. - 8.9. Electromagnetic Effects of Tidal Waves. - 8.10. Energy and Momentum Deposition of Solar Diurnal Tides. - Chapter 9. Planetary Waves. - 9.1. Extratropical Transients. - 9.2. Southern Oscillation. - 9.3. Forty-Day Oscillations. - 9.4. Transients in the Tropical Middle Atmosphere. - 9.5. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Angular Momentum. - 9.6. Sudden Stratospheric Warnings. - 9.7. Thermospheric Response to Solar EUV Fluctuations. - 9.8. Thermospheric Storms. - 9.9. Solar Activity Effects within Middle and Lower Atmosphere. - Chapter 10. Epilogue. - References. - Subject Index.